WikiDer > So'zlashuv Welsh sifatlari - Vikipediya

Bu maqola uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Resurs manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. Manbalarni toping: "So'zlashuv Welsh sifatlari" – Yangiliklar · gazetalar · kitoblar · olim · JSTOR (2020 yil sentyabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Welsh tilidagi sifatlar bilan shug'ullanadi sifatlar (Uelscha: ansoddair) ning og'zaki Welsh tili, gapirish ro'yxatdan o'tish zamonaviy Uels tili aytilganidek Uels tomonidan birinchi til ma'ruzachilar. Ushbu sahifada sifatlarning adabiy standart shakllari va Uelsdan tashqarida paydo bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan har qanday dialekt haqida gap ketmaydi. Welsh ikkita standartlashtirilgan shaklga ega: Uels adabiy - eski uels tilining ba'zi xususiyatlarini saqlab qolgan, adabiy maqsadlar uchun ajratilgan konservativ til; va So‘zlashuvchi uelscha - uelslik uels tilida gaplashadigan joylarda eshitiladi. Ko'pincha, ikkita til sifatlar bilan bo'lishadi, ammo ularning ba'zilari uchun ularning ishlatilishi farq qilishi mumkin va adabiy registrda muqobil imlolar ishlatilishi mumkin, shuningdek, og'zaki tilda yo'qolgan joyda jinsi farqi saqlanib qolishi mumkin. Quyida keltirilgan qo'llanmalar sifatdoshlar zamonaviy og'zaki Welsh tilida qanday ishlatilishini bayon qiladi.

Sifatlarning ta'rifi

Sifatlar so'zlar tasvirlab bering odamlar, narsalar va g'oyalar.^[1][2] Keng ma'noda, ular "qanaqa ...?" Degan savolga javob berishadi: "u qanday odam?" - u u uzun bo'yli odam "- bu erda sifat" baland ". "Bu qanday to'p?" - 'a qizil to'p '; "bu qanday kitob?" - 'a Uelscha kitob 'va boshqalar.

Sifatlar, odatda, o'ziga xos sifatlardir, ammo boshqa so'zlar ishlatilganda sifat sifatida ishlatilishi mumkin tasvirlash yoki toraytirmoq. Otlar va fe'llar ikkalasida ham bunga eng munosib nomzodlar Ingliz tili va uels ("qanday xona?" - 'a yashash xona ' ystafell fyw (fe'l); "yotoqxona" yeleli (ism).^[1]

Welsh shuningdek, egalik yoki egalikni ko'rsatish uchun maxsus sifatlar to'plamidan foydalanadi egalik sifatlar va bularni ingliz tilidagi egalik olmoshlariga tenglashtiruvchi deb hisoblash mumkin (mening, bizning, sizning, uning, uning, uning, ularning) lekin shuni ta'kidlash kerakki, uelsda bular sifatlar va emas olmoshlar va quyida ko'rib chiqiladi.

Sifatlarning joylashishi

Uels tilida sifatlar uchun odatiy holat (qo'shimchalar) u kabi ismdan keyin bo'ladi Frantsuzcha va ingliz tilidan farqli o'laroq.^[1] Misollar:

• mashina newydd - 'a yangi mashina '
• yr ysgol favr - ' katta maktab '
• y tŷ bychan - 'the kichik uy '

Adjlarning ketma-ketliklari bilan "katta qizil avtobus" yoki "aziz kichkina bolalar" singari, uelscha ingliz tilidan ko'ra ko'proq mos keladi va har doim ismga eng yaqin hajmni qo'yishni afzal ko'radi: bws mawr coch (mavr "katta", kok "qizil"); bach annwyl o'simlik (bach "kichik", annvil "azizim").

Sifatlarning boshlang’ich undosh mutatsiyasi

Uels tilidagi boshlang'ich undosh mutatsiyalar bu erda bayon qilinmagan; ular bilan tanishish ushbu maqolaning maqsadlari uchun taxmin qilinadi.

Ayol ismli birlikdan keyin kelgan sifatlar yumshoq mutatsiyani oladi (Uelscha: treiglad meddal).^[1] Erkak ismlar (birlik yoki ko'plik) ham, ayol ko'plik ismlar ham mutatsiyaga olib kelmaydi:^[1]

• bwrdd - "stol" (erkaklar): bwrdd mawr - "katta stol"
  byrddau - 'jadvallar': byrddau mavr - "katta stollar".
• to'rtinchi - "non" (ayol): to'rtinchi fawr - "katta non"
  tortau - "non": tortau mawr - "katta nonlar".

Bu qoida otning aniq artikl bilan ishlatilishidan yoki ishlatilmasligidan qat'iy nazar yaxshi amal qiladi (y / yr / 'r) - ammo bu, albatta, o'ziga xos ayol ismlarining o'ziga yumshoq mutatsiyani keltirib chiqaradi:^[1]

• y bwrdd mawr - "katta stol"
  y byrddau mavr - "katta stollar".
• y dorth fawr - "katta non"
  y torthau mawr - "katta nonlar".

Sifatdosh ishlatilgan ismlar va fe'llar (ya'ni, ga) tasvirlab bering boshqa ism) xuddi shu qoidaga bo'ysunadi.^[1] Agar ular singular ayol ismini saralash (ya'ni ta'riflash) uchun ishlatilsa, ular yumshoq mutatsiyaga duch kelishlari kerak. Quyidagi misollarni ko'rib chiqing, barchasi ayol ismlari bilan:^[1]

1. yastafell - "xona" + byw ("yashash uchun" fe'l) = yastafell fyw - 'Mehmonxona'.
2. sillell - "pichoq" + bara ("non" nomi) = sillell fara - "non pichog'i".
3. siop - "do'kon" + blodau ("gullar" nomi) = siop flodau - "gullar do'koni".
4. raglen - "dastur" + teledu ("televizor" nomi) = raglen deledu - "televizion dastur".

lekin ko'plik: yastafelloedd byw; sillyll bara; siopau blodau; raglenni teledu.

Boshqa ichki o'zgarishlar va eslatma nuqtalari

1. Qoidasi tufayli Uels orfografiyasi, so'z bilan yakuniy -n va -r oxiri qo'shilganda odatda ikki baravar ko'payadi.^[1] Shuning uchun, byr - "qisqa" bo'ladi tomonidanrrach va gvin - "oq" bo'ladi gwynnach.
2. Ba'zi sifatlar ichki narsani o'zgartiradi -w- ga -y- va -va- ga -o- ular oxirlarni qo'shganda:^[1] trwm - trymach; tlawd - tlotach.

Sifatdosh yasovchilar

Uelsda o'nga yaqin kishi bor sifat yasovchilar kundalik nutqda ishlatiladi. Bular:^[1]

Modifikator Iawn "juda" keladi keyin u o'zgartiradigan sifat:^[1]

• ysgol fawr iawn - "juda katta maktab".
• hapus iawn o'simlik - "juda baxtli bolalar".
• raglen wael iawn - "juda yomon dastur".

Boshqasi modifikatorlar odatda keladi oldin adj:^[1]

• Mae'r gadair 'ma'naviy rhyel men - Bu stul juda past Men uchun'.
• Oedd benzin yn eitha rhad bryd hynny - "O'sha paytlarda benzin juda arzon edi".
• Ddes i'n reit agos fanga - 'Men keldim juda yaqin U yerda'.
• Pur anaml y bydda i'n mynd yno dyddiau 'ma – Juda kamdan-kam hollarda hozir u erga boramanmi '.
• Sut dach chi heddiw? - Yn o lew, diolch - 'Bugun qandaysan? - Yaxshi, rahmat. [< boring]

Yilda braidd yn "aksincha ...", yn iboraning ajralmas qismi bo'lib, ikkalasini ajratib bo'lmaydi.^[1] Taqqoslang:

• Mae'r parsel yn eitha trwm - "Paket juda og'ir".
• Mae'r parsel braidd yn drwm - "Paket juda og'ir".

The yn bilan talab qilinadi braidd boshqa joyda kerak bo'lmaydigan joyda:^[1]

• Parsel yoki trwm - "Juda og'ir posilka".
• Parsel braidd yn drwm - "Juda og'ir posilka".

Bilan mae ... jumlalarni ishlatishda alternativ usul mavjud braidd - va uni qo'shimchadan keyin joylashtirish:

• Mae'r parsel yn drwm braidd - "Paket juda og'ir".

Modifikator mor "shunday" o'ziga xos xususiyatlarga ega va quyida ko'rib chiqiladi.

Sifatlarning ayol shakllari

Ko'pgina hollarda ismning jinsi adj shakliga hech qanday farq qilmaydi, ammo uelsning eski shakllarida ko'plab bir bo'g'inli va ba'zi ikki bo'g'inli qo'shimchalar mavjud. erkak va ayol uchun turli xil shakllarga ega edi.^[1] Zamonaviy so'zlashuv tilida bir nechtasi bu farqni saqlab qoldi:^[1]

Yumshoq mutatsiyani tartibga soluvchi qoidalarga ko'ra, Welsh singular ayol ismlari quyidagi mutanosiblikka yumshoq mutatsiyani keltirib chiqaradi. Quyidagi jadvalda qo'shimchalarga misollar keltirilgan. yuqorida ismlar bilan kontekstda. Erkak ismlari erkakni qabul qilishi kerak adj. (mutatsiyasiz) va feminen ismlari feminine adj olishi kerak. (birlik muttasil nomlaridan keyin yumshoq mutatsiya bilan):

Biroq, ayolning ko'plikdagi ismlari mutatsiyaga olib kelmaydi:^[1]

• storïau ber - 'qisqa hikoyalar'.
• gerddi bechan - "kichik bog'lar".
• ergydion trom - "og'ir zarbalar".
• ffenestri kron - "dumaloq derazalar".
• profedigaethau llem - "og'ir sinovlar".
• cesig cref - "kuchli mares".

va erkaklar ko'pligi hech qachon mutatsiyaga olib kelmaydi:

• tay bychan - "kichik uylar" va boshqalar.

Biroq, bu ayollarning ayol shakllari. ismdan boshqa so'zlar bilan ajratilganda ko'pincha erkaklar shakllariga qaytadi,^[1] ayniqsa yn:

• Stori fer - "qisqa hikoya", lekin:
  Roedd y stori'n fyr Iawn - "hikoya juda qisqa edi". (Erkak shakli byr quyidagi yumshoq mutatsiya bilan ishlatiladi yn.)
• Pél wen - "oq to'p", lekin:
  Roedd y bêl yn wyn - "to'p oq edi". (Erkakcha gvin ayol o'rniga gven.)

Sifatlarning ko`plik shakllari

Ba'zi uelsliklar ko`plik shakllariga ega. Ayol qo'shni ayollarda bo'lgani kabi, bu hodisa tilning eski shakllarida keng tarqalgan va bugungi kunda bu istisno bo'lib qoldi.^[1] Ushbu ko‘plik qo‘shimchalari qo‘shimchalar yordamida hosil bo‘ladi -ion yoki -on, ichki unlini yoki ikkalasini almashtirish orqali. Misollar:^[1]

• qilayaptiion - "dono" (birlik: qilayapti).
• bychain - "kichik" (birlik: bychan).
• deillion - "ko'r" (birlik: dall).
• gwyrddion - 'yashil' (birlik: gwyrdd).
• agarainc - "yosh" (birlik: ifanc).

Bu ko'plik qo'shimchalari. ismni belgilash, belgilash o'rniga, o'zlari ko'proq topiladi ... odamlar:^[1]

1. y parchusion - "obro'li (odamlar)". [parchus]
2. y tlodion - "kambag'allar" [tlawd]
3. y cyfoethogion - "boylar" [cyfoethog]
4. cŵn y deillion - "it-itlar" (yoritilgan: "ko'rlarning itlari")
5. yr enwogion - mashhur; mashhurlar '[enwog]
6. y gwybodusion - 'mutaxassislar; biladigan odamlar '[gwybodus]
7. y ffyddloniaid - 'sadoqatli' [ffyddlon]
8. yr ifainc - "yosh"
9. meddvon - 'mastlar; ichkilikbozlar '[meddw]
10. y meirw; y meirvon - "o'lik" [marw]

Ushbu holatlarda adj. ism sifatida ishlatiladi, ingliz tili ko'pincha birlikni afzal ko'radi: 'ko'r', 'boy', 'kambag'al' va boshqalar, lekin ba'zi hollarda ingliz va uels tillarida ko'plik ishlatiladi: bwytwch eich gwyrddion! - 'ko'katlaringizni ye!'.

Aks holda, adjlarning ko'plik shakllari. o'rnatilgan iboralar bilan chegaralanadi, masalan. mwyar duon - "karapuz" (qo'shiq ayt.) du); gwyntoedd cryfion - "kuchli shamollar" (qo'shiq ayt.) krift. Ammo oddiy kundalik nutqda (va yozishda) "qora otlar" bo'lar edi ceffylau du emas ceffylau duon; "kuchli e'tirozlar" bo'ladi gwrthwynebiadau cryf emas ... cryfion.^[1]

Arall

Biroq, har doim ko'plik shakliga o'zgartiriladigan bitta sifat arall - "boshqa, boshqasi".^[1] Ko'plik shakli ertak va odatda shunday talaffuz qilinadi erill (Welsh talaffuzi:[/ˈƐr.ɪɬ/]).^[1] Foydalanish misollari tovar (tahrirlangan) - 'qiz (lar)':^[1]

• merch arall - "boshqa qiz"
• y ferch arall - "boshqa qiz"
• merhed eraill - "boshqa qizlar"
• y merhed eraill - "boshqa qizlar"

Ammo shuni ta'kidlash kerakki, gapirish odatiy emas * yr eraill "boshqalar" uchun,^[1] garchi biz ushbu strategiyaning yuqoridagi boshqa sifatlar uchun juda yaxshi ekanligini ko'rgan bo'lsak ham. Buning uchun biz foydalanishimiz kerak rhai: y rhai eraill - 'boshqalar' ('boshqalari') yoki olmosh y lill ishlatilgan.^[1] Xuddi shunday, "boshqasi" ham bo'lishi mumkin y lall yoki yr un arall.^[1] So'z rhai ni tartibsiz ko‘plik deb hisoblash mumkin un - "bitta". Misollar:

1. Bu mushuk yosh, ammo boshqasi (biri) keksa.
   1. Mae'r gath 'ma'naviy ifanc, ond maer lall yn tovuq
      
   2. Mae'r gath 'ma'naviy ifanc, ond maer un arall yn tovuq
      
2. Bu harflar bugun, boshqalari (boshqalari) kecha kelgan.
   1. Ddaeth y llythrau 'ma heddiw, ond ddaeth y lill ddoe.
      
   2. Ddaeth y llythrau 'ma heddiw, ond ddaeth y rhai eraill ddoe.
      

Sifatdoshlarni taqqoslash

Ingliz tilida bo'lgani kabi, u erda ham uels tilida ikkita usul mavjud va qaysi birini tanlash kerakligi asosan so'z uzunligiga asoslangan. Bir yoki ikkita bo'g'inning so'zlari odatda qo'shimchalarni qo'shadi - har va -a^[1] (adabiy registrda bu har doim shunday yozilgan -af lekin so'z bilan yakunlanadi -f / v / odatda Welsh tilida so'zlashuvda olib tashlanadi.) Ushbu qo'shimchalar ingliz tilidagi '-er' va '-est' so'zlariga to'g'ri keladi, bu shakllar odatda 'qiyosiy' va 'ustun' deb nomlanadi.^[1] Misollar:

So'nggi misolda qanday qilib inglizcha tarjimada qo'shimchalar ishlatilmay, balki "more" va "most" so'zlari ishlatilganiga e'tibor bering, chunki bu uzunroq so'z - biz "chiroyli" deb ayta olamiz, ammo "* chiroyli" emas.^[1] Xuddi shu qoida Welsh tilida qo'llaniladi, agar so'z ikki hecadan uzun bo'lsa, so'zlar mwy - "ko'proq" va mwya - "most" dan foydalanish kerak:^[1]

Shunga qaramay, ingliz tilida bo'lgani kabi, ikki bo'g'inli so'zlar qatorga tushadi va ko'pincha yoki yoki qo'shimchasi bilan ishlatilishi mumkin mwy / mwyamahalliy imtiyoz bo'lishi mumkin bo'lsa-da:^[1]

Qaysi birini ishlatishga shubha tug'ilsa, eng xavfsiz variant foydalanish hisoblanadi mwy / mwya chunki ko'p hosil bo'lgan sifatlar uni doimo ishlatadi.^[1]

"Dan" bilan ishlatish

"Dan" uchun uelsliklar na (nag va undagi aspiratsiya mutatsiyasiga olib kelishi kerak (Uelscha: treiglad llaes) quyidagi so'zga, garchi aslida bu mutatsiya nutqda adabiy standart biz ishongan darajada keng tarqalmagan bo'lsa ham;^[3] faqat C / k / muntazam ravishda mutatsiyaga uchraydi, T va P esa o'zgarmasdan qoladi.^[3]

• Mae aur yn xayolparast gwerthfawr nag arian.
  Oltin Ko'proq qimmatli dan kumush.
• Roedd y ffermwyr yn dlotach nadinasyddion.
  Fermerlar edi dan kambag'al shahar aholisi.
• Bydd rhaid inni fod yn gyflymach na hynny.
  Biz bo'lishimiz kerak tezroq bu.
• Ysgafnach nag aer.
  Undan engilroq havo.

Izohning boshqa nuqtalari

1. "hatto ... er" va "undan ham ko'proq ..." qo'shib ifoda etiladi xayol qiyosiy sifatga, masalan. tlotach fyth - "hatto qashshoqroq"; mwy cyfoethog fyth - "yanada boyroq".^[1]
2. "juda ... er" va "juda ko'p ..." qo'yish orqali ifodalanishi mumkin llawer - adj., Yoki oldin "juda" o advokat - qo'shimchadan keyin 'ko'p' llawer gwlypach / gwlypach o lawer - "ancha namroq"; llawer mwy doniol / mwy doniol o lawer - "juda kulgili".^[1]
3. "bir oz ... er" yoki "bir oz ko'proq ..." kerak ychydig yoki tipyn adj oldin: ychydig rhatach - "biroz / biroz arzonroq"; juda keng tarqalgan so'zlashuv alternativasi bach yn: bach yn oerach - "bir oz sovuq", bach yn fwy defnyddiol - "biroz foydali".^[1]
4. "aksincha ..." yoki "bir oz ..." odatda rhywfaint - 'ma'lum miqdor': rhywfaint mwy costus - "ancha qimmat".^[1]

Bilan yakuniy undosh mutatsiya - har va -a

Qo'shimchalar - har va -a oxirgi undoshlarga "qattiq mutatsiyani" keltirib chiqaradi -b, -d, va -g nima bo'ladi -p, -t, va -cnavbati bilan.^[1] "Qattiq mutatsiya" atamasi ko'pincha ishlatiladi va shunga o'xshash Korniş qattiq mutatsiya - ammo bu hamma grammatiklar tomonidan uelsdagi ushbu hodisa uchun ishlatilgan atama emas, ba'zilari "qotish" yoki "qudrat" yoki "fortis / lenis juftlari" ga ishora qiladi.

• gwlyb - "ho'l"; gwlypach - "namroq"; gwlypa - "eng nam".
• rhad - 'arzon'; rhatach - 'arzonroq'; rhata - "eng arzon".
• teg - "adolatli"; tevach - "adolatli"; teva - "eng adolatli".

Teng sifatlar (X kabi Y)

Inglizcha "as ... as ..." uels tilida turlicha ifodalangan, ammo shunchaki sodda. Bu bilan ifodalanadi mor ... â / ag ....^[1] Bu erda murakkablik shundan iborat mor yumshoq mutatsiyaga olib keladi^[1] va â aspirat mutatsiyasini keltirib chiqaradi^[1] (ag unlilar oldida ishlatilgan).

• mor wyn ag eira.
  qor kabi oppoq.
• mor ddu â'r fran.
  qarg'a singari qora.
• mor dal â choeden.
  daraxt kabi baland.
• mor gystadleuol ag buzilgan. har doimgidek raqobatbardosh.
• mor dlawd â llygoden eglwys. cherkov sichqonchasi singari kambag'al.

"X kabi Y" ni ifodalashning yanada stilize usuli mavjud, bu erda mor bilan almashtiriladi cyn va qo'shimchani -ed adj ga biriktirilgan. o'zi.^[1] (cyn yumshoq mutatsiyaga olib keladi):

• mor ddu â'r fran. yoki cyn ddued â'r fran.
  qarg'a singari qora.

Ammo cyn -ed Hozirgi kunda usul faqat og'zaki tilda o'rnatilgan iboralarda uchraydi.^[1]

• cyn belled â ...
  qanchalik...
  • Cyn belled ag y gwela i, dim gobaith am welliant qiladimi.
    Ko'rib turganimdek, yaxshilanishga umid yo'q. (Bu juda adabiy registrni qurish).
• cyn gynted ag y bo modd
  iloji boricha tez
  • Danfonwch y siec ata i cyn gynted ag y bo modd.
    Menga chekni iloji boricha tezroq yuboring.

va ma'lum, juda keng tarqalgan, tartibsiz qo'shimchalar bilan ishlatilishi mumkin.^[1] Oddiy nutqda, mor hozirgacha eng ko'p eshitiladigan variant.^[1]

Bu ibora mor qo'ng'iroq qildi, ikkita usulning kombinatsiyasi odatda "hozirgacha" uchun ishlatiladi:

• Mae pethau'n mynd yn dda. - Ydyn, mor qo'ng'iroq qildi.
  Ishlar yaxshi ketmoqda. - Ha, ular hozircha.

Uelsning ba'zi bir uels tilida so'zlashadigan hududlarida "X kabi Y" uchun uchinchi variantni, xuddi og'zaki nutqdan foydalanish mumkin. fatha (korruptsiya fath â) va "o'xshash" deb tarjima qilinishi mumkin. Fatha aspiratsiya mutatsiyasini keltirib chiqaradi.

• Fatha chath.
  U mushuk kabi zaif edi [yoritilgan: 'U mushuk kabi zaif edi]].

Izohning boshqa nuqtalari

1. Inglizcha "xuddi X kabi Y" yoki "har bir X kabi Y" odatda Uels tilida ifodalanadi maysazor [< llawn]:
   1. Dw i maysazor mor grac â ti. - 'Men ham siz kabi xochdaman.'
   2. Mae hyn lawn mor bwysig a'r hyn wedsoch chi. - 'Bu sizning aytganlaringiz kabi har qanday muhim'.
   3. Yn anffodus, mae'r sianeli eraill lawn cynddrwg. - 'Afsuski, boshqa kanallar ham yomon.'
2. Mor shuningdek "shunday" degan ma'noni anglatadi va holda ishlatilishi mumkin â / ag:
   1. Mae'r peth 'ma mor drwm, alla i ddim gario fe. - 'Bu narsa juda og'ir, men uni ko'tarolmayman.'
      Shuni esda tutish kerakki, ushbu turdagi jumlalarda mor kutilgan o'rnini egallamoqda yn. Taqqoslang:

• Mae'r peth 'ma'naviy drwm. - 'Bu narsa og'ir.'
• Mae'r peth 'ma mor drwm. - 'Bu narsa juda og'ir.'
  Cynammo, bu ikki marta foydalanishga ega emas.

3. Inglizcha "qanday qilib ...?" adj bilan bu pa mor ...? uels tilida:
   1. Pa mor fawr yw'ch tŷ newydd, te? - 'Keyin yangi uyingiz qanchalik katta?'
   2. Pa mor anodd ydi'r Wyddeleg o'i chymharu a'r Gymraeg? - "Irlandiyalikni Uels bilan solishtirish qanchalik qiyin?"
   3. Pa mor ddrud ydy Ffindir? - 'Finlyandiya qanchalik qimmat?'
      Shuni unutmang sut? - 'Qanaqasiga?' bu erda mos emas. Inglizcha "qanday?" ikkita aniq ma'noni qamrab oladi: qanday qilib? (= sut?) va (qo'shimchalar bilan) qay darajada? (= pa mor?).
4. So'zlashuvda "unchalik ko'p emas ..." deyishning qulay usuli mavjud favr.
   1. Oeddan ni favr nes i'r bwthyn ar ôl awr o gerdded - 'Bir soatlik yurishdan keyin biz unchalik yaqin bo'lmaganmiz (Uelscha: Nes) yozgi uyga. '
   2. Wedi'r holl siarad 'na, dan ni fawr gallach. - 'Shuncha gaplardan keyin biz juda aqlli emasmiz'.
5. Mor odatda bilan boshlangan so'zlarni mutatsiyalashtirmaydi ll- yoki rh-.
   1. mor llawn. - "to'la".
   2. mor rhad. - "juda arzon".

Sifatlarni taqqoslash - tartibsiz shakllar

Bir nechta adjs. duch kelganida o'rganilishi kerak bo'lgan tartibsiz qiyosiy (-er) va ustun (-est) shakllarga ega.

So'zlashuv tilida, tovuq, ifanc, Hawdd, agos barchasi ko'pincha muntazam shakllar bilan eshitiladi, masalan. xina - "eng qadimgi"; ifanca - "eng yoshi"; hawdda - "eng oson"; va agosa - 'yaqin', tufayli morfologik tekislash.

Izohning boshqa nuqtalari

1. hŷn ko'pincha bilan almashtiriladi xach, ayniqsa, "oqsoqol" emas, balki "katta" bo'lsa:
   1. Dw i'n henach na chi - "Men sizdan kattaman"
   2. Brawl hŷn - "oqsoqol"
2. ifanc So'zlashuv Welsh tilini o'rganuvchiga turli shakllar taqdim etadi: iau ko'pincha bilan almashtiriladi ifancach (muntazam shakllanish), lekin bu ko'pincha eshitiladi fankax, fangach, yoki fengach. Xuddi shunday, fenga kabi ba'zan eshitiladi ienga yoki iuenga. Ushbu farqlar ko'pincha mintaqaviy bo'lib, afzal qilingan mahalliy variant aniqlanganda o'quvchiga hech qanday muammo tug'dirmaydi.
3. Hozirgi kunda Uelsning ko'plab joylarida, qirg'iylar va havsa muntazamlashtirilgan variantlarga qaraganda kamroq oqimga o'xshaydi Hawddach va hawda. Xuddi shu narsani ma'lum darajada aytish mumkin Nes va nesa (o'rniga agosach va agosa) - bu haqiqat bilan bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin nesa "keyingi" degan ma'noni anglatadi va bu ma'no ustunlik qildi:
   1. Pwy sy nesa? - "Keyingi kim?"
   2. Ble mae'r blwch post agosa? - 'Eng yaqin pochta qutisi qayerda?'
4. Shuni unutmaslik kerak mwy va mwya navbati bilan "ko'proq / kattaroq" va "eng katta / katta" uchun:
   1. Roedd ein tŷ ni'n xayolparast na'u tŷ nhw. - 'Bizning uyimiz edi kattaroq ularning uyidan ko'ra.
   2. Roedd ein tŷ ni'n xayolparast moethus na'u tŷ nhw. - 'Bizning uyimiz edi Ko'proq uylaridan hashamatli. '

"X dan kam" / "eng kichik"

Llai - "kichikroq" va lleia - "eng kichik", shuningdek, "kamroq" va "eng kichik" ishlarni ham xuddi shunday bajaradi mwy va mwya "kattaroq / ko'proq" va "eng katta / eng" uchun bajaring. Taqqoslang:

• Mae'r llyfr 'ma'naviy llai.
  Ushbu kitob kichikroq.
• Mae llyfrau cloriau meddal yn llai costus na chloriau tinchlandi.
  Qog'ozli qog'ozlar Kamroq backbacks-dan qimmat.
• Hwn ydy'r un lleia.
  Bu eng kichigi (bittasi).
• Hwn ydy'r un lleia kostus.
  Bu kamida qimmat (bitta).

Otdan oldin kelgan sifatlar

Uelsning aksariyat qismi. ismdan keyin keladi, ammo ba'zi birlari bor har doim ismdan oldin keling va frantsuz tilidagi kabi ikkala holatga joylashtirilishi mumkin bo'lgan ba'zi narsalar.^[1]

Adjs. ismdan oldingi har doim yumshoq mutatsiyaga olib keladi, bundan tashqari pob.^[1] Misollar: tovuq gastell 'eski qal'a' [< kastel], Prif Vaynidog 'Bosh vazir' [< Gweinidog], ambell havo 'tasodifiy so'z' [< gair]. Biroq, pob din "har bir inson" (mutatsiya yo'q), pob gardd "har bir bog '".

Biroq, "hamma" uchun alternativa mavjud - men gyd bu ismga ergashgan:

• yr holl blant yoki y o’simlik i gyd - "barcha bolalar".

Ammo ba'zi hollarda, ayniqsa olmoshlar bilan, faqat men gyd foydalanish mumkin:

• chi i gyd - 'hammangiz'
• y gweddill i gyd - "qolganlari"

Eng keng tarqalgan qo'shimchalar. har doim ismdan oldin kelganlar:^[1]

• tovuq - "eski"
• ambell - "vaqti-vaqti bilan"
• pob - "har bir, har bir"
• prif - "asosiy, bosh"
• holl - "hamma"

Misollar:

1. tovuq ddyn - "keksa odam" [< din]
2. ambell gawod - '(vaqti-vaqti bilan) yomg'ir' [< kawod]
3. pob gair - "har bir so'z"
4. prif bwrpas - "asosiy maqsad" [< pwrpas]
5. yr holl blant - "barcha bolalar" [< o'simlik]

So'roq qiluvchi pa "qaysi ...?" har doim ismdan oldin keladi va yumshoq mutatsiyaga sabab bo'ladi:^[1]

1. Pa lyfr brynu di? - "Qaysi kitobni sotib olasiz?" [< llyfr]
2. Ym mha wlad mae hi'n byw bellach? - 'Hozir u qaysi mamlakatda yashaydi?' (ning mutatsiyasiga e'tibor bering pa ga mha)
3. Pa ieithoedd dach chi'n siarad yn rhugl? - 'Qaysi tillarda ravon gaplashasiz?'
4. Pa fath o gar sy gynnoch chi dyddiau 'ma? - 'Shu kunlarda qanday mashinangiz bor?'

Shunisi e'tiborga loyiqki, ingliz tili ko'pincha o'rnini bosadi nima...? uchun qaysi ...?,^[1] ammo uelsliklar pa va hech qachon bet "nima" har doim talab qilinadi.^[1] Janubiy Uelsning ba'zi hududlarida ko'p odamlar o'rnini bosishadi pwy uchun pa: Pwy lyfr ...?^[1]

Yuqoridagi narsalarga qo'shimcha ravishda, quyidagi ma'nolarni hosil qilish uchun otga oldingisiga qo'shiladi yoki oldiga qo'yiladi (prefikslar chiziqcha bilan biriktirilgan):

• cyn- - "sobiq, sobiq"
• dirprwy - "deputat"
• uvch - "katta, ustun"
• bor - 'sub-, vice'

Masalan: cyn-lywydd "sobiq prezident" [< nilufar]; dirprwy bennaeth 'boshliq o'rinbosari' [< pennaet]; uwch olygydd 'katta muharrir' [< nigora]; is-lywydd 'vitse prezident'.

Kryn "sezilarli", ma'lum miqdordagi iboralarda ishlatiladigan, har doim ismdan oldin keladi: cryn dipyn (o) 'juda oz (of)'; cryn nifer (o) "juda ko'p son (ning)".^[1]

Oldingi va keyingi qo'shimchalar qaerda. bir vaqtning o'zida ishlatiladi, ular o'z joylarida boradilar:

• tovuq dŷ gwag - "eski bo'sh uy".
• pob iaith Geltaidd - "har bir kelt tili".

Pob

Pob har doim ismdan oldin keladi va mutatsiyaga olib kelmaydi.^[1] U inglizcha "har" yoki "har bir" ga mos keladi va ularni chalkashtirib yubormaslik kerak panja "hamma". Misollar:

1. Ofer oedd pob ymdrech i wrthdroi'r penderfyniad - "Qarorni bekor qilish uchun qilingan har qanday urinish besamar ketdi".
2. Mae pob ffordd trwy'r pentre bellach ar gau - 'Qishloqdan o'tadigan barcha yo'llar endi yopiq'.
3. Pob llwyddiant! - 'Omad!' ("har bir muvaffaqiyat!")

Kombinatsiya yn 'in' + pob odatda yoziladi va talaffuz qilinadi ymhob:^[1]

1. Bydd hyn yn flaenoriaeth ymhob ardal - 'Bu har bir mintaqada / barcha mintaqalarda ustuvor vazifa bo'ladi'.

Pob shuningdek, bir qator keng tarqalgan iboralarda, ba'zida sobit yumshoq mutatsiyaga uchraydi (ya'ni Bob:

1. Bob Dydd - 'har kuni'
2. Bob wythnos - 'Har hafta'
3. xira xira - "har bir narsa"
4. bob yn ail - "muqobil ravishda"
5. yn ôl pob tebyg - "barcha ehtimollik bilan"
6. pobman / ymhobman - "hamma joyda"
7. Bob amser - "har doim"

(Yr) tovuq

(Yr) tovuq nutq so'zi sifatida ko'pincha haqorat sifatida yoki ko'ngil ochish muddati sifatida ishlatiladi.^[1] Ikkala holatda ham bu yoshga bog'liq emas va aslida "keksa" degan ma'noni anglatmaydi, ammo inglizcha "siz ..." ga mos keladi:

1. Yr hen fochyn! - "Cho'chqa!"
2. Yr hen blentyn bach! - 'Ey bechora kichkina bola!'

Ba'zan u kuchaytiruvchi sifatida ishlatilishi mumkin:^[1]

1. Tovuq lol! - '(Qanday) bema'nilik!'
2. Tovuq bethau gwirion! - "Ahmoq narsalar!"

Egalik sifatlar

Welsh tilida egalik egasi bilan birga ikkita ism (yoki ism iboralarini) ikkinchi element sifatida qo'yish orqali ko'rsatiladi: ci Dafydd - Dafyddning iti.^[1] Biroq, Uels ham foydalanadi egalik sifatlar, bular kimning nimaga egaligini aniqlashga yordam beradi. Shuni esda tutish kerakki, bu adjlar. adabiy tilda talab qilinadi, ammo nutq registrida juda xilma-xillik mavjud.^[1] "Mening itim" ning eng "to'g'ri" shakli fy nghi fi lekin biri eshitadi 'y nghi; ngi, yoki juda og'zaki ravishda ci fi - lekin ikkinchisidan umuman qochish kerak.^[1]

Shakllari va mutatsion naqshlari

Imkoniyat. adj. ingliz tilidagi egalik olmoshlariga tenglashtiring (mening, bizning, sizning, uning, uning, uning, ularning)^[1] va undan keyin ixtiyoriy olmosh bilan ismning oldiga qo'yiladi - eff orasida ismni samarali ravishda "sendvichlash". adj. va olmosh. Bu ingliz tilida "mening mushukim men, bizning mushukimiz biz" deyishga o'xshaydi. Quyidagi jadvalda ixtiyoriy elementlar qavs ichiga yozilgan:^[1]

Bilan mutatsion naqshlarining namunalari o'simlik - "bolalar":

Bilan mutatsion naqshlarining namunalari kat - "mushuk":

Bilan mutatsion naqshlarining namunalari tŷ - "uy":

Yuqoridagi jadvaldan ko'rinib turibdiki, ko'plik shakllari undosh mutatsiyaga olib kelmaydi, lekin birlik shakllarining barchasi mutatsiyaga sabab bo'ladi - lekin esda tuting: barcha undoshlar ta'sir qilmaydi.

Yuqoridagi mutatsion naqshlar og'zaki til uchun "standart" hisoblanadi va kattalar o'quvchilarining darslarida o'rgatilishi kerak, ammo mintaqada turli xil farqlar mavjud - asosan nazal va aspiratsion mutatsiyalarga bog'liq bo'lib, ko'pincha ularni oldini olishadi ma'ruzachilar.^[1] Shunday qilib, o'xshash variantlarni eshitish odatiy holdir ei o'simlik salom "uning bolalari" uchun va hatto o'simlik fi "mening bolalarim" uchun^[1] (oxirgi misol, albatta, standart bo'lmagan deb hisoblanadi, ammo Janubiy Uelsda yosh ma'ruzachilar bilan tobora kuchayib bormoqda^[1]). Biroq yumshoq mutatsiya tilning ajralmas qismidir^[1] va kimdir butunlay eshitishni kutadi ei blant e hamma narsadan ko'ra "uning bolalari" uchun.^[1]

h-protez ei, ein va EI

Adabiy tilda bosh harfni qo'shish majburiydir h- ergashganda unli-boshlang'ich so'zlarga ei (faqat "u"!), ein va EI:^[1] ei hafal salom "uning olma", ein hafal ni "bizning olma" va eu hafal hwy 'their apple' (e'tibor bering, uchinchi shaxs ko'plik olmoshi hwy so'zlashuvdan farq qiladi nhw).

So'zlashuv Welsh tilida esa, bunga muvofiqlik yo'q va ko'plab ma'ruzachilar buni qilmaydilar.^[1] Ko'pgina o'quvchilar ko'pincha undan keyin foydalanishda xato qilishadi eich 'sizning' (* eich hysgol chi) bu noto'g'ri va undan qochish kerak.^[1]

"Echoing" olmoshlari

Egalik qilgan ismdan keyin qo'yilgan "aks sado" olmoshining ishlatilishi (ei hafal salom) so'zlashuv tilida odatiy holdir^[1] va o'rtasida farqlash vositasi sifatida paydo bo'lishi mumkin ei va EI^[1] bir xil tovush (/ iː /) ko'plab sohalarda.^[1] Shunday qilib ei iechyd – / iː ˈjɛχ.ɪd / "uning sog'lig'i", "uning salomatligi" yoki "ularning sog'lig'i" degan ma'noni anglatishi mumkin. "Echoing" olmoshini qo'shish noaniqlikni olib tashlaydi: ei iechyd e, ei iechyd salom, eu iechyd nhw. So'zlashuv tilida "aks sado" olmoshidan foydalanish mutlaqo ixtiyoriy^[1] chunki mutanosib mutatsiyalar va kontekst ko'pincha noaniqlikni olib tashlaydi.

Yaxshi '(y) n - "mening"

So'z fy ehtimol u yagona uelscha so'z bo'lib, uning yozilishi hech qanday tarzda haqiqiy talaffuziga o'xshamaydi. Uning standart talaffuzi, / va /,^[1] tabiiy, ta'sirsiz nutqda deyarli hech qachon eshitilmaydi va uning ishlatilishi o'zgarmas / m / dan oldinroq ko'rinadi,^[1] masalan. fy mam / va mam /. Nima bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar, fy standart imlo.^[1]

'yn / en / haqiqiy talaffuzni yaqindan aks ettiradi^[1] kamdan-kam hollarda shunday yozilgan ko'rinsa ham. Bu qanday fy quyidagi so'z nazal mutatsiyadan o'tishi mumkin bo'lmaganda yoki nutqda burun mutatsiyasiga yo'l qo'yilmaganda talaffuz qilinadi.^[1] Shunday qilib, fy ewythr i umuman o'xshash 'yn ewythr i - 'amakim'. Fy siop i kabi 'yn siop i - "mening do'konim"; fy llaw i kabi 'yn llaw i - "mening qo'lim".^[1] Bu 'yn talaffuz - bu "u" so'zi bo'lgan uelsning eski shaklidagi qoldiq fyn, final -n burun mutatsiyasining sababi.

Agar burun mutatsiyasi ishlatilsa, fy mutatsiyani ishni bajarish uchun qoldirib, butunlay yo'q bo'lib ketishga intiladi:^[1] o'rniga mhlant (i) - "mening bolalarim" yoki mhlant (i), eshitish ehtimoli ko'proq mhlant (i).^[1] Aslida, odatdagidek "otam" iborasi oddiygina nhad^[1] [< tad].

Dy - "sizning" (birlik)

Tegishli ikkita nuqta bor dy "sizning":

1. ishlatilgan "aks sado" olmoshi mutatsiyalangan variant di va hech qachon ti.^[1]
2. unlilaridan oldin dy odatda nutqda qisqartiriladi d '.^[1] Biroq, adabiy standart har doim chaqiradi dy:
   1. Lle wyt ti wedi rhoi d ' arian di? - 'Pulingizni qayerga qo'ydingiz?'

Ei - "uning"; EI - "ularning"

Ushbu so'zlarda o'zgarish oldinda predlog men - 'for / to' - ular bilan almashtiriladi 'w,^[1] va shunday aniq. Misollar:

1. Roddes i ddeg punt i'w frawd e ('i' + 'ei frawd e')
   Men uning akasiga 10 funt berdim [lit .: '10 funt berdi unga birodar ']
2. Mae Sioned yn debyg iawn i'w chwaer salom ('i' + 'ei chwaer salom')
   Sioned singlisiga juda o'xshaydi [lit /: 'o'xshash unga singil]
3. Gawson ni vaxoddiad i'w priodas nhw ('i' + 'eu priodas nhw')
   Biz taklifnoma oldik ularga to'y.

Eich - 'sizning' (ko'plik) va ein - "bizning"

Eyn yana bir uelscha so'z bo'lib, xuddi shunday yozilgandek tuyuladi yn / en /.^[1] Qisman shu sababli u deyarli har doim o'z aks sadosi bilan topiladi, ni.^[1]

Xuddi shunday, eich xuddi yozilgandek tovushlar ych / əχ /.^[1]

Ushbu ikkala so'z ham o'z so'zlarini yo'qotadi ei- unli bilan tugaydigan so'zga ergashganda element:^[1]

1. Ewch â'ch sbwriel adre (â + eich)
   Qabul qiling sizning axlat uyi.
2. Dyn ni eisiau helpun o'simlik ni (helpu + ein)
   Biz yordam bermoqchimiz bizning bolalar.

Mutatsiyalar mavjud emas eich yoki ein.^[1]

Egalik sifatlari fe'lning olmoshi predmeti sifatida

A ob'ekti qaerda fe'l (VN) - olmosh, bu odatda tegishli egalik sifati bilan ifodalanadi.^[1] Ya'ni, "uni ko'rish" uni "ko'rish" bo'ladi. ei payvandlash (VN gweld "qarang"). Ushbu foydalanishga duch kelamiz:

1. + VN yordamchi fe'l ishtirok etgan perifrastik zamonlarda^[1]
2. bu erda VN o'zi turadi:
   1. chunki u o'z predmetini oldingi qo'shilgan fe'l bilan bo'lishadi,^[1] yoki:
   2. chunki fe'l harakatining o'zi gapning predmetidir.^[1]

Barcha holatlarda egalik sifatlaridan keyin undosh mutatsion shakllar o'zgarishsiz qoladi,^[1] masalan. (fy) nanfon 'yuboring (ing) meni' [< danfon 'yuborish']; ei danfon 'uni yuboring (ing)'; ei ddanfon "uni yuborish" va h.k.

"Echoing" olmoshi odatda VN dan keyin nutqda paydo bo'ladi (lekin har doim ham emas),^[1] lekin yozma ravishda tez-tez chiqarib tashlanadi.^[1] Ba'zi ma'ruzachilar bir bosqichga o'tib, egalik sifatdoshini qoldirib, aks sadosini saqlaydilar, natijada ingliz tiliga o'xshash naqsh hosil bo'ladi.^[1]

Yuqoridagi (1) va (2) turlarga misollar:

1. + VN yordamchi fe'lini o'z ichiga olgan perifrastik zamonlar:
   1. Wyt ti'n ngweld men? - 'Qila olasizmi menga qara? " [lit.: 'meni ko'rayapsizmi?']
   2. Dw menman eu cynnwys nhw - 'Men .. moqchiman ularni kiriting ' [lit.: 'Men ular qatorida bo'laman']
   3. Salom ei dwyllo fe - 'U ... edi uni aldash " [li .: 'U uni aldayotgan edi']
   4. Alla i'ch helpu chi? - 'Qilsam maylimi sizga yordam bering?'
2. bu erda VN o'z-o'zidan turibdi, chunki u o'z predmetini oldingi keltirilgan fe'l bilan bo'lishishi yoki fe'l harakati o'zi gapning sub'ekti bo'lgani uchun.
   1. Llenvch y ffurflen aMen dychwelyd erbyn diwedd y mis - 'Shaklni to'ldiring va qaytaring oyning oxiriga kelib
   2. Mi fydai eu hargyhoeddi (nhw) yn anodd ar ôl be 'ddigwyddodd ddoe – 'Ularni ishontirish kechagi voqeadan keyin qiyin bo'lar edi.

Riv, ray - 'biroz'

Rhyw va rhai ikkalasi ham inglizchani 'some' deb tarjima qiladi,^[1] ammo bu ma'no farqi bilan: qofiya har doim birlik ism bilan keladi va shuning uchun ingliz tiliga 'some ... (or other)' mos keladi;^[1] rhai har doim ko‘plik sonli ot bilan birga keladi va oddiygina ko‘plik sonidir un "bitta".^[1] Rhyw yumshoq mutatsiyaga olib keladi, ammo rhai mutatsiyaga olib kelmaydi.^[1] Taqqoslang:

• Mae rhyw ddyn wedi syrthio oddiar y llong.
  Kimdir [yoki boshqa] kemadan yiqilib tushdi.
• Mae rhai dynion wedi syrthio oddiar y llong.
  Ba'zi erkaklar [bir nechta] kemadan yiqilib tushishdi.

Ammo, agar inglizcha "some" ushbu imkoniyatlarning ikkalasiga ham to'g'ri kelmasa, u holda tarjimasiz qoldirilishi kerak:^[1]

• Rhaid i mi fynd allan i brynu bara.
  I must go out to buy [some] bread.
• Dw i angen dillad newydd.
  I need [some] new clothes.

In these two sentences, the word 'some' is present because it performs the function of a plural indefinite article. Welsh has no indefinite article (English 'a/an') and so here 'some' goes untranslated.

Dan foydalanish rhai also extends to being used a plural tag from which to hang other adjectives.^[1] As discussed above, plural adjectives can be used as nouns to mean a general term for all of something, i.e. y cyfoethogion 'the rich' as in 'all the rich people' as a whole, but if we wish to speak of specific rich people we can say y rhai cyfoethog (singular adjective!) – 'the rich ones'.^[1]

• Maen nhw i gyd yn hardd, ond well gen i'r rhai coch.
  They're all beautiful, but I prefer the red ones.

This highlights the use of rhai as a plural of un 'one', the same as English 'ones'.^[1] The singular version of the above example would be:

• Maen nhw i gyd yn hardd, ond well gen i'r un coch.
  They're all beautiful, but I prefer the red bitta.

Ba'zan rhai 'some' contrasts with eraill 'others' (pl. of arall):^[1]

• Mae rhai'n cerdded, tra bod eraill yn dod ar y bws.
  Some are walking, while others are coming by bus.
• Bydd rhai'n mynd, ac eraill yn aros.
  Some will go, and others will stay.

Yoki rhai can be repeated, as in English 'some ..., some ...' with eraill added optionally:^[1]

• Roedd rhai'n siarad Ffrangeg, rhai (eraill) yn siarad Almaeneg.
  Some were speaking French, some were speaking German.

A noteworthy word involving rhwy bu unrhyw 'any':^[1]

• unrhyw lyfr. – 'any book'.

Several, occasional; such a ...; xuddi shu

Amryw, ambell – 'several, occasional'

Amryw means 'several' (and causes soft mutation).^[1] It is followed (in the modern language) by a plural noun: amryw ddynion 'several men'; amryw lyfrau 'several books'.^[1]

Ambell means 'occasional' (and causes soft mutation).^[1] It is most commonly heard, nowadays, in the expressions ambell un 'an occasional (one)' and ambell waith 'occasionally, sometimes'.^[1] The latter is similar in meaning to the expression o bryd i'w gilydd.^[1]

Y cyfryw, y fath – 'such a ...', 'as such'

Y cyfryw means 'such a ...' and is not as common as it once was.^[1] It is mostly heard in the set expression ... fel y cyfryw '... as such':^[1]

• Does gen i ddim cysylltiad â'r byd addysg fel y cyfryw.
  I have no connection with the world of education as such.

For 'such a ...' the modern expression is usually y fath ...,^[1] so 'such a thing' which may be encountered in writing as y cyfryw beth,^[1] is more likely to be heard as y fath beth in modern speech:^[1]

• Dw i erioed wedi clywed y fath beth.
  I've never heard such a thing.

A very colloquial alternative to y fath is the loanword ffasiwn 'fashion' (causing soft mutation):^[1]

• Ddylwn i ddim dweud ffasiwn beth, na ddylwn?
  I shouldn't say such things, should I?

Yr un – the same

Esa un means 'one', yr un specifically means 'the same'.^[1] Its usage corresponds closely to its English equivalent:

• O'n i yn yr un stafell â ti heb wybod.
  Men kirdim xuddi shu room as you without knowing it.
• Mae'r stafell 'ma'n edrych yr un ag oedd hi ugain mlynedd yn ôl.
  This room looks xuddi shu as it did twenty years ago.

Yr un can also mean 'not one' and 'each', but these do not fall within the scope of this article.

Demonstrative adjectives

Welsh lacks direct equivalents of the English demonstrative pronouns 'this' and 'that'. In colloquial Welsh 'this ...' is phrased as 'the ... here', and 'that ...' as 'the ... there'.^[1] The definite article ('the' in English) is placed before the noun and the adjectives 'ma 'here' and 'na 'there' are placed after it.^[1] These are contractions of the words yma va yna. Misollar:

• Y llyfr 'ma – 'this book' [lit.: 'the book here']
• Y llyfr 'na – 'that book' [lit.: 'the book there']

With this phrasing there is no need to worry about grammatical number, that is there is no difference between bu va bularyoki o'rtasida bu va o'sha.^[1] The plural forms are achieved by using a plural noun in the phrase:^[1] y llyfrau 'ma 'these books' [lit.: the books here]. Misollar:

• y car 'ma – 'this car' [lit.: 'the car here']
• y ceir 'ma – 'these cars' [lit.: 'the cars here']
• y car 'na – 'that car' [lit.: 'the car there']
• y ceir 'na – 'those cars' [lit.: 'the cars there']

In formally spoken and written Welsh, however, a different set of demonstrative adjectives is generally used.^[1] They work in the same way as the above demonstrative adjectives in that the noun is still preceded by the definite article and followed by a demonstrative adj.^[1] However, they have masculine and feminine forms in the singular:^[1]

Misollar:

These forms of the demonstrative adjs. also function as pronouns ('this one, that one', etc.),^[1] in which case they are also part of the colloquial language.^[1]

Adjectives derived from nouns and verbs

Aside from the suffixes -adwy va -edig (see below), it is difficult to determine specific meanings for most of the adjective suffixes used in modern Welsh today.^[1] It is easier for the learner to learn the meanings of individual adjectives as encountered.^[1]

-(i)ol

The most productive suffix, by far, is -(i)ol which forms a vast number of Welsh adjs.,^[1] mostly from nouns:^[1]

• anobeithiol – 'hopeless' – [an- 'un-' + gobaith 'hope']
• beirniadol – 'critical' – [beirniad 'critic']
• cydwybodol – 'conscientious' – [cydwybod 'conscience']
• gogleddol – 'northerly' – [gogledd 'north']
• ieithyddol – 'linguistic' – [ieithydd 'linguist']
• moesol – 'moral' – [moes 'morality']
• perthnasol – 'relevant' – [perthynas 'relationship']
• swyddogol – 'official' – [swyddog '(an) official']
• troseddol – 'criminal' – [trosedd 'crime']
• wythnosol – 'weekly' – [wythnos 'week']

but also from verbs:^[1]

• anfarwol – 'immortal' – [an- 'un-' + marw 'die']
• cefnogol – 'supportive' – [cefnogi 'support']

-aidd

Qo'shimcha -aidd can be added to adjectives to moderate their sense, as with English -ish:^[1]

• oeraidd – 'coldish'
• trymaidd – 'heavy, close (of weather)' [trwm 'heavy']

or to a noun, deriving an adj.:^[1]

• plentynaidd – 'childish'
• benywaidd – 'feminine'
• hafaidd – 'summery'
• rhamantaidd – 'romantic' (not *rhamannaidd)

In borrowed words it often corresponds to English -ic(al):^[1]

• biwrocrataidd – 'bureaucratic'
• economaidd – 'economic'
• piwritanaidd – 'puritanical'
• stoicaidd – 'stoic(al)'

-adwy

Qo'shimcha -adwy is added to verb-stems,^[1] and corresponds to English -able, -ible:^[1]

• anghredadwy – 'unbelievable' – [an- 'un-' + credu 'believe']
• annealladwy – 'incomprehensible' – [an- 'un-' + deall 'understand']
• annarllenadwy – 'illegible' – [an- 'un-' + darllen 'read']
• clywadwy – 'audible' – [clywed 'hear']
• cofiadwy – 'memorable' – [cofio 'remember']
• gweladwy – 'visible' – [gweld 'see']
• trosglwyddadwy – 'transferable' – [trosglwyddo 'transfer']

-edig

The -edig suffix can be added to hundreds of verbs to mean -ed,^[1] but is more restricted in use than its English counterpart in that it is used strictly as an adj. to qualify a noun^[1] and not as a participle:

• amgaeëdig – 'enclosed' – [< amgau]
• blinedig – 'tired' – [< blino]
• cyfyngedig – 'limited' – [< cyfyngu]
• unedig – 'united' – [< uno]

In many cases in Welsh, other constructions involving wedi va i'w also translate English -ed, sharoitga qarab.^[1] Taqqoslang:

1. Y llywydd etholedig. – 'The president-elect.' [ya'ni 'the elected president' - adjectival use]
2. Mae'r llywydd wedi'i ethol. – 'The president has been elected.' ['the president is after his electing']
3. Mae'r llywydd i'w ethol. – 'The president is to be elected.' ['the president is to his electing']

These alternative constructions go beyond the scope of this article and are not dealt with further here.

-gar

Qo'shimcha -gar forms adjs. mostly from verbs and denotes possession of the quality:^[1]

• dioddefgar – 'patient, forebearing' [< diodde(f) 'suffer']
• enillgar – 'lucrative' [< ennill 'gain, win, earn']
• meddylgar – 'thoughtful, pensive' [< meddwl 'think']
• anfaddeugar – 'unforgiving' [< maddau 'forgive']
• gweithgar – 'active' [< gweithio 'work']
• gafaelgar – 'enthrilling, gripping' [< gafael 'grip, grasp']
• ymroddgar – 'eager to apply oneself' [< ymroi 'apply oneself']

but also from nouns:^[1]

• blaengar – 'prominent' [< blaen 'front']
• cyfeillgar – 'friendly' [< cyfaill 'friend']
• croesawgar – 'welcoming' [< croeso 'welcome']
• dialeddgar – 'vengeful' [< dialedd 'vengeance']
• gwlatgar – 'patriotic' [< gwlad 'country']

-ig

Qo'shimcha -ig (aksincha -edig – see above) forms adjs. from nouns,^[1] often displaying changes within the word:^[1]

• brwydfrydig – 'enthusiastic' [< brwydfryd 'enthusiasm']
• gwledig – 'rural' [< gwlad 'country']
• lloerig – 'lunatic' [< lloer, an archaic word for 'moon']

It appears in many loanwords from English adjs. tugaydi -tushunarli:^[1]

• academig – 'academic'
• awtomatig – 'automatic'
• athletig – 'athletic'
• deinamig – 'dynamic'

but some -ig adj. are not derived from any obvious base-noun:^[1]

• gwrthnysig – 'rebellious'
• styfnig – 'stubborn'

-lon

The -lon suffix forms a limited number of adjs. from nouns:^[1]

• anghyfreithlon – 'illegal' [< an- 'un-' + cyfraith 'law']
• ffrwythlon – 'fruitful, fertile' [< ffrwyth 'fruit']
• heddychion – 'peaceful' [< heddwch 'peace']
• maethlon – 'nourishing' [< maeth 'nutrition, nourishment']
• prydlon – 'punctual' [< pryd 'time']

-llyd / -lyd

Qo'shimchalar -llyd / -lyd form adjs. mostly from nouns, sometimes from verbs:^[1]

• cysglyd – 'sleepy' [< cysgu "uxlash" fe'l, cwsg "uxlash" ism]
• drewllyd – 'stinking' [< drewi 'stink']
• dychrynllyd – 'frightful' [< dychryn 'fright, frighten']
• rhagfarnllyd – 'prejudiced' [< rhagfarn 'prejudice']
• seimlyd, seimllyd – 'greasy' [< saim 'grease']
• swnllyd – 'noisy' [< sŵn 'noise']

-og

The -og suffix forms adjs. mostly from nouns.^[1] It often has the sense of 'possessing a quality':^[1]

• barfog – 'bearded' [< barf 'beard']
• cyfoethog – 'rich, wealthy' [< cyfoeth 'wealth']
• galluog – 'able, capable' [< gallu 'ability']
• gwyntog – 'windy' [< gwynt 'wind']
• niwlog – 'foggy' [< niwl 'fog']

-Biz

The -Biz suffix forms adjs. from nouns:^[1]

• anffodus – 'unfortunate' [< anffawd 'misfortune, accident']
• arswydus – 'horrible, horrific' [< arswyd 'horror']
• blasus – 'tasty' [< blas 'taste']
• dawnus – 'gifted, talented' [< tong otdi 'gift, talent']
• dolurus – 'painful, grievous' [< dolur 'pain']
• gelyniaethus – 'hostile' [< gelyniaeth 'hostility']
• llwyddiannus – 'successful' [< llwyddiant 'success']
• peryglus – 'dangerous, perilous' [< peryg(l) 'danger, peril'

but a few adjs. yilda -Biz are from verbs:^[1]

• drwgdybus – 'suspicious' [< drwgdybio 'suspect']
• gwybodus – 'informed' [< gwybod 'know (a fact)']
• siaradus – 'talkative, loquacious' [< siarad 'speak, talk']

Adabiyotlar