WikiDer > Muqaddas shahzoda Ferdinand

Ferdinand the Holy Prince
Muqaddas shahzoda Ferdinand
Aviz ustasi, Salvaterra de Magos va Atougiya lordlari
Avliyo Ferdinand (Sent-Vinsent panellari) .jpg
Dan batafsil ma'lumot Sent-Vinsent panellari tomonidan Nuno Gonsalvesh, odatda Ferdinandning Muqaddas shahzodaning portreti deb ishoniladi.
Tug'ilgan1402 yil 29 sentyabr
Santarem, Portugaliya
O'ldi5 iyun 1443 yil(1443-06-05) (40 yosh)
Fez, Marokash
Dafn
Batalha monastiri
UyAviz
OtaPortugaliyalik Jon I
OnaLankaster Filippasi
DinKatoliklik

Muqaddas shahzoda Ferdinand (Portugalcha talaffuz:[fɨɾˈnɐ̃du]; Portugal: Fernando o Infante Santo; 1402 yil 29 sentyabr - 1443 yil 5 iyun), ba'zan "avliyo shahzoda" yoki "doimiy shahzoda" deb nomlangan, an kichkintoy ning Portugaliya qirolligi. U eng yoshi edi "Illustrious avlod"15-asr portugal knyazlarining Aviz uyi va ritsarning ma'muri Aviz ordeni.

1437 yilda Ferdinand halokatli ishtirok etdi Tangier qamal qilinishi akasi boshchiligida Genri Navigator. Keyinchalik Ferdinandga topshirildi Marinid Marokash hukmdorlari taslim bo'lish garovi sifatida Seuta Genri tomonidan Portugaliya va Marokash hukmdorlari o'rtasida muzokaralar olib borilgan shartnoma shartlariga muvofiq. Avvaliga Ferdinand zo'r garovga olingan kishi sifatida nisbatan qulay sharoitda ushlab turilgan Asila, ammo Portugaliya hukumatining Seutadan voz kechish niyati yo'qligi ayon bo'lganda, Ferdinandning maqomi pasaytirildi va u qamoqxonaga ko'chirildi Fez, bu erda uning qamoqchilari tomonidan qattiqroq qamoq sharoitlari qo'llanilgan. Uni ozod qilish bo'yicha muzokaralar bir necha yillar davomida uzilishlar bilan davom etdi, ammo ular puchga chiqdilar va Ferdinand oxir-oqibat 1443 yil 5-iyun kuni Fezda asirlikda vafot etdi.

Portugaliyada "Muqaddas shahzoda" ("Muqaddas shahzoda") siymosi atrofida tez orada ommalashgan dinEy Infante Santo), Aviz uyi tomonidan qattiq rag'batlantirildi. Ferdinand "mashhur bo'lib qolmoqda avliyo"portugaliyaliklarning an'analariga ko'ra na tomonidan urib tushirilgan va na kanonizatsiya qilingan Katolik cherkovi.

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

Ferdinand oltinchi va kenja o'g'li edi Qirol Portugaliyalik Jon I va uning rafiqasi Lankaster Filippasi. Ferdinand va uning ukalari Portugaliyalik Eduard, Koimbraning Butrusi, Genri Navigator va Reguengoslik Jon, ortiqcha singil Burgundiyalik Izabella va birodar Barselosning Afonsi, portugaliyalik tarixchilar an'anaviy ravishda "taniqli avlod' (Inclita Geração).

Ferdinand yilda tug'ilgan Santarem 1402 yil 29 sentyabrda bayram kuni ning Sankt-Maykl, unga mehr bilan bog'lanib qoladigan avliyo.[1] Uning tug'ilishi murakkab edi va butun yoshligida kasal bola bo'lib qoladi.[2] Kasalligi sababli nisbatan boshpana topgan Ferdinand tinch va o'ta taqvodor tarbiya olgan, ingliz onasining suyukli va undan afzal ko'rgan. Sarum marosimi ning Solsberi u qatnashgan ommaviy diniy liturgiyada.[3]

Aviz ustasi

Muqaddas shahzoda Ferdinandning gerbi. Uning ritsarlik shiori shunday edi le bien me plait.

Ferdinand 1415 yilda qatnashish uchun juda yosh edi Seuta jangi otasi boshchiligida, Jon I, unda uning katta akalari ajralib turar va ritsar bo'lganlar.[4] Ko'p o'g'illarning eng kichigi sifatida Ferdinand otasidan katta xayr-ehson olmagan, faqat Lordning Salvaterra de Magos va umrbod grant Atuguiya 1429 yilda.[5]

1434 yilda otasi Jon I va ma'mur Joao Rodriges de Sekeyra vafotidan so'ng Ferdinand ritsarlarning oddiy ma'muri etib tayinlandi. Aviz ordeni uning ukasi King tomonidan Portugaliyalik Eduard.[6] Ferdinandga ofitserlik ofisi ham taklif qilindi kardinal tomonidan Papa Eugene IV, lekin uni rad etdi.[7] O'zining taqvodorligiga qaramay, Ferdinand ruhoniy martaba bilan shug'ullanmoqchi emas edi.

Tangier qamal qilinishi

Asosiy maqola: Tanjer jangi (1437)

1436 yilda o'zining ozgina domenlaridan norozi bo'lgan Ferdinand ukasi qirol Edvarddan o'z boyligini chet el shohi xizmatida qidirish uchun chet elga borishga ruxsat so'radi (xabarlarga ko'ra, Angliyalik Genrix VI).[8] Ferdinandning iltimosi, istamagan Edvardni ukasi Genri Navigator tomonidan uzoq vaqt ilgari surilgan rejasini tasdiqlashga undadi va unga qarshi yangi portugal bosqinchilik kampaniyasini boshladi. Marinid Marokash.[9] Bakalavr sifatida Ferdinand Edvardning ikkinchi o'g'liga Infante ismini bergan Ferdinand (bo'lajak Viseu knyazi) jo'nashdan oldin uning merosxo'ri sifatida.[10]

1437 yil avgustda portugal ekspeditsiya kuchi Genri Navigator boshchiligida egallab olishga kirishdi. Tanjer. Ferdinand o'z uyi va Aviz ritsarlarini o'zi bilan birga olib borib, o'zining shaxsiy bayrog'i sifatida bosh farishta Mayklning bezatilgan tasvirini tanladi.[11] The Tanjer kampaniyasi halokatli fiyasko ekanligi isbotlandi. Genri g'ayrat bilan Tangier devorlariga bir qator hujumlarni boshladi, ammo uning qamal lagerini Marokash armiyasi o'rab olishiga imkon berib, shimolga yugurdi. Vattasid kuchli odam Abu Zakariya Yahyo al-Vattasi, Marinidlar saroyining gubernatori Fez (deb nomlangan Lazeraque portugal xronikachilari tomonidan). Endi qamalda bo'lgan va chiqishga qodir bo'lmagan portugal qurshovchilari ochlikdan taslim bo'ldilar.

Armiyasini halokatdan saqlab qolish uchun Genri Navigator 1437 yil oktyabrda Marokash qo'mondonlari bilan shartnoma imzoladi. Tiklashni talab qildi Seuta (1415 yilda portugaliyaliklar tomonidan qo'lga olingan) o'z armiyasiga butun qurollarini olib qo'yishga ruxsat berish evaziga (qurollari ortda qolgan bo'lsa ham). Shartnoma shartlariga ko'ra, Genri o'zining ukasi Ferdinandni Marokashga a garovga olingan Seuta etkazib berish uchun.[12] Keyinchalik, Genri Ferdinandning o'rniga garovga olishga shaxsan o'z ixtiyori bilan borgani, ammo uning urush kengashi buni taqiqlagani xabar qilindi.[13]

Asilada garovga olingan

1621 Ferdinandning Muqaddas shahzodaning zirhli portreti (Antonio Vaskonselosnikidan) Anatsefalaozlar).

Ferdinand rasman Saloh ibn Salohni garovga olgan (chaqirilgan) Challabençalla portugal xronikalarida), Tanjer va Asilaning Marinid gubernatori (va Seutaning da'vogari). Ferdinandga o'zi bilan birga o'n bitta uy xizmatchisini asirga olish uchun ruxsat berildi. Bunga uning kotibi (va kelajakdagi xronikachi) kiritilgan Frei João Alvares; uning uy hokimi Rodrigo Esteves; uning shkafi qo'riqchisi Fernão Gil; uning e'tirofchisi Frei Gil Mendes; uning shifokori mestre Martinxo (marhum solnomachining o'g'li Fernao Lopes); uning ruhoniysi Pero Vaskes; uning bosh oshpazi João Vaskes; uning palatasi João Rodrigues (a. sifatida tasvirlangan kollaxo, Ferdinandning tarbiyalovchi birodari yoki yaqin ishonuvchisini anglatadi); uning chorakmeysteri (aposentador) João Lourenso; uning qo'riqchisi Joao de Luna; va uning kiler qo'riqchisi (homen de reposta) Cristovão de Luviça Alemão.[14] Alvaresga Ferdinandning pul sumkasi ishonib topshirilgan, uning taxminiy hisob-kitoblarida 6000 ga yaqin pul bor edi reallar xarajatlar uchun.[15] Ularga Pedro de Ataid, João Gomes de Avelar, Aires da Cunha va Gomes da Cunha / Silva singari to'rtta portugaliyalik zo'r garovga oluvchilar qo'shildi. Dastlabki uchtasi Ferdinand xonadonining ritsarlari, so'nggisi Avizning ritsari edi.[16] Bu to'rttasi Ferdinand atrofidagilarning bir qismi emas, balki mag'lub bo'lgan portugaliyalik qo'shinlarni kemalariga qaytarib olishlarini ta'minlash uchun vaqtincha garovga qo'yilgan alohida almashtirishning bir qismi edi, buning uchun Saloh ibn Saloh o'z to'ng'ich o'g'lini portugallarga garovga qo'ydi. Bular qo'shinlar tushirilgandan keyin ozod qilinishi kerak edi, Ferdinand va uning atrofidagilar esa Cevani evakuatsiya qilish va topshirgandan keyingina ozod qilinishi kerak edi.

Ferdinand, uning atrofidagilar va to'rtta ritsarlar 1437 yil 16 oktyabrda kechqurun portugaliyalik muzokarachi tomonidan Saloh ibn Salohga topshirildi. Rui Gomes da Silva (Kampo Mayor alkaydi), keyin u Saloh ibn Salohning o'g'lini evaziga qabul qildi. Garovga olinganlar Tanjer ichidagi minorada qolishdi, qo'shinlar plyajni evakuatsiya qilishdi. Ammo amkatsiya tinch kechmadi. Portugaliyalik askarlarning ayrimlari taqiqlangan buyumlarni olib o'tishda qo'lga olinganlarida, ehtimol, intizom buzildi va sohilda mojaro boshlandi.[17] Hamma qo'shinlarni otib bo'lgandan keyin (19 yoki 21 oktyabr 19), Navigator Genri o'zining vaqtincha garovga olinganini, Saloh ibn Salohning to'ng'ich o'g'lini ozod qilishdan bosh tortdi. Natijada, to'rtta zo'r garovga olingan odamlar Marokash asirligida qolishdi. Plyajdagi to'qnashuvni eshitib, Genridan hech qanday xabar olmagan Ferdinand, uning ukasi o'ldirilganlar orasida bo'lishidan qo'rqib, ko'z yoshlari bilan yonida edi. Ibn Saloh jasadlarni tekshirish uchun bir necha kishini yubordi, ular Genri ularning orasida emasligiga ishontirishdi,[18] va knyazni yupatish uchun bu etarli bo'lmaganida, Ibn Saloh hattoki Genridan yozma ishonch olish uchun Seutaga xabarchi yubordi.[19]

Ferdinand, atrofdagilar va to'rtta ritsarlar 22 oktyabrda Tanjerdan chiqib, Marokash qo'riqchisi ostida yo'l oldilar Asila (Arzila), Tanjerdan qirg'oqdan o'ttiz mil uzoqlikda.[20] Portugaliyalik garovga olinganlarga marokashlik olomon yo'l bosib ketayotganida, ularni g'azablantirdi. Kelsak, Ferdinand va uning atrofidagilar Asilada, xuddi garovga olingan podshohga munosib bo'lganidek, nisbatan qulay joyda saqlanishgan. Unga Portugaliyadan yozishmalar yozish va qabul qilish, mahalliy xristian jamoati bilan aloqada bo'lish va mahalliy genuyalik savdogarlar bilan muomala qilishga ruxsat berildi.[21] Shuningdek, atrofdagilarga har kuni xristianlar massasini nishonlashga ruxsat berildi.[22] Hamkasbi Frei Joao Alvaresning xabar berishicha, Ferdinand ushbu shartnomaning zudlik bilan bajarilishini kutgan - Seuta evakuatsiya qilinadi va topshiriladi va ular tez orada ozod qilinadi.[23] Saloh ibn Saloh, shuningdek, Seutani evakuatsiya qilish to'g'risida bir necha kun ichida eshitishini kutgan edi.

Portugaliyaga qaytib, Tanjerdagi mag'lubiyat va undan keyingi shartnoma haqidagi xabar shok bilan qabul qilindi. Reguengoslik Jon Saloh ibn Salohning o'g'li (hanuzgacha garovda bo'lgan) evaziga Ferdinandni ozod qilish to'g'risida muzokara olib borishga umid qilib, Asilaga suzib ketdi.[24] ammo natija bermadi. Nima qilish kerakligi haqidagi savol Ferdinandning katta akalarini ikkiga ajratdi. Seuta juda ramziy ma'noga ega edi - 1415 yilda otalari shaharni zabt etganda birodarlar u erda ritsarga aylanishgan. Koimbraning Butrusibutun Tanjer ekspeditsiyasining boshlanishiga qat'iyan qarshi bo'lgan, ularning to'ng'ich akasi Portugaliya qiroli Edvardni shartnomani zudlik bilan bajarishga, Seutani evakuatsiya qilishni va Ferdinandning ozod qilinishini buyurdi.[25] Ammo Edvard qat'iyatsizlikka tushib qoldi. Tangierdagi mag'lubiyatdan keyin Seutada qolgan, tushkunlikka tushgan va aloqada bo'lmagan Genri Navigator, oxir-oqibat o'zi bilan muzokara olib borgan shartnomani tasdiqlash va Ferdinandni Chetani taslim qilmasdan ozod qilishning boshqa usullarini taklif qilish to'g'risida maslahatlarga maktublar yubordi.[26] Ammo Ferdinandning o'zi Asiladan Edvard va Genriga maktublar yozib, marinidlar uni Seutadan boshqa hech narsa evaziga ozod qilmasliklari va ularni shartnomani bajarishga undayotganliklarini va kechikish nima bo'lganiga hayron bo'lishganini ta'kidladilar.[27]

1438 yil yanvar oyida, hali ham qarorga kelmagan, Portugaliyalik Edvard Portugal kortlari yilda Leiria maslahat uchun.[28] Ferdinandning maktublari Kortesdan oldin o'qilgan, unda Ferdinand ozod qilinish istagi bildirilgan va Seuta Portugaliyaga hech qanday strategik maqsadga xizmat qilmaganligi va undan qat'iy nazar tashlab yuborilishi kerakligi ta'kidlangan.[29] Keyingi afsonadan farqli o'laroq, bu xatlardan Ferdinand shahidning taqdirini qidirmaganligi, u Seutani shartnoma shartlariga binoan Marinidlar qo'liga topshirilishini va u tezda ozod qilinishini xohlagani aniq ko'rinib turibdi.[30] Piter va Yuhanno da'vat etgan Kortesda burgerlar va ruhoniylar asosan almashtirish uchun ovoz berishdi, ammo zodagonlar tomonidan to'plangan Arraiolos Ferdinand, bunga qarshi qat'iy ravishda bahslashdi, natijada korteslar qaror qabul qilinmasdan tarqatib yuborildi.[31] Seutani saqlash to'g'risidagi qaror faqat 1438 yil iyun oyida bo'lib o'tgan konferentsiyadan so'ng qabul qilingan Portel Edvard va Genri Navigator o'rtasida.[32] Genri yana bir bor shartnomani rad etishga chaqirdi va Ferdinandning ozod qilinishini ta'minlashning muqobil sxemalarini taklif qildi, masalan, uni pul evaziga qaytarib berish, ishontirish Kastiliya va Aragon musulmon mahbuslarni evaziga ommaviy ravishda ozod qilinishiga qo'shilish, yangi qo'shin tuzish va Marokashni qayta bosib olish va h.k.[33] Ferdinandning bir necha bor iltijolaridan so'ng, Genri nihoyat qamoqdagi akasiga shartnomani bajarmaganlik sabablarini ko'rsatib xabar yubordi: birinchidan, Genri bunday shartnomani boshlash uchun qirollik vakolatiga ega emasligi, ikkinchidan, plyaj tufayli. Tanjerdagi to'qnashuv, Genri shartnomani allaqachon buzilgan deb hisoblagan va shu sababli u uni bajarishga qonuniy majburiyati yo'q edi.[34]

Fezdagi mahbus

Ferdinand Muqaddas shahzoda, 1450-yillarda triptix Genri Navigatorcherkov Batalha monastiri

Marokashdagi Marinid hukumati Portugaliyaning shartnomani rad etishidan hayratda va g'azablandilar. Ferdinandni Asilaxdan (qirg'oq shahri) chiqarib tashlash uchun portugaliyalik amfibiya kuchlarini qo'ndirish rejasi haqidagi mish-mishlar uni quruqlikka ko'chirishga qaror qildi.[35] 1438 yil 25-mayda, Abu Zakariya Yahyo al-Vattasi, ning kuchli vaziri Marinid saroy Fez, garovga olinganlarni Saloh ibn Salohdan o'z zimmasiga oldi va Ferdinand va uning atrofidagilarga uning Asiladagi qulay joyidan qamoqxonaga ko'chirishni buyurdi. Fez.[36] Dastlabki atrofdagilarning ikkitasi Fezga transferni amalga oshirmadi. E'tirof etuvchi Frei Fernão Gil 1437-38 yil qishda vafot etgan, uy xo'jayini Rodrigo Esteves kasal bo'lib qolgan va Ibn Saloh unga Portugaliyaga qaytishga ruxsat bergan. Estvesga kelsak, uning o'g'li Pedro Rodriges otasining o'rnida garovga turish uchun Portugaliyadan kelgan.[37] Pedro Rodriges va to'rtta ritsar garovga olinganlar Asilada qolishdi, boshqalari esa Fezga yo'l olishdi.[38]

1438 yil may oyining oxirlarida Fezga etib kelgan Ferdinand atrofidagilar qamoqqa joylashtirildi, u erda ilgari qamalgan ikki portugaliyalik mahbus bilan uchrashishdi: Diogo Delgado va Alverka Alvaro Eanes.[39] Asiladan ko'chib o'tishda qatnashgan yahudiy jarroh va Saloh ibn Salohning elchisi bo'lgan usta Jozef Abu Zakariya tomonidan Lissabonga yangi holatlar to'g'risida xabar berish uchun ko'rsatma bilan qaytarib yuborilgan. Javob kutib turganda atrofdagilar (bundan tashqari, avvalgi ikki mahbus) qamoqxonada muhrlangan. Fezdagi ahvol Asiladan ancha yomon edi. Shunga qaramay, portugaliyalik ikki mahbus yangi kelganlarga shahar bozorlaridan kontrabanda yo'li bilan olib kiriladigan oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini qanday qilib yaxshiroq olishni o'rgatishdi va ularni Majorcan shahzodani kreditga etkazib berishga tayyor bo'lgan Fezdagi savdogar.[40] 1438 yil 11-oktyabrda Lissabondan qoniqarli javob olinmaganligi sababli Ferdinandning ahvoli shartnoma garovidan oddiy mahbusga tushirildi.[41] Marokashlik soqchilar kameralarni ko'zdan kechirdilar va ularning qolgan pullarining katta qismini musodara qildilar, tashqi tomondan aloqa to'xtatildi va mayor savdogari uning muammolari uchun qamchilandi. O'n ikki kishini sakkiztasini ushlab qolish uchun qurilgan kichikroq zindonga haydashdi, qamoqxona kiyimlarini berishdi va non va suvni qattiq iste'mol qilishdi.[42] Aynan shu vaqtda Ferdinand va uning atrofidagilar birinchi bo'lib qo'yilgan oyoq dazmollari.[43] Hamkasbi Alvaresning xabar berishicha, qamoqxonachilar vaqti-vaqti bilan kaltaklash va kaltaklash bilan tahdid qilsalar ham, ular Ferdinandga va uning sheriklariga hech qachon jismoniy zarar etkazmaganlar, chunki ular mahbuslarga etkazilgan har qanday shikast ularning to'lov qiymatini pasaytiradi deb qo'rqishgan.[44] Shunga qaramay, ular Ferdinandni majburiyat olishga majbur qilishdi qo'l mehnati bu sharmandali shahzodani kamsitadigan va xor qilmaydigan edi, masalan. saroy bog'larini osib qo'yish va otxonalarni tozalash.[45] Shunday bo'lsa-da, Alvares Ferdinand sheriklari bilan bir xil taqdirda ishtirok etishga qat'iy qaror qilgani va ular Ferdinandning aybi bilan qamoqdagi og'irroq ishlarga tayinlanganda, Ferdinand o'z ixtiyoriga borib, ular bilan birga ishlashni xohlagan (garchi bu tez orada unga taqiqlangan bo'lsa ham). ).[46]

Portugaliya qiroli Edvard 1438 yil avgustda vafot etdi (vabodan, deydi uning shifokorlari; Ferdinandning baxtsiz taqdiri tufayli yurak xafa bo'lgan, dedi xalq ilmi).[47] O'limidan sal oldin Edvard Seutadan voz kechish to'g'risida fikrini o'zgartirib, portugallar bu shartnomani oxirigacha bajo keltirishi haqida Marokashliklarga xabar berish va Ferdinandning ozod qilinishiga tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun elchi Fernua de Silvani jo'natdi.[48] Ammo Edvardning o'limi Silvani Asilada ishonch yorlig'isiz qoldirdi. Ozodlikka yaqinlashib, yangiliklar (Fezga 1438 yil noyabrda kelgan) tezda umidsizlikka tushib qolgan Ferdinandga ikki karra zarba bo'ldi.[49] Shunga qaramay, Abu Zakariya Lissabondagi yangi rejim bilan kelishuvga erishilishi mumkin degan umidda oyoq dazmollarini olib tashlashni buyurdi.[50]

Ishlarning yangi holati bir muncha vaqt talab qildi - Edvardning o'limi Portugaliyada ichki mojaroni keltirib chiqardi regentsiya uning yosh o'g'li, yangi shoh uchun Portugaliyalik Afonso V.[51] Nihoyat, Edvardning ukasi ustunlikni qo'lga kiritdi, Koimbraning Butrusi1439 yil boshida Portugaliya regenti bo'lgan. 1439 yil may oyida Ibn Saloh va Abu Zakariya yangi regensiya kengashidan Seuta to'g'risidagi shartnoma shartlarini bajarishni maqsad qilganlar.[52] Saloh ibn Saloh va Abu Zakariya mahbusni boshqarish uchun janjallashganlarida, ish yana g'alati tus oldi. 1439 yil oktyabrda Ibn Salohdan yahudiy elchisi (ehtimol yana usta Jozef) Ferdinand va uning atrofini Asilaga qaytarib olib ketish niyatida Fezga etib keldi, ammo Abu Zakariya uni Fezdagi mahbusni ushlab turishni niyat qilib, uni yuborib yubordi. portugaliyalik Seuta taslim bo'lish huquqiga ega bo'lgan yuqori ishonchga ega bo'lgan kishini yubordi.[53] Elchi ketishi bilanoq Ferdinand va uning atrofidagilar oyoq panjalarida qarsak chalishdi, deyarli barcha kiyimlarini echib olishdi va tun-u kun zindonda doimiy ravishda qamalishdi.[54] Ushbu yangi qattiq choralar, ehtimol, Ibn Saloh malaylarining qimmatbaho mahbus bilan yashirinishga urinishlariga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun jazo o'rniga ehtiyotkorlik choralari edi. Dekabr oyida mahbuslar (Ferdinand va uning ruhoniysi Pero Vaskes bundan mustasno) Fezda og'ir yo'llarni ta'mirlash ishlarini olib borish uchun doimiy qamoqxonadan chiqarildi.[55]

Ferdinandning Fezdagi asirligi va o'limi manzaralari ( Bollandist"s Acta Sanctorum, 1695). Ferdinandning yagona ma'lum bo'lgan tasviri avliyo"s halo.

1440 yil fevral oyida yo'l ishlari tugagandan so'ng, sahobalar saroy bog'larida va duradgorlik va toshxonalarda yangi ishlarga tayinlandilar. Biroq, ishlar vaqt oralig'ida yana bir burilish yasadi; Saloh ibn Saloh 1439–40 yil qishida vafot etgan. Uning to'ng'ich o'g'li hali ham portugal asirligida bo'lganligi sababli, Asila-Tanjer hukumati (va Ferdinandning shartli nazorati) uning ukasi Abu Bakrga (xronikalarda ma'lum bo'lgan Muley Bubuker).[56] Alvaresning xabar berishicha, Abu Zakariya Abu Bakr bilan janjal keltirib, Ibn Saloh erlariga da'vo qilmoqchi bo'lgan. O'z navbatida, Abu Bakr Ferdinandni qamoqdan chiqarib yuborish uchun Marinid shahzodasiga o'qituvchi sifatida Fez saroyiga kirish huquqiga ega bo'lgan ma'lum bir "Faquy Amar" bilan fitna uyushtirdi.[57] Ammo Abu Zakariya fitnadan shamol oldi va Faquy Amar shahardan qochib ketdi. Qachonki narsalar yanada chalkashib ketdi Gonsalo de Sintra, Genri Navigatorning agenti kirib keldi Salé va u erda Marinid hokimiyatiga portugallar Ferdinand uchun Seuta emas, balki faqat naqd pul berishni niyat qilganligini aytdi. Bu Marinidlarning portugaliyaliklarni avvalgi taklifiga nisbatan ikki tomonlama va rad javobgarligida ayblashiga sabab bo'ldi.[58] Nihoyat, sovchi-malikadan xat keldi Eleanora, ammo bu faqat ba'zi erlarni Portugaliyaga qaytarib berish bilan bog'liq ba'zi bir kichik masalalarga tegishli edi va Seuta almashinuvi haqida hech narsa aytmadi.[59] Ushbu voqealarning har biri portugaliyaliklar o'zlarini yolg'onchi va ular bilan birga o'ynashayotganini sezgan Marinidlarni g'azablantirgan va ularning g'azabi Ferdinandga qattiq tushgan, u tahdid qilingan va qattiqroq qamoq sharoitlariga duch kelgan. Hatto Marinid sultonining hamdardligi Abd al-Haqq II va uning xotinlari - ilgari Abu Zakariyaning qattiqqo'lligini yumshatgan va shahzodaga muloyimlik bilan munosabatda bo'lgan, vaqti-vaqti bilan uni saroy bog'larida ular bilan birga ovqatlanishga taklif qilgan - endi begonalashgan.[60]

Qarindoshlarining noto'g'riligiga qaramay, regent Peter Coimbra ushbu svopni amalga oshirishga qaror qildi va u logistika bo'yicha muzokara olib borish uchun Martil Tavora va Gomes Eanes ismli ikki emissarni Asilaga jo'natdi. Dastlabki, Abu Bakr Seuta gubernatoridan, Fernando de Noronxa, lavozimidan bo'shatilsin - uning obro'si shunday edi, marokashliklar Noronxaning almashtirishni oldini olishga intilishlariga ishonishgan.[61] Butrus bunga rozi bo'lishda unchalik qiynalmadi - bu Noronha bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lgan oila Braganzalar, Butrusning ashaddiy siyosiy dushmanlari orasida bo'lgan; Darhaqiqat, Noronxaning ukalari 1438 yilda Butrusni regentlikdan mahrum qilishga urinayotgan zodagonlarning fitnasiga rahbarlik qilgan.[62]

1440 yil aprel oyining boshlarida Coimbra Butrus jo'natdi Fernando de Kastro, taniqli diplomat, Seuta hukumatini Noronxadan qabul qilib olish va Portugaliya garnizonini evakuatsiya qilishni o'z zimmasiga oldi.[63] Amaliyot muvaffaqiyatsiz boshlandi. Kastroning flotiliyasi Lissabondan bayramona kayfiyatda yo'lga chiqdi; shuhratparast Fernando de Kastro ozodlikka chiqqandan so'ng, Infante Ferdinandni o'z qizini shu erda turmushga berishga ko'ndirishi mumkinligi haqida ochiq xayol qildi va u boy va mo'l-ko'l ekspeditsiyani tayyorladi, kemalarni ziyofat buyumlari bilan to'ldirib, taniqli odamlarning atrofini, va 1200 ga yaqin qo'shinlardan iborat qo'riqchi. Ammo tashqi sayohatda, atrofida Sent-Vinsent burni, portugal flotiliyasi tomonidan pistirma qilingan Genuyaliklar qaroqchilar. Etakchi kemaga o'tirdi va Fernando de Kastro o'ldirildi. Qaroqchilar boshqa kemalar uni qutqarib qolguncha qochib ketishdi. Fernando de Noronxaning missiyani sabotaj qilish maqsadida qaroqchilarni Kastroga qarshi boshqarishda qo'llari bo'lishi mumkin degan gumonlar ko'tarildi (ammo dalil yo'q). Seuta - bu korsarning uyasi edi, portugaliyalik gubernatorlar muntazam ravishda chet el qaroqchilaridan zarbalar va talon-tarojning bir qismi evaziga undan chiqib ketishga ruxsat berar edilar, shuning uchun jenuiziyalik qaroqchilar Noronhaning bilimi va roziligisiz Kastro parkiga hujum qilishga jur'at etishi deyarli aqlga sig'maydi. Elchi vafot etganida, flot uni qo'ydi Tavira (Algarveda) va Butrusga nima bo'lganligi to'g'risida xabar berish uchun shoshilinch xabar yubordi. Regent zudlik bilan Kastroning o'g'li Alvaro de Kastroga otasining ishonchnomasini olib, Seutaga borishni va topshiriqni bajarishni buyurgan ko'rsatma yubordi.[64]

Bu orada Kastroning taqdiridan bexabar Tavora va Eynes Abu Bakrga bu majburiyat to'g'risida xabar berish uchun Asilaga kelishdi. Abu Bakr darhol Ferdinand va uning atrofidagi odamlarni Asilaga ko'chirishni talab qilib, portugaliyalik elchilarga topshirish uchun Fezga usta Jozefni jo'natdi.[65] Magistr Jozef 1440 yil may oyida Fezga etib keldi va Abu Zakariyaga Peterburgdan Coimbra tomonidan muhrlangan xatlar topshirdi, unda Noronxani ishdan bo'shatish to'g'risidagi buyruq va Fernando de Kastroga evakuatsiya qilish bo'yicha ko'rsatmalar berilgan. Keyinchalik sodir bo'lgan narsa loyqa. Ferdinandning o'zi Abu Zakariyodan oldin, Asilaga qaytishni xohlaysizmi, deb so'rab, Yusuf bilan birga bo'lgan tomoshabinlarni chaqirdi. Ferdinandni zindonga qaytarib olib borishda Abu Zakariya soqchilari unga maxfiy yozuvni "topdilar", ular ustoz Jozef tinglovchilar paytida unga sirg'alib o'tdi, deyishdi.[66] Magistr Jozef Ferdinandning qochishiga yordam berishni rejalashtirishda ayblanib, zudlik bilan hibsga olingan. Alvares bularning barchasi Abu Zakariya tomonidan biroz vaqt yutish uchun qilingan hiyla-nayrang edi, deb hisoblaydi.[67] Abu Zakariya Seutani qayta tiklash shon-sharafini yig'ib olishga intildi va Seutga zafarli yurish uchun Fezda qo'shin to'plash uchun vaqt kerak edi. 1440 yil sentyabrda, qo'shin yig'ilgandan so'ng, usta Jozef nihoyat ozod qilindi va Ferdinandsiz Asilaga qaytarib yuborildi, faqat Abu Zakariyaning o'zi svopni o'z zimmasiga olish to'g'risidagi va'dasini bajardi, ya'ni u Ferdinandni shaxsan Seutaga olib boradi va nazoratni o'z zimmasiga olganidan keyin uni ozod qiladi. shahar.[68] Jozef Abu Zakariyaning niyatlari to'g'risida yana qanday xabar bergani noma'lum, ammo portugaliyalik elchilar rejani o'zgartirishni rad etishdi, ular "Seutani qog'ozli va'dalar uchun xok" qilishga tayyor emasliklarini ta'kidladilar.[69] va shaharni etkazib berishdan oldin ular Ferdinandning shaxsini ushlab turishlari kerak edi.

1440 yil sentyabr oyida Abu Zakariya ustuni Ferdinandni jalb qilgan holda Fezdan yo'lga chiqqan edi, ammo ular uzoqqa etib borishmadi.[70] Faqat endi Kastroning o'limi haqida eshitib, Asiladagi elchilaridan keskin javob oldilar, ular to'xtab qolishdi va biroz munozaradan so'ng Abu Zakariya yurishni to'xtatib, oktyabr oyida Fezga qaytib keldi. (Marokash qurollari Seuta tomon yurish uchun safarbar qilinganligi haqidagi xabarlar Portugaliyada xavotirga sabab bo'ldi. Abu Zakariya Seutani zo'rlik bilan olmoqchi ekanligidan qo'rqib, darhol Seutani mustahkamlash uchun qurollangan portugal flotini yuborishga kirishdi;[71] agar flot haqiqatan ham yuborilgan bo'lsa, bu noaniq, ammo yangi qo'shinlarni tayyorlash haqidagi yangiliklar Fezda qabul qilingan va portugaliyaliklarning niyatlari to'g'risida turli xil signallarni yuborgan bo'lishi mumkin.)

Muzokaralar qayta boshlandi, bu safar garovga olinganlarni almashtirish va og'zaki va'dalarni to'ldirish uchun moddiy kafolatlar atrofida aylanmoqda. Ammo tomonlar orasida ozgina ishonch bor edi. Noyabr oyining boshlarida Nasridiy sultoni Muhammad IX ning Granada qadam tashladi va boshi berk ko'chadan chiqishni taklif qildi. U Ferdinandni o'z yurisdiksiyasidagi bir guruh genuyalik savdogarlar qo'liga topshirishni taklif qildi va Abu Zakariyaga tantanali va'dasini berib, shaharni evakuatsiya qilish tasdiqlanmaguncha Ferdinandni portugallarga topshirishiga yo'l qo'ymasligini aytdi.[72] Portugaliyaliklar Granadaning taklifiga zudlik bilan javob bermadilar.

1441 yil boshlarida Marokashda vabo tarqalishi masalani yanada kechiktirdi.[73] Asilada (Fezdagi Ferdinanddan alohida) qolgan to'rtta zo'r garovdagilardan uchtasi - Joo Gomes de Avelar, Pedro de Atayd va Ayres da Künxa - bu paytda o'latdan vafot etdi.[74] (Marokashliklar Ferdinanddan nasroniylar bilan qanday munosabatda bo'lishlarini so'rashganda, qiziq bir yozuvda vabo, Ferdinand "ular o'zlarini odamlar o'layotgan joylardan olib tashladilar", deb javob berishdi, bu xabar istehzo bilan kulgi bilan qabul qilindi.[75]1441 yil sentyabrga kelib, Granadaning taklifi buzilganligi haqida umidsiz xabar keldi va Ferdinand yana oyoq panjalarida qarsak chaldi.[76]

Bir necha oy o'tgach, 1442 yil mart oyida tinchlik yo'lida hal qilishga umid qanday bo'lmasin barham topdi. Alvaresning so'zlariga ko'ra,[77] o'sha oyda Marokash zodagonlari Faquy Amar (Marinid shahzodasining tarbiyachisi) Abu Zakariya odamlari tomonidan hibsga olingan va uning shaxsida qirolichadan kelib chiqqan bir nechta portugalcha xatlar topilgan. EleanoraFerdinandni qamoqdan chiqarib yuborish uchun quyonlarga asoslangan sxemani bayon qilgan kengash.[78] Faquy Amar Ferdinand huzurida shafqatsizlarcha kaltaklandi va keyinchalik uning fitnachilari bilan birga qatl etildi.[79] Endi portugallarning Seutani berishni niyati yo'qligi va Ferdinand bilan boshqa hech qanday aloqasi qolmaganligi, Abu Zakariya uchun ayon bo'ldi, ammo u oladigan eng katta naqd to'lovni olishdan boshqa narsa yo'q edi. Mahbuslar bilan muzokaralar boshlandi. Ferdinand u 150 000 to'lovni to'lashga qodir bo'lishi mumkinligini aytdi dublonlar (dobralar) va o'zini va sheriklarini ozod qilish uchun 150 musulmon mahbusni ozod qilish.[80]

Keyinchalik Ferdinand atrofidagi boshqa odamlardan ajralib chiqdi.[81] U qorong'i, derazasiz yangi kichkina kameraga ko'chirildi - aniqrog'i, ichidagi bo'sh qurol saqlanadigan joy qasr Fezdan, u erda uni yanada ko'proq qo'riqlash mumkin edi.[82] Uni ko'rish uchun faqat uning shifokori Master Martinhoga ruxsat berildi. Qolgan atrofdagilar saroy zindonida qolishdi va og'ir ishlarga tayinlanishdi, asosan otxonada va yo'l ishlarida, lekin vaqti-vaqti bilan ular qal'ada devorning yorig'i orqali Ferdinand bilan so'z almashishlari mumkin edi.[83] Abu Zakariya o'z narxini 400 ming dublon va 400 mahbusga oshirdi va Ferdinanddan bu haqda qarindoshlaridan so'rashni iltimos qildi.[84] To'rt oy o'tgach, Portugaliyadan kelgan javobda bu juda ko'p, ular 50 mingga ega bo'lishlari mumkinligi aytilgan, ammo elchi Vasko Fernandesni Saloh ibn Salohning o'g'li ham qamrab olinadigan to'lovni muzokara qilish uchun jo'natishni taklif qilishgan va juftlik hali ham Asilada saqlanmoqda (tirik qolgan Aviz ritsari Gomesh da Silva va Pero Rodriges, uning otasi Rodrigo Esteves uchun yordamchi bo'lgan).[85] Javob Abu Zakariyani g'azablantirdi, xususan Saloh ibn Saloh o'g'li nazarda tutgan koditsil Ferdinand bo'yicha muzokaralarda o'z so'zini aytadi. Salohning o'g'li uch oydan so'ng muzokaralarni boshlash uchun Fezga keldi, ammo uni xushmuomalalik bilan kutib olishdi va bundan boshqa hech narsa bo'lmadi. Xabarlarga ko'ra Ferdinand tushkunlikka tushib, qarindoshlari bilan g'azablangan; bir payt u Portugaliyadan boshqa yangiliklarni eshitishni rad etdi.[86] Uning do'stlari 1442 yilda Reguengos ukasi Jonning vafoti haqidagi xabarni tegishli ravishda undan saqlab qolishdi.[87]

O'lim

Ferdinandning izolyatsiyasi Fez davom etdi. U faqat o'z shifokori bilan ovqatlanish vaqtida va ruhoniy bilan har ikki haftada bir uchrashgan. Qo'riqchilarga pora berib, unga ba'zida atrofidagilarning boshqa a'zolari bilan uchrashishga ruxsat berildi. U boshqalar singari mehnatga tayinlanmagan, lekin kunlarini asosan hujrasida o'tkazgan, ibodat va ibodatlar yozgan.[88] Bunday sharoitda o'n besh oydan keyin Ferdinand 1443 yil 1-iyunda kasal bo'lib qoldi[89] va bir necha kundan keyin, 5 iyun kuni vafot etdi.[90] Uning hagiograflarining so'zlariga ko'ra, o'limidan oldin kechqurun Ferdinand vahiyni ko'rganligi haqida xabar bergan Bokira Maryam, St. Maykl bosh farishta va St. Xushxabarchi Yuhanno.[91]

Uning o'limidan so'ng, Fez ma'muriyatida Ferdinandning jasadi bor edi mayitlangan Tuz bilanmi, mirta va lavr yaproqlari. Bu jarayonda Ferdinandning yuragi, a'zolari va ichaklari chiqarildi (va zudlik bilan uning qamoqdagi hamkasblari ularni zindonining bir burchagida er ostiga ko'milgan loy idishlarga yashirishgan).[92] Keyinchalik Ferdinandning yalang'och va tanadan chiqarilgan jasadi jamoat uchun namoyish qilish uchun Fez devorlari yonbag'irlaridan teskari tomonga osib qo'yilgan.[93] To'rt kundan so'ng, jasad muhrlangan yog'och tobutga joylashtirildi va yana bir bor o'sha jang maydonlariga "uzoq vaqt davomida" osib qo'yildi.[94] Alvares o'z hagiografiyasida keyinchalik tobutga tegishli bo'lgan bir nechta "mo''jizalar" haqida xabar beradi.[95]

Ferdinand vafot etganda turmush qurmagan va farzandsiz edi. Uning mohirligi Aviz ordeni jiyaniga topshirildi Piter, Portugaliyaning Konstablesi (Piter Koimbraning o'g'li).

Do'stlarning taqdiri

Keyingi yillarda Ferdinand atrofining ko'plab a'zolari qamoqxonada, birinchi navbatda kasallik tufayli vafot etdilar. Frei João Alvaresning so'zlariga ko'ra, ularning taqdirlari xronologik tartibda quyidagicha bo'ldi:[96]

  • Etirof etuvchi Frei Gil Mendes 1437–38 yil qishda Asilada vafot etdi.
  • Uy xo'jaligi boshlig'i Rodrigo Esteves kasal bo'lib qoldi va 1438 yilda o'g'li Pedro Rodriges evaziga Asiladan ozod qilindi.
  • Fezda portugaliyalik mahbus Diogo Delgado birinchi bo'lib Fezda 1443-1448 yillarda o'lgan.
  • Joao de Luna, o'choq qo'riqchisi, 1443-48 yillarda Fezda vafot etdi
  • Shifokor Mestre Martim 1443-48 yillarda Fezda vafot etdi.
  • Shkafni saqlovchi Fernao Gil 1443-48 yillarda Fezda vafot etdi.
  • Chorakmeyster Joao Lourenso, 1443-48 yillarda Fezda vafot etgan.
  • Fezdagi boshqa portugaliyalik mahbus Alverkadan Alvaro Eanes Islomni qabul qildi
  • Kristovão de Luviça Alemão, kiler, Islomni qabul qildi
  • Frei João Alvares, kotib, 1448 yilda Poytaxt Koimbraning to'lovi bilan
  • 1448 yilda Coimbra Peter yoki João de Lisboa tomonidan fido qilingan oshpaz João Vasques.
  • João Rodrigues, kollaxo, Fray Joao Alvares tomonidan 1450 yilda ozod qilingan palatachi
  • 1450 yilda Frei João Alvares tomonidan to'lovni qabul qilgan ruhoniy Pero Vaskes

Asilada qolgan garovdagilarning taqdiri quyidagilar:

  • João Gomes de Avelar, Fernando uyining zodagon ritsari, 1441 yil boshida vabodan vafot etdi.
  • Uy-ritsar Айрes da Künha 1441 yil oxirida vabodan vafot etdi.
  • Pedro de Ataid, uy ritsari, 1441 yil oxirida vabodan vafot etdi
  • Gomes da Kunya / Silva, Aviz ritsari, komendador 1442 yilgacha omon qolgan, keyinchalik taqdiri noaniq.
  • Pedro Rodrigues, o'g'li va otasi Rodrigo Estevesning tarafdoridir, 1442 yilgacha omon qoldi, keyinchalik taqdiri noaniq edi.

Muqaddas ibodat

Ferdinandning qabri Aviz uyi nekropol Batalha monastiri. 1443 yilda tashkil etilgan Ferdinandning organlari 1451 yilda, uning tanasi 1472-73 yillarda saqlangan.

Portugaliyada Ferdinandning vafoti haqidagi xabar katta motam bilan kutib olindi. Ferdinandni ozod qilish uchun eng ko'p harakat qilgan, ehtimol regent Peter Coimbra, partiyasining ba'zi qamoqdagi a'zolarini, xususan Ferdinandning kotibini, Frei João Alvares, 1448 yilda. Lissabonga kelganidan ko'p o'tmay, Alvares qolgan mahbuslarni to'lash uchun 1450 yilda Marokashga qaytib keldi.[97] Alvares shuningdek Ferdinandning qoldiqlarini to'lashga umid qilar edi, lekin u faqat Ferdinandning ichagi bilan yashiringan idishni tiklashga muvaffaq bo'ldi. U Lissabonga qaytib keldi va 1451 yil iyun boshida Santaremdagi Portugaliya qiroli Afonso V sudiga yo'l oldi.[98] Frei João Alvares va João Rodriguesga qoldiqlarni olib, Ferdinand uchun saqlangan qabrga saqlashni buyurdilar. Aviz nekropol, yilda asos soluvchi cherkov Batalha monastiri.[99] Alvaresning xabar berishicha, Batalxaga borishda ular o'tib ketishgan TomarBu erda shahzoda Genri Navigator kortejga qo'shildi va keyinchalik diniy marosimni olib bordi va yodgorliklarni Batalxaga topshirdi. Qabr dastlab Ferdinandning shaxsiy qo'llari va ritsarlik shiori bilan o'yilgan edi le bien me plet ("Yaxshilik menga yoqadi"), bu otasining shiorini birlashtirgan, por bem, onasi bilan, il me plait.[100]

Ommabop avliyo tez orada hukm din tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan Ferdinand siymosi atrofida rivojlandi Aviz uyi.[101] 1444 yil yanvar oyida Piter Coimbra, Batalxadagi cherkovda Ferdinand sharafiga aytiladigan yillik massa uchun mablag 'ajratdi.[102] Genri Navigator buyurdi a triptix of the life and sufferings of Ferdinand, painted by João Áfonso, to be set up in his own (Henry's) chapel. Some modern authors believe the celebrated Sent-Vinsent panellari tomonidan Nuno Gonsalvesh were commissioned by Peter of Coimbra as a funerary homage to Ferdinand the Holy Prince.[103]

The religious ikonografiya of Ferdinand the Holy Prince usually portrays him as a miserable prisoner, hungry, bearded, disheveled in a black cloak and hood,[104] his feet in leg irons and chains held in his hands.[105] He also sometimes holds a hoe, for his labors in the palace gardens in Fez.[106] Later on, Ferdinand was sometimes depicted in the armor of an imperial warrior [107]

The promotion of the saintly cult, in particular the narrative twist that Ferdinand had "volunteered" for martyrdom rather than allow Ceuta to be surrendered, was principally due to Henry the Navigator and may have been motivated by an attempt to deflect responsibility for his death away from himself.[108] In the 1450s, Henry commissioned Frei João Álvares to set down the details of Ferdinand's life and captivity. Finished sometime before 1460, and first published in 1527, the Álvares chronicle is the principal source of the life and travails of Ferdinand.[109] Although originally intended as a piece of Christian xagiografiya to supplement the cult of the "Holy Prince" and the Henrican interpretation, the Álvares chronicle did not flatter Henry's leadership nor absolve him of responsibility for Ferdinand's fate. He makes it reasonably clear that Ferdinand did not seek out a martyr's fate, but had it imposed on him by the delays and machinations back in Portugal.[110] At several points, Álvares surreptitiously points an accusatory finger at Ferdinand's brothers via speeches from the mouth of Ferdinand, his companions and his captors.[111] Another hagiography, the Martirium pariter et gesta, written by an unknown author, appeared around the same time or shortly after.[112] Some have speculated the Martirium might have been written by Pero Vasques, the ransomed chaplain, although others believe it was a largely derivative piece, hurriedly written by someone else, commissioned by Isabella of Burgundy to support the campaign in Rome to promote Ferdinand to sainthood.[113]

Ferdinand the Holy Prince, from the Martirium pariter et gesta (Vat. Lat. Codex 3634)

Ferdinand's sister Portugaliyalik Izabella, Burgundiya knyazligi, endowed a mass to be said in Brussels, and in 1467 decided to fund a chapel dedicated to Ferdinand the Holy Prince at the Church of St. Anthony Lissabonda. To this end, Isabella dispatched Frei João Álvares to Rome to petition the pope for religious honors for her brother, possibly even kaltaklash, the first step to formal sainthood. At Álvares's request, bulls were issued by Papa Pol II in 1470 granting permission for the Lisbon chapel and indulgentsiyalar to anyone who attended an anniversary mass for Ferdinand.[114] Although a contract was signed between Álvares and Lisbon municipal authorities in November 1471 to begin the chapel, the death of both Paul II and Isabella around this time probably prevented the campaign from going forward, with the result that Ferdinand remained unbeatified and uncanonized.[115]

King Afonso V of Portugal is reported to have invoked the memory of the martyrdom of his uncle in his three Moroccan campaigns of 1458, 1463/4 and 1471.[116] In the last campaign, the Asilani bosib olish, Afonso finally captured Tangier. In the aftermath, negotiations were opened between Afonso and the Moroccan strongman Muhammad al-Sheikh to deliver the bones and bodily remains of Ferdinand, which were still in Fez. These negotiations dragged on for a while, but the remains were finally obtained by the Portuguese in 1473 (or perhaps 1472)[117] One version relates that a disgruntled Moroccan courtier, said to be the ruler's own nephew, seized the coffin containing Ferdinand's body, smuggled it out of Fez, and brought it all the way to Lisbon to sell to the Portuguese king for a considerable sum.[118] There were subsequently great ceremonies in depositing the bodily remains in Ferdinand's tomb in Batalha.

The cult of Ferdinand continued into the 16th and 17th centuries. Qirol Portugaliyalik Manuel I had the sculptor Nicolau Chanterene sculpt a statue of Ferdinand on the left side of the magnificent western door of the Jeronimos monastiri v. 1517.[119] In 1538–39, in accordance with an endowment of the late dowager-queen Viseu Eleonorasi (bevasi Ioann II) a qayta tiklanadigan was commissioned depicting the life and sufferings of Ferdinand, painted by Cristóvão de Rodrigues, to be set up in Ferdinand's chapel at Batalha (alas this retable has long since disappeared).[120]

The saintly cult of the Ferdinand the Holy Prince fell foul of the ever-stricter rules of the Katolik cherkovi, which sought to discourage cults of unbeatified and uncanonized persons. The only clear evidence of the presence of the Ferdinand cult inside a regular church outside the Batalha chapel was the retable dedicated to Ferdinand set up at the church of Our Lady of the Olive Grove yilda Gimaraes in 1472, in celebration of the imminent translation of the relics.[121] In 1614, Martim Afonso Meixa, Leiria episkopi, prohibited the Ferdinand cult at Batalha on account of his not being beatified.[122] Nonetheless, the 1595 hagiography by Jerónimo Román[123] and the 1623 history written by Frei Luis de Sousa [124] tried to encourage it, suggesting masses for Ferdinand the Holy could be carried out subsumed in masses for Barcha azizlar. Jorge Cardoso included him in his Agiológio Lusitano (1666).[125] The 1634 papal encyclical Coelestis Hierusalem kim tomonidan berilgan Papa Urban VIII prohibited popular cults of unbeatified and uncanonized persons "unless they proved to be of time immemorial". The Bollandiyaliklar used this clause to insert Ferdinand the Holy Prince in the "June 5th" entry of their Acta Sanctorum in 1695, controversially including a rare image of him with a halo.[126]

Effigy of Ferdinand the Holy Prince in the Kashfiyotlar yodgorligi, yilda Lissabon, Portugaliya.

Restrictions on the religious cult did not prevent the continuation of a secular cult of Ferdinand, connected to the narrative that Ferdinand was a voluntary martyr for Portugal's imperatorlik missiya. The Portuguese poet Luís de Camões made a brief mention of Ferdinand in his epic 1572 poem Os Lusíadas (Canto IV, stanzas 52–53), asserting Ferdinand had given himself to martyrdom voluntarily for patriotic reasons, "a sacrifice to love of country made, that not for him strong Ceuta be o'erthrown, the public weal preferring to his own."[127] Perhaps surprisingly, the Fernandine legend got another gust of wind after the 1580 Iberian Ittifoqi Ispaniya bilan. Ispaniyalik dramaturg Francisco Agustín Tárrega [es] composed a drama La Fortuna Adversa del Infante D. Fernando de Portugal in 1595–98 (sometimes attributed to Lope de Vega), which was probably the basis for the more famous 1629 Barok o'ynash El príncipe constante tomonidan Kalderon.[128]

Fortunato de São Boaventura [pt], the exiled Evora arxiyepiskopi published a more modern version of Ferdinand's story in 1836.[129] In English, the story of Ferdinand the Holy Prince was told in an 1842 poem "The Steadfast Prince" by Richard Chenevix Trench[130] The story was also turned into a 19th-century pulp tarixiy fantastika roman, Doimiy shahzoda, tomonidan Christabel Rose Coleridge.[131]

The Ferdinand legend received another lift in the 20th century, particularly encouraged by the Portuguese Estado Novo, which was keen on cultivating icons of millatchilik and overseas glory.[132] Ferdinand the Holy Prince was given a position of prominence on the Padrão dos Descobrimentos, a monument erected in 1960 to celebrate the Kashfiyot yoshi and (more generally) the Portugaliya imperiyasi.

Ajdodlar

Izohlar

  1. ^ Álvares (pp. 5–6)
  2. ^ Álvares (p. 7); Cacegas and Sousa (p. 312)
  3. ^ Alvares (p. 8)
  4. ^ Álvares (pp. 95–96)
  5. ^ Pina, Chronica de D. Duarte (p. 52); Cacegas and Sousa (1866: p. 312)
  6. ^ Pina (p. 40); Pope Eugenius IV's bull Sincere Deuotionis appointing Ferdinand to head the Order of Avis in September 1434 can be found in Monumenta Henricina, vol. V (p. 69)
  7. ^ Álvares (43-44 betlar), Cacegas and Sousa (p. 314). Shuningdek Herbermann, Charlz, ed. (1913). "Blessed Ferdinand" . Katolik entsiklopediyasi. Nyu-York: Robert Appleton kompaniyasi.
  8. ^ Ruy de Pina, Chronica d'El Rey D. Duarte, Ch. 10; Russell, 2000: p. 151; Frei João Álvares (p. 42) suggests the prince's destination was England.
  9. ^ Russell (2000: p. 151)
  10. ^ Alvares (p. 50)
  11. ^ Álvares (p. 54)
  12. ^ Ruy de Pina, Cronica de D. Duarte, (p. 125). Russell (2000: pp. 182–84). A copy of the treaty of October 17, 1437 is preserved and found in Monumenta Henricina, Jild VI, p. 211
  13. ^ Henry's offer is reported in Ruy de Pina Chr. D. Duarte (c. 1510: p. 125). However, Russell (2000, pp. 183–84) doubts its veracity.
  14. ^ Álvares (p. 66) lists the first eight; the other three names are given later (pp. 110–11). See also Calado (1964: p. 24); Russell (2000 :p. 184)
  15. ^ Calado (1964: p. 25)
  16. ^ Ruy de Pina Chr. D. Duarte (p. 125) calls the last one "Gomes da Cunha", whereas Álvares (p. 66) calls him "Gomes da Silva". The Kastelo de Nudar, held by Gomes da Cunha, was a commenda of the Order of Aviz. (Caetano de Sousa, Historia Genealogica da Casa Real Portugueza 1739, p. 265)
  17. ^ Russell (2000: pp. 184–85)
  18. ^ Álvares (pp. 71–72); Rusell (2000: p. 189)
  19. ^ Álvares (p. 77)
  20. ^ Calado (1964: p. 26)
  21. ^ Russell (2000: p.1 84)
  22. ^ Álvares (p. 132)
  23. ^ Álvares (pp. 89–90)
  24. ^ Álvares (p. 81)
  25. ^ Russell (2000: p. 188)
  26. ^ Russell (2000: pp. 186–87)
  27. ^ Álvares (pp. 89–90); Russell (2000: p. 187)
  28. ^ Pina Chr. Duarte (Ch. 39), Russell (2000: pp. 187–8). An alternative record of the proceedings of the Cortes are set down in an informal letter dated 25 February 1438 to Diogo Gomes in Florence, reproduced in Monumenta Henricina, Jild VI, p. 223
  29. ^ Pina Cronica de D. Duarte (p. 139)
  30. ^ Russell (2000, p. 187)
  31. ^ Pina Chr. Duarte (pp. 140–41); Russell (2000: p. 188–89)
  32. ^ Russell (2000: p. 189)
  33. ^ Russell (2000: pp. 189–90)
  34. ^ Álvares (pp. 91–94)
  35. ^ Álvares (Ch. 17).
  36. ^ Álvares(ch. 18), Russell (2000, p. 190).
  37. ^ Álvares (p. 86).
  38. ^ Álvares (p. 111); Calado (1964: p. 28)
  39. ^ Álvares (pp. 120–21)
  40. ^ Álvares (p. 124); Amaral (2009: p. 22)
  41. ^ Álvares (ch.31)
  42. ^ Álvares (pp. 145–6)
  43. ^ Álvares (p. 134)
  44. ^ Álvares (p. 175, p. 214)
  45. ^ Álvares (p. 137)
  46. ^ Álvares (pp. 140–42)
  47. ^ Russell (2000: p. 191)
  48. ^ Álvares (pp. 149–50)
  49. ^ Álvares (p. 150)
  50. ^ Álvares (p. 159)
  51. ^ Moreno (1973: ch.1)
  52. ^ Álvares (pp. 159–60)
  53. ^ Álvares (pp. 160–61)
  54. ^ Álvares (161-62 betlar)
  55. ^ Álvares (p. 162)
  56. ^ Álvares (Ch. 25); Ruy de Pina, Chronica de D. Afonso V p. 109
  57. ^ Álvares (p. 174)
  58. ^ Álvares (p. 180)
  59. ^ Álvares (p. 182)
  60. ^ Álvares (pp. 147; 183)
  61. ^ Pina, Chr. Afonso V (v.1, p. 109)
  62. ^ Moreno (1973: p. 9)
  63. ^ Solnomachilar Ruy de Pina (Chr. D. Afonso V, v.1, p. 111) va Frei João Alvares (p. 184) date the expedition in late March or early April 1441. But, reviewing other evidence, the 1965 editors of the Monumenta Henricina, 6-jild, p. 176n suggest the expedition was more likely a year earlier, in April 1440. This is agreed by Moreno (1973: p. 18).
  64. ^ Pina Chr. Afonso V, (v.1, pp. 112–13)
  65. ^ Monumenta Henricina, vol. VI, p. 176n
  66. ^ Álvares (p. 187)
  67. ^ Álvares, p. 188
  68. ^ Álvares (189-90 betlar); Pina, Chr. Afonso V (v.1, [p. 112])
  69. ^ "q elles não tomarião em penhor da Cidade pedaços de papel", Álvares (p. 193)
  70. ^ Álvares (p. 191)
  71. ^ Monumenta Henricina, Jild 6, p. 176n
  72. ^ Álvares (p. 196)
  73. ^ Álvares (p. 201)
  74. ^ Álvares (pp. 203, 207)
  75. ^ "E perguntavão-lhoes os Mouros que remedio fazião os Christãos para a peste. E quando ouvião dizer, que se apartavão dos lugares, em que della morrião, rião-se delles como de necios" (Álvares, p. 201).
  76. ^ Álvares (p. 225)
  77. ^ Álvares, Ch. 31, p. 230
  78. ^ Álvares (pp. 231, 235)
  79. ^ Alvares (p. 236)
  80. ^ Álvares (p. 235)
  81. ^ Álvares (Ch. 32 p. 237)
  82. ^ Álvares (pp. 240–41)
  83. ^ Álvares (ch.34)
  84. ^ Álvares (p. 249
  85. ^ Álvares (p. 250)
  86. ^ Álvares (pp. 245–46)
  87. ^ Álvares (p. 262)
  88. ^ Álvares (pp. 255–56)
  89. ^ Álvares (p. 263)
  90. ^ Álvares(p. 277); on the exactness of the June 5th date, see the 1473 letter of Álvares, reproduced in Saraiva (1925: pp. 102–03)
  91. ^ Álvares (Ch. 37)
  92. ^ Álvares, (Ch. 39)
  93. ^ Álvares (p. 295)
  94. ^ Álvares (ch.40, pp. 302–03.)
  95. ^ Álvares (ch.42)
  96. ^ Álvares (p. 306 va p. 310)
  97. ^ Álvares (p. 311–12
  98. ^ Álvares (p. 319)
  99. ^ Alvares (ch.42, p. 320).
  100. ^ Inchbold, Mrs. Stanley (1908), Lisbon & Cintra: with some account of other cities (1908), p. 210
  101. ^ For more on the emergence of the Ferdinand cult, see Saraiva (1925), Calado (1964), Fontes (2000), Russell (2000), Rebelo (2002), Rodrigues (2003) and Amaral (2009).
  102. ^ Saraiva (1925: pp. 111–12)
  103. ^ masalan. Saraiva (1925), Almeida and Albuquerque (2000).
  104. ^ Hunger is frequently mentioned in Frei João Alvares's c. 1460 chronicle. Álvares also describes him as dressed in a black robe and long black cloak (145), and is referred to as having a beard (p. 208)
  105. ^ Ferdinand's lifting of his chains to walk is mentioned in Álvares (p. 135)
  106. ^ masalan. Álvares (pp. 135, p. 142)
  107. ^ masalan. in Antonio de Vasconcellos's 1621 Anacephalaeoses (p. 174), which Vasconcellos claims was copied from an image at Ferdinand's own tomb in Batalha, but "he is depicted there in a vulgar outfit, whereas here we depict him with the armor of a warrior." (p. 194).
  108. ^ Russell (2000: pp. 189; 192–95)
  109. ^ Frei João Álvares (c. 1460) Tratado da vida e dos feitos do muito vertuoso Senhor Infante D. Fernando, first published 1527 and then again in 1577. It was republished in 1730 under the new title Chronica dos feytos, vida, e morte do infante santo D. Fernando, que morreo em Fez.(onlayn)
  110. ^ Russell (2000: p. 190); Rodrigues (2003)
  111. ^ masalan. Álvares (pp. 93, 179, 222, 233, 245, 293, 301)
  112. ^ Martirium pariter et gesta magnifici ac potentis Infantis Domini Fernandi, magnifici ac potentissimi Regis Portugalie filii, apud Fez pro fidei zelo et ardore et Christi amore. Vatican Latin Codex 3643. Rebelo (2002) dates this codex sometime between 1451 and 1471, leaning towards the latter end.
  113. ^ Rebelo (2002)
  114. ^ For a copy of the bull of Pope Paul II, dated January 4, 1470, see São Boaventura (1836: Ilova. 1)
  115. ^ Saraiva (1925: pp. 109–10), Cristino (1991), Rebelo (2002), Amaral (2009). Oddly, Henry Brock, the author of the article on Ferdinand in the 1911 Katolik entsiklopediyasi (Herbermann, Charlz, ed. (1913). "Blessed Ferdinand" . Katolik entsiklopediyasi. Nyu-York: Robert Appleton kompaniyasi.), says Ferdinand was beatified in 1470. This is an error. The process was stopped in its tracks with Paul II's death. As reported later, "O Infante Santo ... não he canonizado nem beatificado" (L. de Sousa, Historia de S. Domingos, 1623: p. 644). See also the official veb-sayt of the Diocese of Leiria-Fatima.
  116. ^ Frantsuz xronikachisi Jean de Wavrin relates a speech to this effect by Afonso V before the walls of Asilah in 1471, "et mesmement avoient fait morir en prison, inhaminement, contre tout honneur, le tres catholicque prince l'infant don Ferrant, son oncle, frere au roy defunct son pere, qu'ilz tenoient , pour certaines causes, hostagier en ycelle ville d'Azille...'Haa! quanteffois, et á com grant regret me vient au devant, toutes fois que je vois ce pays, la doulent prison de nostre tres amé oncle (l'infant don Fernant] avec sa plourable mort, etc." (J. de Wavrin, Anchiennes Cronicque d'Engleterre (1863 Paris ed., v.3: pp. 85–96)
  117. ^ The 1473 date is reported in Ruy de Pina's Chronica de D. Afonso V (ch. 83, Ch.172). But many scholars claim it was a little earlier, in 1472 or perhaps even 1471 (e.g. Rodrigues 2003).
  118. ^ This story is related in a final note by an unknown author appended to the 1577 edition of Álvares's Xronika (Ch.43). It is also given in Ruy de Pina's chronicle (ch.172). See Rodrigues (2003: p. 47)
  119. ^ Saraiva (1925: pp. 126–27)
  120. ^ Saraiva (1925: pp. 116, 127–29)
  121. ^ Saraiva (1925: p. 115). See the letter, dated 4 November 1473, from Frei João Álvares to the head of the Guimarães church (reproduced in Saraiva, 1925: p.102-03).
  122. ^ Cristino (1991:p.90); Amaral (2009). Rasmiy veb-sayt of the Diocese of Leiria-Fatima continues to list Ferdinand the Holy, but only as an unbeatified "popular cult" figure.
  123. ^ Jerónimo Román, Historia de los dos religiosos de Portugal(1595: onlayn)
  124. ^ Frs. Luís de Cacegas and Luís de Sousa, Historia de S. Domingos (1623,Chs. 27–32 (p.667-81) (note: this was written by Fr. Luis de Sousa on the basis of material collected earlier by Fr. Luis de Cacegas at the convent of St. Dominic in Benfica.)
  125. ^ Cardoso (1666: pp. 543–550). Cardoso also compiled a useful bibliography of Ferdinand-related works (pp. 559–61)
  126. ^ "Die Quinta Junii De Sancto Principe Ferdinando, filio Ioannis I Lusitaniae regis, magistro equitum avisii, ordinis cisterc., fessa in Maurica captivitate defuncto, at ad Bataliense prope Leriam in Portugallia coenobium translato" in Acta Sanctorum Junii (June, volume 1), 1695 ed., vol. 20 pp. 561–91
  127. ^ See the bilingual Aubertin translation (1878–84), Kamuenlarning lyusiadlari 4.51–52
  128. ^ Original Spanish version can be found in El principe constante (Maccoll ed., 1888). For an English translation, see D.F. McCarthy's "the Constant Prince" in Dramas of Calderon (1853: v.1). See also Rodrigues (2003)
  129. ^ São Boaventura (1836), first published in Modena. Its appendix provides a useful collection of references to Ferdinand by other authors in the 16th century.
  130. ^ "The Steadfast Prince" in C.R. Trench (1842) Poems from Eastern Sources, pp. 125–72
  131. ^ Coleridge (1879, onlayn)
  132. ^ Amaral (2009)
  133. ^ a b I Jon, Portugaliya qiroli da Britannica entsiklopediyasi
  134. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k Armitaj-Smit, Sidney (1905). Gont Jon: Kastiliya va Leon qiroli, Akvitaniya gersogi va Lankaster, Derbi grafi, Linkoln va Lester, Angliya seneshali. Charlz Skribnerning o'g'illari. p.21. Olingan 17 iyul 2018.
  135. ^ a b Portugaliya qiroli Pyotr I da Britannica entsiklopediyasi
  136. ^ a b v de Sousa, Antonio Caetano (1735). Historia genealogica da casa haqiqiy portugeza [Portugaliya Qirollik uyining nasabiy tarixi] (portugal tilida). 2. Lissabon tasodifiy. p. 4.
  137. ^ a b Afonso IV, Portugaliya qiroli da Britannica entsiklopediyasi
  138. ^ a b de Sousa, Antonio Caetano (1735). Historia genealogica da casa haqiqiy portugeza [Portugaliya Qirollik uyining nasabiy tarixi] (portugal tilida). 1. Lissabon tasodifiy. p. 316.
  139. ^ a b fon Redlich, Marcellus Donald R. Imperator Buyuk Buyuk avlodlarning ayrimlarining nasablari. Men. p. 64.
  140. ^ Mosli, Charlz, ed. (1999). Burkning tengdoshligi va baronetaji. 1 (106-nashr). Krans, Shveytsariya: Burkning Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd 227–228 betlar.

Adabiyotlar

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  • Almeida, Jorge Filipe de and Maria Manuela Barroso de Albuquerque (2000) Os Painéis de Nuno Gonçalves, 2003 2nd ed. Lissabon: Verbo.
  • Amaral, Clinio de Oliveria (2009) "As discussões historiográficas em torno do Infante Santo" O'rta asr, (onlayn)
  • Amaral, Clinio de Oliveria (2011) "A imagem como um poder: estudo sobre a iconografia do Infante D. Fernando de Portugal" pdf
  • Cacegas, Fr. Luis de and Fr. Luis de Sousa (1623) Primeira Parte da Historia de S. Domingos Particular, do Reino e Conquistas de Portugal, 1767 ed., Lisbon: Galhardo. jild 1; 1866 ed. Lisbon: Typographia do Panorama, vol. 2, 27-bob
  • Calado, Adelino de Almeida (1964) "Frei João Álvares: estudo textual e literário-cultural", Bolet da Biblioteca da Universidade de Coimbra, vol. 27 offprint
  • Cardoso, Jorge (1666) Agiológio Lusitano, dos santos e varões illustres em virtude do Reino de Portugal e suas conquistas, Lisbon: Craesbeck. jild 3
  • Cristino, Luciano Coelho (1991) "O culto do Infante Santo D. Fernando no mosteiro da Batalha", Actas do III Encontro sobre História Dominicana, vol. 1, Porto: Arquivo Histórico Dominicano Português.
  • Coleridge, C. R. (1879) Doimiy shahzoda. London: Mozley & Smith onlayn
  • Fontes, João Luís Inglês (1999) Percursos e memória : do Infante D. Fernando ao Infante Santo Cascais: Patrimonia intro & biblio
  • Moreno, Humberto Baquero (1973) Batalha de Alfarrobeira: antecedentes e ahamisado histórico. 1979 edition, Coimbra: Biblioteca Geral da Universidade. v.1
  • Nascimento, R. C. de Sousa (2011) "O Martírio do Infante Santo e a Expansão Portuguesa (Século XV)" Anais do XXVI Simpósio Nacional de História, ANPUH, São Paulo. pdf
  • Ruy de Pina (taxminan 1510) Chronica d'el Rey D. Duarte, first published 1790 in J.F. Correia da Serra, editor, Collecção de livros ineditos de historia portugueza, Vol. 1, Lisbon: Academia das Ciências. 1901 edition, Gabriel Pereira, editor, Lisbon: Escriptorio onlayn
  • Ruy de Pina (taxminan 1510) Chronica d'el Rey D. Affonso V, first published 1790 in J.F. Correia da Serra, editor, Collecção de livros ineditos de historia portugueza, Vol. 1. Lisbon: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa [1901 edition, 3 vols, Gabriel Pereira, editor, Lisbon: Escriptorio, onlayn
  • Rodrigues, Maria Idalina (2003) "Do Muito Vertuosos Senhor Ifante Dom Fernando a El Principe Constante", Via Spiritus, vol. 10, pp. 39–80
  • Román, Fr. Jerónimo (1595) Historia de los dos religiosos de Portugal. Medina del Campo: Santiago del Canto onlayn
  • Russell, P. E. (2000) Shahzoda Genri "Navigator": hayot Nyu-Xeyven, Konn: Yel universiteti matbuoti.
  • São Boaventura, Fortunato (1836) Summario da vida, acçoens e gloriosa morte do senhor D. Fernando, chamado o Infante Santo, Modena; 1958 ed. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade onlayn
  • Saraiva, José (1925) Os Painéis do Infante Santo. Leiria: Central.
  • Trench, Richard C. (1842) Poems from Eastern Sources: The Steadfast Prince and other poems, London: Moxon onlayn

Tashqi havolalar

Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari Muqaddas shahzoda Ferdinand Vikimedia Commons-da