WikiDer > Fin kit

Fin whale

Fin kit[1]
Finhval (1) .jpg
Grenlandiyada fin kiti paydo bo'ldi
Kit va odam dayverining tasviri. Kit odamning kattaligidan kattaroqdir.
O'rtacha odam bilan solishtirganda hajmi
Ilmiy tasnif tahrirlash
Qirollik:Animalia
Filum:Chordata
Sinf:Sutemizuvchilar
Buyurtma:Artiodactyla
Qoidabuzarlik:Keteya
Oila:Balaenopteridae
Tur:Balaenoptera
Turlar:
B. fizalus
Binomial ism
Balaenoptera physalus
Subspecies
  • B. p. fizalus
  • B. p. quoyi
Cypron-Range Balaenoptera physalus.svg
Fin kitlari
Sinonimlar

The fin kit (Balaenoptera physalus), shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan finback kit yoki umumiy rorqual va ilgari sifatida tanilgan seld balina yoki ustara kit, a turshak ga tegishli parvorder ning balin kitlari. Bu Yerdagi eng katta turlar turidan keyin ko'k kit.[8] Xabarlarga ko'ra, eng kattasi 27,3 m (89,6 fut) uzunlikka o'sadi[9] maksimal tasdiqlangan uzunligi 25,9 m (85 fut) bilan,[10] maksimal qayd etilgan og'irligi qariyb 74 tonna (73 uzun tonna; 82 qisqa tonna),[11] va maksimal taxminiy og'irligi taxminan 114 tonna (112 uzun tonna; 126 qisqa tonna). Amerika tabiatshunos Roy Chapman Endryus fin kitini "dengizning tazisi ... chunki uning chiroyli, ingichka tanasi poyga yaxtasi singari qurilgan va hayvon eng tez okean paroxodining tezligidan oshib ketishi mumkin".[12]

Fin kitining tanasi uzun va ingichka bo'lib, jigarrang-kulrang rangga bo'yalgan, pastki qismi esa oqargan. Fin kit - bu tegishli bo'lgan katta balin kit Tarkibiy kit, delfin va porfuaning barcha turlarini o'z ichiga olgan buyurtma. Shimoliy Atlantika va .da kamida ikkita taniqli pastki ko'rinish mavjud Janubiy yarim shar. Dan boshlab barcha yirik okeanlarda uchraydi qutbli ga tropik suvlar. U faqat yaqin suvlarda yo'q muz to'plang qutblarda va ochiq okeandan uzoqroq bo'lgan suvning nisbatan kichik joylarida. Aholining eng yuqori zichligi mo''tadil va salqin suvlar.[13] Uning ovqatlari mayda narsalardan iborat maktabda o'qish baliq, Kalmarva qisqichbaqasimonlar shu jumladan kopepodlar va krill.

Boshqa yirik kitlar singari, fin kit ham og'ir edi ovlangan 20-asr davomida. Natijada, bu yo'qolib borayotgan turlari. Ma'lumotlarga ko'ra 1905 yildan 1976 yilgacha Janubiy yarim shardan 725 mingdan ortiq fin kitlari olib ketilgan; 1997 yilga kelib atigi 38000 kishi omon qoldi.[2] Aholining umumiy sonini tiklash janubiy pastki turlari 2100 yilga qadar baliq ovining og'irroq ta'siri va tiklanish darajasi pasayganligi sababli, u baliq ovidan oldingi holatining 50 foizidan kamrog'ini tashkil etishi taxmin qilinmoqda.[14]

The Xalqaro kit ov komissiyasi (IWC) ushbu kitni tijorat oviga moratoriy e'lon qildi,[15] garchi Islandiya va Yaponiya ovni qayta boshlashgan. Shuningdek, bu tur ovlanadi Grenlandiyaliklar IWC-ning Aborigen Substistence Whaling qoidalariga binoan. Jahon aholisining taxminlariga ko'ra 100000 dan 119000 gacha.[2][16]

Taksonomiya

Shuningdek qarang: Keteyanslar evolyutsiyasi
Taksonomiya diagrammasi
A kladogramma fin kitiga aloqador hayvonlar

Fin kit birinchi tomonidan tasvirlangan Friderich Martens 1675 yilda va keyin yana Pol Dadli 1725 yilda. Avvalgi tavsif turning asosiy asosi sifatida ishlatilgan Balaena physalus tomonidan Karl Linney 1758 yilda.[17] 1804 yilda, Bernard Germain de Lacépède turlarini qayta tasnifladi Balaenoptera rorqual, qolib ketgan namunaga asoslanib Saint-Marguerite (Kann, Frantsiya) 1798 yilda. 1830 yilda, Louis Companyo janubdagi Sen-Kiprien yaqinida qolib ketgan namunani tasvirlab berdi Frantsiya, 1828 yilda Balena mushaklari. Keyinchalik mualliflarning aksariyati o'ziga xos ismni ishlatishda unga ergashishdi mushak, qadar Frederik V. To'g'ri (1898) ko'k kitni nazarda tutganligini ko'rsatdi. 1846 yilda Inglizlar taksonomist Jon Edvard Grey dan 16,7 m (55 fut) namunani tasvirlab berdi Folklend orollari kabi Balaenoptera australis. 1865 yilda, Nemis tabiatshunos Herman Burmeister yaqinida topilgan taxminan 15 m (49 fut) namunani tasvirlab berdi Buenos-Ayres taxminan 30 yil oldin Balaenoptera patachonicus. 1903 yilda, Rumin olim Emil Racoviță ushbu belgilarning barchasini joylashtirdi Balaenoptera physalus.[18][19] So'z fizalus dan keladi Yunoncha so'z physa, turlarning taniqli zarbasiga ishora qilib, "zarbalar" ma'nosini anglatadi (Martens [1675, 132-bet] ta'riflaganidek): "Ular fin-baliq suvni puflash va püskürtmekle ... ...).

Fin kitlari rorquals, oila a'zolari Balaenopteridae, shuningdek, o'z ichiga oladi dumaloq kit, ko'k kit, Braydning kiti, sei kit, va minke kitlar. Oila boshqasidan ajralib qoldi balin kitlari suborderda Mysticeti o'rtalaridayoq Miosen,[20] garchi ushbu oilalarning a'zolari qachon o'z turlariga aylanib ketganligi ma'lum emas.

Yaqinda o'tkazilgan DNK dalillari, fin kiti kambur kit bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lishi mumkinligini ko'rsatadi (Megaptera novaeangliae) va kamida bitta ishda kulrang kit (Eschrichtius robustus), har xil naslga mansub bo'lgan ikkita kit, masalan, minke kit kabi, o'z turiga mansub kishilarga nisbatan.[21][22][23][24] 2006 yilga kelib, ikkitasi pastki turlari nomlangan, ularning har biri alohida jismoniy xususiyatlarga va vokalizatsiyaga ega. The shimoliy fin kiti, B. p. fizalus (Linnaeus 1758) Shimoliy Atlantika va janubiy fin kiti, B. p. quoyi (Fischer 1829) egallaydi Janubiy yarim shar.[25] Aksariyat mutaxassislar Shimoliy Tinch okeanining fin kitlarini uchinchi, hali noma'lum kichik turlar deb hisoblashadi - bu 2013 yilgi tadqiqotlar tomonidan tasdiqlangan bo'lib, Shimoliy yarim sharda B. p. fizalus bitta pastki ko'rinishdan iborat emas edi. Uch guruh eng kamdan-kam hollarda aralashadi.[26]

Klark (2004) "pygmy" kichik turini taklif qildi (B. p. pataxonika, Burmeister, 1865) go'yoki quyuqroq rangga ega va qora balinaga ega. U bunga 1947-48 yillarda Antarktidada tutilgan jismonan etuk 19,8 m (65 fut) urg'ochi, atrofidagi yaponlar tomonidan tutilgan jinsiy va jismonan etuk fin kitlarining o'rtacha kattaligi (bir necha fut) asos solgan. 50 ° Sva Antarktidada ushlangan kichikroq, qorong'i jinsiy etuk bo'lmagan fin kitlar, u o'zi taklif qilgan pastki ko'rinishning "ko'chish bosqichi" deb hisoblagan. Uning taklifi keng miqyosda qabul qilinmaydi va ularning mavjudligi to'g'risida hech qanday genetik dalillar mavjud emas.[2][27]

Gibridlar

Moviy va fin kitlar orasidagi genetik masofa a bilan taqqoslangan gorilla va inson[28] (Evolyutsion daraxtda 3,5 million yil.[29]) Shunga qaramay, gibrid ikkalasining xususiyatlariga ega bo'lgan ko'k va fin kitlar orasidagi shimoliy Atlantika va Shimoliy Tinch okeanining nisbiy chastotasi bilan ma'lum.[30][31]

The DNK namuna olish profili kit go'shti Yaponiya bozorida ko'k / fin gibridlarining dalillari topildi.[32][33]

Anatomiya

Fin kit skeleti
Fin kitlar ko'pincha juft bo'lib sayohat qilishadi.
Balina kit Sent-Lourens ko'rfazi, orqa tomondan orqaga qarab o'ralgan finni ko'rsatib turibdi
Fin kiti chuqur sho'ng'in uchun arching

Fin kit odatda baland bo'yli, uzun orqa, taniqli bilan ajralib turadi dorsal finva assimetrik rang.

Hayvonning katta o'lchamlari identifikatsiyalashga yordam beradi va odatda faqat bilan aralashtiriladi ko'k kit, sei kityoki, iliq suvda, Braydning kiti.

Hajmi

In Shimoliy yarim shar, kattalar erkak va ayollarning o'rtacha hajmi mos ravishda 18,5 va 20 metrni (61 va 66 fut), o'rtacha 38,5 va 50,5 tonnani (42,5 va 55,5 tonna) tashkil etadi,[11] Janubiy yarim sharda esa 20,5 va 22 m (67 va 72 fut),[34] og'irligi 52,5 va 63 tonna (58 va 69,5 tonna).[11]

Shimoliy Atlantika orolida 24.4 m (80 fut) erkak tutilgani haqida eng uzun xabar berilgan Shetland 1905 yilda va 1908-1914 yillarda Shotlandiyadan 25 metrlik (82 fut) ayol tutilgan,[35][36] 1973-74 yillarda Islandiyadan uchib ketgan 20,7 m (68 ft) uchta erkak va 1975 yilda 22,5 m (74 ft) ayol ham Islandiyadan ushlab olingan.[37][38] O'rta er dengizi aholisi odatda kichikroq bo'lib, maksimal 20 m (65,5 fut) dan oshadi yoki ehtimol 21-23 m gacha (68,9-75,5 fut) etadi.[39]

Tinch okeanining shimoliy qismida 22.9 m (75 fut) uchta erkak, ikkitasi 1919-1926 yillarda Kaliforniyadan, ikkinchisi 1925 yilda Alyaskadan ushlangan, 24.7 m (81 ft) ayol esa Kaliforniyadan ushlangan. 1959 yilda Britaniyaning Kolumbiyasidan ushlangan 21 m (69 fut) erkak va 1959-1970 yillarda Kaliforniya shtatining markazidan 22,9 m (75 fut) ayol o'lchangan.[40][41][42]

Janubiy yarimsharda 25 m (82 fut) erkak va 27,3 m (89,6 fut) urg'ochi, Makintosh va Uiler (1929) o'lchagan eng uzunlari 22,65 m (74,3 fut) erkak va 24,53 edi. m (80,5 fut) ayol.[9] Mayk F. A. Spenser, zavod kemasining kit ovlash bo'yicha inspektori Janubiy malika (1936-38), Hind okeanining janubida, Antarktidada ushlangan 25,9 m (85 fut) ayol uzunligini tasdiqladi;[10] olim Devid Edvard Gaskin, shuningdek, ingliz fabrikasi kemasining kitlarni tekshirish bo'yicha inspektori sifatida 25,9 m ayolni o'lchagan Janubiy Venturer 1961–62 yilgi mavsumda Janubiy okeanda.[43] Britaniyaning zavod kemasida yuk ko'taruvchi operator sifatida ishlagan Terens Uayz Balaena, "u ko'rgan eng katta fin" yaqinida ushlangan 25,6 m (84 fut) namunadir Bouvet Island 1958 yil yanvar oyida.[44] 1948 yilda Antarktidada yapon kitlari tomonidan tutilgan 22,7 m (74 fut) homilador ayol eng og'ir vaznli kit (parcha-parcha) bo'lib, uning og'irligi 69,5 tonnani (68,4 uzun tonna) tashkil etdi, shu jumladan, flensing jarayonida suyuqlik yo'qotilishi uchun 6%. .[11] Maksimal tasdiqlangan hajmi 25,9 m bo'lgan shaxsning vazni 95 tonna (104,5 tonna),[11] yog 'holatiga qarab 76 tonnadan (84 tonna) 114 tonnagacha (125,5 tonna) o'zgarib turadi, bu yil davomida taxminan 50% ga o'zgarib turadi.[45]

Yangi tug'ilgan fin finining uzunligi 6,0-6,5 m (19,7-21,3 fut) ni tashkil etadi va og'irligi 1800 kilogrammni (4000 funt) tashkil etadi.[46]

Bo'yash va belgilar

Cho'chqa dengiz suvi, Janubiy G'arbiy Irlandiya
Fin kit, o'ng tomonda rang berishni ko'rsatmoqda
Porcupine Seabight, Janubiy G'arbiy Irlandiya, chevronlarni ko'rsatmoqda
V shaklidagi chevron aks etgan fin kitning havodan ko'rinishi

Balina kiti jigarrangdan to quyuqgacha yoki och kulrang rangga va ventral tomondan oq rangga ega. Boshning chap tomoni quyuq kulrang, o'ng tomoni esa qarama-qarshi yorug'lik va qorong'u belgilarning murakkab naqshini namoyish etadi. O'ng pastki jagda oq yoki och kulrang "o'ng pastki jag 'yamog'i" mavjud bo'lib, u ba'zan engil "alanga" shaklida yon jabhada va orqa tomondan yuqori jagga va orqaga pufakchalarning orqasida tarqaladi. Ikki tor qorong'i chiziq ko'z va quloqdan kelib chiqadi, birinchisi yelkada katta qorong'i joyga aylanadi - bular "chiziqlararo yuvish" deb nomlangan yorug'lik zonasi bilan ajralib turadi. Ushbu belgilar Shimoliy Tinch okeaniga qaraganda Shimoliy Atlantika okeanidagi odamlarda ko'proq aniqroq bo'lib, ular noaniq ko'rinishi mumkin. Chap tomon o'xshash, ammo juda zaif belgilarni namoyish etadi. "Flipper soyalari" deb nomlangan qorong'i, oval shaklidagi pigment joylari pektoral suyaklarning orqasida va orqasida tarqaladi. Ushbu turdagi assimetriya ichida ko'rinadi Omuraning kiti va vaqti-vaqti bilan minke kitlar. Bu rivojlangan deb o'ylardi, chunki kit o'pkalash paytida o'ng tomonida suzadi va ba'zida o'lja yamog'i ustida, o'ng tomonga aylanadi. Biroq, kitlar xuddi shu qadar tez-tez chapga aylanadi. Hech qanday qabul qilingan gipoteza assimetriyani tushuntirmaydi.[47]U juftlashgan teshiklari taniqli splashguardda va keng, tekis, V shaklida minbar. Bitta o'rtacha tizma minbar uchidan ancha oldin to'xtaydi. Yengil V shaklidagi belgi chevron, pufakchalar orqasidan boshlanib, orqaga va keyin yana oldinga cho'ziladi, kit 56-100 qatorga ega burmalar yoki gavdaning uchidan oqib tushadigan oluklar iyak uchun kindik boqish paytida tomoq sohasi juda kengayishiga imkon beradigan. Bu egri, taniqli dorsal fin balandligi 26-75 sm (10-30 dyuym) oralig'ida (odatda 45-60 sm [18-24 dyuym]) va o'rtacha 51 sm (20 dyuym) atrofida, orqa tomonning to'rtdan uch qismida yotadi.[9] Uning qanotchalar kichkina va toraygan bo'lib, uning dumi keng, uchiga ishora qilingan va o'rtada o'yilgan.[16]

Balina yuzasi chiqqandan so'ng, dorsal fin kanadan keyin tez orada ko'rinadi. Naycha vertikal va tor bo'lib, balandligi 6 m (20 fut) yoki undan ko'proqni tashkil qilishi mumkin.[16]

Asab tizimi

Fin kitining og'iz bo'shlig'i ovqatlanishiga yordam beradigan juda cho'ziluvchan yoki kengayadigan asab tizimiga ega.[48]

Hayot tarixi

Juftlik qish davrida mo''tadil, past kenglikdagi dengizlarda, so'ngra 11 oydan 12 oygacha sodir bo'ladi homiladorlik davri. Yangi tug'ilgan chaqaloq ko'krak suti 6 yoki 7 oyligida onasidan, uzunligi 11 dan 12 m gacha (36 dan 39 fut) gacha bo'lgan va buzoq onani yozgi ovqatlanish joyiga hamrohlik qiladi. Urg'ochilar har 2 yoki 3 yilda ko'payadi, olti yoshgacha homila xabar qilinmoqda, ammo yolg'iz tug'ilish ancha keng tarqalgan. Urg'ochilar 6 yoshdan 12 yoshgacha Shimoliy yarim sharda 17,7-19 metr (58-62 fut) va Janubiy yarim sharda 20 metr (66 fut) uzunlikda jinsiy etuklikka erishadilar.[34] Buzoqlar onalarida bir yilga yaqin turadi.[49]

To'liq jismoniy yetuklik 25 yoshdan 30 yoshgacha erishiladi. Fin kitlari kamida 94 yoshgacha bo'lgan maksimal umr ko'rishadi,[50] namunalari taxminan 135-140 yoshda bo'lganligi aniqlangan.[51]

Fin kit - eng tezkorlardan biri turfa va tezlikni 37 km / soat (23 milya) orasida ushlab turishi mumkin[46] va 41 km / soat (25 milya) va 46 km / soat (29 milya) gacha bo'lgan portlashlar qayd etilib, fin kiti "laqabini olgan" toza it dengiz ».[52]

Fin kitlari boshqa rorquallarga qaraganda ko'proq ochko'zroq bo'lib, ko'pincha 6-10 guruhda yashaydilar, ammo ovqatlanish guruhlari 100 taga etishi mumkin.[50]

Vokalizatsiya

Shuningdek qarang: Balina tovushi va Kitlarni ovozli ovoz berish ro'yxati
Fin kitiga tegishli multimedia
E'tibor bering, kitlar qo'ng'iroqlari dastlabki tezligidan 10 baravar tezlashtirilgan.

Boshqa kitlar singari, erkaklar ham baland, baland va pastchastota tovushlar.[46] Moviy va fin kitlarining ovozi har qanday hayvon tomonidan chiqariladigan eng past chastotali tovushlardir.[53] Ko'pgina tovushlar chastota bilan modulyatsiya qilingan (FM) pastga siljidi infrasonik 16 dan 40 gacha bo'lgan impulslargerts chastota (ko'pchilik odamlar eshita oladigan tovushlar diapazoni 20 gertsdan 20 kilohertsgacha tushadi). Har bir tovush birdan ikkitagacha davom etadi soniyava har xil ovozli birikmalar har biri 7 dan 15 minutgacha davom etadigan naqshli ketma-ketliklarda uchraydi. Keyin kit ko'p kungacha davom etadigan janglarda ketma-ketlikni takrorlaydi.[54] Vokal ketma-ketliklari mavjud manba darajalari 184-186 yillarga qadardesibel 1 ga nisbatanmikropaskal bir metrga yaqin masofada va ularning manbasidan yuzlab mil uzoqlikda aniqlanishi mumkin.[55]

Kitlarning fin tovushlari birinchi bo'lib AQSh biologlari tomonidan qayd etilganida, ular bu g'ayrioddiy baland, uzun, toza va muntazam tovushlarni kitlar chiqarayotganini anglamaganlar. Dastlab ular jihozlarning noto'g'ri ishlashidan kelib chiqadigan tovushlarni o'rganishgan, geofizik hodisalar, yoki hatto a Sovet Ittifoqi dushmanning dengiz osti kemalarini aniqlash sxemasi. Oxir-oqibat, biologlar bu tovushlar fin kitlarining ovozi ekanligini isbotladilar.[53]

Ushbu tovushlarni turlarning ko'payish mavsumi bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri bog'lash va faqat erkaklar tovushlarni ushbu vokalizatsiyani mumkin bo'lgan reproduktiv displey sifatida ko'rsatadilar.[56][57] So'nggi 100 yil ichida dengiz va dengiz harakatlaridan kelib chiqqan okean shovqinlarining keskin o'sishi, erkaklar va qabul qiluvchi ayollar o'rtasidagi aloqalarga to'sqinlik qilib, kitlar populyatsiyasining tiklanishini sekinlashtirgan bo'lishi mumkin.[58]

Nafas olish

Yuzasida Kenay Fyords, Alyaska

Ovqatlanayotganda ular ketma-ket 5-7 marta zarba berishadi, lekin sayohat qilish yoki dam olish paytida har bir yoki ikki daqiqada bir marta uriladi. Sho'ng'in chog'ida ular suvdan orqasini baland ko'tarishadi, lekin kamdan-kam ko'tarishadi flukes suvdan. Keyin ular ovqatlanish paytida 470 m (1,540 fut) chuqurlikka yoki dam olishda yoki sayohat qilishda bir necha yuz futga sho'ng'iydilar. Kaliforniya va Badadan o'rtacha ovqatlanish sho'ng'in 6 minut davom etadi, maksimal 17 minut; sayohat qilish yoki dam olish paytida ular odatda bir necha daqiqaga sho'ng'iydilar.[59]

Ekologiya

Turar joy va yashash muhiti

Ko'plab yirik rorquallar singari, fin kit ham kosmopolit turlari. U dunyoning barcha yirik okeanlarida va dengiz suvlaridan topilgan qutbli tropikka. U faqat yaqin suvlarda yo'q muz to'plami shimoliy va janubiy ekstremitalarda va kabi katta okeanlardan uzoqroq bo'lgan suvning nisbatan kichik joylarida Qizil dengiz garchi ular Boltiq dengizi, a chekka dengiz bunday shartlarning.[60][61][62][63] Aholining eng yuqori zichligi mo''tadil va salqin suvlarda uchraydi. U eng iliq joylarda kamroq zich joylashgan, ekvatorial mintaqalar.

Shimoliy Atlantika fin kiti keng tarqalgan bo'lib, keng tarqalgan Meksika ko'rfazi va O'rtayer dengizi, shimolga qarab Baffin ko'rfazi va Shpitsbergen. Umuman olganda, fin kitlari taxminan shimoldan keng tarqalgan Kenglik 30 °, lekin fin kitlarini ajratish qiyin bo'lganligi sababli ularning 30 ° N kenglikdan janubda paydo bo'lishi haqida katta tartibsizlik yuzaga keladi. Braydning kitlari.[64] Keng ko'lamli tadqiqotlar tadqiqotchilarni Shimoliy Atlantika g'arbiy qismida fin kitlarining yozgi ovqatlanish oralig'i asosan 41 ° 20'N va 51 ° 00'N, dengiz qirg'og'idan 1000 fathom (1800 m) konturigacha.[65]

Tinch okeanining shimoliy qismida fin kitlarining yozda tarqalishi bu markazdan dengizga yaqin suvdir Quyi Kaliforniya ga Yaponiya va shimolga qadar Chukchi dengizi bilan chegaradosh Shimoliy Muz okeani.[66] Ular shimolda yuqori zichlikda uchraydi Alyaska ko'rfazi va janubi-sharqiy Bering dengizi may va oktyabr oylari orasida, orqali harakatlanish bilan Aleut Bering dengiziga kiradi va undan chiqadi.[67] Noyabr va yanvar oylari oralig'ida janubda joylashgan bir nechta kit Kaliforniya yozda Kaliforniya markazida, Oregon, Britaniya Kolumbiyasiva Alyaska ko'rfazida.[66] Fin kitlar 250 mil janubda ovqatlanayotgani kuzatilgan Gavayi may oyining o'rtalarida va u erda bir necha marta qish ko'rishlari amalga oshirildi.[68] Ba'zi tadqiqotchilar kitlar Gavayi suvlariga asosan kuz va qishda ko'chib o'tishni taklif qilishdi.[69]

Garchi fin kitlari, albatta, ko'chib yuruvchi, harakatlanuvchi mavsumiy yuqori kenglikdagi oziqlantirish joylarida va undan tashqarida umumiy migratsiya tartibi yaxshi tushunilmagan. Akustik passiv tinglashdan o'qishlar gidrofon massivlar Shimoliy Atlantika fin kitining janubga ko'chishini kuzdan kuzgacha sodir bo'lganligini ko'rsatadi Labrador-Nyufaundlend mintaqa, janub o'tgan Bermudava ichiga G'arbiy Hindiston.[70] Fin kitlarining bir yoki bir nechta populyatsiyasi yuqori kengliklarda yil bo'yi qoladi, deb o'ylashadi, offshor harakatlanadilar, ammo kuzning oxirida janubga emas.[70] Belgilangan fin kitlarini tekshiruvlariga asoslangan tadqiqot Massachusets ko'rfazi buzoqlar ko'pincha migratsiya yo'llarini onalaridan o'rganishini va keyingi yillarda onasining ovqatlanish joyiga qaytishini ko'rsatadi.[49]

Tinch okeanida migratsiya usullari yomon tavsiflangan. Garchi ba'zi fin kitlari, ehtimol, yil davomida mavjud Kaliforniya ko'rfazi, qishda va bahorda ularning sonida sezilarli o'sish kuzatilmoqda.[71] Janubiy fin kitlari yozda nisbatan yuqori kenglikdagi Antarktida boqiladigan joylardan mavsumiy ravishda past kenglikdagi naslchilik va buzoqlash qishda joylar. Qishki naslchilik zonalarining joylashishi hali ham noma'lum, chunki bu kitlar ochiq okeanda ko'chib o'tishga moyil.[13]

Aholisi va tendentsiyalari

Asimmetrik rangni ko'rsatadigan fin kitning frontal ko'rinishi

Shimoliy Atlantika

Faroyar tushirilgan sho'ng'in kiti tasvirlangan shtamp fotosurati, tepasida Faroyar, pastki qismida esa ketma-ket kichikroq nashr etilgan Nebbafiskur va Baelaenoptera physalus
A-ga fin kitini chizish Faro shtamp, 2001 yil 17 sentyabrda chiqarilgan

Shimoliy Atlantika fin kitlari bilan belgilanadi Xalqaro kit ov komissiyasi ettita alohida aholi zonalaridan birida mavjud bo'lish: Yangi Shotlandiya-Yangi Angliya, Nyufaundlend-Labrador, g'arbiy Grenlandiya, sharqiy Grenlandiya-Islandiya, Shimoliy Norvegiya, G'arbiy Norvegiya -Farer orollariva Irlandiya-Ispaniya-Buyuk Britaniya-Portugaliya. Belgilash va qaytarib olish bo'yicha o'tkazilgan so'rov natijalari shuni ko'rsatdiki, ushbu zonalar chegaralari bo'ylab biron bir harakatlanish sodir bo'ladi, bu ularning butunlay diskret emasligini va ba'zi immigratsiya va emigratsiya sodir bo'lganligini ko'rsatmoqda.[65] Siguryonsson 1995 yilda ekspluatatsiyadan oldingi aholining umumiy sonini hisoblab chiqdi Shimoliy Atlantika 50,000 dan 100,000 gacha bo'lgan hayvonlar,[72] ammo uning tadqiqotlari qo'llab-quvvatlovchi ma'lumotlar va fikrlarini tushuntirishning etishmasligi uchun tanqid qilinadi.[13] 1977 yilda D.E. Serjant Shimoliy Atlantika bo'ylab "ibtidoiy" jami 30,000 dan 50,000 gacha bo'lgan umumiy miqdorni taklif qildi.[73] Ushbu raqamdan 8000 dan 9000 gacha bo'lganlar Nyufaundlend va Yangi Shotlandiya kitlar yoz bilan birga yozadigan joylar BIZ. Ehtimol, Yangi Shotlandiyaning janubidagi suvlar tashlangan.[13][74] J. M. Breyvik Yangi Shotlandiya aholisining "ekspluatatsiya qilinadigan" (qonuniy kattaligi 50 futdan yuqori) tarkibiy qismi 1964 yilda 1500-1600 hayvonni tashkil etganini taxmin qildi, 1973 yilda esa atigi 325 ga kamaydi.[75] Ikki havo tadqiqotlari 1970-yillarning boshidan beri Kanada suvlarida sharqda 79 dan 926 kitgacha bo'lgan kitlar paydo bo'ldi Nyufaundlend-Labrador 1980 yil avgustda tokcha,[76] shimoliy va markaziy qismida esa bir necha yuz Avliyo Lourens ko'rfazi 1995 yil avgustda - 1996 yil.[77] G'arbiy Grenlandiya yaqinidagi suvlarda yozgi hisob-kitoblar 500 dan 2000 gacha,[78] va 1974 yilda Jonsgard fin kitlarini yopiq deb hisoblagan G'arbiy Norvegiya va Farer orollari to "urushdan keyingi yillarda sezilarli darajada tugagan, ehtimol tomonidan haddan tashqari ekspluatatsiya".[79] Atrofdagi aholi Islandiya aftidan ancha yaxshi natijalarga erishgan va 1981 yilda 1960-yillarning boshidan beri biroz pasayishga uchragan ko'rinadi.[80] 1987 va 1989 yillar yozlari davomida o'tkazilgan tadqiqotlar Grenlandiyaning sharqiy qismi va Norvegiya o'rtasida 10 000 dan 11 000 gacha bo'lgan.[81] Bu 1976 yildagi 6,900 bahosini ko'rsatgan 1976 yildagi so'rov bilan taqqoslaganda sezilarli darajada tiklanishni ko'rsatadi, bu 1948 yildan beri "ozgina" pasayish deb hisoblanadi.[82] Ispaniyaning NASS-ning 1989 yilda o'tkazgan Frantsiya-Portugaliya-Ispaniya sub-hududida o'tkazgan tadqiqotlari natijasida yozgi aholi soni 17355 kishini tashkil etgan.[83]

Mumkin bo'lgan aholi guruhi suvdan tashqarida bo'lgan Kabo-Verde orollari 2000 va 2001 yillarda.[84]

O'rtayer dengizi

Fin kit va qayiqda Gibraltar bo'g'ozi.

Sun'iy yo'ldosh orqali kuzatilganlar aniqlangan Pelagos qo'riqxonasi janubga ko'chib o'tish Tunis, Maltada,[85][86][87] Pantelleriya,[88] va Sitsiliya,[89] va, ehtimol, Italiyaning qirg'oq bo'yidagi qish qismida, Sardiniya,[90] ichida Messina bo'g'ozi, Eoliya orollariva yopiq Kataloniya,[91][92] Kabrera arxipelagi,[93][94] Liviya, Kerkennah orollari, Toskana arxipelagi,[95][96] Iskiya va qo'shni ko'rfazlar (masalan, Neapol va Pozzuoli[97]), qishki ovqatlanish joyi Lampeduza,[98][99][100] va kitlar qayta to'planib qolishi mumkin Liguriya dengizi kabi boshqa sohalarga Ion va Adriatik dengizi. Havzaning janubiy va janubi-sharqiy qismlari bo'ylab turlarning biologiyasi, masalan off Liviya, Jazoirva shimoliy Misr, ilmiy yondashuvlarning etishmasligi sababli noma'lum, ammo kitlar boshqa havzadan, masalan, qirg'oq suvlari bo'ylab tasdiqlangan. Levantin dengizi shu jumladan Isroil,[101] Livan,[102] va Kipr.[103][104] Turkiya suvlari bo'ylab hujjatlashtirilgan yozuvlar juda oz sonli edi; bir marta ko'rish Antaliya 1994 yilda[105] va 2016 yilga kelib beshta hujjatlashtirilgan iplar.[106]

O'rta er dengizi bo'yidagi Fin kitlarining populyatsiyalari yuqori konsentratsiyasi bilan qisman ustma-ust keladigan ovqatlanish joylarini afzal ko'rishgan. plastik ifloslanish va mikroplastik qoldiqlar. Mikroplastiklarning yuqori kontsentratsiyasi, ehtimol, fin kitlari bilan oziqlanadigan joylarni afzal ko'rishadi, chunki ham mikroplastik, ham kitning oziq-ovqat manbalari yuqori trofikaga yaqin joylashgan. ko'tarilish maydonlar.[107]

Shimoliy Tinch okeani

Finback Whale Boshsuyagi, San-Diego tabiiy tarix muzeyi

Jami tarixiy Shimoliy Tinch okeani baliq ovi boshlanishidan oldin aholi soni 42000 dan 45000 gacha bo'lgan. Shundan Shimoliy Tinch okeanining sharqiy qismida aholi soni 25-27 ming kishini tashkil etgan.[108] 1975 yilga kelib, taxmin 8000 dan 16000 gacha pasaygan.[66][109] 1991, 1993, 1996 va 2001 yillarda o'tkazilgan so'rovnomalar Kaliforniyadan 1600 dan 3200 gacha va 280 dan 380 gacha chegirmalarni taxmin qildi. Oregon va Vashington.[110] Da belgilanganidek, Kaliforniya-Oregon-Vashington aholisi uchun minimal taxmin AQSh Tinch okeani dengiz sutemizuvchilar aktsiyalarini baholash: 2005 yil, taxminan 2500 ga teng.[111] 2004 va 2005 yil yozlarida Britaniya Kolumbiyasining qirg'oq suvlarida o'tkazilgan tadqiqotlar natijasida 500 ga yaqin hayvonlarning mo'l-ko'lligi aniqlandi.[112] Yaqinidagi so'rovnomalar Pribilof orollari Bering dengizida 1975-1978 va 1987-1989 yillarda fin kitlarining mahalliy sonining sezilarli darajada ko'payganligini ko'rsatdi.[113] 1984 yilda butun aholi tarixiy tashish imkoniyatlarining 38 foizidan kamrog'ini tashkil etgan.[114] Fin kitlari Britan Kolumbiyasidan qirg'oq suvlariga qaytishni boshlashlari mumkin edi (ko'rish sodir bo'lgan Johnstone Boğazı 2011 yilda[115]) va Kodiak oroli. Ko'chib kelayotgan mahalliy aholining hajmi Gavayi arxipelagi noma'lum.[116] Tarixiy jihatdan, o'tmishda Tinch okeanining shimoliy qismida yana bir necha qishlash joylari tarqalgan edi, masalan Shimoliy Mariana orollari, Bonin orollariva Ryukyu orollari. Yaqin atrofda 3 ta hayvonni ko'rish mumkin edi Borneo va Palavan 1999 yilda.[117]

Osiyo aktsiyalari uchun rezidentlar guruhlari mavjud bo'lishi mumkin Sariq dengiz va Sharqiy Xitoy dengizi, va Yaponiya dengizi (garchi bu populyatsiyalar juda xavfli bo'lsa ham, Xitoy, Koreya va Yaponiyadagi aholi yo'q bo'lib ketishga yaqin yoki juda oz sonli). Ko'rishdagi juda kichik o'sish tasdiqlandi Shiretoko yarim oroli, Abashiriva Kushiro[118] yilda Xokkaydo, Tsushima, Sado oroli,[119] yopiq Maiduru[120] Yaponiya dengizida 2000-yillarning oxiridan boshlab Oxot dengizidagi kitlar avvalgi yashash joylariga (qirg'oq uchun) qayta kirishni boshlashi mumkin edi. Saxalin, shuningdek). Ehtimol, kitlar ko'chib kelgan Seto ichki dengizi.

Tarixiy ovlarni o'rganish shuni ko'rsatadiki, bir vaqtlar Shimoliy Tinch okeanida yashovchi bir nechta rezidentlar guruhi - Quyi Kaliforniya guruhi va Sariq dengiz - Sharqiy Xitoy dengizi (shu jumladan) Ryukyu orollari va g'arbiy Kyusyu) guruh.[121] Bundan tashqari, Yaponiya dengizining shimolidagi tegishli guruhlar va Yaponiyaning Tinch okeani sohillari bo'ylab Xokkaydodan guruhgacha Sanriku doimiy yoki kamroq ko'chib yurgan bo'lishi mumkin. Ular orasida yagona zamonaviy rekord Ryukyu orollari ustiga chirigan tana go'shti bo'lgan Ishigaki oroli 2005 yilda.[122] Sariq dengizga kelsak, voyaga etmagan bola tasodifan o'ldirilgan Boryeong 2014 yilda.[123]

Yaponiya dengizi orasida Sariq dengizgacha bo'lgan jamoat joylari bo'lgan Sharqiy Koreya ko'rfazi, Koreya yarim orolining sharqiy qirg'oqlari bo'ylab va Ulleungdo.[124]

Atrofdagi zamonaviy ko'rinish Qo'mondon orollari yillik bo'lib kelgan, ammo unchalik ko'p bo'lmagan va kitlar yozda emas, balki bu hududlarda ko'chib o'tishlari mumkin va g'arbiy va sharqiy populyatsiyalarning aralashishi bu suvlarda sodir bo'lishi mumkin.[125]

Tinch okeanining janubiy qismi

Shuningdek qarang: Alfaguara loyihasi

Antarktika suvlaridan hozirgi migratsiya ekologiyasi haqida juda kam ma'lumot aniqlangan, ammo ko'rish tezligining kichik o'sishi Yangi Zelandiyada tasdiqlangan, masalan off Kaikourakabi shimoliy hududlarda qishlash joylari mavjud bo'lishi mumkin Papua-Yangi Gvineya, Fidji,[126] va yopiq Sharqiy Timor. Tasdiqlar Rarotonga yaqinda ko'paytirildi[127] qaerda bilan o'zaro aloqalar dumaloq kitlar ba'zan sodir bo'ladi.[128] Finbeklar sohil bo'yida ham nisbatan ko'p Peru va Chili (Chilida, ayniqsa, yopiq Los-Lagos viloyati kabi Korkovado ko'rfazi[129] yilda Chiloe milliy bog'i, Punta de Choros [es],[130][131] porti Mejillonlar,[132][133] va Kaleta Zorra. Yil davomida tasdiqlangan ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, Pelagik shimoliy sharqdan Chilining markaziy qismigacha, masalan, qirg'oq atrofida Caleta Chanaral [es] va Pingüino de Gumboldt milliy qo'riqxonasi, sharqda Xuan Fernandes orollari, va shimoli-sharqda joylashgan Pasxa oroli va Tinch okeanining sharqiy janubidagi aholi uchun qishlash imkoniyati mavjud.[134] Ular ko'k kitlar va sei kitlar kabi boshqa rorquals bilan aralash guruhlarni yaratishi ma'lum. Ularning tiklanishi turli subantarktik orollarga yaqinligi tasdiqlangan Janubiy Jorjiya va Folklend, ammo boshqa tarixiy yashash joylarida, shu jumladan noma'lum Kempbell oroli, Kermadek ga Chatam orollari, Tristan da Kunyava Gough Island.

Boshqalar

Ular orasida Shimoliy Hind okeani va Bengal ko'rfazi, masalan, birga Shri-Lanka, Hindistonva Malayziya, fin kitlarini ko'rish va undan oldingi yozuvlar mavjud.[135][136][137]

Antarktida

Janubiy fin kitining tarixiy va hozirgi populyatsiyasi darajasi haqida deyarli kam ma'lumot mavjud. IWC rasmiy ravishda taxmin qilmoqda Janubiy yarim shar kit ovlashdan avvalgi aholi 400000 kitni tashkil etgan va 1979 yilda (Antarktida katta miqyosda kit ovlash to'xtatilganida) 85.200 kishini tashkil etgan.[138] Amaldagi va tarixiy taxminlar ham yomon baho sifatida qabul qilinishi kerak, chunki tadqiqotda qo'llanilgan metodologiya va ma'lumotlar noto'g'ri ekanligi ma'lum.[13] Boshqa taxminlarga ko'ra, hozirgi hajm 15000 (1983) va 38000 (1997) orasida.[2] 2006 yildan boshlab hozirgi aholi soni yoki mo'l-ko'lchilik tendentsiyalari haqida ilmiy qabul qilingan taxmin yo'q.[13]

Yirtqich hayvon

Balina kitining yagona ma'lum yirtqichi bu qotil kit, kamida 20 nafar guvoh va hujum yoki ta'qib haqida ikkinchi qo'l ma'lumot bilan. Ular odatda qochib ketishadi va hujumga ozgina qarshilik ko'rsatishadi. Faqat bir nechta tasdiqlangan o'limlar sodir bo'ldi. 2005 yil oktyabr oyida 16 qotil kitlar fin kitiga hujum qilib o'ldirishdi Ballenas kanali, Kaliforniya ko'rfazi, taxminan bir soat davomida uni ta'qib qilgandan keyin. Ular hududni tark etishdan oldin uning cho'kib ketgan tana go'shti bilan taxminan 15 daqiqa ovqatlanishdi. 2012 yil iyun oyida Kaliforniya ko'rfazidagi La Paz ko'rfazida qotil kitlarning qushqo'ri ko'rindi, u finni kitni bir soatdan ko'proq vaqt davomida ta'qib qilib, uni o'ldirdi va tana go'shti bilan oziqlantirdi. Kit orqasida va dorsal finda ko'plab tish tirnoqlarini bor edi; Bir nechta qotil kitlar uning yon tomoniga o'tirishdi, suv ostida ko'rinadigan bir kishi o'ng pastki jagida tishlab oldi.[139] Xabarlarga ko'ra, 1908 yil iyul oyida bir baliq ovchisi g'arbiy qismda ikkita qotil kit hujum qilib o'ldirgan kitni ko'rgan Grenlandiya. 1984 yil yanvar oyida Kaliforniyaning Fors ko'rfazida havo aylanasida ettita uchish qanotlarini ushlab turishgan va fin kitini urishgan edi, ammo kuzatish tunda tugadi.[140][141]

Oziqlantirish

Kitning er yuzidagi fotosurati
Balina finini boqishning tepadan ko'rinishi
Fin balina o'pkasini suv bilan oziqlantirish
Islandiyadagi Hvalfyordur kit ovlash stantsiyasida yirtqich organizmlarni filtrlash uchun ishlatilgan balina tuklarini ko'rsatgan fin kit
Kit ovlash tarixchisi Sigurd Risting fin kitning baleen junlariga o'tirib, Shetland orollaridagi kit ovlash stantsiyasiga kelib tushdi (1912)

Fin kiti - a filtrli oziqlantiruvchi, kichik maktab baliqlari bilan oziqlanish, Kalmar va qisqichbaqasimonlar shu jumladan kopepodlar va krill.

Tinch okeanining shimoliy qismida ular ovqatlanishadi euphausiids avlodda Evfuziya, Thysanoessava Nyktifanlar, katta kopepodlar jinsda Neokalanus, kichik maktab baliqlari (masalan, nasl Engravis, Mallotus, Klyupava Theragra) va kalamar. 1952-1971 yillarda Shimoliy Tinch okeanida Yaponiya kit ovlash floti tomonidan tutilgan 19,500 dan ortiq fin kitlarini oshqozon tarkibini tahlil qilish asosida 64,1% tarkibida faqat krill, 25,5% kopepod, 5,0% baliq, 3,4% krill va kopepod va 1,7% kalmar mavjud edi.[142] Nemoto (1959) Shimoliy Tinch okeanining shimoliy qismida ushlangan taxminan 7500 fin kitlarining oshqozon tarkibini tahlil qildi Bering dengizi 1952 yildan 1958 yilgacha ular asosan euphausiidlarni o'ldirganliklarini aniqladilar Aleut orollari va Alyaska ko'rfazi shimoliy Bering dengizi va undan tashqarida maktab baliqlari Kamchatka. Shimoliy Bering dengizida (shimoldan 58 ° shimoliy), ularning asosiy o'lja turlari edi kapelin (Mallotus villosus), Alyaska polloki (Theragra xalkogrammasi) va Tinch okeanidagi seld (Clupea pallasii); ular ham iste'mol qildilar za'faron cod (Eleginus gracilis). Arktik krill (Thysanoessa raschii) shimoliy Bering dengizidagi fin kitlarining oshqozonida topilgan eyfuzidning yagona turi edi. Kamchatkadan tashqarida ular, birinchi navbatda, ovqatlanadigan ko'rinishga ega bo'lishdi seld. Shuningdek, ular ko'p miqdordagi kopepodni olishdi Neocalanus cristatus Aleut orollari atrofida va Olyutorskiy ko'rfazida shimoliy-sharqiy Kamchatkadan, turlari ko'p bo'lgan joylar. Eufauzidning beshta turi (Euphausia pacifica, Thysanoessa spinifera, T. inermis, T. raschiiva T. uzoq umr) Aleut orollari atrofida va Alyaska ko'rfazida ustun o'lja edi. O'ljalar mintaqalar bo'yicha turlicha bo'lgan Kuril orollari euphausiids bilan maydon (T. uzoq umr, T. inermisva T. raschii) va kopepodlar (Neocalanus plumchrus va N. cristatus) shimoliy mintaqadagi asosiy o'lja bo'lish va Yaponiyalik uchib yuruvchi kalmar (Todarodes pacificus pacificus) va kichik maktab baliqlari (masalan, Tinch okeanidagi saury, Cololabis saira; va Yaponiya hamsi, Engraulis japonicus) janubiy mintaqada dietada hukmronlik qilmoqda.[143]

1963 yildan 1967 yilgacha Britaniyaning Kolumbiyasidan tanlab olingan fin kitlaridan oshqozon evfuzidlari besh yildan to'rt yilgacha parhezda hukmronlik qilishgan (dietaning 82,3 dan 100% gacha), kopepodlar esa parhezning asosiy qismini 1965 yilda tashkil etgan (35,7%). . Turli xil baliqlar, kalamar va sakkizoyoq besh yil ikkitasida dietaning juda ozgina qismini egallagan (3,6 dan 4,8% gacha).[144] 1959-1970 yillar orasida Fin kitlar Kaliforniyadan pelagik euphausiid bilan oziqlangan Euphausia pacifica (Namuna olingan shaxslarning 86%), shuncha ko'p neritic eyfausiid Thysanoessa spinifera (9%) va shimoliy hamsi (Engraulis mordax) (7%); faqat iz miqdori (har biri <0,5%) topilgan Tinch okeanidagi saury (C. saira) va voyaga etmaganlar tosh baliqlar (Sebastes Jordani).[145] Kaliforniya ko'rfazida ular eufausidning to'dalari bilan oziqlangani kuzatilgan Nyctiphanes simpleks.

Shimoliy Atlantika okeanida ular euphauzidlarni nasabga olishadi Meganiktifanlar, Thysanoessa va Nyktifanlar va kichik maktab baliqlari (masalan, avlodlar) Klyupa, Mallotusva Ammoditlar). 1609 fin kitning oshqozonidan tekshirilgan Xvalfyordur 1967 yildan 1989 yilgacha Islandiyaning janubi-g'arbiy qismidagi kit ovlash stantsiyasi (iyun va sentyabr oylari orasida tutilgan), 96% tarkibida faqat krill, 2,5% krill va baliq, 0,8% ba'zi baliq qoldiqlari, 0,7% kapelin (M. villosus) va 0,1% sandel (Ammodytidae oilasi); kichik qismi (asosan voyaga etmaganlar) ko'k oqlash (Micromesistius poutassou) ham topilgan. 1979-1989 yillar oralig'ida olingan krilllarning aksariyati (99% dan ortig'i) edi shimoliy krill (Meganiktifanlar norvegika); faqat bitta oshqozon bor edi Thysanoessa longicaudata.[146] G'arbiy Grenlandiyadan tashqarida, iyul va oktyabr oylari orasida ushlangan fin kitlarining 75% krill (Euphausiidae oilasi), 17% kapelin () iste'mol qilgan.Mallotus) va 8% qum nayzasi (Ammoditlar sp.). Sharqdan tashqarida Nyufaundlend, ular asosan kapelin bilan oziqlanadi, shuningdek oz miqdordagi eufauzidlarni ham oladi (asosan T. raschii va T. inermis).[73] Liguriya-Korsika-Provans havzasida O'rtayer dengizi eufausid bilan oziqlanish uchun ular 470 m (1,540 fut) chuqurlikka sho'ng'iydilar Meganiktifanlar norvegika, oroldan tashqarida Lampeduza, o'rtasida Tunis va Sitsiliya, ular qishning o'rtalarida kichik eyfauzidning sirtqi to'dalarida oziqlanishida kuzatilgan Nyctiphanes couchi.[147]

Janubiy yarim sharda ular deyarli faqat eyfauzidlar bilan oziqlanadi (asosan avlodlar) Evfuziya va Thysanoessa), shuningdek oz miqdorda qabul qilish amfipodlar (masalan, Themisto gaudichaudii) va turli xil baliq turlari. 1961-1965 yillarda Janubiy yarimsharda yapon kit ovlash floti tomonidan tutilgan, ularning oshqozonida oziq-ovqat bo'lgan 16000 dan ortiq fin kitlarining 99,4% eyfauzidlar, 0,5% baliqlar va 0,1% amfipodlar bilan oziqlangan.[142] Janubiy okeanda ular asosan iste'mol qiladilar E. superba.[148][149][150]

Bir tadqiqotda hayvon 11 km / soat (6,8 milya) tezlikda suzayotganda jag'larini ochib ovqatlanadi,[151] bu uning 70 kubometrgacha (18000 AQSh gal; 15000 imp gal) suvni bir yutishda yutib yuborishiga olib keladi. Keyin u jag'larini yopadi va suvni og'zidan orqaga qaytaradi balin, bu o'ljani ushlash paytida suvning ketishiga imkon beradi. Voyaga etgan odamning og'zining har ikki tomonida 262 dan 473 gacha balin plitalari mavjud. Har bir plastinka yasalgan keratin tilning yaqinidagi og'iz ichidagi ingichka tuklarga sochilib ketadi. Har bir plastinka uzunligi 76 sm (30 dyuym) gacha va kengligi 30 sm (12 dyuym) gacha bo'lishi mumkin.[8]

Kit muntazam ravishda krill to'plash uchun o'rtacha to'rtta "o'pka" ni bajaradigan 200 metrdan ko'proq chuqurlikka sho'ng'iydi. Har bir yutish kitni 10 kg (22 lb) oziq-ovqat bilan ta'minlaydi.[151] Bitta kit kuniga 1800 kg (4000 lb) ovqat iste'mol qilishi mumkin,[8] etakchi olimlar kit o'z energiya talablarini qondirish uchun kuniga taxminan uch soat ovqatlanish uchun vaqt sarflaydi, degan xulosaga kelishdi, odamlar bilan bir xil. Agar o'lja bo'lsa yamalar etarlicha zich emas yoki suvning tubida joylashgan, kit kunning katta qismini oziq-ovqat qidirishga sarflashi kerak.[151] Ovlanish usullaridan biri bu baliq maktablarini katta tezlikda aylanib, qattiq to'pga qo'rqitib, keyin katta o'ljani yutishdan oldin yon tomonga o'girilishdir.[8]

Patologiya

Fin kitlari bir qator patologik kasalliklardan aziyat chekmoqda. Parazitar kopepod Pennella balaenopterae- odatda fin kitlarining yon bag'rida uchraydi yog ' ularning qoni bilan ovqatlanish,[152] esa pseudo-stalked barnacle Ksenobalanus globipekti odatda dorsal fin, pektoral fin va flukesda uchraydi.[153]

Finli kitlarda topilgan boshqa barnakellarga quyidagilar kiradi Acorn barnacle Coronula reginae va stalked barnacle Konkoderma auritumbiriktiradigan Koronula yoki balin. The harpaktikid copepod Balaenophilus unisetus (Ispaniyaning shimoli-g'arbiy qismida ushlangan fin kitlarida kuchli zararkunandalar topilgan) va kirpik Gematofag shuningdek, balinani yuqtiradi, birinchisi balinaning o'zi, ikkinchisi esa qizil qon hujayralari bilan oziqlanadi.[10]

The remora Remora australis va vaqti-vaqti bilan amfipod Cyamus balaenopterae terida oziqlanadigan fin kitlarida ham bo'lishi mumkin. Gigantning hujumlari nematod Crassicauda boopis ning yallig'lanishiga olib kelishi mumkin buyrak arteriyalari va potentsial buyrak muvaffaqiyatsizlik, kichikroq bo'lsa C. crassicauda yuqtiradi pastki siydik yo'llari.[114] Shimoliy Atlantika okeanidan olingan va nekropsiyalangan 87 kitdan infektsiya Crassicauda boopis juda keng tarqalgan va invaziv ekanligi aniqlandi, bu ushbu kitlarda o'limga olib kelishi uchun javobgar bo'lish ehtimoli yuqori ekanligini ko'rsatdi.[154] C. boopis tekshirilgan kitlarning 94 foizida topilgan. The worms were usually enveloped by “exuberant tissue reactions which in some whales obstructed multiple renal veins.” The parasite was most likely by environmental contamination, involving shedding of larvae in urine. Major inflammatory lesions in the mesenteric arteries suggested that the worm larvae were ingested and migrated to the kidney.[154]

These observations suggest that infection from C. boopis can be “lethal by inducing cognitive renal failure.” Injury to the vascular system is also a result of moderate infections. Therefore, the implication can be made that the feeding migration of fin whales every year in circumpolar waters can be associated with pathologic risk.[154]

An emaciated 13 m (43 ft) female fin whale, which stranded along the Belgiyalik coast in 1997, was found to be infected with jarohatlar ning Morbillivirus.[155] In January 2011, a 16.7 m (55 ft) emaciated adult male fin whale stranded dead on the Tyrrhenian coastline of Italy was found to be infected with Morbillivirus and the protozoa Toxoplasma gondii, as well as carrying heavy loads of organochlorine pollutants.[156]

Insonlarning o'zaro ta'siri

Kit ovlash

Shuningdek qarang: Kit ovlash va Kit ovlash tarixi
Balinaning ochilgan og'zida turgan odam bilan pirpiratilgan platformadagi fotosurati
A 65 long tons (66 t), 72 ft (22 m) fin whale caught at Greys Harbor taxminan 1912
"The Finback" (Balaenoptera velifera, Cope) from Charlz Melvil Scammon"s Marine Mammals of the North-western coast of North America (1874)

In the 19th century, the fin whale was occasionally hunted by open-boat kitlar, but it was relatively safe, because it could easily outrun ships of the time and often sank when killed, making the pursuit a waste of time for whalers. However, the later introduction of steam-powered boats and harpunlar that exploded on impact made it possible to kill and secure them along with blue and sei whales on an industrial scale. As other whale species became overhunted, the whaling industry turned to the still-abundant fin whale as a substitute.[157] It was primarily hunted for its blubber, moy, and baleen. Around 704,000 fin whales were caught in Antarctic whaling operations alone between 1904 and 1975.[158]

The introduction of factory ships with stern slipways in 1925 substantially increased the number of whales taken per year. In 1937–38 alone, over 29,000 fin whales were taken. From 1953–54 to 1961–62, the catch averaged over 30,000 per year. By 1962–63, sei whale catches began to increase as fin whales became scarce. By 1975–76, fewer than 1,000 fin whales were being caught each year. In the North Pacific, over 74,000 fin whales were caught between 1910 and 1975.[159] Between 1910 and 1989, over 55,000 were caught in the North Atlantic.[160] Coastal groups in northeast Asian waters, along with many other baleen species, were likely driven into serious perils or functional extinctions by industrial catches by Japan covering wide ranges of China and Korean EEZ within very short period in 20th century.[161] Migrations of the species into Japanese EEZ and in East China Sea were likely to be exterminated relatively earlier, as the last catch records on Amami Oshima was between the 1910s and 1930s.[162] After the cease of exploiting Asian stocks, Japan kept mass commercial and illegal hunts until 1975. Several thousand individuals were hunted from various stations mainly along coasts of Hokkaido, Sanriku, and the Got orollari.[163]

The IWC prohibited hunting in the Southern Hemisphere in 1976.[158] The Sovet Ittifoqi engaged in the illegal killing of protected whale species in the North Pacific and Southern Hemisphere, over-reporting fin whale catches to cover up illegal takes of other species. In the North Pacific, they reported taking over 10,000 fin whales between 1961 and 1979, while the true catch was less than 9,000. In the Southern Hemisphere, they reported taking nearly 53,000 between 1948 and 1973, when the true total was a little over 41,000.[164][165][166] The fin whale was given full protection from commercial whaling by the IWC in the North Pacific in 1976, and in the North Atlantic in 1987, with small exceptions for mahalliy catches and catches for research purposes.[46] All populations worldwide remain listed as endangered species by the US Milliy dengiz baliqchilik xizmati va Xalqaro tabiatni muhofaza qilish ittifoqi Qizil ro'yxat. The fin whale is on Appendix 1 of CITES.[2][167][168]

The IWC has set a quota of 19 fin whales per year for Greenland. Meat and other products from whales killed in these hunts are widely marketed within Greenland, but export is illegal. Islandiya va Norvegiya are not bound by the IWC's moratorium on commercial whaling because both countries filed objections to it.[13]

In October 2006, Iceland's fisheries ministry authorized the hunting of 9 fin whales through August 2007.[169] In 2009 and 2010, Iceland caught 125 and 148 fin whales, respectively.[170] An Icelandic company, Hvalur, caught over a hundred fin whales in 2014, and exported a record quantity of 2071 tonnes in a single shipment in 2014. Since 2006, Hvalur has caught more than 500 fin whales and exported more than 5000 tonnes of whale meat to Japan.[171]

In the Southern Hemisphere, Japan permits annual takes of 10 fin whales under its Antarctic Special Permit whaling program for the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 seasons.[172] The proposal for 2007–2008 and the subsequent 12 seasons allows taking 50 per year.[13] While 10 fin whales were caught in the 2005–06 season and three in the 2006–07 season, none was caught in the 2007–2008 season. A single fin whale was caught in both the 2008–09 and 2009–10 seasons, two were taken in the 2010–11 season, and one was taken in the 2011–12 season.[173]

Fin whales have been targets of illegal captures using harpoons for dolphin hunts or intentionally drive whales into nets.[33]

Ship interaction

Collisions with ships are a major cause of mortality. In some areas, they cause a substantial portion of large whale strandings. Most serious injuries are caused by large, fast-moving ships over or near continental shelves.[174]

A 60-foot-long fin whale was found stuck on the bow of a container ship in New York harbour on 12 April 2014.[175]

Ship collisions frequently occur in Tsushima Strait and result in damaging all of whales, passengers, and vessels, hence the Yaponiya qirg'oq xavfsizligi has started visual recordings of large cetaceans in Tsushima Strait to inform operating vessels in the areas.[176]

Muzeylar

An 18.8 m (62 ft) fin whale skeleton at the Oceanographic Museum in Monaco

Several fin whale skeletons are exhibited in Shimoliy Amerika. The Los-Anjeles okrugining tabiiy tarix muzeyi yilda Los-Anjeles, Kaliforniya has an exhibit entitled the "Fin Whale Passage", which displays a 19.2 m (63 ft) fin whale skeleton collected by former museum osteolog Eugene Fischer and field collector Howard Hill in 1926 from the Trinidad whaling station (1920–1926) in Gumboldt okrugi, northern California. A steel armature supports the skeleton, which is accompanied by sculpted flukes.[177] Ilmiy Shimoliy, a science museum in Katta Sudberi, Ontario, Canada, has a 20 m (66 ft) fin whale skeleton collected from Antikosti oroli hanging from the fourth floor of its main building.[178] The Grand Rapids Public Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan contains a 76-foot-long skeleton in the Galleria section hanging above from the ceiling,[179] and a 55 ft (17 m) skeleton hangs in the atrium (renovated in 2019-2020) of the science-mathematics building at Noks kolleji (Illinoys) yilda Galesburg, Illinoys.[180]

Several fin whale skeletons are also exhibited in Europe. The Sloveniyaning tabiiy tarix muzeyi yilda Lyublyana, Slovenia, houses a 13 m (43 ft) female fin whale skeleton—the specimen had been found floating in the Piran ko'rfazi 2003 yil bahorida.[181] The Vengriya tabiiy tarixi muzeyi yilda Budapesht, Hungary, displays a fin whale skeleton hanging near its main entrance which had been caught in the Atlantic Ocean in 1896 and purchased from Vena 1900 yilda.[182] The Kembrij universiteti zoologiya muzeyi, yilda Kembrij, United Kingdom, exhibits a nearly 21 m (69 ft) male fin whale skeleton, which had stranded at Pevensey, East Sussex, in November 1865.[183]

The Otago muzeyi, yilda Dunedin, New Zealand, displays a 16.76 m (55.0 ft) fin whale skeleton, which had stranded on the beach at Nelson ning kirish qismida Vaimea daryosi 1882 yilda.[184]

Kit tomosha qilmoqda

People in a burj watching several Fin whales off Tadoussak

Fin whales are regularly encountered on whale-watching excursions worldwide. In Kaliforniya janubidagi Bight, fin whales are encountered year-round, with the best sightings between November and March. They can even be seen from land (for example, from Visente shahri, Palos Verdes, where they can be seen lunge feeding at the surface only a half mile to a few miles offshore). They are regularly sighted in the summer and fall in the Sent-Lourens ko'rfazi,[185] The Meyn ko'rfazi, Fondi ko'rfazi, Biskay ko'rfazi, Gibraltar bo'g'ozi, O'rta er dengizi. Janubda Irlandiya, they are seen inshore from June to February, with peak sightings in November and December.[186] Kruiz kemalari en route to and from the Antarktika yarim oroli sometimes encounter fin whales in the Drake Passage.

Tabiatni muhofaza qilish

A immature fin whale in distress off national park of Kesariya Maritima

The fin whale is listed on both Appendix I[187] and Appendix II[187] ning Yovvoyi hayvonlarning ko'chib yuruvchi turlarini saqlash to'g'risidagi konventsiya (CMS). It is listed on Appendix I[187] as this species has been categorized as in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant proportion of its range and CMS Parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them.

It is listed on Appendix II[187] as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements. In addition, the fin whale is covered by the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Qora dengiz, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS) and the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MOU).[188]

Shuningdek qarang

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