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Imperator totius Hispaniae
"Ispaniya imperatori" bu erga yo'naltiradi. Zamonaviy davr mustamlakachilik imperiyasi uchun qarang Ispaniya imperiyasi.
A Privilegium Imperatoris (Imperial Privilege), Imperator tomonidan chiqarilgan, yuqorida aytilganidek Leon va Kastiliya Alfonso VII a poydevori uchun ma'lum Abbot Uilyamga (pastki, markaz) er berish Benediktin monastir. Alfonso ortida (o'ngda) uning majordomosi, Count Ponce Jiraldo de Kabrera, qilich va qalqon ko'tarib. Chap pastki qismida Alfonsoning o'g'illari bor Sancho va Fernando.

Hispaniae imperatori a Lotin sarlavha "Butun Ispaniya imperatori" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Yilda O'rta asrlarda Ispaniya, "imperator" unvoni (lotin tilidan olingan) imperator) to'qqizinchi asrdan boshlab turli xil sharoitlarda ishlatilgan, ammo rasmiy va amaliy nom sifatida 1086 va 1157 yillarda eng yuqori darajaga ko'tarilgan. Bu asosan Leon qirollari va Kastiliya, lekin u ham valyutani topdi Navarra qirolligi va ish bilan ta'minlangan Kastiliya graflari va kamida bitta Galisiya gersogi. Bu turli nuqtalarda qirolning hukmdorlari bilan tengligini ko'rsatdi Vizantiya imperiyasi va Muqaddas Rim imperiyasi, uni fath qilish yoki harbiy ustunlik bilan boshqarish, bir necha etnik yoki diniy guruhlar ustidan hukmronlik qilish va uning da'vosi suzerainty nasroniy va musulmon yarimorolning boshqa shohlari ustidan. Imperiya unvonidan foydalanish Ispaniyadan tashqarida juda kam e'tirof etilgan va XIII asrga kelib u deyarli unutilgan edi.

Shunga o'xshash ayol unvoni, "imperator" (lotincha.) imperatrix), imperatorlarning qarindoshlari uchun kamroq ishlatilgan. Faqat bitta hukmronlik qiladigan malika, Urraca, foydalanish uchun fursat bor edi, ammo kamdan-kam hollarda qildi.

Tarix

Asturiya shohlari

Ga eng qadimgi murojaatlardan biri Asturiya qirolligi, ning salafi Leon qirolligi, imperiya sifatida (imperium) ichida Alfonso III yilnomasi (881), unda Qirol degan Silos (774–83) "Galisiya xalqini o'zining imperiya boshqaruviga bo'ysundirdi" (imperium). Bu erda Asturiya qirolining bir necha xalqlar ustidan hukmronligi, ya'ni asturiyaliklar, Galisiyaliklar va Basklar.[1]

Omon qolgan 863 xartiyasiga tegishli Ordoño I "Asturiyada istiqomat qiladigan bizning lord" (domno nostro Asturiyada joylashgan Ordonio rezidenti), uni "qo'mondonlik shahzodasi" sifatiga (imperante principe). Ushbu turar joy unvoniga ustunlik berildi, chunki bu bosqichda Asturiya qirolligi etnik jihatdan birlashtirilmagan yoki aniq belgilanmagan.[2]

Leon qirollari

Alfonso III

Shuningdek qarang: Epistola Adefonsi Hispaniae regis

Hukmronligi yiliga oid ikkita diplom mavjud Asturiyalik Alfonso III va uni imperator deb atashadi, ammo ikkalasi ham XII asrning boshlaridan kelib chiqqan uydirmalardir stsenariy ning Mondonedo yeparxiyasi va Episkop Gonsalo, 1102 yilgi bahsda cherkovning da'volarini kuchaytirish uchun mo'ljallangan.[3] 866 yoki 867 yillarda yozilgan birinchi hujjat, Alfonso tomonidan tasdiqlangan, u "men, Alfonso, barcha Ispaniya imperatori, katolik deb nomlanishiga yo'l qo'yilmagan".[4] Boshqasi uni shunchaki "Alfonso, Ispaniya imperatori" deb ataydi (Adefonsus Hispaniae imperatori). Soxta kishi ushbu yuksak unvonlarni ushbu nomdan foydalangan Alfonso VI ning xizmatidan olgan bo'lishi mumkin. imperator totius Hispaniae vaqtida. Ushbu ikkala nizomning obuna ro'yxatlari (ya'ni ularga guvoh bo'lgan yoki tasdiqlaganlarning ro'yxati) sanalar bilan mos keladi va Alfonsoga imperator sifatida murojaat qilgan bandlar haqiqiy (hozir yo'qolgan bo'lsa ham) nizomlardan kelib chiqqan deb taxmin qilingan. .[5]

Alfonso III tomonidan ruhoniylarga go'yoki yozilgan maktub mavjud Turlar sobori 906 yilda, unda shoh "o'zining qadr-qimmatiga mos ravishda oltin va qimmatbaho toshlardan yasalgan imperator tojini" sotib olishni rejalashtirmoqda (corona imperialis) Tours-da saqlanadi.[6] Alfons deyarli doim o'zini "Qirol Alfons" deb ataydi (Adefonsus rex) saqlanib qolgan nizomlarida, lekin u maktubda "Alfonso Ispaniya qiroli Masihning kuchi va roziligi bilan" puxta va yuqori martabali uslubdan foydalanadi (Adefonsus pro Christi nutu at que potentia Hispaniae rex). Xuddi shunday ulug'vor unvon zamonaviyda Alfonsoga berilgan Chronica Prophetica (883): "shon-sharaf Alfonso barcha Ispaniyada hukmronlik qiladi" (Spani regnaturus-da hamma joyda Adefonsus).[7] Xatning haqiqiyligi haqida hali ham munozaralar davom etmoqda.[8]

Apokrifik nizomlardan tashqari, Alfonsoni imperator deb ataydigan o'limdan keyingi haqiqiy hujjatlar mavjud. 917 yildan boshlab, o'g'lining hukmronligi davrida Leoning Ordono II, qirol "Ordoño, Imperator Buyuk Alfonso o'g'li" deb tasdiqlaydi (Ordonius, filius Adephonsi Magni imperatoris).[9] 950 yildagi hujjatni, shuningdek, imperatorlik unvoniga ega bo'lgan Alfonsoga ishora qilishi mumkin. Tegishli parchada: "Ular bizning lord imperatorimiz knyaz Alfonso o'g'li Gonsalo bilan chegarani o'rnatdilar", deyilgan.[10]

X asr

Ordoño II o'zini imperator deb atagan 922 yilgi qirollik diplomasi, bu Leones qirolining birinchi yozilgan nusxasi. Xartiyada shunday deyilgan: "Men, eng tinch imperator Ordoño" (Ego serenissimus imperatori Ordonius).[11] Ordoño II vorisi, Ramiro II (931-51), har qanday zamonaviy hujjatda "imperator" deb nomlanmagan, ammo 940 yilgi nizom va nusxada saqlanib qolgan kartular monastiri Eslonza "bizning hukmdorimiz va imperatorimiz" tomonidan belgilanadi (regnante domino et imperatore nostro), amaldagi qirol Ramiro II. U aftidan o'zi imperatorlik uslubidan qochgan bo'lsa-da, uning bo'ysunuvchilari va uning o'rnini egallagan shaxs bunga qodir emas.[11] Uning hukmronligining shaxsiy hujjatlari odatda uni "buyuk podshoh" deb ataydi (rex magnus), 930 yildagi hujjatda bo'lgani kabi ("Leondagi shahzoda va buyuk qirol Ramiro hukmronligi").[12] Ramironing o'g'lining nizomida Ordoño III, birinchi podsholik yilidan (952) qirol "bizning hukmron lord knyazimiz Ordoño, lord imperatori Ramironing merosxo'ri" deb nomlangan (regnante principe nostro domno Hordonio, prolis domini Ranimiri imperatoris) va nizom "Simancasda imperator huzurida" berilgan (Hozirgi imperatorisda Septemanka perrexerunt reklama).

Hukmronligining zamonaviy hujjatlari Leonlik Ramiro III kattalashtirilgan sarlavhalardan foydalaning basileus va magnus rex ("buyuk shoh").[13] Birinchisi, yunoncha "qirol" degan ma'noni anglatuvchi lotinlashtirish va bu tomonidan ishlatilgan unvon edi Vizantiya imperatorlari. G'arbiy Evropa quloqlariga u imperiya ta'siriga ega edi. Ramironing xolasi regensiya paytida, rohiba Elvira Ramirez, qirol 974 yil 1 maydagi hujjatni «Flavius ​​Ramiro, shahzoda, buyuk moylangan basileus qirollikda ... men o'z qo'lim bilan tasdiqlayman. Elvira, basilea, qirolning otalik xolasi ".[14] Rimning shaxsiy ismi Flavius, dastlab "sariq" degan ma'noni anglatadi, Rimlashtirilgan varbarlar orasida mashhur bo'lgan va Visgotlar podshohlari o'zlarini qonuniylashtirish uchun, Vizantiya ovozi sarlavhasi sifatida foydalanishga qaror qildi.[15] X asr hujjatida undan foydalanish Visgotika hukmronligi va yarimorol birligiga qaytadi. 976 yilda qirol saroyidan chiqarilgan sud hujjatida ma'lum bir qirol xizmatkori "eng lord podshoh-imperator saroyida ... o'zining eng lord imperatoriga itoatkor xizmatida" deb nomlanadi.[16]

XI asr

XI asrning birinchi o'n yilliklarida Kataloniya Abbot Oliba Leon shohlari haqida, Alfonso V va Bermudo III, kabi imperatorlar. Ikki nizom Sancho Garcés III Pamplona ning monastir uyi uchun San-Xuan-de-la-Pena, ikkalasi ham 1025 yilga to'g'ri kelmagan, Bermudo III ni "imperator Galisiya".[17] Ushbu nizomda imperatorlik unvoni nimani anglatishi aniq emas, bu Sancho tomonidan bosib olinishidan oldin chiqarilgan edi. Leon shahri, Bermudo Galitsiya hukmronligiga aylantirilganda, 1034 yilda bosib olingan va nizom Bermudoning 1028 yilda qo'shilishi bilan Dyukning o'limi o'rtasida tuzilgan edi. Gascony shahridan Sancho VI 1032 yil 4 oktyabrda.[18] Tomonidan chiqarilgan 1036 yilgi nizom mavjud Aragonlik Ramiro IIspaniyada hukmronlik qilayotgan suverenitetlarning ro'yxati quyidagicha: "Leonda imperator Bermudo va Kastiliyada graf Ferdinand va Pamplonada qirol Garsiya va Aragonda qirol Ramiro va Ribagorzada qirol Gonsalo".[19]

Navarra qirollari

Imperiya unvoni. Bo'limida joylashgan Kodis de Roda an'anaviy ravishda "Roda nasabnomalari" deb nomlangan (Genealogías de Roda), qaerda Sancho Garcés I Pamplona (905–25) "zo'r imperator Sancho Garcés" deb nomlangan.[20] Ushbu qo'lyozma X asrning oxiridan boshlab tuzilgan va zamonaviy foydalanishni aks ettirmasligi mumkin. Xuddi shunday, u an-dan kelib chiqqan ko'rinadi Iberiya arabchasi asl nusxada va imperatorlik unvoni arab tilidagi ba'zi nomlarning noaniq vakili bo'lishi mumkin Xalifa. "Nasabnomalar" Sancho Garcésning qizini "Sancha, Leon imperatori Ordoñoning xotini" deb ataydi, u uchinchi va oxirgi xotini bo'lgan Ordoño II ni nazarda tutadi.[21] Kodeksda Leonning boshqa shohlari oddiygina "qirollar" tarzida tasvirlangan (regis),[22] Ordoño II ning vorisi Ramiro II "buyuk qirol" deb nomlangan bo'lsa-da (Ranimirus rex Magnus).[11]

1034 yilda Leon shahrini "Buyuk" nomi bilan tanilgan Pamplononing Sancho III bosib oldi. Sancho va uning titulasi haqidagi imperatorlik da'volari shundan beri qizg'in muhokama qilinmoqda Ramon Menes Pidal uni "anti-imperator" deb atagan (antiemperador).[23] Sancho hech qachon biron bir nizomda o'zini "imperator" deb ko'rsatmagan, ammo u vaqti-vaqti bilan imperatorlik terminologiyasidan foydalangan. U ishlatgan eng keng sarlavha 1032 yil 26-dekabrdagi hujjatda uchraydi: "yuqorida aytib o'tilgan eng tinch qirol Sancho Pamplonada va Aragon va Sobrarbe va Ribagorza hammasi kabi Gascony va shuningdek, butun Kastiliyada va haddan tashqari balandlikda, deyish mumkin, to'liq Leonda, ya'ni Astorga hukmronlik (inperante) Xudoning marhamati bilan".[24] Oldingi hujjatda "imperatorlik" atamasi uning Astorga shahridagi hukmronligi bilan bog'liq edi, ammo 1033 yil 19 martdagi hujjatda Gasconiya bilan bog'liq edi. "Qirol Sancho Garses Aragonda va Kastiliyada va Leonda Zamoradan tortib to Leonda hukmronlik qilmoqda. Barselonada va hukmronlik (imperante) butun Gascony "[25]- yana bir noma'lum sanada uning Kastiliya hukmronligi nazarda tutilgan - "Xudoning marhamati bilan Pamplonada, Aragonda, Sobrarbeda, Ribagorzada, Gasconiyada hukmronlik qilgan eng tinch shoh Sancho va hukmronlik qildi (imperante) Xudoning marhamati bilan butun Kastiliyada ".[26] Sanxoni "imperator" uslubiga aylantirgan yagona nizom - bu keyinchalik San Xuan de la Pena kartusida topilgan "Sancho, qirol va imperator Kastiliya va Pamplonada, Aragonda va Sobrarbe va Ribagorzada" deb yozilgan.[27]

Sancho III ma'lum bir nizomda 1032 yilda, u bo'lgan paytida chiqarilgan La Rioja, va ning kartularida saqlanib qolgan Albelda, u Leon shahrini imperiali kulmin ("imperiya sammiti"): "Rabbimiz [Iso Masih] hamma va uning imperiyasi ostida hukmronlik qilmoqda (imperium) [Sancho] Aragonda va Pamplonada, Kastiliyada va Tierra de Campos Leonda ham imperatorlik akmi ".[28] Sanchoga tegishli ikkita omon qolgan hujjat mavjud imperium (imperiya, qoida), ikkalasi ham 1034 yildan. Birinchisi, 24 sentyabr kuni San-Xuan de la Pena kartusida saqlanib, uni o'zaro bog'laydi imperium uning barcha domenlari bilan: "Shoh Sancho Aragonda va Pamplonada, Kastiliya va Leonda o'z imperiyasini ushlab turgan davrda".[29] Ikkinchisi, arxividan Leon sobori, Leoni an imperium: "Leondagi qirol Sancho qirolligi va imperiyasi".[30]

XII-XIII asrlarda ulamolar Sanchoga murojaat qilishni boshladilar rex Hispaniarum- "Ispanlar qiroli" - bu uslub uning barcha Pireniya domenlari ustidan hukmronligini anglatadi. Monastiridan ikkita soxta nizom San-Salvador-de-Oya, Sancho dafn etilgan joyda, uni shunday nomlang: "Sancho, Ispanlar Xudosining marhamati bilan shoh"[31] Abbosdan yana xuddi shunday soxta nizom mavjud San-Milan-de-Kogolla uni "Sancho, Ispanlar qirolining inoyati bilan butun Ispaniyani kundan-kunga nazorat qilib turadi" deb ataydi.[32] Garchi ular Sanchoning o'z-o'zini anglashiga hech qanday yorug'lik bermagan bo'lsalar-da, bu o'rta asrlik soxtalashtirishlar "keyingi avlodlar Sancho Buyukni" Ispanlar qiroli "sifatida ko'rgan tushunchasini anglash uchun aniqdir".[33] X asrga oid anonim matn Palensiya yeparxiyasi Sancho III tomonidan ta'kidlanishicha, "uni" Ispaniya qirollari qiroli "deb atash mumkin".[34]

Unvon deyarli teng rex Hispaniarium uning hayoti davomida Sancho tomonidan ishlatilgan. Leoni Alfonso Vni "imperator" deb atagan o'sha maktubida Abbot Oliva Sanchoni "Pireniya qiroli" deb atagan (rex ibericus). Maktub Sanchoga qaratilgan:

Robiya va muhtaram Iberiya qiroli, Vikning muqaddas ko'rgazmasi episkopi Oliba, butun jamoat bilan Santa Mariya de Ripol u tomonidan boshqariladi, hozirgi va kelajakdagi hayot quvonchlarini xohlaydi.[35]

Sancho doiralaridan tashqaridagi yana bir zamonaviy manbada u deyarli anaxronistikaga teng keladigan unvon bilan murojaat qilingan rex Hispaniarium. Uning ichida Historiarium sui temporis libri quinque, frantsuz yilnomachisi Ralf Glaber podshohlar bilan do'stona munosabatlarni saqlab kelmoqda Frantsuz Robert II unga sovg'alar yuborish va yordam so'rab murojaat qilish orqali. Ular orasida Sancio rege Navarriae Hispaniarium. Ushbu sarlavha bir nechta talqinlarga moyil bo'lib, so'zma-so'z "Ispaniyalik Navarraning Sancho qiroli" deb tarjima qilingan.[36]

1033 va 1035 yillarda Sancho III hatto imperatorlik unvoniga ega bo'lgan tangalarni zarb qilgan bo'lishi mumkin[37] uning poytaxtiga ishora qilib Najera—NAIARA / IMPERATOR- garchi bular Sancho I tangalari bo'lsa ham,[38] Battler Alfonso,[39] yoki Alfonso VII.[40] Menédez Pidal, tanga Sancho Leonni bosib olganidan keyin 1033 yildan 1035 yilgacha muomalada bo'lgan, ammo P. German de Iruña 1030 yilgacha chiqarilgan bo'lishi mumkin deb taxmin qilmoqda.[41]

XIV asr San-Xuan de la Peena xronikasi, o'zining o'n to'rtinchi bobida "u egalik qilgan va Sanchoga hukmronlik qilgan keng erlar tufayli" imperator "deb nomlangan".[42]

Kastiliya graflari

Imperiya uslubi bir necha marta oxirgi marta ishlatilgan Kastiliya graflari, Leonese shohlarining nominal sub'ektlari. A fuero berilgan Kastrojeriz o'n uchinchi asrda tasdiqlangan holda saqlanib qolgan 974 yilda, Count Garsiya Fernandes o'zini "Men, Garsiya Fernández, Xudoning inoyati bilan Kastiliya imperatori" va "Ego Garssia Ferdinandi, grati Dei va imperator Kastel keladi).[43] Ramon Menedes Pidal ushbu matn dastlab o'qilgan deb ta'kidladi imperante Castelle ("hukmron Kastiliya") va tasdiqlash paytida manglay bo'lgan. Alfonso Garsiya Gallo an. Degan asosda buni rad etdi imperante ning tuzish gapida boshqa tuzilishga ega ibora ishlatiladi fuero va bir xil atamashunoslik uchun ikki xil tuzilmadan foydalanish mumkin edi.[44] 987 yilda cherkovga xayriya xartiyasida Santillana del Mar, Gartsiya Fernández yana o'zini imperator qilib ko'rsatdi: "Men graf Garsiya Fernandes va grafinya Dona Eva, grafdan [va /] imperatorning Xudo nomi bilan abadiy salomlashishidan" ()Ego Garsiya Fredenandiz keladi, va Domna Deo va abadiy salutemdagi komit imperatoris bilan birga keladi.).

Shuningdek, Kastiliyadan omon qolgan hujjatlar mavjud imperator terrae ("erning imperatori"), ammo bularning dolzarbligi Mayer va Menedes Pidal tomonidan tortishib, ular Kastiliya grafiga yoki Leon qiroliga murojaat qilishlariga rozi bo'lmaydilar.[45] Xartiyalar sanoq hisoblangan 968 yildan boshlanadi Fernan Gonsales va shoh Ramiro III edi va 1042, hisoblanganda, Ferdinand I, shuningdek, qirol edi.[46]

Banu Gomes

Yordami bilan yana bir mahalliy graf Almanzor qisqacha qirolni quvib chiqaradi Bermudo II va Leon qirolligining sharqiy qismini hamda kapitoliyni nazorat qilish, xuddi shu tarzda imperatorlik g'oyalarini ifoda etadi. 992 yilgi iltimosnomaning yozuvi "Rabbimiz imperiyasining oltinchi yili, Count." Gartsiya Gomes".[47]

Leon va Kastiliya hukmdorlari

Ferdinand I

Katta akasining o'limidan keyin Garsiya Sanches III Navarre 1054 yilda Kastiliya va Leon Ferdinand I Iberiyaning nasroniy shohlari orasida ustun mavqega ega bo'ldi. Uni birinchi bo'lib 1036 yilda Ferdinanddan avvalgi Bermudo IIIni "imperator" deb atagan o'gay ukasi, Aragonlik Ramiro I ishlagan notariuslar "imperator" deb atashgan. O'sha yilgi Aragon qirollik xartiyasida Ferdinand hatto Bermudoni mag'lubiyatga uchratmasdan va uning qirolligini Tamarondagi jang, Ramiro akasini "Kastiliya va Leon va Astorga imperatori" deb ataydi.[48] Xuddi shunday so'zlangan nizom 1041 yilda va yana 1061 yilda chiqarilgan bo'lib, u erda shohliklarning tartibi bekor qilingan va Astorga e'tibor bermagan: "imperator Leon va Kastiliyada".[49]

Ba'zan Ferdinand 1056 yilda o'zini "Ispaniya imperatori" tojiga sazovor bo'lgan deb aytishadi, ammo bu faqat o'zining nizomida imperatorlik uslubini kartuskalarda saqlanib qolgan birinchi marta ishlatilishiga asoslanadi. Arlanza: "imperator qirol Ferdinand va imperatriça hukmronligi ostida Qirolicha Sancha Leon va Galitsiyada hamda Kastiliyada qirollikni boshqarish "(Fredinandi regis va Sancie regione imperione legione in Legione et in Gallecia vel in Castella).[50] Ushbu sarlavha faqat uning hukmronligi davrida boshqa bir marta ishlatilgan. 1058 yilgi hujjat "eng tinch shahzoda Lord Ferdinand va uning hamrohi malika Sancha davrida" (tempore serenissimi principis domni Fredinandi va ejus conjugis Sanciae reginae) va keyinchalik uni "ushbu imperator, yuqorida aytib o'tilgan Ferdinand" sifatida tan oldi (Fredenandum tomonidan imzolangan perpserunt ad ipsum imperatorem).[50] The Xronikon shikoyati, ehtimol Ferdinand vafotidan ko'p o'tmay yozilgan, uni "nihoyatda kuchli imperator" deb maqtaydi (imperator fortissimus) ni eslatib o'tganda Koimbrani qamal qilish.[51]

1065 yilda Ferdinand vafot etganidan so'ng, uning farzandlari uni "imperator" deb atashga kirishdilar. 1072 yilda, Alfonso VI, Fedinandning ikkinchi o'g'li o'zini "imperator Ferdinandning avlodlari" deb atagan.[52] Ikki yildan so'ng (1074), Zamora Urraca va Torolik Elvira o'zlarini "Buyuk imperator Ferdinandning qizlari" deb atashgan.[53] Keyinchalik 1087 yilgi nizomda Ferdinand avval "qirol", so'ngra "buyuk imperator" deb nomlanadi va nihoyat o'z sherigi bilan birga "imperator" deb nomlanadi, u avval "malika", keyin "imperatriça" deb nomlanadi.[54] Sanchaning epigrafasi San-Isidoro bazilikasi uni "Butun Ispaniya malikasi" ("Regina totius Hispaniæ") deb ataydi.[55]

XIV asrda turli xil xronikalarda bir voqea paydo bo'ldi, unga ko'ra Papa, Muqaddas Rim imperatori va Frantsiya qiroli Ferdinand I dan o'lpon talab qildi. Ba'zi versiyalarda Papa Urban deb nomlangan (garchi u ham bo'lishi mumkin emas edi) Shahar I yoki Urban II) va boshqa versiyalarida Viktor (bu aniqlik bilan aniqlanishi mumkin) Viktor II).[56] Ushbu kech hisobotga ko'ra, shoh to'lashga tayyor edi, ammo Cid (u aslida Ferdinand davrida yosh va juda kichik shaxs edi) Papa, imperator va frantsuzlarga qarshi urush e'lon qildi, ular o'zlarining talablarini bekor qildilar. Shu sababli "Don Ferdinand keyinchalik" Buyuk "deb nomlangan: imperatorning tengdoshi".[57] XVI asrda bu voqea yezuit tarixchisida to'liq shaklda qayta paydo bo'ldi, kengaytirildi va ishlab chiqildi. Xuan de Mariana. Uning yozishicha, 1055 yilda Florensiya kengashi, Imperator Genri III Viktor II ni Leon tomonidan Ferdinand tomonidan imperatorlik unvonidan foydalanishni qattiq jazo ostida taqiqlashga chaqirdi.[58] Ushbu hikoya odatda apokrifik deb qaraladi, ammo ba'zi zamonaviy mualliflar uni tanqidsiz qabul qilishgan yoki unda tarixiy haqiqat yadrosini ko'rishgan. Ispaniyalik tarixchi A. Ballesteros Ferdinand bu unvonni Genrix III ning imperatorlik g'oyalariga qarshi chiqqan deb qabul qildi.[59] Nemis tarixchisi E. E. Stengel, Marianada topilgan versiyaga, ehtimol Florentsiya Kengashining yo'qolgan harakatlaridan foydalangan degan asosda ishongan.[60] Xuan Beneyto Peres buni an'anaga asoslangan holda qabul qilishga tayyor edi Ernst Shtayndorf, Genri III hukmronligining o'n to'qqizinchi asr talabasi, orqali ishonchli tarzda uzatilgan romansero.[61] Menedez Pidal Mariananing hisobini qabul qildi, ammo uni 1065 yilda joylashtirdi.[62]

Alfonso VI

Ferdinand I o'z erlarini o'g'illari o'rtasida taqsimlagan. The Historia Roderici ikkinchi o'g'lini chaqiradi, Leon va Kastiliyaning Sancho II, rex tocius Castelle et dominator Hyspaniae ("butun Kastiliya qiroli va Ispaniyaning hukmroni").[63] Uning kenja o'g'li, Garsiya, jangda ko'rsatgan yutuqlari uchun faqat vafotidan keyin "imperator" deb nomlangan. Ikkinchi o'g'li, Alfonso VI, ikkala aka-ukadan omon qolgan va Garsi bilan qamoqda bo'lganida, 1072 yilgacha otasining barcha sohalarini boshqargan. U o'zini doimiy ravishda "imperator" uslubida ko'rgan Ispaniya hukmdori edi (imperator). 1079 yilgacha u "Ispaniya qiroli" unvonlaridan ham foydalangan (rex Hispaniae) yoki "Butun Ispaniya qiroli" (rex totius Hispaniae).[64]

Kelib chiqishi

Alfonso VI tomonidan imperatorlik unvonining birinchi ishlatilishi 1075 yilgi diplomdan kelib chiqqan bo'lib, uni oddiygina deb atashadi imperator, garchi u nizomga sarlavha bilan obuna bo'lgan bo'lsa ham rex (qirol).[64]

Alfonso VI tomonidan bizgacha etib kelgan imperatorlik unvonidan eng qadimgi foydalanish 1077 yil 17-oktabrda chiqarilgan qirollik xartiyasida topilgan, ammo faqat nusxasi sifatida saqlanib qolgan. Ushbu nizomni yozgan o'sha notarius, shuningdek, uning asl nusxasi saqlanib qolgan va 1078 yil 29 yanvardagi Alfonso VI tomonidan imperator sifatida tasdiqlangan shaxsiy nizomni ham yozgan. Imperiya uslubidan foydalangan eng qadimgi qirollik nizomi 1079 yil 7-aprelga to'g'ri keladi.[65] Imperiya uslubini qabul qilish vaqti uning da'volariga javoban bo'lishi mumkinligini taxmin qilmoqda Papa Gregori VII butun Iberiya yarim orolida hukmronlik qilish. 1077 yil 28 iyunda yozilgan papa xati Alfonso tomonidan "imperator" unvonidan birinchi marta ma'lum bo'lgan kundan o'n ikki hafta oldin qabul qilinishi mumkin emas edi. Ushbu xat "Ispaniyaning qirollari, graflari va boshqa knyazlariga" (regibus, komitibus, ceterisque principibus Hyspaniae), bu Gregori Alfonsoni Ispaniya hukmdorlari orasida noyob deb hisoblamaganligidan dalolat beradi.[66] Ushbu maktubda "Ispaniya qirolligi" atamasi, xususan Alfonso shohligiga emas, balki yarimorolning nasroniy qismiga ishora qilish uchun ishlatilgan, chunki Gregori legitlar u erga jo'natayotganini aytgan va hatto oxirigacha kirmagan.[67]

Grigoriy, ehtimol, g'alaba qozonishidan ilhomlangan Muqaddas Rim imperatori Genri IV ichida Kanosaga piyoda yuring o'sha yili. U o'z xatida ikkitasini yuborishga va'da bergan legatlar Ispaniyaga, Bishop Oloronlik Amadeus va Abbot Sen-Pons-de-Tomyer frotari. Shubhasizki, bu legatlar hech qachon Alfonso shohligiga kirmagan, garchi ular bo'lsa ham Kataloniya 1077 yil oxiri va 1078 yil boshlarida va qirol va uning ittifoqchisi Abbot Xlu I Kluni, boshqa legate so'radi. 1078 yil 7 mayda yozilgan Papa maktubida Gregori yuborganligini tasdiqladi Kardinal Richard Kastiliyaga "Ispaniya qiroli so'raganidek va sizning maslahatingiz kerak" (sicut rex Hispaniae rogavit et vos consilium dedistis).[68] Alfons allaqachon "Ispanlar qiroli" deb ta'riflangan edi (Hispaniarum rex) 1077 yil 10-iyulda Xyu Kluniga yozgan xatida.[69]

Alfonsoga Pireney yarim orolidagi gegemonligini ta'kidlashi mumkin bo'lgan boshqa ilhomlantiruvchi omillar orasida, asosan, taifalar (Islomiy fraksiya qirolliklari) ni to'lash orqali o'z suzerligiga parialar (o'lpon) 1073 yilgacha va qo'shib olingan La Rioja va o'ldirilgandan keyin Navarrega tegishli bo'lgan Kastiliyaning ushbu qismlari Sancho Garcés IV 1076 yilda.[70]

Hispaniae imperatori

1077 yildan boshlab Alfons uslubni qo'llashni boshladi ego Adefonsus imperator totius Hispaniae ("Men, Alfonso, butun Ispaniyaning imperatori") va undan foydalanish tez orada muntazam bo'lib qoldi.[71] Ushbu nom 1079–81 yillar davomida ishlatilgan bo'lib, bu uning qo'lga olinishidan oldin imperatorlik g'oyalarining eng yuqori nuqtasini anglatadi Toledo shahri, Visgotlarning qadimiy poytaxti. 1080 yilda u shaklni taqdim etdi ego Adefonsus Hispaniarum imperatori ("Men, Alfonso, Ispanlar imperatori"), uni yana 1090 yilda ishlatgan. Uning eng murakkab imperatorlik unvoni bu edi ego Adefonsus imperator totius Castelle et Toleto necnon et Nazare seu Alave ("Men, Alfonso, butun Kastiliya va Toledo imperatori, shuningdek, Najera yoki Alava").[64]

Taqdirlash to'g'risidagi nizom Toledo sobori 1086 yil 18-dekabrda, Bibi Maryamning bayram kuni - XI asrda Ispaniyadan eng ko'p ko'chirilgan xartiya.[72] Nizom psevdo-original: notarius Sisnandus Astruariz tomonidan tuzilgan asl nusxaning yaqin nusxasi, masalan, ba'zi bezaklar bilan intitulario deb nomlangan Alfonso VI ning Esperie imperatori ("Hesperia imperatori", ya'ni "g'arbiy", Iberiya yarim orolining arxaik nomi) kutilganidan farqli o'laroq Ispaniya imperatori.[73]

Alfonso o'zining Toledoni 1085 / 6da bosib olishini unga Ispaniyaning boshqa nasroniy va musulmon shohliklari ustidan hukmronlik qilgan deb hisoblaganga o'xshaydi. Ushbu sanadan keyin to'rt marotaba (1087, 1088, 1093 va 1099) u o'zini "Men, Alfonso, avvalo Ispaniya imperatorini tashkil qildim" ()ego, Adefonsus, Spani imperatorining asosini tashkil etadi). Bir necha bor u o'zining imperatorlik uslubida o'zining Toledo hukmronligini aniq aytgan:[74]

  • 1088 yil: "Men, Alfonso, Ispaniya imperiyasining va Toledo qirolligining" (ego Adefonsus totius imperii Hispaniae et Toleti regni)
  • 1096, 1099 va 1100 (jami to'rt marta): "Men, Alfonso, Toledo imperiyasining ajoyib g'olibi" (ego Adefonsus Toletani imperii magnificus triunphator)[75]
  • 1097 va 1099: "Men, Alfonso, Xudo Toledan imperatorining marhamati bilan" (ego Adefonsus Dei gratia Toletanus imperatori)

Zamonaviy xususiy nizomlarda ham imperatorlik unvonidan foydalaniladi, "ikkala Ispaniya imperatori" va "Toledo imperatori" variantlari paydo bo'lgan.[76] 1098 va 1104 yillarda ikki marotaba "Toledoda hukmronlik qilgan podshoh Don Alfonso va hukmronlik qilish to'g'risida"imperante) Ispaniyaning barcha qirolliklarida xristianlar va butparastlar "deb yozilgan.[77] The Tarixiy silense, uning hukmronligidan ko'p o'tmay Leonese qirollik sudi ambitsiyasida yozilgan, Alfonsoga ikki marta "pravoslav Ispaniya imperatori" (ortodoksus Yspanus imperatori).[74]

Alfonsning imperatorlik unvoni uning qirolligidan tashqarida ham tan olingan. 1078 yilda Roda yeparxiyasi Aragonda xristian olamidagi eng qudratli hukmdorlar "Genri hukmronlik qilmoqda (imperanteRimliklarga; Filipp, franklar; [va] Alfonso, ispanlar ”,[78] Alfonso imperatorlik darajasiga nisbatan mumkin bo'lgan ishora.[74] Uning tanishish bandlarida kamida to'rt marta (1081, 1086, 1092 va 1093), Sanchor Ramirez, Aragon va Pamplona hukmdori, Alfonso VI ga murojaat qilgan imperatore domino Adefonso ("lord imperator Alfonso") ham hukm Legionda ("Leonda") yoki Leone va Toletodagi Castella atque ("Leon va Kastiliyada, shuningdek Toledoda").[79] Aragon qirolining 1087, 1089, 1090 va 1093 yillarga oid tanishish qoidalarida 1086-band, shuningdek, Alfonsoning yagona unvoni rex (qirol), Leonese qiroli uning nizomi bo'lgan qirolning nomiga berilgan, bu Sancho Alfonso-ni yuqori o'ringa qo'ygan ustunlik yoki ierarxiya tartibini tan olganligining aniq belgisidir.[80] Sanchoning ukasi, Garsiya, Jaka episkopi, ehtimol bu iyerarxiya haqiqatini juda yaxshi bilgan edi, chunki Sancho oxir-oqibat ukasi topshirishni rejalashtirayotgani haqida gumon qildi Alquezar Alfonsoga "o'z akasining shohligini ag'darish va Alfonso imperiyasini yuksaltirish uchun" zamonaviy nizom so'zlari bilan.[81] Islom tarixchisining fikriga ko'ra Ibn Xaldun, Alfonso VI "imperator unvonidan foydalangan, ya'ni qirollarning shohi".[82]

Alfonso, shuningdek, ushbu atamani ishlatgan birinchi Ispaniya monarxi bo'lgan imperium imperiya, hokimiyat yoki hokimiyatning sinonimi sifatida emas, balki imperator boshqaruvi ostidagi hududga murojaat qilish. 1084 yildagi qirollik diplomida u "episkoplar va abbatlarni, shuningdek mening imperiyamning primatlarini sinodga chaqirgan" deganidir.[83] 1088 yildan boshlab to'g'ridan-to'g'ri "butun Ispaniya imperiyasi va Toledo qirolligi" haqida ma'lumot mavjud.[84] Bundan tashqari, Alfonso kabi to'rtta zamonaviy murojaat mavjud Toletani imperii magnificus triunphator ("Toledo imperiyasining ajoyib g'olibi") va Sancho Ramirezning akasi yepiskopning "Alfonso imperiyasi" ni qo'llab-quvvatlash fitnasiga ishora qilishi (Anfusi imperium).

Alfonso VI ning o'g'li va merosxo'ri, Sancho Alfonses, 1102 yil 12 yanvardagi interpolatsiya qilingan va shuning uchun noto'g'ri nizomda "imperatorning Sancho o'g'li" nomi bilan tanilgan (Sancius filius Imperator).[85]

Ikki din imperatori
Asosiy maqola: Ikki din imperatori

Alfonsoning "Ikki din imperatori" unvonidan foydalanishiga oid ba'zi tortishuvlar mavjud (al-Imbraţūr dhī-l-Millatayn), u Shohga yuborgan tirik xatida ko'rinadi Seviliyalik al-Mu‘tamid ibn Abbod.[86] 1085 yilda ikki shoh o'rtasida almashtirilgan ikkita harf faqatgina saqlanib qolgan Arabcha XIV asr xronikasi matnida Al-Zulal al-Mavšiyya fi Ḍikr al-Ajbar al-Marrakushiya. Ambrosio Xuici Miranda va Bernard F. Reyli kabi zamonaviy tarixchilarning aksariyati ushbu xronikaga kiritilgan barcha hujjatlarning haqiqiyligini shubha ostiga olishdi.[87][88] Menedes Pidal Alfonso imperatorlik unvonini o'rganishda ularning haqiqiyligini qabul qildi va 1970-yillarning oxiridan boshlab o'rta asrlar o'rtasida munozara boshlandi. Angus Makkay va bir tomondan sharqshunos Muhammad Benaboud ularning ishonchliligi haqida bahs yuritsa, ikkinchi tomondan hebraikshunos Norman Rot bunga qarshi bahs yuritmoqda.[87]

Urraca

Eri Dyuk vafotidan keyin Galitsiyalik Raymondva otasi vafotidan oldin imperator Alfonso VI, Urraca, Galitsiya hukmdori sifatida o'zini "butun Galitsiya imperatori" deb atagan (tocius Gallecie imperatrix) uchun xayriya xartiyasida Lugo yeparxiyasi 1108 yil 21-yanvardagi va "mening [marhum] erimning ruhi [foydasi uchun] eng ulug'vor Lord Dyuk Raymond uchun qilingan" (pro anima viri mei gloriosissimi ducis domni Ramundi).[89] Raymond o'zini "Galisiya imperatori" (Gallecie imperatori) 1107 yil 17-martda va sarlavhaning ma'nosi bu holatda aniq emas. Ehtimol, 1107 yil dekabrda Leonda bo'lib o'tgan qirol sudining yig'ilishida Urraca Raymondning o'rnini egallash huquqini tasdiqlagan va aynan shu narsa uni imperatorlik uslubini qisqacha qabul qilishga undagan.[90] XV asrning nusxasida saqlanib qolgan "umuman o'ziga xos" nizom bor, go'yo Galitsiya Raymondi tomonidan chiqarilgan. Sahagun va 1101 yil 1-aprelga to'g'ri kelgan bo'lishi mumkin. Ehtimol, bu "imperiya armiyasi" ga tegishli (exerciseitatus imperatorum) Raymond buyrug'i bilan Alfonso VI ning "Valensiya" ga qarshi yurishi paytida Tagus vodiysini qo'riqlash uchun ketgan bo'lishi mumkin.[91]

1112 yilgi ikki nizomda qirolicha Urraka "imperatriça" deb nomlangan (imperatrix), shu jumladan 18 mayning asl nusxasi. Qirolichaning ushbu sarlavhadan foydalanishi uning hukmronlik davrida boshlangan va ehtimol "zulmatda" o'zining qudratining eng yuqori cho'qqisida bo'lgan "imperator" eri Alfonso Battlerning obro'sini qoplash uchun ongli moslama shakllangan. kunlar "1112 yil.[92] Urrakaning eng sermahsullaridan biri notariuslar, Martin Peláez, omon qolgan o'n beshta nizom bilan, uchta asl nusxada, o'z nomiga, vaqti-vaqti bilan unvonni juftlashtirgan "kantsler" (bekor qilish) o'zi uchun o'z imperatori uchun "imperator" bilan. "Notarius" dan ko'ra obro'li unvondan foydalanish (notarius) imperatorlik unvonidan foydalanishni to'xtatish uchun ishlab chiqilgan bo'lishi mumkin, bu, ehtimol Urraca podshohlik kuchlari bilan taqqoslaganda, haddan tashqari erkalik hisoblangan.[92] Urraca "malika va imperatriça" deb nomlangan 1110 yil 6-sentyabrdagi nizom (regina va imperatrix) va Petrus Vincentii ismli bir kotib tomonidan tuzilgan, ehtimol bu soxtalashtirishdir.[93] 1114 yil 28 oktyabrda Urraca qishlash paytida yana bir gumon qilingan nizom mavjud Palensiya uning sudi va graf bilan Bertran de Risnel, ehtimol, eri sudining elchisi. O'sha kuni u xayr-ehson qildi Palensiyani ko'ring unda u "Ispaniyaning barcha imperatori" unvoni bilan paydo bo'ladi (totius hispaniae imperatrix), otasining odatdagi yuksak unvonining aniq ayol analogi, garchi ushbu diplom faqat nusxa sifatida saqlanib qolgan bo'lsa.[94]

Imperiya uslubidan foydalanish cheklangan bo'lsa-da, erkakning salafi va vorisiga qaraganda ancha ko'proq, Urraca hukmronligining boshidan oxirigacha bir necha marta "Ispaniya malikasi" unvoniga sazovor bo'lgan. Ehtimol, imperatorlik uslubi o'ta kuchli erkaklar bilan bog'liq bo'lib, qirollik unvonini ustun suverenitet da'vosiga tenglashtirgan. Uning otasi ko'milgan kunning ertasiga, 1109 yil 22-iyuldagi malika sifatida birinchi harakati, Leon cherkovining imtiyozlarini tasdiqlash edi. U hujjatni "Butun Ispaniya malikasi Xudoning roziligi bilan Urraca" deb imzoladi.[95] 1110 yil 26-iyunda o'z sohasining boshqa tomonida Urraka diplom berdi Diego Lopes I de Haro ning Rioja, "Ispaniya malikasi" sifatida imzolash (Ispaniya regina) va o'sha paytda Galitsiyada bo'lgan eri haqida gapirmasdan.[96]

Alfonso VII

Alfonso VI ning vorislari, uning qizi Urraca va uning ikkinchi eri Battler Alfonso imperatorlik unvonidan faqat vaqti-vaqti bilan foydalangan. 1127 yildan boshlab Urraca birinchi eri tomonidan o'g'li, Leon va Kastiliya Alfonso VII ismli bobosi unvonidan tez-tez foydalangan va 1135 yilda u Leonda imperator sifatida toj kiygan: u yagona ispan edi imperator o'zi kabi toj kiyib olgan va imperatorlik uslubini doimiy ravishda qo'llagan so'nggi ispan monarxi.

Alfonso o'zining "imperator" unvonini 1111 yilda birinchi marta taxtga o'tirgandan keyin bir necha marta ishlatgan (yilda Santyago de Kompostela, onasiga qarshi bo'lgan mintaqaviy fraktsiyaning nomzodi sifatida) va onasi vafotidan oldin 1126 yilda: 1117, 1118, 1124, 1125 va 1126 yillarda. Ushbu nomning birinchi paydo bo'lishi 1117 yil 9 dekabrdagi Sahagun shahrida chiqarilgan nizomdir. tomonidan tasdiqlangan Toledo arxiyepiskopi, Bernard, beshta episkop,[97] va podshohlikning eng qudratli zodagonlari: Pedro Friolaz de Traba, Froila Diasva Pedro Ansures.[98]

Alfonso tomonidan imperatorlik unvonidan umumiy foydalanish Urraca vafotidan keyin boshlangan.[99] Uning hukmronligi haqidagi zamonaviy, anonim hisobot Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris ("Alfonso imperatori yilnomasi"), uni doimiy ravishda "qirol" deb ataydi (rex) 1135 yilgacha bo'lgan voqealarni hisoblaganda va har doim "imperator" (imperator) bundan keyin.[100] Alfonso VII turli xil hujjatlarda o'zini "g'alabali va mag'lubiyatsiz" deb atagan (triumphator et semper invictus), Alfonso VI ning imperatorlik uslubi bilan bog'liq holda shunga o'xshash sarlavhadan foydalanganligini esladi. Generally Alfonso VII's use of the imperial title is distinct form that of his predecessors in having a clear juridical and hierarchical meaning (at least in his own eyes and probably those of his subjects).[101] The Chronica Adefonsi describes the recognition Alfonso received at the assembly in León in 1135 as being due to his superiority over his neighbours:

. . . ut vocarent regem imperatorem, pro eo quod rex Garsias, et rex Zafadola sarracenorum, et comes Raymundus barcinonensium, et comes Adefonsus tolosanus, et multi comites et duces Gasconiae et Franciae in omnibus essent obedientes ei.[102]

 

. . . therefore they called the king [Alfonso VII] “emperor”, since King García [of Navarre]va Shoh Sayf al-Daula of the Saracens, and Count Raymond [Berengar IV] of the Barcelonansva Count Alfonso [Jordan] the Toulousain, and many counts and dukes of Gascony and France were in all things obedient to him [Alfonso VII].

Unlike the contemporary Holy Roman Emperors, Alfonso VII was not anointed prior to his imperial coronation, although he had been anointed for his royal coronation. The Estoria de España composed under the direction of Sancho IV Kastiliya in the thirteenth century claims that Alfonso's coronation as emperor was affirmed by Papa begunoh II upon request, but no Papal documents from Alfonso's reign refer to him as anything other than rex (qirol).[103] A closer source, the contemporary Annales cameracenses, tomonidan yozilgan Lambert of Waterlos (vafot etdi v.1170), do suggest wider European recognition of Alfonso's imperial stature. Under the year 1159 they refer to "our emperor" (the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederik I), the "Constantinopolitan emperor" (the Byzantine Emperor, Manuel I), and the "emperor of Galicia", that is, Alfonso VII.[104]

Alfonso VII's usual title from 1136 on was simply "Emperor Alfonso" with a list of those regions he presumed to rule: e.g., "ruling in Toledo, León, Zaragoza, Nájera, Castile, and Galicia [as well as Barcelona and Provence as far as Mont-Senis]".[105] He sometimes mentioned the Muslims territories he had re-conquered: in 1143 he ruled in Corduba (Kordova), in 1151 in Baetia et Almariae (Baeza va Almeriya), and in 1156 in Baecie, Anduiar et Almarie (Baeza, Andujar, and Almería).[106]

Alfonso VII made his acclamation and coronation in 1135 to appear spontaneous, probably a conscious likening to that of Buyuk Karl 800 yilda.[101] Contemporary sources both within and without the Iberian peninsula compare Alfonso favourably as "another Julius Caesar, a second Charlemagne [because of his successful campaigns against the Moors]".[107] Herman of Laon (Hermannus monachus, "Herman the monk"), writing in his De miraculis sanctae Mariae Laudunensis de gestis venerabilis Bartholomaei episcopi et sancti Nortberti libri tres ("Three Books on the Miracles of Saint Mary of Lyon, on the Deeds of the Venerable Bishop Bartholomew, and on Saint Norbert"), notes that:

Totaque pene Hispania sibi subjugata adeo nominis sui opinionem dilatavit ut ab aliis alter Julius, ab aliis secundus Carolus vocaretur, ob memoriam illius praeclari Caroli Francorum regis, qui quondam Hispaniam victor subegit.[108]

 

Having subdued almost all of Spain, he increased his fame to the point that he was called by some "the second Julius" and by others "the second Charles" in memory of the illustrious [Charlemagne], king of the Franks, who, once victorious, subdued Spain.

Lines 18–21 of the Poem of Almería, a fragmentary epic appendix to the Chronica Adefonsi celebrating Alfonso's conquest of Almería, also connects his imperial title to his following in Charlemagne's footsteps:

Hic Adefonsus erat, nomen tenet imperatoris.
Facta sequens Caroli, cui competit equiparari
Gente fuere pares, armorum vi coequales.[109]
Alfonso, he who bears the title of Emperor.
Emulating the deeds of Charlemagne, with whom it is right to compare him,
Alfonso was equal in rank and like him in military valour.[110]

In the autumn of 1154 Frantsiya Louis VII va uning rafiqasi Konstans, a daughter of Alfonso VII, took the Seynt Jeyms yo'li and visited the realms of his father-in-law. Impressed by Alfonso's imperial title, on his return trip he issued a charter in which he refers to himself in the address as "ordained by the Providence of God the August Emperor of the Franks" (dei ordinante providentia Francorum Imperator Augustus) da Arzacq on Wednesday 9 February 1155.[111] In the subscription clause he refers to himself merely as "the most serene king of the Franks" (serenissimi Regis francorum). This act, in favour of the Maguelonne yeparxiyasi, does not survive in its original, but in two notarised copies made at Monpele on 6 February 1311, now both in the national archives.[112]

Ferdinand II

Alfonso VII's empire was divided on his death in 1157 between his sons, Sancho III receiving Castile and Ferdinand II receiving León. Sancho III died in 1158 and was succeeded by his son, Alfonso VIII, who was a small child. Ferdinand took the opportunity of his nephew's minority to assert his dominance, using the title "king of the Spanish" (rex Hispanorum) from 1163 until 1164 and then "king of the Spains" (rex Hispaniarum) from 1165 until 1175. He did not explicitly take an imperial title, but his choice of title demonstrates that the "imperial idea" was still alive at León after Alfonso VII.[113]

Empresses consort

Besides the case of Elvira Ramírez, regent of Ramiro III of León, who was styled bassilea once during her lifetime, the title imperatrix (empress) was occasionally used for the consorts of those men who were styled imperator.

Leon shahridagi Sancha, daughter of Alfonso V and wife of Ferdinand I, was styled empress in the first of the two charters issued by her husband during his reign in which he called himself emperor. This one, dated 1056, is preserved in the cartulary of Arlanza and the relevant text reads: "under the rule of the emperor King Ferdinand and the queen-empress Sancha ruling [plural] the kingdom in León and in Galicia as well as in Castile" (sub imperio imperatoris Fredinandi regis et Sancie regine imperatrice regnum regentes in Legione et in Gallecia vel in Castella).[50] The historian Charles Bishko continually refers to Sancha as "queen-empress" on the basis of this charter. In 1087, long after the deaths of Ferdinand (1065) and Sancha (1067), their eldest daughter, Urraca, referred to herself as "daughter of that king and emperor Ferdinand and Empress Sancha" (filia ejusdem regis et imperatoris Federnandi et Sancie imperatricis).[114]

The fourth wife of Alfonso VI, Isabel (Elizabeth), probably of French or Burgundian origin, appears in contemporary charters as his "empress". On 14 May 1100 Alfonso issued his first act with her at his side: "with the will and assent of my consort the Empress Isabel ... on the road to "Valensiya" where I was going to lead the Christians of that place".[115]

In a document of 29 November 1152, Sancha Raymundes, who herself was titled "queen" as an honorific granted by her brother, Alfonso VII, refers to her sister-in-law Richeza as empress: Domina Rica imperatrix et uxor domini ... imperatoris.[116]

Outside of León and Castile

Jangchi Alfonso

Jangchi Alfonso used the imperial title after his marriage to Queen Urraca in 1109. According to later sources he ceased using it after her death in 1126. The San-Xuan de la Peena xronikasi writes that after Alfonso VII's accession "he [Alfonso the Battler] did not wish to be called ‘emperor’, but rather king of Aragon, Pamplona and Navarre."[117] This has been much repeated by subsequent historians. Despite this, charters survive from late in his reign (1130 and 1132) which show him still using the imperial style without reference to Castile or León, which he had ruled jure uxoris (in right of his wife). The text of a charter erroneously dated 1115 but actually belonging to 1130 reads: "king and emperor in Aragon and in Pamplona, in Sobrarbe and in Ribagorza".[118]

A forgery dated 3 April 1108, before even his marriage to Urraca, titles Alfonso "emperor in Castile [and] Galicia" (imperator in Castella, Gallicia).[119] A genuine charter dating to August 1115 refers to him as imperator ruling in Toledo and Castile.[120]

Galicia and Portugal

The early twelfth-century Tarixiy silense, a chronicle focussing on the reign of Ferdinand I and written from a royalist perspective, never refers to Ferdinand as "emperor", but it does describe his third son, Garsiya, who ruled Galicia after his death, as a "good emperor" because of his military victories:

For García placed confidence in his men. Therefore at that time, within the bounds of the empire, he was regarded by all soldiers as a distinguished knight, since in every war he had been accustomed to accomplishing at the same time the duties of a tireless soldier and a good emperor.[121]

The word "emperor" in this context clearly refers to a military role. The word "empire" was used in one later charter from Portugaliya (1144), but in this case too it refers only to the authority or territorial power of the Portuguese king, Afonso Henriques:

I, King Alfonso, son of Graf Genri, grandson of Alfonso [VI], emperor of Spain, holding the Portuguese empire (imperium Portucalense), make this charter of rights (fuero). . .[122]

So'nggi o'rta asrlar

Kastiliya Alfonso XI, reigned 1312–1350, used the title "by the grace of God, Emperor of Spain" (in Qadimgi ispan) ichida fuero he granted to Gvadalaxara in 1337: Don Alfonso, por la gracia de Dios, emperador de España. It had already been used of him in the Chronicle of Cardeña (1327), which says that "Lord Alfonso inherited the realm and was raised Emperor of Spain" (D. Alfonso heredó el regno, è fue alzado Emperador de España).

In So'nggi o'rta asrlar there spread belief in a "Last World Emperor who, at the end of days, would resign his imperium directly to God in Quddus da Golgota".[123] In Spain this belief was combined with Joachimism and prophecies attributed to Seviliyalik Isidor to produce belief in a future Spanish emperor, variously named el Encubierto (the Hidden One), el Murciélago (the Bat) or el Nuevo David (the New David). It was thought that each succeeding Spanish king might be the hidden one who would defeat the Dajjol and begin the conquest of Islamdom from Granada ga Makka. These expectations reached a fever pitch during the reign of Aragonlik Ferdinand II between 1480 and 1513.[123]

Tafsir

The imperial title has at times been connected to (i) the independence of Spain from the Carolingian and Holy Roman Empires, (ii) the supremacy of one Spanish king over others, (iii) the king who held the Visigothic capital of Toledo or León, capital of the Visigothic "successor state", (iv) a military commander with success on the battlefield, (v) rule over multiple peoples (in an ethnic yoki religious sense), or (vi) propaganda, as in the case of Cluny or courtly historians or biographers.

Sovereignty and hierarchy

The first historians to seriously study the usage of the imperial title in certain documents pertaining to the kings of León were, around the same time, A. Schunter and Ernesto Mayer, who argued that it had been adopted in order to affirm the independence of the Leonese from the "restored" Rim imperiyasi ning Buyuk Karl (crowned by Papa Leo III in 800).[124]

Of the historical development of the imperial concept in Spain one historian writes that the "constant idea, analogous to that of the Germaniya imperatori, of the hierarchical superiority of the Spanish Emperor over the other sovereigns of Spain, the restoration of the Gothic kingdom, the submission of the nobility, the pomp of the court and the fight against Islam [...] is a mere aspiration in Alfonso III, an attempt in Ordoño II and only a reality in Alfonso VI".[125] Tarixchi Rojer Kollinz suggests that "the intermittent use of the title imperator, "emperor", by the rulers of Asturias and León from the tenth century onward seems to have indicated their hegemonial pretentions."[126]

In 1152 Alfonso VII married the aforementioned, niece of Germaniya Konrad III va amakivachchasi Muqaddas Rim imperatori Frederik I. The Catalan historian Joan Beneyto i Pérez has connected this marriage into the German royal family to Alfonso's use of the imperial title.[127] The Jesuit historian Eleuterio Elorduy has connected it with Alfonso's voluntary division of his realm in 1154 between his sons Sancho va Ferdinand.[128]

Kluni

Sometime between 1053 and 1065 Ferdinand I had pledged an annual ro'yxatga olish 1000 dan aurei uchun Kluni Abbeysi. This donation was re-established by Alfonso VI in 1077 and then in 1090 increased to 2,000 aurei by this same monarch.[129] Known as the "Alfonsine census", it was "the biggest donation that Cluny ever received from king or layman, and it was never to be surpassed."[130] "The emphatically imperial character of Cluny's bond with ... the Leonese-Castilian ruling dynasty" can be seen in a late eleventh-century codex of the De virginitate beatae Mariae ning Toledolik Ildephonsus, which was presented by Abbot Hugh I of Cluny to Alfonso VI.[131] This manuscript, now preserved at Parma, was illuminated at Cluny in gold letters on binafsha rangli velm, a style "reminiscent of the famous imperial presentation codices produced by the Echternach School" for the Muqaddas Rim imperatorlari in the preceding two centuries.[132] It may have been given on the occasion of the increase of the ro'yxatga olish in 1077 or perhaps on Hugh's visit to Burgos in 1090. Cluniac authors from this time, such as Hurmatli Piter va Bernard Klerva, do refer to the king of León and Castile as "emperor" (imperator).[133] After a large gift to Cluny following his conquest of Ueska in 1097, Aragon va Navaradan Pyotr I was mentioned alongside the king of León in the daily intercessional prayers of the monks of Cluny. Peter's successor, Jangchi Alfonso, may also have been mentioned in their prayers between 1109 and 1113, during his marriage to Alfonso VI's heiress, Qirolicha Urraka.[134]

Table of emperors

RasmImperatorRecorded title or descriptionManba
Testamento.jpgLeonning Alfonso III
(866–910)		Hispaniae imperator (emperor of Spain)
imperator totius Hispaniae (Emperor of all Spain)
magnus imperator (great emperor)		twelfth-century forgeries;
posthumous royal charter
Sancho Garcés I of Pamplona
(905–925)		optime imperator (excellent emperor)Kodis de Roda (late-10th century)
OrdoniusII.jpgLeoning Ordono II
(910–924)		serenissimus imperator (most serene emperor)
imperator Legionensis (Leonese Emperor)		contemporary royal charter
Kodis de Roda (late-10th century)
Ramiro2Leon.jpgLeoni Ramiro II
(931–951)		imperator (imperator)posthumous royal charters
Leon.jpg-dan Ordono IIILeoning Ordono III
(951–956)		imperator (imperator)contemporary royal charter
León.jpg-dan Ramiro IIILeonlik Ramiro III
(966–984)		dominissimus imperator (most lordly emperor)
Basileus (king/emperor)		contemporary royal charters
Conde Fernán Gonsales 01.jpgKastiliya fuqarosi Fernan Gonsales
(923–970)		imperator terrae (emperor of the land)contemporary private charter
García Fernandez-Medallon-Plaza Mayor (Salamanca) .jpgKastiliya fuqarosi Garsiya Fernandes
(970–995)		imperator Castelle (emperor of Castile)contemporary charter
Alfonso V Libro de los Testamentos.jpg-daLeonning Alfonso V jamoasi
(999–1025)		 imperator (imperator)correspondence of Abbot Oliva
Lauda Sepulcral SanchoIII El Mayor Navarra.jpgSancho Garcés III of Pamplona
(1004–1035)		imperator in Castella (emperor in Castile)later forgery
Sepulcro de Bermudo III de Leon. Monasterio de Santa Maria la Real de Najera.JPGLeonning Bermudo III
(1027–1037)		 imperator in Leione yoki in Gallecia (emperor in León or Galicia)contemporary charters, correspondence of Abbot Oliva
Ferda1Leon Sancha.jpgLeon va Kastiliya Ferdinand I
(1035–1065)		imperator magnus (great emperor)charter of his daughters'
Galisiya va Portugaliyaning Garsiya II
(1065–1072)		bonus imperator (good emperor)Tarixiy silense
Castile.jpg-ning AlfonsoVILeon va Kastiliyaning Alfonso VI
(1065–1109)		imperator totius Hispaniae (emperor of all Spain)
al-Imbraţūr dhī-l-Millatayn (emperor of the two religions)		contemporary charters and correspondence
RaymondofBurgundy.jpgGalitsiyalik Raymond
(1092–1107)		Gallecie imperator (emperor of Galicia)contemporary charter
UrracaRegina TumboA.jpgLeon va Kastiliya Urraca
(1109–1126)		tocius Gallecie imperatrix (empress of all Galicia)
totius hispaniae imperatrix (empress of all Spain)		contemporary charters
Estatua de Alfonso I de Aragón.jpgAlfonso I of Aragon and Pamplona
(1104–1134)		imperator in Castella, Gallicia (emperor in Castile, Galicia)contemporary charters
Alfonso VII.jpgLeon va Kastiliya Alfonso VII
(1126–1157)		imperator (imperator)Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris

Izohlar

  1. ^ Collins 1989, 165.
  2. ^ Collins 2012, 14.
  3. ^ García Gallo 1945, 203, credits Lucien Barrau-Dihigo, "Étude sur les actes des rois asturiens (718–910)", Révue Hispanique, 46 (1919): 91–96, 133–34, and 137–38, with demonstrating the forgery.
  4. ^ García Gallo 1945, 203: Ego Adefonsus totius Hispaniae imperator, qui licet indigne vocitor Catholicus.
  5. ^ García Gallo 1945, 203, citing López Ortiz 1942, 69–70.
  6. ^ Fletcher 1984, 317-18.
  7. ^ Fletcher 1984, 319 ga asoslanib Crónica Profética M. Gomes Moreno (tahr.), "Las primeras crónicas de la Reconquista: el ciclo de Alfonso III", Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, 100 (1932): 562-628, 623 da.
  8. ^ "[I]t has generally been regarded with scepticism by modern historical scholarship", according to Fletcher 1984, 71. It is rejected by Lucien Barrau-Dihigo, "Recherches sur l'histoire politique du royaume asturien (718–910)", Révue Hispanique, 52 (1921): 86–91, according to García Gallo 1945, 203. It has been accepted as genuine by Hermann Hüffer (Hüffer 1930, 11–12 and 48 n. 20, cited in García Gallo 1945, 203) and Karl Erdmann (Forschungen zur politischen Ideenwelt des Frühmittelalters, F. Baetgen, tahrir. (Berlin: 1951), 31–33, cited in Fletcher 1984, 323).
  9. ^ García Gallo 1945, 203.
  10. ^ García Gallo 1945, 203: Posuerunt terminos cum Gundisalvo filio imperatori nostro domno Adefonso princeps.
  11. ^ a b v García Gallo 1945, 204.
  12. ^ García Gallo 1945, 204: regnante Ranimiro principe et regis magni in Legione.
  13. ^ From a document of 977, cited in García Gallo 1945, 204: "our lord and prince, the great king Lord Ramiro" (Dominus noster et princeps magnus rex dominus Ranemirus).
  14. ^ García Gallo 1945, 204, and Manuel Carriedo Tejeno, "Una reina sin corona en 956–976: la infanta Elvira, hija de Ramiro II", Tierras de León, 39:101 (2001), 122 n. 27: Ranimirus Flavius princeps, magnu[s] Basileus unctus in regno fultus ... mano mea confirmo. Giloira Deo dicata et bas[s]ilea, regis amita.
  15. ^ Norman Roth, Jews, Visigoths and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict, Medieval Iberian Peninsula Texts and Studies, 10 (Leiden: Brill, 1994), 8.
  16. ^ García Gallo 1945, 204: in palacio regis dominissimis imperatoris ... in servicio obediendi dominissimis suis imperatoris.
  17. ^ The clause is quoted in Martínez Díez 2007, 235, and in García Gallo 1945, 205: et ego Sancius rex tenens culmen potestatis mee in Aragone et in Pampilonia, in Suprarbi et in Ribacorza, in Nagera et in Castella et in Alava, et comes Sancuis Guilelmus in Guasconia, et Belengerius in Barcinona, et imperator donnus Vermudius in Gallecia ("and I, King Sancho, having the head of my power in Aragon and in Pamplona, in Sobrarbe and in Ribagorza, in Nájera and in Castile and in Alavava Count Sancho William in Gasconyva Berengar in Barcelona, and the emperor Don Bermudo in Galicia").
  18. ^ Martínez Díez 2007, 235–36.
  19. ^ García Gallo 1945, 205: Regnante imperator Veremundo in Leione, et comite Fredinando in Castella, et rex Garsea in Pampilonia, et rex Ranimirus in Aragone, et rex Gundesalvus in Ripacorça. This charter is also discussed in detail in Pérez de Urbel 1954, 18–19.
  20. ^ Sanzio Garseanis optime imperator (Lacarra 1945).
  21. ^ García Gallo 1945, 204: Sanctia uxor fuit Ordonii imperatoris Legionensis.
  22. ^ Lacarra 1945.
  23. ^ Cf. Menéndez Pidal 1934. Martínez Díez 2007, 231–37, devotes a whole section of his monograph to el monarca y sus titulaciones ("the monarch and his titulature").
  24. ^ Martínez Díez 2007, 232: regnans serenissimus supradictus rex Sancius in Pampilona et in Aragone et in Superarbi et in Ripacorza uel in omne Guasconiam atque in cunctam Castellam, et desuper dicam amplius in Legione siue in Astorica inperante Dei gratia.
  25. ^ Martínez Díez 2007, 233: regnante rex Santio [yoki Sancio] Gartianis in Aragone et in Castella et in Legione, de Zamora usque in Barcinona, et cun[c]ta Guasconia imperante.
  26. ^ Martínez Díez 2007, 236, and García Gallo 1945, 211: regnante serenissimus rex gratia Dei in Pampilonam, in Aragone, in Suprarbi, in Ripacorza, in Gasconia, et in cuncta Castella imperante Dei gratia.
  27. ^ Martínez Díez 2007, 236, and García Gallo 1945, 211: Et ego San[c]tius rex, [et] imperator in Castella et in Pampilona et in Aragone et in Superarbi et in Ripacurcia (both authors judge it false on account of its list of subscribers).
  28. ^ Martínez Díez 2007, 232 and 236: Regnante Domino nostro in omnia et sub eius imperio rex in Aragone et in Pampilona et in Castella et in Campis vel in Legione imperiali culmine.
  29. ^ Martínez Díez 2007, 236, and García Gallo 1945, 211: temporibus Santioni [yoki Sancionis] regis tenentis imperium in Aragone et in Pampilona et in Castella et in Legione.
  30. ^ Martínez Díez 2007, 236: Regnum imperium rex Sancius in Legione.
  31. ^ Martínez Díez 2007, 234: Ego Sancius rex Dei gratia Hyspaniarum va Sancius, gratia Dei Hispaniarum rex.
  32. ^ Martínez Díez 2007, 234, and García Gallo 1945, 211 and 226 n. 60: Ego Sancius, gratia Dei Yspaniarum [yoki Ispaniarum] rex, cernens de die in diem totam Yspaniam.
  33. ^ Quoting Martínez Díez 2007, 233–34—“plenamente válidas para conocer la visión qu de Sancho el Mayor tenían las generaciones posteriores como «rey de las Españas» y no de un etnia or de un pequeño reino”—who shows that Sancho never used any title referring to his rule of a people group, and that he commonly referred to all or any of the many territories he ruled besides his patrimonial inheritance of Pamplona. A charter from the cartulary of San Juan de la Peña in Aragon, dated 21 April 1025, which refers to Sancho as "by the grace of God [king] of the Aragonese and the Pamplonese" (gratia Dei Aragonensium et Pampilonensium), is a forgery or an interpolation, that style being typical under Sancho V, Pyotr I va Alfonso I (i.e. "the Battler").
  34. ^ Translated from the Spanish translation of a portion provided by Martínez Díez 2007, 234:

    rey magnánimo y en todas las cosas sagacísimo rival, crecido de prosapia real en la tierra de Pamplona. Porque no existía otro mejor que él en la guerra ni más clemente y constante, dócil y temeroso en las cosas de Dios, por lo que con razón pudo ser llamado “rey de los reyes de España”. Por su bravura y habilidad adquirió esta región de hasta Galicia, y una vez que la tuvo dentro de su jurisdicción comenzó a recorrerla y gobernarla con estilo regio.

  35. ^ Martínez Díez 2007, 234 and n. 16:

    Spanish: “Al señor y venerable Sancho, rey ibérico, Oliba, obispo de la santa sede de Vich, con toda la comunidad de Santa María de Ripoll por él gobernada le desea las alegrías de la vida presente y futura”.
    Lotin: Domno et uenerabili regi iberico Oliua sancte presul Ausonensis ecclesie cum omni subiecto sibi grege alme Riuipullensis Marie presentis et future uite gaudia.

  36. ^ Martínez Díez 2007, 235.
  37. ^ Menéndez Pidal 1929, I, 119–20, cited in García Gallo 1945, 211; Reilly 1982, 7.
  38. ^ Ubieto Arteta 1960.
  39. ^ Rodríguez Latorre 1994, 285.
  40. ^ Rodríguez Latorre 1994, 284–85, lists the supporters of the "classical" interpretation (Sancho III) as Aloïs Heiss, J. Amorós, R. Thomsen, and P. Beltrán Villagrasa, while O. Gil Farrés argues for the "innovative" interpretation (Alfonso VII).
  41. ^ Iruña 1935, 658–60.
  42. ^ García Gallo 1945, 211: propter latitudinem terrarum quas possidebat et quibus dominabatur fecit se nominari imperatorem.
  43. ^ García Gallo 1945, 206.
  44. ^ Menéndez Pidal 1929, II, 710, cited in García Gallo 1945, 206, who also quotes the dating clause: Facta carta notum diem octo die idus martii, era M.XII imperante comes Garsia in Castella ("this charter [was] made on the eighth day of the ides of March [8 March], in the era 1012 [A.D. 974], [while] Count García [was] ruling in Castile").
  45. ^ García Gallo 1945, 206, citing Mayer, Historia de las instituciones sociales y políticas de España y Portugal durante los siglos V al XIV, (Madrid: 1926), II, 17 n. 59, and Menéndez Pidal 1929, II, 710.
  46. ^ The charters, quoted in García Gallo 1945, 224 n. 41, read, respectively: pariet a parte imperatoris terrae 30 libras aureas in cautis ("") and et ad imperatoris terrae reddat 60 solidos argenti in cauto ("").
  47. ^ Lucy K. Pick, "Rebel Nephews and Royal Sisters: The Tale of Bernardo del Carpio", in Charlemagne and His Legend in Early Spanish Literature and Historiography, Matthew Bailey and Ryan D. Giles, eds., Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2016, pp. 44–65, at p. 63: "VIa anno imperii domini nostri Garseani Gomiz comite
  48. ^ García Gallo 1945, 226 n. 70: Regnante me Ranimiro ... et Fredelandus imperator in Castella et in Leione et in Astorga ("me, Ramiro, reigning ... and Ferdinand, emperor in Castile and in León and in Astorga").
  49. ^ This latter, from García Gallo 1945, 226 n. 71, reads "King Ramiro reigning in Aragon ... Ferdinand, emperor in León and in Castile" (Regnante Ramiro rege in Aragonie ... Fredelandus imperator in Leione et in Castella).
  50. ^ a b v García Gallo 1945, 213 and 226 n. 72.
  51. ^ García Gallo 1945, 213 and 226 n. 74, partially quotes the Xronika′s entry: rex Ferdinandus cum coniuge eius Sancia regina, imperator fortissimus, simul cum suis episcopis ... obsedit civitatem Colimbriam ("King Ferdinand with his consort Queen Sancha, the exceedingly strong emperor, likewise with his bishops ... besieged the city of Coimbra").
  52. ^ García Gallo 1045, 226 n. 73: Ego Adefonsus regis, prolis Fredinandi ymperatoris.
  53. ^ Ego Urraka et Giluira, Fredinandi imperatoris magni filie (García Gallo 1045, 226 n. 73).
  54. ^ García Gallo 1045, 226 n. 73: "I, Urraca, daughter of King Ferdinand ... to the reigning Emperor Alfonso son of Emperor Ferdinand the Great and Queen Sancha ... I, Urraca, daughter of that king and emperor Ferdinand and Empress Sancha" (Ego Urraca prolis Fredinandi regis ... Adefonso imperatore regnante Ferdenandi magni imperatores et Sancie regine filio ... Ego Urraca filia ejusdem regis et imperatoris Federnandi et Sancie imperatricis).
  55. ^ Manuel Risco, Iglesia de León y Monasterios Antiguos y Modernos de la Misma Ciudad (Madrid: Blas Román, 1792), 150.
  56. ^ García Gallo 1945, 213–14. The most likely king of France is Genri I, garchi Filipp I also fits. The Emperor would have been Henry III, or possibly his father, Konrad II.
  57. ^ fué llamado Don Fernando el Magno: el par de emperador, quoted in García Gallo 1945, 214.
  58. ^ García Gallo 1945, 214, citing Menéndez Pidal 1929, I, 137–38, and López Ortiz 1942, 43–46.
  59. ^ Yilda Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos, 40 (1919): 473, cited in García Gallo 1945, 226 n. 78.
  60. ^ Kaisertitel und Souveränitätsidee: Studien zur Vorgeschichte des modernen Staatsbegrifts (Weimar: 1939), 7–8, 11–13, 15–16, and 23, cited in García Gallo 1945, 226 n. 78.
  61. ^ España y el problema de Europa: contribución a la historia de la idea de imperio (Madrid: 1942), 46–48, cited in García Gallo 1945, 226 n. 78; Steindorff 1881, 484ff.
  62. ^ He further suggested that the Spanish reaction against Rome encouraged a later Castilian nationalist reaction against the Spanish "empire", cf. García Gallo 1945, 214, citing Menéndez Pidal 1929, I, 138 and 256–64, who completely rejects this thesis.
  63. ^ García Gallo 1945, 226 n. 76.
  64. ^ a b v García Gallo 1945, 214.
  65. ^ Reilly 1988, 104; Reilly 1985, 4–10.
  66. ^ Reilly 1988, 102–3.
  67. ^ Reilly 1988, 102 n. 36: Videlicet regnum Hyspaniae ex antiquis constitutionibus beato Petro et sanctae Romanae ecclesiae in ius et proprietatem esse traditum.
  68. ^ Reilly 1988, 103.
  69. ^ This letter, which survives as a copy, was drafted by a French monk and its terminology may be descriptive only, reflecting no usage of the Alfonsine chancery, cf. Reilly 1988, 103.
  70. ^ Reilly 1988, 104.
  71. ^ Reilly 1988, 137.
  72. ^ The consecration took place in the Mozarabic rite and the gathering of the imperial court for the occasion probably also saw the reconciliation of Alfonso with El Cid, cf. Reilly, 190–91.
  73. ^ Reilly 1988, 191 and n. 13.
  74. ^ a b v García Gallo 1945, 215.
  75. ^ Menéndez Pidal 1932 titles his study of Alfonso's imperial style "Adefonsus imperator toletanus, magnificus triumphator", but this exact title was never used, cf. García Gallo 1945, 217.
  76. ^ García Gallo 1945, 215, cites a document of 1079 that refers to Alfonso as divina misericordia imperator totius Ispanie ("by divine mercy emperor of all Spain") and another of 1097 that calls him imperator Toletanus ("Toledan emperor").
  77. ^ regnante rex domno Adefonso in Toleto et imperante christianorum quam et paganorum omnia Hispanie regna (García Gallo 1945, 215).
  78. ^ Heinrico imperante Romanis, Philippo Francis, Adefonso Hispanis.
  79. ^ Sancho refers to himself as regnante pio rege domino Sancio in Aragone et in Pampilonia ("the pious king Don Sancho reigning in Aragon and in Pamplona"), cf. García Gallo 1945, 215.
  80. ^ The clause of 1086 reads, "Alfonso, emperor in Toledo and in León, reigning; King Sancho Ramírez, by the grace of God reigning in Pamplona and in Aragon" (regnante Adefonso imperatore in Toleto et in Leone, rege Sancio Rademiri gratia Dei regnante in Pampilonia et in Aragone), qarang García Gallo 1945, 215.
  81. ^ García Gallo 1945, 215: ad subvertendum ipsius Sancii fratris sui regnum et domni Anfusi imperium exaltandum.
  82. ^ “usaba el título de emperador, que quiere decir rey de los reyes” in the Spanish translation of García Gallo 1945, 215.
  83. ^ García Gallo 1945, 217: Ego Adefonsus Hespanie Imperator ... convocavi episcopos et abbates, necnon primates mei imperii.
  84. ^ García Gallo 1945, 217: Ego Adefonsus totius imperii Hispaniae et Toleti regni.
  85. ^ Reilly 1988, 310 n. 27.
  86. ^ García Gallo 1945, 215: “Del emperador de las dos religiones, el rey excelente Alonso Ben Sancho, a Motámid Bilah”.
  87. ^ a b Reilly 1988, 181 n. 74.
  88. ^ Mackay and Benaboud 1978, 233.
  89. ^ Reilly 1982, 50. The document actually bears the date 1107, but since it was made after the death of Raymond this must be amended. In her first charter issued after Raymond's death, on 13 December 1107, Urraca styled herself, as she did later on 22 February 1109, "daughter of the emperor and lady of all Galicia" (imperatoris filia et totius Gallecie yoki Galletie domina), qarang Reilly 1988, 341, and Fletcher 1984, 125, who also quotes in full the clause stating the purpose of the donation of January 1108:

    for the soul of my husband the lord duke Raymond who lived but a short time with me and departed from this frail world before me, and for me for whom a like fate awaits, and for my son Alfonso that he may live [reading vivere uchun iure] and rule in happiness.

  90. ^ Fletcher 1984, 125.
  91. ^ Reilly 1988, 310 and n. 31.
  92. ^ a b Reilly 1982, 208.
  93. ^ Reilly 1982, 210 n. 18.
  94. ^ Reilly 1982, 102–3 and n. 44. This charter was drawn up by a canon of Palencia, where the court was still resident 23 December.
  95. ^ Reilly 1982, 56: Urraka dei nutu totius yspanie regina. This charter was confirmed by several high-ranking noblemen: Duke Álvar Fáñez, Graf Pedro Ansures, Graf Gomes Gonsales, Graf Froila Díazva Count Pedro Fróilaz de Traba, qarang Fletcher 1984, 127.
  96. ^ This diploma was notably confirmed by four of the highest lords of the kingdoms: Count Gómez González, Count Pedro Gonsales de Lara, Duke Álvar Fáñez, and Count Rodrigo Münoz, qarang Reilly 1982, 68. For a published charter of 29 July 1120 which the queen confirms as Domna Urracha Yspanie regina ("Lady Urraca queen of Spain"), cf. Fletcher 1978, 231–35.
  97. ^ Leon episkopi, Jerónimo of Salamanca, Ovidoning Pelayosiva Astorga episkopi
  98. ^ This charter has been brought into question on account of its early date and its language, but both Reilly 1982, 126, and Peter Rassow, "Die Urkunden Kaiser Alfons VII von Spanien", Archiv für Urkundenforschung, 10 (1928):415, accept it.
  99. ^ A fact first noticed by Menéndez Pidal, according to García Gallo 1945, 227 n. 91; Reilly 1982, 126 n. 29.
  100. ^ A fact first noticed by Stengel, according to García Gallo 1945, 227 n. 92.
  101. ^ a b García Gallo 1945, 219.
  102. ^ Quoted in García Gallo 1945, 227 n. 95, also translated into Spanish on p. 219:

    llamasen emperador al rey, puesto que el rey García, y Zafadola, rey de los sarracenos, y Raimundo, conde de los barceloneses, y Alfonso, conde de Tolosa, y muchos condes y duques de Gascuña y Francia, estaban en todo obedientes a él.

  103. ^ García Gallo 1945, 219; Saitta 1961, 144–45 and n. 5, quotes the Estoniya deyish,

    Va buni ular Rim Papasiga va Rim saroyiga yuborib, unga rahm-shafqat so'rab, uni berishlarini va tasdiqlashlarini so'radilar. Havoriylar va uning saroyi buni Masihning va cherkovning va butun xristian olamining sharafi bilan, shuningdek, primat va prelatlarga yozgan maktublarini shunday yaxshi va tartibli bajarilgan deb qabul qildilar. ular Xudoga va muqaddas cherkovga ko'ra yaxshi va juda tartibli qildilar; va u ulardan toj va imperiyani tasdiqlovchi qurdi. . . Va bundan buyon u doimo Don Alfonso Ispaniya imperatori deb nomlandi; Va tarixlar haqida aytib o'tilganidek, bu Ispaniyaning birinchi imperatori edi

    Eto estu enuiaron mostrar al papa et a la corte de Roma, meril merired, que lo otorgasse et lo tasdiqlash; va ell apostoligo et su corte, tanto lo touieron por bien et fecho tan ordenadamiente, que lo touieron por onra de Cristo et de la eglesia et de toda la cristianidad, and sus cartas otrossi al primas and a los prelados como lo fizieran bien et muy. ordenadamiente segund Dios et sancta eglesia; et finco dalli conffirmando ell coronamiento et ell impiero. . . Et Dalli adelante se llamo siempre don Alffonso emperador de Espanna; et segund las estorias cuentan, este fue el primero emperador de Espanna.

  104. ^ García Gallo-ga kirish 1945, 227 n. 97, o'qiydi:

    Imperator ... yiliga noster Fredericus Mediolanenses-ga qarama-qarshi ... Imperator vero Constantinopolitanus ... Imperator quippe Galitie Sarracenos va ipse congreditur. Reges igitur Oceani ... sc. Rex Gallie atque Anglie.

  105. ^ García Gallo 1945, 220 va nn.: Toletoda Adefonso imperatore imperante, Legionda, Caesaraugusta [Saragosada], Najera [et Najara], Castella [Castilla] et Galecia [Galicia, Barcelona, ​​Proventia usque montem Genicum]. Provans va Italiyaning shimoli-g'arbiy qismi haqida eslatib o'tadigan misol 1139 yilga to'g'ri keladi.
  106. ^ Garsiya Gallo 1945, 220 va n. 100.
  107. ^ Braun va Kotrenning so'zlari, 1986, 28.
  108. ^ Braun va Kotren 1986, 28 n. 118. Bir versiyasi uchun, qarang. Auguste Molinier va Lui Polin, Les Sources de l'histoire de France (Parij: 1901-06), yo'q. 1122/1798.
  109. ^ Braun va Kotren 1986, 28 n. 118. Bir versiyasi uchun, qarang. L. T. Belgrano, "Frammento di Poemetto sincrono su la conquista di Almeria nel MCXLVII", Atti della Società Ligure di storia patria, 19 (1887): 411.
  110. ^ Lipskey 1972, 162-63 nasriy versiyasidan olingan tarjima. To'liq taqqoslash quyidagicha davom etadi: "Toledan imperiyasining shohi, barchaning qo'mondoni, imperator unvoniga ega bo'lgan Alfonso edi. Buyuk Karlning ishlarini taqlid qilib, uni taqqoslash to'g'ri, Alfonso martabasi bo'yicha teng va U kabi harbiy jasorat bilan, ular olib borgan urushlarning ulug'vorligi ham shunga o'xshash edi. "
  111. ^ Braun va Kotren 1986, 28-29 va n. 118.
  112. ^ Braun va Kotren 1986, 23-24 va n. 101. 12 fevralda Montpellierda yana uchta nusxasi bor, xuddi o'sha aktning kengaytirilgan versiyasi, Lui u kelganidan keyin chiqarilgan bo'lishi mumkin. Parijva keyinchalik tasdiqlangan (1161). Ularning hech biri uni imperator deb atamaydi, aksincha "Franks shohi Xudo tomonidan tasdiqlangan" (dei ordinante providentia franc ′ Rex) va "eng tinch qirol" (serenissimi Regis). 1118 yilda Lui otasi, Louis VI, o'zini "ilohiy rahm-shafqat bilan, Franks avgust imperatori" deb nomlagan edi (Divina propitiante misericordia francorum Imperator Augustus) ning nizomida Kompyegne. Zamonaviy tarixchi Bruggelik Galbert shuningdek, Louis VI ni "Frantsiya imperatori" deb atagan (Franciae imperator).
  113. ^ Gonsales Ximenes 2010, 21 va 27.
  114. ^ Garsiya Gallo 1045, 226 n. 73.
  115. ^ Reilly 1988, 298: Elisabet imperatrisasi bilan birlashib, o'zaro kelishuvni amalga oshirmoqdalar ... bu orqali valentia valentia quando va mening nasroniylarim bilan birga bo'lishdi..
  116. ^ Reilly 1998, 382.
  117. ^ Garsiya Gallo 1945, 218: deagon noluit quod vocaretur imperator, nisi rex Aragonum, Pampilone et Navarrae.
  118. ^ Garsiya Gallo 1945, 218: Aragon va Pampilonadagi Suprarbi va Ripacorzadagi rex et imperator.
  119. ^ Reyli 1988 yil, 362 n. 61.
  120. ^ Reilly 1982, 106-7.
  121. ^ Garsiya Gallo 1945, 213 va 226 n. 76: Virusli suislarda Garsias ismini tasdiqlang; eo quod tunc temporis, regio imperio bundan mustasno, oldin milnibus militibus insignis mil habebatur. Siquidem in omni bello strenui militis and boni imperatoris ("Buen imperator") officia simul peragere assueverat.
  122. ^ Garsiya Gallo 1945, 217: Ego rex Ildefonsus Henrici comitis filius, Ildefonsi imperatoris Spanie nepos, Portucalense imperium obtinens, facio cartam de foro. . ..
  123. ^ a b Makkay 2000, 92-93.
  124. ^ Garsiya Gallo 1945, 201, Shunterga asoslanib, Der weströmische Kaisergedanke außerhalb des einstigen Karolingerreiches im Hochmittelalter (Myunxen: 1925), 48ff va Mayer, Historia de las instituciones sociales y políticas de España y Portugaliya durante los siglos V al XIV, (Madrid: 1926), II, 15-19.
  125. ^ . . . idea constante, análoga a la del alemán, de superioridad jerárquica del Emperador sobre los restantes soberanos de España, restauración goda, sumisión de la nobza, boato de la corte y lucha contra el Islam [...] es una aspiración en Alfonso III, un conato en Ordoño II y sólo una realidad en Alfonso VI (García Gallo 1945, 202, Arco Garay 1944, 41-44 va 63 asosida).
  126. ^ Kollinz 2000, 68.
  127. ^ Garsiya Gallo 1945, 228 n. 101, Beneytoning so'zlarini keltirgan: imperator g'oyasi la toma de otra raíz: al casar, en 1152, con Richilda — la Da. Rica de nuestros documentos—, sobrina [sic] Federiko Barbarroja.
  128. ^ Garsiya Gallo 1945, 228 n. 102.
  129. ^ Fletcher 1978, 7-8.
  130. ^ Fletcher 1978, 8, Charlz Julian Bishkoning so'zlarini keltiradi: "Fernando men los orígenes de la alianza castellano-leonesa con Cluny", Cuadernos de Historia de España, 47–48 (1968), 107.
  131. ^ Bishko 1984, 77.
  132. ^ Batafsil o'rganish uchun, qarang. M. Shapiro, Parma Ildefonsus: Cluny va shunga o'xshash asarlardan olingan Romanesk yoritilgan qo'lyozma (1964 y.). Echternach maktabi uchun, qarang. C. R. Doduell, "Injil kitobi Goslar", Times adabiy qo'shimchasi, 1976 yil 19-noyabr, 1463-64.
  133. ^ Bishko 1984, 77, Piter Seglga asoslanib, Ispaniyada Königtum und Klosterreform (Kallmünz: 1974), 204-07.
  134. ^ Bihsko 1984, 81. Qarang: shuningdek Ramos y Loscertales 1936–41.

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