WikiDer > Kris Kobach

Kris Kobach
31-chi Kanzas shtati davlat kotibi
Ofisda 2011 yil 10 yanvar - 2019 yil 14 yanvar
Hokim	Sem Braunbek Jeff Colyer
Oldingi	Kris Biggs
Muvaffaqiyatli	Skott Shvab
Kafedra Kanzas Respublikachilar partiyasi
Ofisda 2007 yil 28 yanvar - 2009 yil 31 yanvar
Oldingi	Tim Shallenburger
Muvaffaqiyatli	Amanda Adkins
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan	Kris Uilyam Kobax (1966-03-26) 1966 yil 26 mart (54 yosh) Medison, Viskonsin, BIZ.
Siyosiy partiya	Respublika
Turmush o'rtoqlar	Heather Mannschreck ​ (m. 2001)​
Bolalar	5
Ta'lim	Garvard universiteti (BA) Brasenoz kolleji, Oksford (MA, DP) Yel universiteti (JD)
Veb-sayt	Rasmiy veb-sayt

Kris Uilyam Kobax (/ˈkoʊbɑːk/; 1966 yil 26 martda tug'ilgan) - 31-bo'lib xizmat qilgan amerikalik siyosatchi Kanzas shtati davlat kotibi. Sobiq raisi Kanzas Respublikachilar partiyasi, Kobach immigratsiyaga qarshi qat'iy qarashlari tufayli milliy obro'ga ega bo'ldi,^[1][2][3][4] shu jumladan Amerikaning turli shaharlarida muhojirlarga qarshi yuqori darajadagi farmonlarni amalga oshirishda ishtirok etish.^[5] Kobach kuchliroq bo'lishga chaqirgani bilan ham tanilgan Qo'shma Shtatlarda saylovchilarni identifikatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonunlar, Qo'shma Shtatlardagi musulmonlarning milliy ro'yxati va uning advokati abortga qarshi qonunchilik.^[6] U darajasi to'g'risida da'volar qildi saylovchilarning firibgarligi Qo'shma Shtatlarda tadqiqotlar va faktlarni tekshiruvchilar xulosa qilganlar yolg'on yoki asossizdir.^{[7][8][9][10][11][12]}

Kobach o'zining siyosiy faoliyatini shahar Kengashi a'zosi sifatida boshladi Overland Park, Kanzas. Keyinchalik u respublikachilar nomzodi edi Kanzasning 3-kongress okrugi ichida 2004 yilgi saylov, yutqazish Demokratik amaldagi Dennis Mur.^[13]

Sifatida Kanzas shtati davlat kotibi, Kobach Qo'shma Shtatlar tarixidagi ayrim qat'iy saylovchilarni identifikatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonunlarni amalga oshirdi va ro'yxatga olingan 20 mingga yaqin saylovchilarni shtat saylovchilar ro'yxatidan olib tashlash uchun kurashdi.^[14] Ko'plab tergov va ta'qiblardan so'ng, Kobach saylovchilarni firibgarligi uchun to'qqiz marta sudlanganligini ta'minladi; barchasi ikki marta ovoz berish holatlari bo'lib, ularning aksariyati o'zlarining ovoz berish huquqlarini noto'g'ri tushunganliklarini da'vo qilgan saylovchilarni jalb qilishdi.^{[15][16][17][18]}

Kobach 2017 yil iyun oyida 2018 yilda nomzodini qo'yishini e'lon qildi birlamchi uchun Kanzas gubernatori leytenant-gubernatorga qarshi Jeff Colyer, iste'foga chiqqandan keyin 2018 yil yanvarida hokim bo'lgan Sem Braunbek. Respublikachilar partiyasida boshlang'ich bosqichda Kolyerni 500 ovozdan ozroq mag'lubiyatga uchratgandan so'ng,^{[19][20][21][22]} Kobachni demokrat mag'lubiyatga uchratdi Laura Kelli ichida umumiy saylov.^[23]

2019 yil mart oyining oxirida Assoshieytid Press Prezident haqida xabar berdi Donald Tramp masalalar bilan shug'ullanadigan federal idoralar o'rtasida sa'y-harakatlarni muvofiqlashtirish uchun "immigratsiya podshosi" lavozimini yaratish haqida o'ylar edi, Kobach bu lavozimga eng yaxshi nomzodlardan biri edi.^[24][25]

2019 yil 8-iyulda Kobach o'zining kampaniyasini boshladi AQSh Senati ichida 2020 aksiyasi Kanzas senatoridan keyin Pat Roberts nafaqaga chiqqanligini e'lon qildi. Kampaniya boshlangandan so'ng, Kobach Trampni qo'llab-quvvatlaganligini aytdi.^[26] Kobachning Respublika avtoulovidagi asosiy raqibi 4 avgust edi AQSh vakili Rojer Marshal40 foiz ovozni Kobachning 26 foiziga to'plagan, qolgan to'qqiz nomzod esa qolgan 33,5 foiz ovozni ajratgan.^[27]

Dastlabki hayoti, ta'limi va ilmiy faoliyati

Kobach 1966 yil 26 martda Viskonsin shtatining Madison shahrida tug'ilgan. Uning oilasi uch yoshida Kanzas shtatining Topeka shahriga ko'chib o'tgan, u erda otasi Buick Kobach o'rta maktabda ishlagan dilerlik.^[28] 1984 yilda Kobach uni tugatdi Washburn qishloq o'rta maktabi yilda Topeka, Kanzas, u erda u birgalikda valediktorian bo'lgan va talabalar guruhi prezidenti.^[29] U o'z kasbini topdi San'at bakalavri daraja Hukumat dan Garvard universiteti, bitiruv summa cum laude va birinchi bo'lib uning bo'limida.^[30] Garvard direktori Xalqaro aloqalar markazi, Professor Samuel P. Hantington1984 yildan 1988 yilgacha Kobachning fakultet maslahatchisi bo'lgan. Xantington, migratsiya, ayniqsa Meksika va Lotin Amerikasidan migratsiya, u "Amerika o'ziga xosligi" deb nomlangan tahlikali tahlikani anglatadi, deb hisoblagan. Kobach huquqshunoslikdan dars berganida Missuri-Kanzas-Siti universiteti, Xantington yozganlari kurs davomida o'qish kerak edi.^[31] Garvarddan Kobach daromad olishga davom etdi Falsafa fanlari doktori siyosatda Brasenoz kolleji, Oksford, berilgan Marshall stipendiyasi. AQShga qaytib, u a J.D. dan Yel huquq fakulteti 1995 yilda,^[32][33] va muharriri bo'ldi Yel huquqi jurnali. Shu vaqt ichida Kobach ikkita kitob nashr etdi: Referendum: Shveytsariyada to'g'ridan-to'g'ri demokratiya (Dartmut, 1994) va Siyosiy kapital: Janubiy Afrikadagi siyosatlashgan biznesning motivlari, taktikasi va maqsadlari (University Press of America, 1990).^[32]

Yuridik martaba

1995 yildan 1996 yilgacha Kobach xizmatda ishlagan Sudya Dekan R. Tacha ning O'ninchi tuman apellyatsiya sudi yilda Lourens, Kanzas. U professorligini boshlagan Missuri-Kanzas-Siti universiteti Ko'p o'tmay (UMKC). 2001 yilda, Prezident Jorj V.Bush uni taqdirladi a Oq uyning do'stligi ishlash Bosh prokuror Jon Ashkroft.^[34] Hamjamiyat tugashi bilan u Bosh prokurorning maslahatchisi bo'lib qoldi. Hujumlaridan ko'p o'tmay 2001 yil 11 sentyabr, u advokatlar va tadqiqotchilar guruhini boshqargan va tashkil etgan Milliy xavfsizlikka kirish-chiqishni ro'yxatdan o'tkazish tizimi. Bundan tashqari, u shaklni o'zgartirish bo'yicha ishlarda ishtirok etdi Immigratsiya bo'yicha apellyatsiya kengashi 2002 yilda. Davlat xizmati tugagandan so'ng u Kanzas shtatining davlat kotibi etib saylanguniga qadar UMKCga huquqshunoslik fanidan o'qish uchun qaytib keldi.^[35]

Immigratsiya bilan bog'liq faollik

Sud jarayoni

2004 yilda Kongressga qatnashayotganda, Kobach nomidan shtatdan tashqari talabalar vakili bo'lgan Amerika immigratsiya islohoti federatsiyasi (FAIR), Kanzas shtatiga qarshi sud jarayonida, hujjatsiz muhojirlarga shtat ichida o'qish huquqini beradigan shtat qonuniga qarshi chiqdi. Kostyum yo'qligi sababli ishdan bo'shatildi huquqiy holat da'vogarlar uchun.^[36] 2005 yilda Kobach FAIRning immigratsiya islohoti bo'yicha qonunchilik instituti (IRLI) nomidan sudga murojaat qilib, Kaliforniyadagi shunga o'xshash qonunga qarshi chiqdi. 2008 yil sentyabr oyida Kaliforniya apellyatsiya sudi Kaliforniya shtatining hujjatsiz immigrantlarga shtat ichidagi o'qish stavkalarini berish to'g'risidagi qonuni federal qonun bilan oldindan belgilab qo'yilgan edi. (Martinesga qarshi Regents, 166 kal. App. 4-chi 1121; 2008). 2010 yil noyabr oyida Kaliforniya Oliy sudi bir ovozdan bekor qilindi, chunki qonun bu qadar oldindan o'ylanmagan edi, chunki bu uch yil davomida qatnashish va Kaliforniyadagi o'rta maktabni bitirishga asoslangan edi.^[37]

2010 yilda Kobach uchinchi marta shu kabi o'qish uchun sudga murojaat qildi, bu safar Nebraskada.^[38] Ish o'sha yilning dekabr oyida Nebraska okrug sudida da'vogarlarning qonuniy mavqei yo'qligi sababli bekor qilingan.^[39]

Kobach shaharlarni va davlatlarni himoya qilgan ko'plab da'volarni rad etdi noqonuniy immigratsiya. U shaharni himoya qiluvchi etakchi advokat bo'lib ishlagan Vodiy parki, Missuri federal ishda korxonalar deb nomlanuvchi federal ishchilarni tekshirish dasturidan foydalanishni talab qiladigan farmonga tegishli Elektron tasdiqlash tadbirkorlik litsenziyasini saqlab qolish uchun. Farmonni Missuri shtatining federal sudyasi qo'llab-quvvatladi E. Richard Uebber 2008 yil 31 yanvarda (Greyga qarshi vodiy parki, 2008 yil AQSh Dist. LEXIS 7238).^[33][40] The Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi (ACLU) da'vogarning vakili bo'lib, sudga shikoyat qildi Sakkizinchi tuman apellyatsiya sudi. Kobach apellyatsiya shikoyati bilan g'alaba qozondi va Sud Vodiy Parkidagi farmonning turishiga ruxsat berdi (Greyga qarshi vodiy parki, 567 F.3d 976 (8-tsir. 2009 y.)), "Farmon" ispanlar emas, noqonuniy musofirlarni ishga yollashga qaratilgan "deb aytdi.^[41]

Kobach shaharni himoya qilgan etakchi advokat edi Hazleton, Pensilvaniyanoqonuniy muhojirlarni ishga yollash va ularga ijaraga berishni taqiqlovchi farmonlari Pensilvaniya shtatidagi federal sudya tomonidan va yana oldin Uchinchi tuman apellyatsiya sudi.^[42] 2011 yil iyun oyida AQSh Oliy sudi Uchinchi davraning qarorini bo'shatdi va ishni qayta ko'rib chiqish uchun Uchinchi davraga yubordi. Sup. Kt. Yo'q, 10-722. 2013 yil iyul oyida Uchinchi davr yana Hazleton farmonlarining bandligi va uy-joy ta'minoti to'g'risida xulosa qildi oldindan o'ylangan federal immigratsiya qonuni bilan.^[43]

Kobach boshqa da'vo arizasida advokat bo'ldi, qisman a Fermerlar filiali, Texas uy egalarining noqonuniy muhojirlarga ijaraga berishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik to'g'risidagi qaror.^[33] Ushbu holat ustidan shikoyat qilingan Beshinchi tuman apellyatsiya sudi bu erda birinchi bo'lib shaharga qarshi qaror qabul qilgan uchta sudya hay'ati tomonidan eshitildi. Immigratsiya da'volari xarajatlaridan tashqari, shahar ovoz berish huquqi bo'yicha ikkita da'voni himoya qilish uchun 850 ming dollar sarflagan. Shahar sudning 10-10751-sonli ishi bo'yicha sud qaroriga qarshi Beshinchi davra bo'yicha sud qarorini shikoyat qildi en banc butun sud tomonidan mashq qilish. Dekabrga qadar shaharga tushgan xarajatlar bilan u erda yutqazgandan so'ng, 6.1 million dollarga etgan shaharliklar murojaat qilishdi AQSh Oliy sudi, uning murojaatini 2014 yilda ko'rib chiqishni rad etgan. Shahar 2006 yil oktyabr oyida farmonni yozishda yordam berish uchun Kobachni jalb qilgan.^[44] Ishda da'vogarlar, shu jumladan Meksika-Amerika huquqiy mudofaasi va ta'lim jamg'armasi (MALDEF), ACLU va ACLU ning Milliy Immigrantlarning Huquqlari Loyihasi, 2014 yil iyun oyida 1,4 million dollar mukofotlandi.^[45]

2011 yil yanvar holatiga ko'ra, Kobach yurisdiktsiyalardan 6,6 million dollar olganligi, ularning immigratsiyaga qarshi farmonlarini tuzishda va / yoki himoya qilishda yordam berganini himoya qilgani taxmin qilingan.^[46]

2011 yilda Janubiy qashshoqlik huquqi markazi (SPLC) uni Harold Xill bilan taqqosladi, "Musiqiy odam"" yozish: "Tepalik singari ... Kobach shaharga katta g'oyalar va qo'lidan kelganicha munosabatda bo'lish bilan keladi, ammo ko'z yoshlari izini qoldiradi - ulkan qonun loyihalari va amalga oshirib bo'lmaydigan qonunlar bilan birgalikda ijtimoiy tartibsizlik." 2017 yil 2 avgustda komediya ustasi Samanta Bee xuddi shunday taqqoslashni o'zining epizodida aytdi "Samantha Bee bilan to'liq Frontal"Hill / Kobach qismini o'zi kuylayotgan televizion shou,^[47] bilan Xemilton"s Xaver Muñoz hektordagi immigrant sifatida paydo bo'ladi.^[48]

2017 yil sentyabr oyidan boshlab Kobach "ro'yxatiga kiritilganMaslahat"IRLI tomonidan,^[49] qonuniy qo'li YARMOQ, tomonidan "nafrat guruhi" deb ta'riflangan Janubiy qashshoqlik huquqi markazi (SPLC).^[50]

2018 yil avgust oyida, ProPublica va Kansas City Star Kobach 13 yil davomida immigratsiyaga qarshi qarorlarni qabul qilishga yordam bergan shaharlarning birortasida hamon ushbu kitoblarda yo'qligi haqida xabar berilgan.^[51] Farmonlarni sudda himoya qilish qimmatga tushdi, ba'zi joylar bankrot bo'ldi.^[51] Shu bilan birga, Kobach shaxsan foyda ko'rdi, 13 yil davomida mahalliy ish joylarida yuridik ishlarda 800000 dollardan ko'proq pul ishladi, ham mahalliy aholi, ham immigratsiyaga qarshi targ'ibot guruhi tomonidan to'landi.^[52]

Arizona immigratsiya qonuni

Kobach loyihani tayyorlashda muhim rol o'ynadi Arizona SB 1070, davlat e'tiborini mamlakatning eng keng va qat'iy davlati sifatida jalb etgan davlat qonuni - noqonuniy immigratsiya choralari va SB 1070 qonuniyligi bo'yicha davom etayotgan huquqiy kurash paytida davlatni himoya qilishda yordam bergan.^[53][54][55] 2008 yil 7 fevralda Federal sudya Nil V. Uyg'onish to'xtatishni istagan qurilish pudratchilari va immigratsion tashkilotlar tomonidan berilgan da'voni rad etdi davlat qonuni bila turib noqonuniy muhojirlarni yollagan ish beruvchilarga qattiq jazo choralarini qo'llaydi.^[33][40] Da'vogarlar sud qaroridan shikoyat qildilar, ammo Arizona g'olib chiqdi (Kobachning yordami bilan) To'qqizinchi tuman apellyatsiya sudi (Chicanos por la Causa va Arizona, 558 F.3d 856; 2009). Ishga yana shikoyat qilingan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Oliy sudi.^[56] 2012 yil iyun oyida AQSh Oliy sudi ish bo'yicha qaror chiqardi Arizona va Qo'shma Shtatlar, huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari to'xtashi paytida immigratsiya holatini tekshirishni talab qiladigan qoidaga rioya qilgan holda, yana uchta qoidani bekor qilish Ustunlik to'g'risidagi maqola ning Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Konstitutsiyasi.^[57]

Ning 2015 yildagi qarori Arizona okrugi uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari okrug sudi konstitutsiyaviy deb qo'llab-quvvatlangan SB 1070-ning yagona qoidalari samaradorligini chekladi. Arpaio 2016 yilda o'tkazilgan qayta saylovda yutqazdi.^[58] Kostyum okrugga 56 000 000 AQSh dollaridan oshiq sud xarajatlari va xarajatlariga tushdi.^[59] Ushbu sud jarayoni davomida, Kobachga immigratsiya masalalari bo'yicha Maricopa okrugi sherifini o'qitish uchun soatiga 300 dollar to'langanligi aniqlandi.^[60]

Alabama immigratsiya qonuni

Kobach asosiy muallif sifatida ko'rsatilgan Alabama HB 56, 2010 yilda qabul qilingan bo'lib, u Arizona qonunidan qattiqroq deb ta'riflangan.^[61] Har xil darajadagi apellyatsiya sudlarida apellyatsiya tartibida qonunlarning katta qismi bekor qilingan yoki ixtiyoriy ravishda qaytarib olingan yoki yangi so'zlar bilan o'zgartirilgan.^[62][63][64]

Chegara xavfsizligi tashabbuslari

Kobach tashrif buyurdi Kulidj, Arizona Shimoliy Dakotani kuzatish Fisher Industries qanday qilib chegara devorini qurishini namoyish etish. Fisher 3,3 milliard dollarga 218 milya to'siqni o'rnatishi va uni 13 oy ichida yakunlashi mumkinligini ta'kidladi. Devorning tepasida joylashgan spinli kameralardan foydalaniladi yuzni aniqlash texnologiya. Tuproqqa ko'milgan optik tolali kabellar odamlarning ishi, transport vositalari, tunnel va hayvonlarni 40 metr masofada aniqlab, farqlashi mumkin edi. Arizona to'sig'i 42 milga yaqin masofada qurilishi kerak edi Yuma va 91 milya yaqin Tusson, Arizona, shuningdek, 69 milga yaqin El-Paso, Texasva yana 15 mil uzoqlikda El Centro, Kaliforniya. Xabarlarga ko'ra, uning bir miliga 12,5 million dollar kerak bo'ladi. Luiziana shtatidan respublikachi AQSh senatori Bill Kassidi u Pasxa tanaffusida bir guruh siyosatchilar bilan Meksika chegarasidan 120 mil shimolda joylashgan Kulijga sayohat qilganini aytdi, chunki u 27 oy oldin Donald Tramp prezident bo'lganidan beri etarli darajada to'siq va qo'shimchalar o'rnatilmagan deb o'ylardi.^[65] Shimoliy Dakotaning amerikalik kichik senatori respublikachi Kevin Kramer o'sha erda o'z shtatining "Fisher Industries" firmasini targ'ib qilish uchun bor edi, u Meksika chegarasidan 120 mil shimolda joylashgan Kudidjda 56 metrli panjara qurish orqali o'z qobiliyatini namoyish etdi.^[66] Biroq, Arizonaning AQShdagi kichik senatori, respublikachi Marta Makkali to'siq chegara inqirozini hal qila olmasligini aytdi.^[67]

2018 yil oxirida Kobach boshqa o'ng siyosiy operativlar, jumladan milliarder bilan birlashdi Erik shahzoda, Trumpning maslahatchisi va sobiq Breitbart muharriri Stiv Bannon, Breitbart menejeri Brendon Darbi, avvalgi Miluoki okrugi (Viskonsin) Sherif Devid Klark, sobiq kongressmen Tom Tankredo va ijtimoiy tarmoqlarda "soxta yangiliklar", Brian Kolfage, to'siq qurilishini osonlashtirish uchun go'yo mablag 'yig'adigan tashkilot tuzish.^[68] Kolfage, shubhali sxemalardan foydalanishning uzoq tarixi bilan bog'liq bo'lgan dahshatli Internet-mablag 'yig'ish Facebook va GoFundMe ham pul, ham ekspluatatsiya qilish uchun potentsial aloqalarni to'plash,^[69][70] o'n millionlab xayriya dollarlarini jalb qilgan va tashkilot Arizona, Nyu-Meksiko va Texasdagi shaxsiy erlarda o'zlarining chegara devorlarini qurish uchun yuzlab chaqirim yo'l qurish uchun bunday xususiy mablag'larni jalb qilishini ta'kidlagan. Uning bosh tashkilotchisi sifatida 2018 yilning dekabrida Kolfage o'zining vakili bo'lgan narsani 1 milliard dollar orqali jalb qilishga kirishdi GoFundMe devor qurilishi uchun.^[71][72][73] Kolfage maqsadli ko'rsatkichga erishish mumkinligini ta'kidlab, "Bu oson bo'lmaydi, lekin bu bizning fuqarolar burchimiz" dedi.^[74]

2018 yil dekabr oyida u elektron pochta xabarini elektron pochta orqali yubordi Vashington Post, "har ikki tomonning siyosiy o'yinlari" taklif qilingan devorni moliyalashtirishni to'xtatib qo'yganligi sababli xayriya tadbirlarini boshlaganini ta'kidladi.^[75] Uch kun ichida 9 million dollardan ortiq mablag 'to'plandi.^[76] 2019 yil yanvar oyida Kolfage GoFundMe sahifasiga notijorat tashkilot orqali pul yig'ish samaraliroq bo'lishiga qaror qilganligi to'g'risida xabar yubordi. Uning yangi 501 (c) (4) notijorat tashkilot deb nomlangan Biz devorni quramiz. bu orqali u devorning segmentlarini chegara bo'ylab AQSh er egalari bilan muzokaralar orqali xususiy ravishda qurish rejalarini tasvirlab berdi.^[77] GoFundMe Kolfage-ning bayonotidan so'ng, agar donor xayr-ehson qilinadigan joyni o'zgartirishni tanlamasa, pulni qaytarib berish to'g'risida bayonot berdi.^[78] Kobachning ta'kidlashicha, donorlarning 94% 501 (c) 4 ga o'z hissalarini to'lashga rozi bo'lishgan.^[79]

2019 yilning yanvariga kelib, Kobach Kolfage maslahatchilar kengashiga a'zo bo'lib, u hozirda ish haqi yo'qligini, ammo Kolfage tashkiloti bilan pullik lavozimni egallashi mumkinligini aytdi. Kobach chegara bo'ylab eng muhim muammolar "axlat va xavfsizlik" ekanligini ko'rsatdi. 2019 yil 23 yanvarda u va prezident o'rtasida bo'lib o'tgan telefon qo'ng'irog'i haqida Kobach Tramp loyihani ma'qullaganini, "... loyiha mening barakamga ega va siz OAVga buni ayta olasiz" deb aytgan bo'lsa-da, Oq uy mustaqil ravishda bu bahsni tasdiqladi.^[79][80][26] Koflage tarixidan tashqari, sxema bo'yicha yana bir asosiy muammo shundaki, chegaradagi deyarli barcha erlar federal hukumat, chegara shtatlari va tub amerikalik qabilalar qo'lida. Belgilanishga yaqin bo'lgan xususiy miqdordagi chegara uchastkalari kam tarqalgan bo'lib, har qanday bog'liq to'siqlarni qurish uchun imkoniyatlar kam. Bu savolni ochiq qoldirdi, shuncha pul aslida qanday maqsadda ishlatilishi mumkin?^[68][81] Kolfage to'playotgan pul 501 (c) 4 ga ketayotgani sababli, barcha siyosiy kampaniyalarda "qorong'i pul" sifatida sarflanishi mumkin edi.^[68]

2019 yil iyun oyining boshlarida Kolflage / Kobach guruhi Xalqaro Chegara va Suv Komissiyasining (IBWC) Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari elementi yurisdiktsiyasida federal erga kirish eshigini qurdi. Bu Meksika bilan hamkorlik qilib, chegara bo'ylab daryolarni nazorat qilishni boshqaradigan organ. Komissiya ta'kidlashicha, darvoza AQSh hukumatiga qarashli bepul yo'lni to'sib qo'ygan. "Biz devor quramiz" kirish huquqini berish bo'yicha bir necha bor murojaat qilganiga qaramay, eshikni yopiq ushlab turishdi. 10 iyun kuni komissiya darvozani kunduzi qulf va zanjir bilan mahkamlash chorasini ko'rdi, faqat tunda qulflanib qoldi.^[80]

2020 yil 20-avgustda a federal katta hakamlar hay'ati ayblov xulosasi muhrlanmagan Biz devor quramiz maslahat kengashi a'zosi Stiv Bannon, Kolfage va yana ikki kishi, ularni fitna uyushtirishda ayblamoqda tel firibgarlik va pul yuvish. Sudlanganidan keyin har bir ayblov uchun maksimal 20 yillik qamoq jazosi belgilangan.^[82][83][84] Federal prokurorlari Nyu-Yorkning janubiy okrugi bo'yicha AQSh prokuraturasi Bannon, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari faxriy Kolfage va boshqa ikki sudlanuvchi tomonidan olingan mablag'lardan foydalangan Biz devor quramiz a binosini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun sotilgan mablag 'yig'ish kampaniyasi AQSh va Meksika o'rtasidagi chegara devori, qanday qilib ularni jamoat uchun foydalanish uchun reklama qilinganligi bilan "nomuvofiq".^[85][86][87] Ayblov xulosasiga ko'ra, xayriya mablag'lari a orqali to'plangan GoFundMe kampaniyasi 2018 yil dekabrida boshlangan.^[88] Bannon ayblov xulosasidan bir kun oldin ushbu loyihani ilgari surib, "Siz bu yo'lboshchisiz va Prezident Trampga ushbu qiyin joylarda ushbu devorni qurishda yordam berdingiz" deb aytdi. Urush xonasi: Pandemiya podkast.^[89]

Siyosiy martaba

Dastlabki siyosiy ishtirok

Kobach qo'ltiqni qo'lga kiritdi Quruqlikdagi park Shahar Kengashi, 1999 yil aprelda. 11 sentyabr hujumlaridan so'ng, Kobach asosan musulmon 24 davlat va Shimoliy Koreyadan erkaklar barmoq izlari, fotosuratlari va hukumat idoralarida so'roq qilinishi majburiy bo'lgan dasturni tuzishda yordam berdi. Buni qilgan 83000 plyus erkaklar orasida hukumat ularning 13740 kishini immigratsiya qoidalarini buzgani uchun deportatsiya qilishga ko'chib o'tdi.^[90]

Kobach Kanzas shtati senatiga 2000 yilda qatnashgan va respublikachilarning to'rtta asosiy nomzodlari orasida uchinchi o'rinni egallagan.^[91]

In 2004 yilgi saylovlar davri, Kobach Kongressga Respublikachilar partiyasidan nomzod edi 3-okrug,^[92] eng yaxshi asosiy raqib va ​​2002 yil partiyasidan nomzod Adam Taff 207 ovoz bilan, shtat vakili Patrisiya Laytnerdan ancha orqada qoldi.^[93] U amaldagi prezidentga yutqazdi Dennis Mur, 55% -43%. G'alaba Murning Kongress kampaniyalaridagi eng kattasi edi. Aksiya Kobachni milliy sahnaga olib chiqdi, asosan uning noqonuniy immigratsiya haqidagi pozitsiyasi.^{[40][94][95][96][97]} Kobach iste'mol (sotish) bo'yicha milliy soliq solinishi tarafdori edi.^[93] Ochilish kunida unga nutq so'zi berildi 2004 yil respublikachilarning milliy anjumani va o'z uyasidan noqonuniy immigratsiyani blokirovka qilish uchun AQSh harbiylarini Meksika chegarasiga jo'natishga chaqirish uchun ishlatgan.^[98]

Kanzas Respublikachilar partiyasining raisi

2007 yil 28 yanvarda Kobach raisi etib saylandi Kanzas Respublikachilar partiyasi (GOP), 2009 yil yanvargacha ishlagan. Kobachning raisligi saylovga oid keng qamrovli o'zgarishlar bilan qayd etilgan. Rais sifatida u maqsadli shtat bo'ylab va qonun chiqaruvchi poygalar uchun pul yig'di va ushbu poygalarda ishtirok etuvchi davlat uchun to'g'ridan-to'g'ri siyosatni o'rnatdi. Shuningdek, u Davlat qo'mitasini "sadoqat qo'mitasi" ni tuzishga undadi, unga qarshi kurashda Demokratik nomzodlarga yordam bergan respublikachilarni sanksiya qilish ayblandi.^[99]

Bu bir necha partiya zobitlarini partiya ishlarida ovoz berish huquqidan mahrum qilishga olib keldi, Demokratik nomzodlarga saylovoldi tashviqoti uchun jazo sifatida. Kobach ishdan ketganidan so'ng, a Federal saylov komissiyasi (FEC) auditi Kobachning Kanzas GOP moliyaviy boshqaruvini qattiq tanqid qildi. FEC auditi shuni ko'rsatdiki, Kobach rais bo'lib ishlaganida, shtat shtat va federal soliqlarni to'lamagan. Shuningdek, noqonuniy badallar qabul qilinganligi aniqlandi.^[100]

2007 yil dekabr oyida Kobach elektron pochta orqali "[Kanzas GOP so'nggi 11 oy ichida avvalgi ikki yilga qaraganda ko'proq saylovchilarni aniqladi va ularni qafasga oldi" deb xabar yubordi.^[101]

Kanzas davlat kotibi

2009 yil 26 mayda Kobach o'z nomzodini e'lon qildi Kanzas davlat kotibi.^[102] Respublikachilar partiyasida bo'lib o'tgan dastlabki saylovlarda uning raqiblari Shvin okrugi saylov komissari Yelizaveta Ensli va hukumat pudratchilari milliy assotsiatsiyasining sobiq prezidenti J.R.Kleys edi. Kobach 50,6% ovoz bilan Respublikachilar nominatsiyasida g'olib bo'ldi. Ensli va Kleys mos ravishda 27,0% va 22,4% bilan yakunladilar.^[103]

2010 yil 2-noyabrda Kobach amaldagi prezidentni mag'lub etdi Demokrat Kris Biggs, 59% -37%. Kobachni Tennesi shtatining sobiq AQSh senatori ma'qullagan Fred Tompson, shuningdek, AQShning sobiq Bosh prokurori Jon Ashkroft (uning Adliya bo'limidagi sobiq xo'jayini). Djo Arpaio, Arizonaning o'sha paytdagi sherifi Marikopa okrugi, Arizona, Kobach uchun ham kampaniya o'tkazdi.^[104]

Kobachning saylov kampaniyasi g'aznachisi bo'lsa ham, Tom Arpke, saylovoldi tashviqot tajribasiga ega bo'lib, 2008 yilda shtat senat poygasida mag'lubiyatga uchragan, keyingi yil Salina shahar kengashi va 2010 yilda davlat uyidagi o'rinlarni qo'lga kiritgan,^[105] u Kobachning 2010 yilgi kampaniyasida 35000 AQSh dollari miqdoridagi mablag 'va 43000 AQSh dollari miqdoridagi xarajatlar haqida xabar bermagan, natijada maksimal 5000 AQSh dollar miqdorida jarima solingan. Kobach uni kamsitilayotganidan shikoyat qildi sobiq respublika gubernatori Bill Graves shunga o'xshash qoidabuzarliklar uchun ancha kichik jarima oldi. Kobachning ta'kidlashicha: "Men ko'rgan yagona farq shundaki, u men konservator va u mo''tadil." Kanzas axloq komissiyasining raisi "komissiya komissiya oldida samimiylik etishmasligini kechirmaydi" dedi.^[106] Komissiya a'zolari Arpkening halolligiga shubha bilan qarashdi, bu uning keyingi faoliyatida takrorlanib turadigan mavzu.^[107] U Kansansni 2016 yilda davlatlararo ovoz berishdagi qonunbuzarliklar uchun aybdor deb topganida, Kobach "jarimalar" aynan mana shu kabi holatlarda ko'rishni istaganim, Kanzas qonunchilik palatasi oldida ushbu vakolat zarurligini aytganimda ... 5000 dollar jarima juda muhim va umid qilamanki, hech kim to'lashni xohlamaydi ", dedi u.^[108]

2012 yil Respublika partiyasi platforma kiritilgan o'z-o'zini chiqarib yuborish javob sifatida Qo'shma Shtatlarga noqonuniy immigratsiya. Kobach "Agar chindan ham ertaga ish joyini yaratmoqchi bo'lsangiz, bugun noqonuniy sayyoralikni olib tashlashingiz mumkin" degan chorani taklif qildi.^[109]

2013 yilda, Ayol saylovchilar ligasi Kobachning Kanzas saylovchilariga qo'ygan "fuqaroligini tasdiqlovchi" talablariga qarshi kurashga qo'shildi.^[110]

2015 yil 1 martdagi radioeshittirishda qo'ng'iroq qiluvchiga javoban Kobach barcha afroamerikalik gumonlanuvchilarni ta'qib qilishni to'xtatishni talab qilish Obama ma'muriyati uchun "juda katta sakrash" bo'lmasligiga rozi bo'ldi. Kanzas Demokratik partiyasi Kobachning fikrini "nafrat so'zlari" deb rad etdi va uni "yangi past ko'rsatkich" deb atadi. Vichitaning Oletha Faust-Goude, Kanzas Senatidagi yagona afroamerikalik ayol Kobachning izohlarini kulgili deb atadi. Kobachning ta'kidlashicha, u o'zining da'volarida turar ekan: "Mening maqsadim Obamaning Adliya vazirligining rang-barang odamlarga nisbatan ba'zi fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonunlar bajarilishi mumkin emas degan pozitsiyasiga e'tibor qaratish edi", dedi Kobach. "Masalan, Obama ma'muriyatining 2009 yilda amalga oshirgan birinchi harakatlaridan biri bu" slam-dunk "ayblovlarini bekor qilish edi Yangi Black Panther Party saylovchilarni qo'rqitish uchun ".^[111] Respublikachilarning bittasi Fuqarolik huquqlari bo'yicha komissiya ammo rozi bo'lmadi. Abigayl Ternstrom, yozish Milliy sharh, voqeani "mayda kartoshka" deb ta'riflagan. Uning ahamiyatini oshirib yuborish konservatorlarga zarar etkazishi mumkinligidan ogohlantirdi va 45 yil ichida faqat uchta muvaffaqiyatli sud jarayoni bo'lganini ta'kidladi. U faqat ikkita "Panter" dedi, ulardan bittasida a billi klubi, Filadelfiyadagi aksariyat qora tanli uchastkada bo'lgan. Bir necha oy davom etgan tinglashlar, ko'rsatuvlar va tergovlardan so'ng, biron bir saylovchining ovoz berishdan qo'rqqanligi to'g'risida aniq dalillar topilmadi. U so'zlarini davom ettirdi: "Bu ishlarga haddan tashqari qizib ketgan ritorika va asossiz ayblovlar bag'ishlangan".^[112]

2015 yil 2 sentyabrda Kobachning to'xtatilgan o'n minglab saylovchilarning fuqaroligini tasdiqlovchi hujjatlarni taqdim etish muddatini qisqartirish rejasi ta'sir qilishi mumkin bo'lgan guruhlar vakillari, shu jumladan ACLU, Ayol saylovchilar ligasi (LWV), the Rangli odamlarni rivojlantirish bo'yicha milliy assotsiatsiya (NAACP) va Ayollar uchun milliy tashkilot (HOZIR), barchasi Kobachning tayinlangan vakili Brayan Kaski tomonidan o'tkazilgan Topeka sudida Kobach siyosatining amalga oshirilishiga qarshi guvohlik berishdi. Kobachning idorasi sud binosiga tutash binoda bo'lsa-da, u qoidalarni o'zgartirish bo'yicha sud majlisiga kelmadi va savollarga javob berolmadi. Buning o'rniga uning iltimosini Kobach ham tayinlagan Shvin okrugidagi saylovlar bo'yicha rasmiy Endryu Xauell qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[113][114]

Saylov kampaniyasi xodimlari tomonidan ilgari surilgan tanqidlarga javoban Davlat kotibi Hillari Klinton, Kobach ularni "chap qanotlarning bo'g'imlari" deb ta'riflagan. U Klinton uni olayotganini ta'kidladi "shim kostyum ba'zi bir qat'iy talablarni amalga oshirish foydasiga uning pozitsiyasi ustidan Qo'shma Shtatlarda saylovchilarni identifikatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonunlar. Klinton Kobachning aralashuvi yoshlar va irqiy ozchiliklar kabi asosiy Demokratik okruglar uchun ovoz berishni qiyinlashtirmoqchi bo'lgan deb da'vo qilgan.^[115]

2015 yil oktyabr oyida Kobach tomonidan tashkil etilgan konferentsiyada so'zga chiqdi Ijtimoiy shartnomalar bo'yicha matbuot, tashkilot deb Janubiy qashshoqlik huquqi markazi (SPLC) nafrat guruhi sifatida belgilangan.^{[116][117][118]}

Kobach 2016 yil 20 fevralda Kanzas 2-Kongress okrugi delegatlaridan birining qo'mitasida nutq so'zlar ekan, u fuqarolikni tasdiqlash to'g'risidagi ovoz berish qonunining 2011 yilda ilgari surganligi to'g'risida: "ACLU va ularning kommunistik do'stlari, Ayol saylovchilar ligasi - bu haqda mendan iqtibos keltirishingiz mumkin, sudga murojaat qiling ".^[119]

2016 yil fevral oyida Kobach ma'qulladi Donald TrampAQSh prezidentligi uchun saylov kampaniyasi, uning immigratsiya haqidagi pozitsiyasini keltirib chiqardi. U, agar Meksika bir martalik 5-10 milliard dollarlik to'lovni amalga oshirmasa, AQShda noqonuniy yashaydigan Meksika fuqarolari tomonidan yillik 23 milliard dollar pul o'tkazmalarini to'xtatishni taklif qildi. Tramp taklif qilgan devor AQSh-Meksika chegarasi bo'ylab.^[120]

2018 yil 1-avgustda Kobachning ofisiga federal sudya Juli Julien Robinson tomonidan yo'qotilgan fuqaroligini tasdiqlovchi ishda sud xarajatlari uchun Kanzasdagi Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqiga advokat to'lovi sifatida 26000 dollar to'lash to'g'risida buyruq berildi.^[121]

2014 yilgi AQSh Senatidagi saylovlar bo'yicha qaror

2014 yil sentyabr oyida Demokrat Chad Teylor o'sha yildan chiqib ketishini e'lon qildi AQSh Senatining poygasi Kanzasda. Kobach o'z nomzodini qaytarib olish to'g'risidagi arizani noto'g'ri topshirganini va uning ismi saylov byulletenida qolishi kerakligini qaror qildi. Teylor davlat kotibi yordamchisi Bred Brayantning arizasini topshirish bo'yicha ko'rsatmalariga amal qilganini da'vo qildi, u tegishli muddatlarda yakunlandi. Bosh prokurorning kelishuviga asoslanib Derek Shmidt, Kobachning harakatini Kanzas Respublikachilar partiyasi qo'llab-quvvatladi. Kobach ham, Shmidt ham respublikachi AQSh senatorining a'zolari edi Pat Roberts"faxriy saylov kampaniyasi. Teylorning chekinishga urinishi poyga mustaqilligini yanada ochiq qoldirdi Greg Orman, senator Robertsga qarshi kurashni kuchaytirdi.^[122]

2014 yil 18 sentyabrda Kanzas Oliy sudi Teylorning olib qo'yilishi to'g'ri deb topdi va Kobach Teylorning ismini saylov byulletenidan chiqarib tashlashi kerak edi.^[123][124]

2014 yil 1 oktyabrda Shovin okrugining uchta sudyalaridan iborat hay'at Kanzas Demokratik partiyasidan shtat qonunchiligi byulletenidagi bo'sh joyni egallashi shart emasligi to'g'risida qaror chiqardi; Kobach byulletenlarni ertasi kuni bosib chiqarishni buyurdi.^[125] Kobach 2014 yil noyabr oyida mo''tadil sobiq respublikachi shtat senatori va demokrat nomzodi bo'yicha qayta saylangan Jan Kurtis Shodorf deyarli 19% marj bilan.^[126]

Kanzas xavfsiz va adolatli saylovlar (xavfsiz) qonuni

2009 yilda yozuvlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, saylovchilarning firibgarligi to'g'risidagi ettita ariza tergovga yuborilishi va jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilishi mumkin, 2004 yildan buyon esa bittasi sudga tortilgan. 2008 yilda xuddi shunday qonun loyihasiga o'sha paytdagi gubernator veto qo'ygan. Ketlin Sebelius, demokrat.^[127]

Biroq, 2011 yil 18 aprelda Gubernator Brownback Kobachning "XAVFSIZ" saylovchilar guvohnomasini imzoladi.^[128][129] Uning asosiy qoidalari quyidagicha:

1. yangi ro'yxatdan o'tgan Kanzas saylovchilari ovoz berish uchun ro'yxatdan o'tayotganda AQSh fuqaroligini tasdiqlashlari kerak;
2. shaxsan ovoz berishda saylovchilar fotosurat identifikatsiyasini ko'rsatishlari shart; va
3. saylovchilar o'z imzosini tasdiqlashlari va pochta orqali ovoz berish paytida to'liq Kanzas haydovchilik guvohnomasini yoki haydovchiga tegishli bo'lmagan shaxsiy guvohnoma raqamini taqdim etishlari shart.^[130]

Sayohat bilan bog'liq muammolar

Gubernator huzurida Sem Braunbek, 2018 yil 31-yanvar kuni lavozimini tark etgan Kanzas katta moliyaviy tanqisliklarga dosh berib, avtomobil yo'llari va maktab transportini moliyalashtirishga ta'sir ko'rsatdi.^{[iqtibos kerak]} Davlat xarajatlarini tanqidiy o'rganish uchun, Associated Press (AP) 2015 yil yanvaridan 2016 yil 24 martigacha bo'lgan 15 oylik davrida yuqori darajadagi davlat amaldorlari (qaysi davlat idorasi sayohat uchun pul to'lashidan qat'i nazar) tomonidan amalga oshirilgan barcha reyslarning yozuvlarini o'rganib chiqdi.^[131] Kanzas gubernatori davlatga shaxsiy yoki siyosiy sayohat uchun tovon puli to'lashi shart, ammo AP Kobach shtatidagi to'qqiz yo'lovchidan iborat Highway Patrol (KHP) shtatida jami 4,350 mildan ortiq parvozlarni qoplagan emasligini aniqladi, Raytheon King Air 350.^[132] Kobachning davlat samolyotidagi bir qator sayohatlari Kansanlarga hech qanday foyda keltirmaganday va ular rasmiy vazifalarini bajarish uchun qilinmagan.^[131] Ta'kidlanishicha, Kobach beparvo davlat ishlarini Respublikachilar partiyasining vazifalariga to'g'ri kelishini rejalashtirgan va oilasini o'zi bilan birga olib borgan.^[131]

Avgust oyida u ikki qizi bilan okrug xizmatchisi bilan uchrashish uchun Nyutonga 360 AQSh dollarlik reysni amalga oshirib, tuman respublikasi muzqaymoq sotsialiga tashrif buyurdi. Ikki kundan keyin u Sidgvik okrugidagi Respublikachilar partiyasining mablag 'yig'ish piknikida asosiy ma'ruzachi bo'lish uchun 524 dollar qiymatida Vichitaga uchib ketdi. U u erda Respublikachilar partiyasining partizanlik masalalari haqida gapirdi.^[131]

U Brayan Nyubini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun qo'shilgan da'voni eshitish va yig'ish uchun Vashingtonga uchib ketish uchun Beechcraft-ni zaxiraga olmadi,^[133] u federal sifatida tayinlanishiga yordam bergan Saylovga ko'maklashish bo'yicha komissiya (EAC) direktori. Nyubi ilgari Kobach tomonidan Kanzas shtatidagi saylovlar bo'yicha rasmiy sifatida tayinlangan edi. Kobach va xodimning tijorat parvozlari va boshqa xarajatlari 6594 dollarni tashkil qiladi. Newby, jamoatchilik ogohlantirishisiz, Kanzas, Jorjiya va Alabama shtatlarining fuqarolaridan fuqaroligini tasdiqlovchi hujjatlarni ko'rsatishni talab qilish uchun bir tomonlama ravishda saylovchilarni ro'yxatga olish milliy shaklini o'zgartirdi. Vakil Jim Uord Kobachning davlat samolyotidan saylovchilarni identifikatsiya qilish bo'yicha milliy siyosatini targ'ib qilishda foydalanganini tanqid qildi, u qarshi chiqqan harakat "ovozlarni bostirish" uchun mo'ljallangan edi. Shtat Senatining Demokratik ozchiliklar etakchisi Entoni Xensli Kobach, Kanzasga Respublikachilar partiyasi tadbirlariga qilgan safari uchun pul to'lashi kerak, deya ta'kidladi siyosiy funktsiyalar rasmiy biznes bilan bir vaqtga to'g'ri kelganligi haqidagi da'volarni "ehtimol shunchaki hiyla-nayrang".^[131][134]

Saylovchilarni firibgarlikka da'vo qilish

Sifatida Kanzas shtati davlat kotibi, Kobach ba'zi bir qat'iy narsalarni amalga oshirdi Qo'shma Shtatlarda saylovchilarni identifikatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonunlar. 2016 yil sentyabr oyida u "o'tgan oyda sudga hurmatsizlik bilan tahdid qilinganidan keyingina 20 mingga yaqin ro'yxatdan o'tgan saylovchilarni shtat ro'yxatiga qo'shishga rozi bo'lganligi" xabar qilingan edi.^[14] Kobachning xatti-harakatlarini tekshirish uchun katta hay'atni chaqirishni so'rab murojaat qilgan etarlicha fuqarolarning murojaatiga javoban, Kanzas Oliy sudi 2018 yil 31 avgustda katta hay'atni chaqirish to'g'risida qaror chiqardi.^[135] The Brennan Adolat markazi uni "millatning ko'plab saylovchilarga qarshi va immigratsiyaga qarshi siyosatining asosiy me'mori" deb ta'riflaydi.^[136] Kobach vaqti-vaqti bilan Qo'shma Shtatlardagi saylovchilarning firibgarligi darajasi to'g'risida asossiz da'volar bilan chiqmoqda.^{[7][8][9][10][11][137][138][136]}

2010 yilgi matbuot anjumanida Kobach Kanzasda ovoz berish uchun o'liklarning shaxsiyatidan foydalangan 2000 ga yaqin odam bo'lishi mumkinligini ta'kidlab, buni "Albert K. Brewer" misol bo'lishi mumkinligini "albatta juda katta ehtimolga o'xshaydi" deb esladi. yaqinda bo'lib o'tgan boshlang'ich saylovda qatnashgan shunday vafot etgan shaxslardan biri.^[139][140] Qachon Vichita burguti Kobachning da'vosiga binoan, 78 yoshli Brewer hali ham tirik ekanligini aniqladi, garchi uning otasi, 1904 yilda tug'ilgan va boshqa boshlang'ich harflari bilan 1996 yilda vafot etgan edi.

Kobach, Kanzasda ovoz berish uchun ro'yxatdan o'tgan 18 ming fuqaro bo'lmaganligini aytdi, bu da'vo NBC News "chalg'ituvchi" va "buzilgan" deb ta'riflangan.^[15]

Kobach Trampning 2016 yilgi prezidentlik saylovlarida millionlab fuqaro bo'lmaganlar ovoz berganligi haqidagi da'volarini qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[141][142] Kobach, 3,2 million nodavlat fuqarolarning ovoz berishini taxmin qilib, keng tarqalgan tadqiqotga asoslanib.^[143] Kobach o'zining chiqishlaridan birida CNN ekranda Kobachning 2016 yilgi saylovlarda noqonuniy ravishda ovoz berganligi haqidagi da'volari "yolg'on" deb yozilgan matndan shikoyat qildi.^[144] CNN shuningdek, undan 2016 yilda Nyu-Xempshirda Massachusets shtatidagi minglab saylovchilar ovoz bergani haqidagi da'volarining isboti bormi, deb so'radi. U hech kim yo'q deb javob berdi.^[45]

2017 yil sentyabr oyida Kobach saylovchilarning firibgarligi Nyu-Xempshirdagi 2016 yilgi Senat poygasida avj olgani va Nyu-Xempshirning 2016 yilgi prezidentlik ovozini o'tkazgan bo'lishi mumkinligi to'g'risida dalillarga ega ekanligini da'vo qildi; fakt tekshirgichlari va saylov bo'yicha mutaxassislar Kobaxning da'volari yolg'on ekanligini aniqladilar.^{[145][146][147]} Kobachning ta'kidlashicha, Nyu-Xempshir shtatida yashovchilar haydovchilik guvohnomalarini yangilashlari shart bo'lsa-da, 5000 dan ortiq shaxslar shtatdan tashqari haydovchilik guvohnomalarini identifikatsiya qilish sifatida foydalanib ovoz berishgan.^[148] Biroq, Nyu-Xempshir shtati qonuni, shtatdan tashqari haydovchilik guvohnomalariga ega bo'lgan shtat aholisiga ovoz berishga imkon beradi.^[149][150] Ayrim saylovchilar shtatdan tashqarida haydovchilik guvohnomalarini ishlatishlarining bir qator sabablari bor, ehtimol ular shtatdan tashqari kollej o'quvchilari.^{[148][151][152]} Nyu-Xempshirning ko'plab qonuniy saylovchilari bu ular bilan bo'lganligini aytdilar; ular Nyu-Xempshirdagi kollejlarning talabalari bo'lib, ular haydovchilik guvohnomasini hali yangilamagan edilar.^[146] Shuningdek, Nyu-Xempshir shtati jamoat radiosi shtatdan tashqari haydovchilik guvohnomalaridan foydalanish holatlarining aksariyati kollej shaharchalarida bo'lganligini aniqladi.^[153] Yana bir sabab, ular muddatli harbiy xizmatda bo'lgan harbiy xizmatchilar bo'lishi mumkin.^[149] FactCheck.Org Kobachning da'vosini "asossiz" va "yolg'on" deb ta'riflab, Kobach "noqonuniy ovoz berish to'g'risida dalillar keltirmaganligini" ta'kidladi.^[145] Keyinchalik, sentyabr oyi oxirida Kobach o'z da'volaridan qaytdi, ammo saylovchilarni firibgarligi to'g'risida "latifaviy xabarlar" bo'lganini aytdi.^[154]

Richard L. Xasen, huquqshunoslik va siyosatshunoslik bo'yicha kantsler professori Kaliforniya universiteti, Irvin, saylov qonunchiligi bo'yicha mutaxassis Kobachni "charlatan", "provokator" va "saylovchilarning firibgarligi bu mamlakatda asosiy muammo ekanligi to'g'risida mas'uliyatsiz da'volar qilishda milliy rahbar" deb ta'riflagan.^[155][11]

Saylovchilarni firibgarlikka tortish

In 2015, Kobach received from the legislature and the governor the right to prosecute cases of voter fraud, after claiming for four years that Kansas had a massive problem of voter fraud that the local and state prosecutors were not adequately addressing. At that time, he "said he had identified more than 100 possible cases of double voting." Testifying during hearings on the bill, questioned by Rep. Jon Karmayl, Kobach was unable to cite a single other state that gives its Secretary of State such authority.^[156] By February 7, 2017, Kobach had filed nine cases and obtained six convictions. All were regarding cases of double voting; none would have been prevented by voter ID laws.^{[17][108][18]} One case was dropped. The other two were still pending. All six convictions involved older citizens, including four white Republican men and one woman, who were unaware that they had done anything wrong.^[157]

One of those Kansans prosecuted, Randall Kilian, thought he was expressing his preference about marijuana legalization as it affected his new Colorado retirement property after receiving a mail-in ballot in 2012, when he was 59 years old. He did not want pot growing next to his home, so he marked that issue only, and mailed it in as instructed. The sheriff and county attorney of Kanzas shtatidagi Ellis okrugi, learned of this and questioned Kilian. Both concluded he had not intentionally broken the law and decided not to prosecute. However, when Kobach got prosecutorial authority in such cases, a year later, he reopened the case. Trying to avoid the expense of a trial, Kilian pleaded guilty in 2016 and paid a $2,500 fine.^[157][158]

Critics of Kobach, including the Janubiy qashshoqlik huquqi markazi, claim he overreaches on cases that district attorneys deemed not worth prosecuting, and allege that he is motivated by racism.^[159][160] In his 2020 U.S. Senate campaign, Kobach hired a white supremacist who had also backed his 2018 gubernatorial campaign.^[161] In 2017, while vetting Kobach as a potential appointee for the administration of Donald Tramp, the Republican National Committee raised "White Supremacy" as a possible problem affecting such an action.^[161]

Kobach examined 84 million votes that were cast in 22 states, but referred only 14 cases to be prosecuted.^[162] Kanzas universiteti assistant professor of political science Patrick Miller includes voter intimidation as a form of fraud. "The substantially bigger issue with voter fraud has been election fraud being perpetrated by election officials and party officials tampering with votes ... It is not the rampant problem that the public believes that is there. Kris Kobach says it is. Donald Trump says it is. And the data just aren't there to prove it. It's a popular misconception that this is a massive problem."^[157]

A Brennan Adolat markazi report calculated that rates of actual voter fraud are between 0.00004 percent and 0.0009 percent. The Center calculated that someone is more likely to be struck by lightning than to commit voter fraud.^[157]

Tekshirish

In his role as Kansas Secretary of State, Kobach directed the Interstate Voter Registration Crosscheck Program,^[163] which compared state records to find people possibly registered to vote in more than one place. The program had been launched in 2005 by a predecessor of Kobach, Republican Ron Thornburgh.^[164] From 2011 until the program's temporary suspension in early 2018, Kobach oversaw its rapid expansion to 30 states.

The program was dogged with accusations of voter suppression enabled by its primitive data matching. Ga ko'ra Nyu-York Tayms, "The program searches for double registrations using only voters' first and last names and date of birth, and it generates thousands of false matches—John Smith in Kansas can easily be confused with John Smith in Iowa."^[140][165] Due to its tendency to produce false matches, the program could be implemented to suppress the vote and wrongly remove legitimate voters from voter rolls.^[140][166]

The large numbers of false positives produced by the program led to sensational and misleading headlines: for example, 35,750 voters in the 2012 North Carolina general election matched with voters with supposedly identical voters in other states, but upon close investigation only "eight cases of potential double voting were referred to prosecutors and two people were convicted."^[140] A 2016 paper by researchers at Stanford, Harvard, Yale and the University of Pennsylvania found that if the program were fully implemented "200 legitimate voters may be impeded from voting for every double vote stopped."^[140] By 2017, doubts over the accuracy of Crosscheck had led four states to withdraw from the program.

In 2017, researchers revealed that Crosscheck's massive database was poorly secured. Tech reporter Dell Cameron wrote in Gizmodo "It would be difficult to overstate Crosscheck's carelessness when it comes to handling voter records".^[167] Fourteen national security experts wrote an amicus brief^[168] asserting that "large-scale databases containing personal information are particularly attractive targets for malicious cyber actors" to argue against Kobach building a second, similar database. As Crosscheck member states grew concerned over the safety of their voter data, Kobach suspended the program temporarily in early 2018.

The program's suspension became federally mandated upon the settlement of Moore v Kobach (later referred to as Moore v Schwab) in December 2019 which accused the Crosscheck program of violating voters' privacy rights through their careless handling of voter data.^[169]

Kobach's data leaks

The technology website Gizmodo discovered that Kobach's office had made the last four digits of the Ijtimoiy Havfsizlik (SS) numbers of thousands of state employees and legislators available to anyone doing an Internet search. It informed Kobach's office of the problem and was informed it would be remedied. Gizmodo analyzed manfaatlar to'qnashuvi forms filed by the current 125 state House members, and those of 40 senators, and found the partial SS numbers for 117 of the Kansas House members, and those of 34 senators, as well as the numbers of former legislators.^[170] In a separate instance, the state of Florida, which had received Social Security numbers of hundreds of Kansas voters from Kobach in 2013 via participation in the Crosscheck program, made them publicly available in 2017^[171] leading to the federally mandated suspension of the program after a lawsuit accused Kobach of violating voters' privacy rights.

Proof of citizenship requirement laws

From 2013–2015, more than 36,000 Kansas residents (14% of those trying to register to vote) were placed on a suspense list^{[tushuntirish kerak]} because they failed to meet the proof of citizenship requirements that had been introduced in a 2013 law. Kobach justified the law, saying that it stopped what he described as the rampant problem of non-citizens voting; Reuters noted that "there is little evidence" of non-citizen voting being a problem.^[137] A federal judge ordered Kobach to register more than 18,000 voters kept off the rolls by the proof of citizenship law; in her ruling, she wrote, "The court cannot find that the state's interest in preventing non-citizens from voting in Kansas outweighs the risk of disenfranchising thousands of qualified voters".^[137] The judge noted that there was only evidence of three non-citizens in Kansas voting between 2003 and 2013.^[137]

A Reuters analysis of the individuals on a suspense list found that "more than 60 percent were age 25 or under. They were clustered in the high-population areas of Wichita, Topeka and the Kansas City suburbs, and the college towns of Lawrence and Manhattan."^[137] 41 percent were unaffiliated, 35 percent registered as Democrats and 23 percent as Republicans. Reuters noted that the proof of citizenship requirement "has created a chaotic two-tier system where some Kansans can vote in state elections and some cannot, some need to provide proof of citizenship and others do not, and many county election officials are uncertain how to proceed."^[137]

An appellate case, No. 16-5196, requesting an injunction by the federal courts to prevent the implementation of revised voter registrations in Kansas, Georgia and Alabama, was argued on September 8, 2016, and decided in favor of the appellants on September 26, 2016. The relief was granted by the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Apellyatsiya sudi Kolumbiya okrugi okrugi uchun. It prevented the use of the revised forms. The case was the League of Women Voters of the United States, et al., versus Brian Newby, in his capacity as the Executive Director of the United States Saylovga ko'maklashish bo'yicha komissiya.^[133] On June 18, 2018, a federal judge ruled that proof of citizenship voting requirements were unconstitutional, and ordered Kobach to take six hours of legal education before he could renew his law license.^[172]

Baliq v Kobach sud jarayoni

On February 18, 2016, the American Civil Liberties Union filed suit against Kobach and Kansas Secretary of Revenue Nick Jordan on behalf of Steven Wayne Fish and others alleging that the Documentary Proof of Citizenship requirement of the Kansas Secure and Fair Elections (SAFE) Act violated the National Voter Registration (Motor Voter) Act of 1993. A temporary injunction was issued on May 17, which was upheld by the appellate court in Denver on October 19. On June 23, 2017, Kobach was fined $1,000 for "deliberately attempting to mislead the court" on whether he was complying with the court orders in this case.

In April 2018, Kobach was found to be in contempt of court for failing to follow an order by a federal judge to notify the approximately 18,000 voters whose voting registration was being held up by Kobach that they were fully registered and could vote.^[173] Kobach had at the time of the order assured the judge that he would notify these voters via postcard.^[173] More than 18 months later, the ACLU noted to the judge that Kobach had yet to do so.^[173] Trial hearings had run from March 6 to 19, 2018, with a contempt hearing for Mr. Kobach on March 20.

2018 yil 18 aprelda, Julie A. Robinson the Chief Judge of the U.S. District Court of Kansas, officially ruled that Kobach was in contempt. He was not fined but was ordered to pay court costs, including more than $26,000 in attorney fees for the Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi, which sought the contempt ruling and that "any further remedial measures" would be taken upon her ruling on the case.^[173] Moriah Day, a spokeswoman for Kobach's campaign for governor, said the secretary of state's office would appeal the decision and would have no other comment.^[174] Governor Jeff Coyler, who was competing against Kobach for the Republican gubernatorial nomination, said Kobach should be required to personally pay those fees that had been awarded. The response of the Secretary's office was that Kobach is shielded from any such liability.^[175] Kobach did pay a $1,000 fine, per Judge Robinson's order, but he did so with a credit card belonging to a staff member who was detailed to Ukraine with the U.S. military. He accepted a diversion agreement the details of which remain confidential, in response to complaints made over his actions in the citizenship requirements case. In the agreement, he stipulated that he had failed to properly supervise attorneys and support staff.^[176]

Saylovchilarni identifikatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonunlar

Kobach traveled to Alaska both to testify in the legislature on behalf of photo I.D. laws and to recruit its participation as another state in his "Kansas Project."^[177] Opposing the change, representatives of indigenous Alaskan Natives said a photo I.D. rule would impede voting in remote, roadless, Native majority areas, referred to as "the bush." Republican Lt. Governor Treadwell declined to support the bill, however, despite Kobach's claim that it was Treadwell who recruited him to push for its passage.

Treadwell's opposition was based on concerns that the legislation in question would suppress voting in that demographic due to inherent difficulties for remote village residents in obtaining such identification, for whom getting driver's licenses can be burdensome and which are not mandated to have photos. Treadwell said he had no recollection of ever talking to Kobach directly about it although the subject had arisen in a roundtable discussion with NASS convention attendees. Responding to a reporter,^[JSSV?] he claimed he was unaware that Kobach had testified in his state, firmly rebutting the notion that he had any role in advancing the bill. The reporter, Richard Mauer,validated that Treadwell had not taken any position on it in testimony nor had he supported it via correspondence.^[165]

On October 31, 2018, 6 days before the gubernatorial general election, Kobach appeared on CNN bilan Anderson Kuper va Jeffri Tubin. After Cooper mentioned Kobach's efforts to require proof of U.S. citizenship while voting being struck down by a federal judge and leading to Kobach being ordered to attend a legal class, Toobin accused Kobach of having racially motivated intentions with the law, stating Kobach "has devoted his career to stopping black people and poor people from voting," leading to a visibly offended Kobach calling Toobin's charge "an outrageous accusation," to which Toobin responded "Well, it's completely true." Kobach accused Toobin of displaying unsubstantiated claims, stating that "the vast majority of African-Americans approve of photo ID." Toobin called Kobach's voter suppression committee "a preposterous joke" stating that the commission was disbanded because it could not prove high rates of voter fraud in the United States. Toobin accused Kobach of supporting saylovdagi firibgarlik, stating that Kobach's problem was "that some people vote for Democrats, and you want to stop that by establishing voter requirements." Cooper then turned the conversation to the Bolalikka kelish uchun kechiktirilgan harakat siyosat.^[178][179] The conflict received heavy media attention, and HuffPost stated that Kobach "has cultivated a reputation for voter suppression."^[180]

Discarding of provisional ballots

In January 2017, Kansas election officials tossed thousands of uncounted provisional ballots cast in November 2016, saying that there was no record that those residents were registered voters.^[181] Kobach's office did not compile a count of how many ballots were tossed, but an assessment by the Associated Press and the League of Women Voters of the state's 11 largest counties out of a total of 105 counties, show that at least 8,864 ballots cast were discarded without being counted, slightly more than 1 percent of total votes in those counties.^[181]

Commission on Election Integrity

Trump issued ijro buyrug'i 13799 establishing the Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity on May 11, 2017.^[182] White House officials reported that Kobach would be serving as vice-chairman (with Vice President Pence as chairman) of the twelve-member, Republican majority commission, which will "review claims of improper registrations and voting, fraudulent registrations and voter suppression".^[183]

Although Pence was the titular head of the Commission on Voter Integrity, Kobach was its operational leader. In that capacity, Kobach, who serves on the elections committee of the Davlat kotiblari milliy assotsiatsiyasi (NASS), wrote to the top election official in every state requesting they turn over voter data ostensibly to aid a countrywide search for evidence of election irregularities. Besides information such as the names and party affiliations of all registered voters, Kobach sought birth dates, felony conviction records, voting histories for the past decade and the last four digits of all voters' Social Security numbers. This precipitated a resounding bipartisan rejection of his inquiries with 22 states quickly rejecting his requests. Ironically, Indiana's Secretary of State, Connie Lawson, and even Kobach himself, indicated that their state laws forbade them from complying.^[184][185]

Kentucky's Secretary of State, Democrat Alison Lundergan Grimes, said the supposed basis for creation of the commission in the first place — that voter fraud was pervasive and needed to be restrained — was essentially a pretext. She continued, "Kentucky will not aid a commission that is at best a waste of taxpayer money and at worst an effort to legitimize voter suppression efforts across the country". Mississippi's Republican Secretary of State, Delbert Xosemann, said, "They can go jump in the Gulf of Mexico, and Mississippi is a great state to launch from ... Mississippi residents should celebrate Independence Day and our state's right to protect the privacy of our citizens by conducting our own electoral processes."^[184]

The ACLU, representing plaintiffs in a voting rights case, asked the presiding federal judge to prevent Kobach from withholding the public documents he was photographed carrying as he met with Trump, by virtue of marking them "confidential". The plaintiffs demanded the public release of those documents they have received, that had been prepared with state funds. They claimed Kobach "made statements to the public, the Court, and the President, suggesting that noncitizen registration fraud is a serious, widespread problem", at the same time he tried to hide those same documents that debunked his claim, to prevent having to testify himself in open court about those same materials.^[186]

In June 2017, a federal magistrate judge, James O'Hara, found that Kobach had made "patently misleading representations" to the court when he claimed he didn't possess the materials sought by the plaintiffs, in the course of the document dispute. Kobach had been photographed with the president with the documents under his arm, and much of the cover page was readable in that photograph. In light of Kobach's "deceptive conduct and lack of candor", he was fined $1,000 by the court and ordered to submit to questioning by the ACLU about the documents.^[187]

A student at Topeka's Washburn universiteti took note of the magistrate judge's action and filed a complaint with the Disciplinary board of the Kansas Supreme Court, alleging that by his conduct, Kobach had "shown a lack of respect for the courts." She informed the local press that the board had notified her by mail that it was investigating her complaint.^[188]

On July 3, 2017, a complaint was filed with the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Adliya vazirligi tomonidan Fuqarolik huquqlari bo'yicha advokatlar qo'mitasi qonunga muvofiq, a progressive activist group, to investigate whether Kobach violated the Lyuk akti, accusing him of using his position as a federal employee, vice chairman of the Commission, to promote his current campaign for governor of Kansas, and to solicit campaign contributions.^[189]

Non-profit organizations are plaintiffs in different lawsuits including the ACLU (ACLU v. Trump and Pence va Joyner v. Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity) va NAACP (NAACP v. Trump), contesting practices engaged in by the Commission. Ular tarkibiga quyidagilar kiradi Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi, Fuqarolik huquqlari bo'yicha advokatlar qo'mitasi qonunga muvofiq, NAACP, Davlat fuqarosi, va Elektron maxfiylik ma'lumot markazi (EPIC). The lawsuits by the first two groups involve the lack of transparency of the Commission's meetings, whereas the lawsuits by the second two groups involve the collection by the Commission of personal private data.^[190]

24-iyul kuni Kolumbiya okrugi bo'yicha AQSh sudi Hakam Kollin Kollar-Kotelly denied EPIC's request for a vaqtincha taqiqlash tartibi (TRO) and dastlabki buyruq against the Commission, ruling that the Commission was not required to conduct a privacy review before gathering data.^[191] On August 29, the government's attorney told the judge that "confusion" at the Adliya vazirligi had resulted in the failure to disclose relevant documents to the plaintiffs, and Kollar-Kotelly ordered the defendants to provide a "Vaughn Index" listing those documents they wanted to withhold in whole or part, and how it would comply with the Federal Advisory Committee Act.^[192]

2018 yil yanvar oyida Joyner case the Adliya vazirligi disclosed that the oq uy would not be turning over any state voter data to the Milliy xavfsizlik bo'limi, qaramay oq uy's and Kobach's earlier statements to the contrary.^[193]

Fellow Commission member Hans Von Spakovsky described the efforts of his Heritage Foundation colleague, Kobach, to expose the alleged existence of extensive voter fraud as, "carefully described research".^[194] An email sent by Von Spakovsky, the director of the Foundation's Election Law Reform Initiative, on Foundation letterhead, surfaced in September 2017, in which he had also urged Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Bosh prokurori Jeff Sessions to block any Democrats and "moderate Republicans and/or academics," from being appointed to the Commission.^[195]

The commission was disbanded by the Trump administration on January 3, 2018 without issuing a report.^[196] Richard L. Xasen, an election law expert, described its chairman as "a leader nationally in making irresponsible claims that voter fraud is a major problem in this country."^[197]

2018 Kansas gubernatorial primary

On June 8, 2017, Kobach formally announced his campaign for Kanzas gubernatori ichida 2018 yilgi saylov. In 2017, he was appointed the Vice Chairman and "driving force" behind Trump's Commission on Election Integrity, which purported to quantify the extent of voter fraud in the United States, but which critics said was intended to disenfranchise or deter legal voters.^[198] The Trump administration dissolved the commission on January 3, 2018.^[196]

During this campaign for Governor, Kobach repeatedly used a slogan asserting that Kansas was the "sanctuary state of the Midwest."^[199] The Associated Press noted that Kobach's slogan was "false for several reasons, including the state's laws, compliance with federal immigration authorities and the undocumented immigrant population. Kansas has not passed any laws that limit cooperation with federal immigration authorities, unlike another Midwest state, Illinois."^[199] Kobach did not identify any sanctuary cities in Kansas when asked by the Associated Press.^[199]

On August 7, 2018, Kobach defeated incumbent Governor Jeff Colyer in the Republican gubernatorial primary in a tight vote.^[200] Kobach finished with a 343-vote margin.^{[19][201][202][203]}

2018 Kansas gubernatorial general election

Demokratik shtat senatori Laura Kelli easily won the Democratic nomination. In the general election, she defeated Republican primary winner Kobach and Independent Greg Orman, ikkinchi o'rinni egallagan 2014 yil AQSh Senatining poygasi amaldagi respublikachiga qarshi Pat Roberts.^[204][205]

Kelly had benefited from Republican defections. On September 13, 2018, three prominent Republicans endorsed Kelly: Former Governor Bill Graves, AQSh sobiq senatori Sheila Frahm, and former Kansas Senate President Dik Bond.^[19] On September 18, they were joined by former U.S. Senator and Republican from Kansas, Nensi Kassebaum, the daughter of ex-Governor Alf Landon, the 1936 Republican presidential nominee. She said: "I'm a Republican, but that doesn't mean you walk lock step always with the party." "...Kobach has developed a record that shows a focus on ways and how to accomplish his end goals that I think are not the best for Kansas." Regarding Kelly, Kassebaum said, "...her experience, 18 years in the Kansas Legislature..., has given her a real understanding of what it takes to work across the aisle."^[206] On October 19, Governor Mayk Xeyden, a Republican who served from 1987 through 1991, also joined Kelly's endorsers who included former Governors Mark Parkinson, a Republican who became a Democrat, Democrats Ketlin Sebelius va Jon Karlin. Every living former governor of Kansas had endorsed Kelly, except Sem Braunbek.^[207] Hayden said, "This is a critical year for the state of Kansas. No one can sit on the sidelines in this election." Hayden continued, "I've been a registered Republican for over 50 years. I seldom vote for Democratic candidates, but in this race, I strongly support Laura Kelly." Hayden said that, "after much thought and analyzing," he felt that Orman could not win the governor's race.^[208] Former state senator Tim Ouens, was the campaign treasurer for independent candidate Orman, but he stepped down on October 30, 2018, then endorsed moderate democrat Laura Kelli musobaqada.^[209] State Senate President and former chair of the Amerika qonunchilik almashinuvi kengashi Susan Wagle enthusiastically endorsed Kobach, though two years later she filed to run against him for the U.S. Senate seat of the retiring Pat Roberts. Wagle had said he was the "strongest candidate," and, "I ask my fellow Republicans to stand with the candidate who best reflects Kansas values."^[210]

Kobach received political contributions from US Immigration Reform Pac, a political action committee (PAC) which was headed by the widow of John Tanton (1934-2019), a white supremacist known for founding numerous exclusionary and "English-Only" groups that were the core of the modern American anti-immigrant movement. It previously gave him $4,000 in his congressional race in 2004, but raised that to $20,000 when he was running for governor.^[211] Other groups founded by Tanton included the Amerika immigratsiya islohoti federatsiyasi (FAIR) where Kobach worked for ten years. Paul Nachman, whom the Southern Poverty Law Center identifies as a "Montana-based extremist who frequently writes for VDARE, an openly racist blog that serves as a source for white nationalists and antisemites," was another donor.^[211] The Janubiy qashshoqlik huquqi markazi describes VDARE as "an anti-immigration hate website" which "regularly publishes articles by prominent white nationalists, race scientists and anti-Semites", including Stiv Seylor, Jared Teylor, J. Filipp Rushton, Samuel T. Frensisva Pat Byukenen.^[212]

State Objections Board

In 2018, after allegations that appointed incumbent,^[213] Respublika vakili Maykl Kapps, did not live as required in the electoral district in which he was running, a complaint was submitted by the Democratic party to the board. In 2018, Capps ran for the seat in House District 85, having given his residence address as 3103 North Governeour, Wichita, with a mailing address of 6505 East Central Ave #110.^[214] Capps had first filed to run for seat 97, but after Representative Chak Veber resigned his District 85 seat, Capps said he lived at the Governeour street address, a home which had been scheduled to be sold at auction on June 27, 2018. Democrats complained it was not Capps' true address, but the state Objections Board, composed of Republicans Lieutenant Governor Treysi Mann, Bosh prokuror Derek Shmidt and Kobach, refused to uphold the complaint and allowed Capps to stay on the ballot. Kapslar Demokrat Monika Marks uchun 46%, 46% ovoz oldi.^[215] Qachon Vichita burguti reporter went to the home in the wake of October 2019 accusations about a fabricated attack video made by Capps against Wichita mayoral runoff candidate Brendon Uipl, an unidentified young man living there said he was "house sitting" and hadn't seen Capps, "in a while."^[216]

2020 yil AQSh Senatiga saylov

In 2019, Kobach announced he was running for the United States Senate seat being vacated by the retiring Pat Roberts.^[79] Roberts was opposed to his candidacy, however, as was the National Republican Senatorial Committee (NRSC). Its officials privately informed Kansas Republicans that should Kobach enter the race, the NRSC would labor to assure he did not win the primary.^[217][26] Referring to the theme, he said, "I’ve been on the southern border constantly in the past six months and I can tell you stories that will make your skin crawl." A spokesperson confirmed Kobach had spoken to Trump about the announcement of his candidacy on July 4. "I don’t talk about what the president and I say in our communications, but let me just say he was very encouraging when we spoke a few days ago."^[26] Kobach was credited with introducing the controversial tactic of adding a citizenship question to the 2020 census questionnaires, but it was thought his advocacy may have led to the Supreme Court ruling against the initiative, as the Trump administration informed the court that AQSh savdo vaziri Uilbur Ross had initiated the divisive proposal.^[218][26] Joanna Rodriguez, the NRSC press secretary, stated, "Just last year Kris Kobach ran and lost to a Democrat. Now, he wants to do the same and simultaneously put President Trump’s presidency and Senate Majority at risk. We know Kansans won’t let that happen and we look forward to watching the Republican candidate they do choose win next fall."^[26] Kobach said he thought the NRSC had not taken such a position, responding to an inquiry, "The race in the Kansas Senate is going to be about President Trump. It’s certainly not going to endanger President Trump."^[26] Kobach's 2020 campaign employed Joe Suber, an Olathe, Kanzas man who regularly makes posts to a white nationalist, Holokost-denialist website, Unz sharhi.^[161] Suber had set up and became the registered agent for a limited liability corporation, 'Kobach for Senate."^[161][219]

Campaign finance violation questions

Kobach's involvement with the 501(c)4, "We Build the Wall," (WBtW) has given cause for concern, as the fundraising and campaign mailing lists it is accumulating are prohibited from coordinating with his Senate campaign, but the ability and appetite for effective oversight within the Trump administration are anticipated to likely be inadequate.^[80] On August 1, 2019, Kobach sent out a campaign fundraiser using both the corporate name and email list of WBtW donors. Common Cause Vice President for policy and litigation Paul S. Ryan said, "At a minimum, this Kobach for Senate fundraising solicitation email appears to violate the 'paid for by' disclaimer requirement" for official campaign communications. Ryan specified the requirement that mandates disclosure of the financial sponsors who originate official political communications. Kobach's email might be legal if his campaign paid fair market value for the use of WBtW's list. If that were the case, a "paid for by" disclaimer would be required but was not present in the solicitation. Ryan said, "If the Kobach committee did not pay fair market value for the cost of disseminating this email, then the Kobach committee has arguably committed the more serious campaign finance law violation of receiving a corporate contribution in the form of a coordinated expenditure." We Build The Wall is legally prohibited from financing federal political campaigns, in any fashion. Besides the concerns raised about Kolfage himself, a week prior to the mailer, right-wing anti-immigrant, WBtW board member and former congressman Tom Tankredo sat on the stage alongside Kobach and endorsed him in a New Mexico rally pushing the Wall.^[220][221] The Kobach campaign said after Umumiy sabab filed a formal complaint and request for an investigation into the apparent violations, that it is a "radical leftist organization" that the complaint was without substance and, "This attack by Common Cause also includes a frivolous letter to the Department of Justice, asking the Department of Justice to launch a pointless investigation. This is also typical of Common Cause tactics and it is intended to cause distraction wherever conservative Republicans are leading in important political campaigns."^[222]

On July 23, 2019, Kansas Senate President Syuzan Uogl of Wichita filed the paperwork with the Federal saylov komissiyasi necessary to run. She criticized Kobach's employment in his controversial privately financed and constructed scheme to build the southern border wall. Wagle supports the building of a federally designed, bid, and funded wall while saying Kobach's group undermines federal involvement. "We don't need some rogue organization going out and building the wall," she said.^[223] In July 2018, Wagle had supported Kobach in the gubernatorial primary, saying, "I am proud to endorse Kris Kobach." The endorsement was unlawfully sent out by Wagle's staff spokeswoman on a state computer, thus violating Kansas ethics rules.^[210]

Primary Debate

In a live-streamed debate on May 22, 2020, in a ballroom devoid of spectators due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all candidates praised president Donald Tramp. Kobach took on his opponents who all agreed that he could not not win the general election against presumptive Democratic nominee, Barbara Bollier. They were Wagle, former Kanzas shtati boshliqlari mudofaa oxiri Deyv Lindstrom, wealthy businessman Bob Hamilton, and incumbent congressman Rojer Marshal.^[224] Marshall said, "We cannot afford to send a failed candidate back this fall who will lose to Barbara Bollier and hand the Senate majority over to Chuck Schumer." "Instead, we need to send a tried and trusted friend of President Trump." Referring to Marshall, Kobach replied, "Do you want a go-along-to-get-along kind of senator, a gutless wonder who never takes a stand, or, do you want someone who poses a threat?" Hamilton said voters didn't have to choose between Kobach, who couldn't win, and a moderate Marshall,^[224] in whose behest the state party leaders had urged Senator Wagle and Lindstrom, to drop out of the race.^[224] Objecting to the party pressure, Lindstrom characterized his opponents as "shortsighted, self-serving...career politicians who are divisive, controversial," and, "have a record of losing elections."^[224] Wagle touted her own candidacy, saying, "It’s very, very important that we send a leader to the U.S. Senate who is articulate, who is persuasive, who other people respect." "I'm the one who's already debated Barbara Bollier." "I win on the Senate floor. I've beat (sic) her numerous times," "...the conservative voice that can beat that liberal voice in the U.S. Senate."^[224] In response to a claim that Marshall would not prioritize agriculture, Marshall said, "Fake news and another lie by Kris Kobach."^[224]

Tarix

Connections with Trump administration

Kobach was a member of the Platform Committee ning 2016 yilgi Respublika milliy anjumani.^[225] It was subsequently reported that Kobach was being considered for Milliy xavfsizlik kotibi. He was photographed carrying a document into a meeting with Trump the title of which could be read as being, "Department of Homeland Security, Kobach Strategic Plan for First 365 Days".^[226] This plan reportedly included a register of Muslims as part of a suite of proposals,^[227][228] which included the "extreme vetting" of immigrants.^[229] The New York Times described Kobach as "close to the White House inner circle, including the president and his chief strategist, Stiv Bannon",^[140] and having told Associated Press that he met Trump in May 2017 through his son Kichik Donald Tramp, "with whom he has a mutual friend". He was named vice chairman of the new Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity by Trump in 2017. In June 2017 he told supporters that he has had "the honor of personally advising President Trump, both before the election and after the election, on how to reduce illegal immigration."^[140]

In a March 14, 2019 hearing, Savdo departamenti Kotib Uilbur Ross was questioned about his conversations regarding the adding of a citizenship question to the 2020 census surveys, which he had with immigration hardliners Kobach, Bannon, and Bosh prokuror Jeff Sessions. Missouri Democratic Representative Dantelli gil accused Ross of being "complicit" regarding his efforts to weaken minority group voting rights, accusing Ross of committing perjury. He called for Ross to tender his resignation, saying, "You lied to Congress. You misled the American people and you are complicit in the Trump administration's intent to suppress the growing political power of the non-white population."^[230] The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Oliy sudi heard arguments on April 23, 2019, regarding appeals of rejections by three circuit courts of the proposed inclusion of the survey question.^[218][231] The court affirmed the appeals, rejecting the question's inclusion, and it was felt Kobach's initial advocacy of the initiative undermined the rationale of the Census Bureau's case.^[26]

Tomonidan so'ralganda ABC News about Trump's claim that he (Trump) had "won the popular vote if you deduct the millions of people who voted illegally," Trump advisor Kellyanne Conway gave Kobach as a source of the claim. Kobach later told reporters in Kansas that, "I think the president-elect is absolutely correct when he says the number of illegal votes cast exceeds the popular-vote margin between him and Hillary Clinton,"^[142] pointing to a 2014 study led by Jesse Richman, that claimed that "6.4 percent of noncitizens voted in 2008". However, Richman's results, when reviewed by other researchers, were thoroughly rejected. Richman claimed to have found 489 noncitizens within a Harvard survey of 55,400 American adults, called the Cooperative Congressional Election Study. Two years later, three coordinators of the original C.C.E.S. study went back and re-interviewed 19,000 of the respondents, finding only 85 who said they were noncitizens and not one could be matched to a valid voting record. "Thus the best estimate of the percentage of noncitizens who vote is zero", the researchers wrote.^[140]

In the spring of 2019, Kobach presented a 10-point list of conditions that would have to be fulfilled for him to become Trump's "immigration czar." The list included: A West Wing office; “walk in” access to the Oval Office; 24-hour access to a government jet so he could fly to the border on a moment's notice and travel back to Kansas on weekends; an assurance that he would be made Milliy xavfsizlik kotibi 2019 yil noyabrgacha; u immigratsiya siyosati bo'yicha ma'muriyatning asosiy vakili bo'lishiga kafolat; pozitsiyalari immigratsiya bilan bog'liq bo'lgan boshqa Vazirlar Mahkamasi kotiblari unga kechikishining kafolati, Tramp kerak bo'lganda nizolarga vositachilik qiladi; yetti kishilik shtat; agar kerak bo'lsa, xavfsizlik tafsilotlari; va prezidentning yordamchisi unvoni. Tramp ma'muriyatining ba'zi rasmiylari Kobachning maqtanchoqligidan hayratda qolishdi. Lavozim Senatning tasdiqlanishini talab qilmaydi; Biroq, Trump, Kobachning ushbu lavozim uchun Senatning tasdiqini olishda qiyinchiliklarga duch kelishiga ishongan.^[197]

Siyosiy lavozimlar

Kobach dastlab AQSh siyosatida immigratsiya haqidagi qat'iy qarashlari tufayli taniqli bo'lib, unga qarshi oq millatchilikda ayblovlar paydo bo'ldi,^[2] va uning Amerikaning turli shaharlarida muhojirlarga qarshi yuqori darajadagi farmonlarni amalga oshirishda ishtirok etishi.^[232]

2017 yil oktyabr oyida Kobach bir ustun yozdi Breitbart yangiliklari immigrantlar jinoyatlarning nomutanosib ulushini sodir etayotgani va Qo'shma Shtatlar har yili qabul qilinadigan immigrantlar sonini cheklab qo'yishi kerakligini aytgan.^[233] Ga binoan Kanzas-Siti yulduzi, maqolada keltirilgan da'volar "bir necha yillar davomida o'tkazilgan ko'plab tadqiqotlar natijasida bekor qilindi. Aslida, tadqiqotlar muhojirlarniKamroq AQShda tug'ilgan odamlarga qaraganda jinoyat sodir etishi mumkin ".^[233] Uning da'volarini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun Kobach Piter Gemma bilan bog'liq bo'lgan ustunni keltirdi oq supremacist guruhlar va amerikaliklar Holokostni rad etish harakat.^[233]

Kobach o'zini qurol egalari huquqlarini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi, shu jumladan kengaytirish huquqini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi yashirin tashish 21 yoshdan 18 yoshgacha bo'lgan huquqlar va maktab o'qituvchilari, murabbiylari va xodimlariga qurol olib yurishga ruxsat berilishi kerak, deb hisoblaydi.^[234][235] Kobach qarshi qurolni boshqarish.^[236][237] Kobach buni himoya qildi Shtatlar konvensiyasiva tez-tez davlatlarning huquqlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashini bildirdi. Kobach abortning qat'iy qoidalarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi va hayotni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. Shuningdek, u "noqonuniy giyohvand moddalar sotgani uchun majburiy qamoq jazosini qo'llab-quvvatlashini" ta'kidlagan.^[238]

2017 yil iyun oyida Kobach noqonuniy muhojirlar uchun davlat to'lovlarini moliyalashtirishni to'xtatishni qo'llab-quvvatladi va noqonuniy muhojirlarni ommaviy ravishda deportatsiya qilishga chaqirdi. ^[239] Shuningdek, Kobach Kanzasdagi LGBTQ ishchilarini himoya qilishni ta'minlash uchun hech narsa qilmasligini aytgani uchun tanqid qilindi. ^[240]

Barak Obamaning fuqaroligi

Kobach Prezidentga bir necha bor murojaat qildi Barak Obama uning tug'ilganlik haqidagi guvohnomasini ozod qilish va bu da'voda davom etganlarni himoya qilish Obama AQShdan tashqarida, aniqrog'i Keniyada tug'ilgan bo'lishi mumkin. Kanzas davlat kotibi sifatida u Obamaning uzoq muddatli tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomasi chiqarilgandan keyin ham, 2012 yilgi prezidentlik saylovlarida Obamaga Kanzasdagi saylov byulletenlarida qatnashishiga ruxsat berishidan oldin Obamening tug'ilganligi to'g'risida qo'shimcha dalillarni talab qildi. 2009 yilda Kobach "GOP barbekyuida hazillashdi, Obama va Xudo o'rtasida o'xshashlik bor, chunki ikkalasida ham tug'ilganlik haqidagi guvohnoma yo'q".^[241][242] Kobach hazil haqidagi tanqidlarga "Yengil torting. Bu shunchaki hazil ... Ular haqiqatan ham Barak Obama haqida hazil aytish taqiqlangan deb o'ylayaptimi?"^[242]

2010 yilda Kanzas shtatining davlat kotibi lavozimiga nomzodlik paytida Kobach Obama "uzoq shaklda" tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomani ishlab chiqarish orqali uning fuqaroligi haqidagi tortishuvlarga barham berishi mumkinligini aytdi.^[243][244] Oldingi ikki yilda sudyalar bunday da'volarni "engil" deb atashgan. Ular orasida AQSh okrug sudyasi ham bor edi R. Barclay Surrick masala bo'yicha da'vo qo'zg'atgan Filadelfiya fuqarosi, bu sud vaqtini behuda sarflaganligini aytdi. Kobachning aytishicha, Obama tomonidan chiqarilgan sertifikatda "unda shifokor imzosi yo'q. ... Mana, sud boshqacha qaror chiqarmaguncha, men u AQShning tabiiy fuqarosi ekanligini qabul qilishga tayyorman. Ammo bu adolatli deb o'ylayman. savol: Nega uzoq muddatli tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomani taqdim etmaysiz? "^{[243][242][245]}

2012 yil sentyabr oyida uch kishilik davlat e'tirozlari kengashini boshqargan va unga qo'shilgan Kanzas Bosh prokurori Derek Shmidt va Kanzas shtati leytenanti Jeff Colyer, Kobach qo'shimcha dalillarni, shu jumladan Missisipi va Arizonadan Obama AQShda tug'ilganligi haqidagi tergov mahsulotlarini talab qildi.^[246] Kobachning aytishicha, Obamaning 2012 yilgi prezident saylovlari uchun Kanzas byulletenida paydo bo'lishi yoki yo'qligini aniqlash uchun etarli dalillarga ega emas.^[247] The New York Times Kanzas ma'muriyatining xatti-harakatlari "prezidentning Qo'shma Shtatlarda tug'ilmaganligi haqidagi uzoq muddatli fitna nazariyalarini qo'zg'atdi" deb tahrir qildi.^[244] CNN "Kanzasdagi saylov byulleteni birlashma harakatining hanuzgacha doimiy ravishda mavjud bo'lishining bir nechta misollaridan biri" ekanligini xabar qildi.^[248] O'sha paytda Obama o'zining uzoq muddatli tug'ilganlik haqidagi guvohnomasini e'lon qilgan edi, ammo CBS News "birodarlar" deb nomlangan shaxslar u prezidentlikka nomuvofiq ekanligi to'g'risida turli xil dalillarni davom ettirishlarini ta'kidladilar.Umumiy holda, ular prezident tomonidan chiqarilgan tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnoma qalbakilashtirish yoki u prezident bo'lish huquqiga ega emasligiga qaramay Gavayida tug'ilgan. " Kobach Obamaning fuqaroligi to'g'risida savol berish beparvo emasligini ta'kidladi.^[247] O'sha sentyabr oyi oxirida, shikoyatchi Obamaning Kanzasdagi ovoz berish huquqiga egaligini rad etdi va Gavayi rasmiylari Kobachga Obamaning tug'ilganligi to'g'risidagi guvohnoma haqiqiy ekanligi to'g'risida nota yuborganidan so'ng, Kobach Obamaga ovoz berish byulletenida qolishga ruxsat berdi va "Bu men uchun , muammoni hal qiladi ".^[249][244]

2016 yilda Kobach Obamaning fuqaroligi masalasida "sizni shunchaki boshingizni qirib tashlagan" degan "qiziq narsalar" borligini aytdi.^[250] Kobachning ta'kidlashicha, Obamaning Kanzas shtatidagi fuqarolikni talab qilish to'g'risidagi qonunga qarshi chiqishi, ehtimol prezidentning o'zi fuqaro bo'lmaganligi sababli bo'lgan: "Balki shuning uchun u fuqaroligini tasdiqlovchi hujjat haqida gapirmaydi, chunki u, bilasizmi, u bu haqda gapirishni xohlamaydi. fuqarolik masalasi. "^[250]

Shaxsiy hayot va faoliyat

Kobach tug'ilgan Madison, Viskonsin, Janice Mardell (ism-sharifi Iverson) va Uilyam Lui Kobaxga.^[251][252] Uning bobosi va bobosi edi Bohem va Nemis otasining yonida va Norvegiya onasi tomonida; ular kelishdi Viskonsin ular asosan dehqonlar bo'lgan 1890-yillarda.^[253][254]

Etti yoshida, 1974 yilda, Kobach ota-onasi va ikkita singlisi bilan Kanzasga ko'chib o'tdi va asosan uning otasi Bill Kobach Buick-GMC avtosaloniga ega bo'lgan Topekada o'sdi.^[255][256]

Kobach 2001 yil 23-iyunda Xizer Mannschreck bilan turmush qurgan atrof-muhit tizimlari endi qo'shimcha ravishda yarim kunlik fotosurat biznesiga ega bo'lgan muhandis uyda o'qitish ularning beshta qizi.^{[255][257][258]} Kobach, uning rafiqasi va bolalari yaqinidagi fermalarida yashaydilar Lekompton, shimoliy Lourens, Kanzas. Ularning yashash joylari Kobach dastlab turar joy uchun emas, balki qishloq xo'jaligi imtiyozlari uchun da'vo qilinganligi sababli past soliqqa tortish va ruxsat berish to'lovlarini olgan binoda joylashgan. U ushbu mulkka uy-joy qurish niyatida ekanligini aytdi. Uni qurishda Kobach sanitariya-tesisat va elektr ishlarini "yopib qo'ydi", shuning uchun bino inspektori uni polni yirtmasdan va simlarni yopadigan devorlarni olib tashlamasdan tekshirib ko'rish imkoni bo'lmadi. Hech qanday septik tizim yoki suv manbai bo'lmagan. Ushbu qiyinchiliklarga qaramay, unga okrug ma'muriyati ruxsat berish huquqidan voz kechib, jamoatchilikning tortishuvlarini keltirib chiqardi.^[259][260]

Kobach 2005 va 2006 yillarda Ugandada missioner sifatida xizmat qilgan. Ilgari u ko'ngilli ravishda maktab qurishda yordam bergan Janubiy Afrika shaharcha Get Ahead Foundation orqali.^[261] U sifatida xizmat qilgan Katta aka. U eshkak eshish bo'yicha mamlakat chempioni bo'lgan (erkaklar juftligi, 1998 yildagi magistrlar bo'limi; erkaklar juftligi, magistrlar bo'limi, 2001, 2002).^[262] U Eagle Scout.^[263]

2018 yil 7 fevralda Better Business Bureau (BBB) ​​Missuri shtatida joylashgan Ozodlikni himoya qilgan faxriylar (VIDOL) deb nomlangan guruh uchun "F" reytingini e'lon qildi. BBB 501 (c) (4) tashkiloti tashkilot uchun talab qilingan 1,4 million dollarlik xayriya mablag'larining 6 foizidan kamini olganligini aniqladi. Jamg'arma mablag'larining 94 foizidan ortig'i Virjiniyada joylashgan American Target Advertising (ATA) kompaniyasiga xayriya uchun so'rov yuborgan.^[264] Harbiy ma'lumotlarga ega bo'lmagan Kobach, "faxriylar va faxriylarning muammolari to'g'risida" qayg'urishi sababli guruhning maslahat kengashiga qo'shilganini va tashkilot bilan aloqalarni uzish yoki yo'qligini aniqlash uchun tashkilotning moliyaviy hujjatlarini ko'rib chiqishini aytdi.^[265] 2019 yil iyul oyida VIDOL o'zining IRS 990 shaklini daromadlarining ancha past foizini aks ettirish uchun qayta ko'rib chiqqanligini aytdi. Richard Viguerikonservativ mablag 'yig'ish apparati, ATA. O'n etti oy o'tgach, 2019 yil 12-iyulda, VIDOL tashkilotining qiyinchiliklariga qaramay, Kobach hali ham direktorlar kengashida qoldi.^[266] Sent-Luis Yaxshi biznes byurosi asl "F" reytingini tiklash uchun etarli dalillarga ega emasligini ko'rsatdi. Byuroning vakili Kris Tetfordning aytishicha, Magill guruhi hozirda qayta ko'rib chiqilgan reytingga ega emas, chunki uning 2017 yil uchun IRS shakli 990 hali ommaga oshkor qilinmagan, shu sababli byuro iste'molchilarning dastlabki ogohlantirishini qo'llab-quvvatladi, Internetda qolganlari tushuntirishlar bilan reklama firmasi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri pochta jo'natmalarini tashqi manbalarga etkazib berishning katta xarajatlari to'g'risida. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, iste'molchilar tashkilotga chek yozishni xohlasalar, ularga o'zlarining hissalari xayriya maqsadida olinmayotganligini aytish kerak. Thetford yana shunday dedi: "Bu erda asl masala ... Odamlarga marketing materiallari orqali xayriya mablag'lari soliqqa tortilmasligi aniq ko'rinib turmagan".^[267]

Kobach nasroniy va Morning Star cherkovida qatnashadi Lourens, Kanzas.^[268] Kobach rafiqasi va qizlari bilan fermer xo'jaligida yashaydi.^{[iqtibos kerak]}

Saylov tarixi

Adabiyotlar

Manbalar

• Voting Rights and the Kansas Secure and Fair Elections Act (PDF), Kansas Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, March 2017, olingan 24 mart, 2017
• Advice to Maricopa County Attorney's Office state enforcement of federal immigration law (PDF), November 9, 2009, olingan 6 iyul, 2017

Tashqi havolalar

Vikimedia Commons-ga tegishli ommaviy axborot vositalari mavjud Kris Kobach.

Vikipediyada quyidagi iqtiboslar mavjud: Kris Kobach

• Rasmiy veb-sayt
• Secretary of State biography
• Washburn Rural H.S. Bitiruvchilarning shon-sharaf zali
• New York Times profile, 2009
• The Man Behind Trump's Voter-Fraud Obsession, By Ari Berman, Nyu-York Tayms, June 13, 2017; also published by the New York Times on June 18, 2017, on Page MM26 of the Sunday Magazine with the headline: The Exclusionist
• Tashqi ko'rinish kuni C-SPAN