WikiDer > Graptolit avlodlarining ro'yxati

List of graptolite genera

Dimetograf

Bu grafolitlarning ro'yxati barchaning to'liq ro'yxatini tuzishga urinishdir avlodlar hech qachon a'zosi deb hisoblangan fotoalbomlardan Grapolitolit, faqat mahalliy so'zlar bundan mustasno. Ro'yxat barcha qabul qilingan barcha nasllarni o'z ichiga oladi, ammo hozirgi kunda haqiqiy emas, shubhali deb hisoblangan nasllarni (nomina dubiya), yoki rasmiy ravishda nashr etilmagan (nomina nuda), shu qatorda; shu bilan birga kichik sinonimlar endi aniqlangan nomlar va endi grafolitlar deb hisoblanmaydigan avlodlar.

Quyidagi ro'yxat Maletz (2014) da ko'rsatilgan nasl-nasabga asoslangan.^[1]

Konventsiyalar va terminologiyalarga nom berish

Konventsiyalar va terminologiyalarga nom berish quyidagilarga amal qiladi Xalqaro zoologik nomenklatura kodeksi. Amaldagi texnik atamalarga quyidagilar kiradi:

Kichik sinonim: Ilgari e'lon qilingan ism bilan bir xil taksonni tavsiflovchi ism. Agar ikki yoki undan ortiq avlod rasmiy ravishda belgilangan bo'lsa va namunalar keyinchalik bir xil naslga tayinlangan, birinchi bo'lib nashr etilgan (xronologik tartibda) katta sinonim, qolgan barcha misollar esa kichik sinonimlardir. Katta sinonimlar, odatda, ICZNning maxsus qaroridan tashqari ishlatiladi, ammo kichik sinonimlar eskirgan bo'lsa ham, qayta ishlatib bo'lmaydi. Kichik sinonimiya ko'pincha sub'ektivdir, agar tavsiflangan turlar ikkalasi bir xil namunaga asoslanmagan bo'lsa.
Nomen nudum (Lotincha "yalang'och ism" ma'nosini anglatadi): bosma nashrlarda paydo bo'lgan, ammo ICZN standartlari bo'yicha hali rasmiy ravishda nashr etilmagan ism. Nomina nuda (ko'plik shakli) yaroqsiz va shuning uchun tegishli umumiy ism sifatida kursivlashtirilmaydi. Agar keyinchalik ism rasmiy ravishda e'lon qilingan bo'lsa, u endi a nomen nudum va ushbu ro'yxatda kursiv bilan yozilgan bo'ladi. Ko'pincha, rasmiy ravishda e'lon qilingan ism boshqa nomlardan farq qiladi nomina nuda xuddi shu namunani tavsiflovchi.
Nomen oblitum (Lotincha "unutilgan ism" ma'nosi): asl taklifidan keyin ellik yildan ortiq vaqt davomida ilmiy jamoatchilikda ishlatilmaydigan ism.
Mashg'ul bo'lgan ism: Rasmiy ravishda e'lon qilingan, ammo boshqa takson uchun ishlatilgan ism. Ushbu ikkinchi foydalanish yaroqsiz (barcha keyingi foydalanishlarda bo'lgani kabi) va ismni almashtirish kerak. E'tiborli ismlar umumiy ismlar emasligi sababli, ular ushbu ro'yxatda rasmiylashtirilmagan bo'ladi.
Nomen dubiumi (Lotincha "shubhali ism" ma'nosini anglatadi): noyob diagnostik xususiyatlari bo'lmagan fotoalbomlarni tavsiflovchi ism. Bu o'ta sub'ektiv va bahsli belgi bo'lishi mumkinligi sababli, ushbu atama ushbu ro'yxatda ishlatilmaydi.

Ro'yxat

Jins	Oila	Vakolat
Akoelotexiya	Sefalodisida	Jon, 1931 yil
Aellograptus	Sefalodisida	Obut, 1964 yil
Atubariya	Sefalodisida	Sato, 1936 yil
Tsefalodiskus	Sefalodisida	M’Intosh, 1882 yil
Demiothecia	Sefalodisida	Ridewood, 1906 yil
Eosefalodiskus	Sefalodisida	Kozlovskiy, 1949 yil
Idiothecia	Sefalodisida	Lankester, 1906 yilda Ridvudda (1906)
Melanostrof	Sefalodisida	Öpik, 1930
Orfekus	Sefalodisida	Andersson, 1907 yil
Pterobranxitlar	Sefalodisida	Kozlovskiy, 1967 yil
?Arxeokriptolariya	Rhabdopleuridae	Chapman, 1919 yil
Kalikhidra	Rhabdopleuridae	Kozlovskiy, 1959 yil
Xitinodendron	Rhabdopleuridae	Eyzenack, 1937 yil
Silindrohidra	Rhabdopleuridae	Kozlovskiy, 1959 yil
Diplohidra	Rhabdopleuridae	Kozlovskiy, 1949 yil
Eorhabdopleura	Rhabdopleuridae	Kozlovskiy, 1970 yil
Epigraptus	Rhabdopleuridae	Eyzenack, 1941 yil
Fasciculitubus	Rhabdopleuridae	Obut va Sobolevskaya, 1967 yil
Graptovermis	Rhabdopleuridae	Kozlovskiy, 1949 yil
Haliolofus	Rhabdopleuridae	Sars, 1868 yil
?Gaplograptus	Rhabdopleuridae	Rueemann, 1933 yil
Idiotubus	Rhabdopleuridae	Kozlovskiy, 1949 yil
Kystodendron	Rhabdopleuridae	Kozlovskiy, 1959 yil
Lagenohidra	Rhabdopleuridae	Kozlovskiy, 1959 yil
?Malongitubus	Rhabdopleuridae	Xu, 2005 yil
Paleokiliks	Rhabdopleuridae	Eyzenack, 1932 yil
Paleotuba	Rhabdopleuridae	Eyzenack, 1934 yil
Rabdopleura	Rhabdopleuridae	Allman, 1869 yilda Normanda (1869)
Rabdopleuritlar	Rhabdopleuridae	Kozlovskiy, 1967 yil
Rabdopleuroidlar	Rhabdopleuridae	Kozlovskiy, 1961 yil
Rabdotubus	Rhabdopleuridae	Bengtson va Urbanek, 1986 yil
?Sphenoecium	Rhabdopleuridae	Chapman va Tomas, 1936 yil
Sphenothallus	Rhabdopleuridae	Chapman, 1917 yil
Stolonodendrum	Rhabdopleuridae	Kozlovskiy, 1949a
Ksenoteka	Rhabdopleuridae	Eyzenack, 1937 yil
?Yuknessiya	Rhabdopleuridae	Uolkott, 1919 yil
Bitekokamara	Sistikamaridae	Kozlovskiy, 1949 yil
Sistikamara	Sistikamaridae	Kozlovskiy, 1949 yil
Erektikamara	Sistikamaridae	Mierzejewski, 2000 yil
Fleksikollikamara	Sistikamaridae	Kozlovskiy, 1949 yil
Graptokamara	Sistikamaridae	Kozlovskiy, 1949 yil
Siringataeniya	Sistikamaridae	Obut, 1953 yil
Tubikamara	Sistikamaridae	Kozlovskiy, 1949 yil
Bulmanikrusta	Wimanicrustidae	Kozlovskiy, 1962 yil
Ellesicrusta	Wimanicrustidae	Kozlovskiy, 1962 yil
Graptoblastoidlar	Wimanicrustidae	Kozlovskiy, 1949 yil
Graptoblastus	Wimanicrustidae	Kozlovskiy, 1949 yil
Holmicrusta	Wimanicrustidae	Kozlovskiy, 1962 yil
Gormograf	Wimanicrustidae	Öpik, 1930
Lapvortikrusta	Wimanicrustidae	Kozlovskiy, 1962 yil
Maenniligraptus	Wimanicrustidae	Mierzejewski, 1986b
Ruedemannicrusta	Wimanicrustidae	Kozlovskiy, 1962 yil
Tallograpt	Wimanicrustidae	Öpik, 1928
Urbanekicrusta	Wimanicrustidae	Mierzejewski, 1986b
Wimanicrusta	Wimanicrustidae	Kozlovskiy, 1962 yil
Ksenotsyat	Wimanicrustidae	Eyzenack, 1982 yil
Arxeolafeya	Ditekodendridae	Chapman, 1919 yil
Bulmanidendrum	Ditekodendridae	Obut, 1974 yil
?Daliya	Ditekodendridae	Uolkott, 1919 yil
Ditekodendrum	Ditekodendridae	Obut, 1964 yil
Karasidendrum	Ditekodendridae	Sennikov, 1998 yil
Ovetograptus	Ditekodendridae	Sdzuy, 1974 yil
Protodendrum	Ditekodendridae	Sennikov, 1998 yil
Sibiriodendrum	Ditekodendridae	Obut, 1964 yil
Sibiriograptus	Ditekodendridae	Obut, 1964 yil
Sotograftus	Ditekodendridae	Sdzuy, 1974 yil
Tarnagraptus	Ditekodendridae	Sdzuy, 1974 yil
?Alternograftus	Siklograptidae	Bouček, 1956 yil
?Kallodendrograf	Siklograptidae	Dekker, 1945 yil
Kalikotubus	Siklograptidae	Kozlovskiy, 1949 yil
Kamarotubus	Siklograptidae	Mierzejewski, 2001 yil
Conitubus	Siklograptidae	Kozlovskiy, 1949 yil
Siklograpt	Siklograptidae	Spenser, 1883 yil
Dendrotubus	Siklograptidae	Kozlovskiy, 1949 yil
Discograptus	Siklograptidae	Viman, 1901 yil
Dyadograptus	Siklograptidae	Obut, 1960 yil
Galeograft	Siklograptidae	Viman, 1901 yil
Kozlowskitubus	Siklograptidae	Mierzejewski, 1978 yil
Marsipograptus	Siklograptidae	Rueemann, 1936 yil
Multitubus	Siklograptidae	Skvington, 1963 yil
Parvitubus	Siklograptidae	Skvington, 1963 yil
Retikulograptus	Siklograptidae	Viman, 1901 yil
Rifidodendrum	Siklograptidae	Kozlovskiy, 1949 yil
Rodonograptus	Siklograptidae	Pochta, 1894 yil
Sibiriodendrum	Siklograptidae	Obut, 1964 yil
Sirfidograftus	Siklograptidae	Poulsen, 1924 yil
Tubidendrum	Siklograptidae	Kozlovskiy, 1949 yil
Airograptus	Dendrograptidae	Rueemann, 1916 yil
Aspidograftus	Dendrograptidae	Bulman, 1934 yil
?Kaktograf	Dendrograptidae	Rueemann, 1908 yil
Kallograpt	Dendrograptidae	Zal, 1865 yil
Kaliksendrum	Dendrograptidae	Kozlovskiy, 1960 yil
Kapillograptus	Dendrograptidae	Bouček, 1957 yil
Dendrografus	Dendrograptidae	Zal, 1858
Dentikulograptus	Dendrograptidae	Shmidt, 1939 yil
Desmograptus	Dendrograptidae	Xopkinson Xopkinson va Lapvortda, 1875 yil
Diktyonema	Dendrograptidae	Zal, 1851
Graptolodendrum	Dendrograptidae	Kozlovskiy, 1966 yil
Licnograptus	Dendrograptidae	Rueemann, 1947 yil
Odontocaulis	Dendrograptidae	Lapvort, 1881 yil
Ofigraptus	Dendrograptidae	Jaeger, 1992 yil
Ofiografus	Dendrograptidae	Poulsen, 1937 yil
Psevdokallograptus	Dendrograptidae	Skvington, 1963 yil
Pseudodiktyonema	Dendrograptidae	Bouček, 1957 yil
Ptilograft	Dendrograptidae	Zal, 1865 yil
Ptiografus	Dendrograptidae	Rueemann, 1908 yil
Rabdinopora (Diktiograf)	Dendrograptidae	Paskevichius, 2011 yil
Rhizograpsus	Dendrograptidae	Spenser, 1878 yil
?Ruedemannograptus	Dendrograptidae	Termier & Termier, 1948 yil
Stelexiokadiya	Dendrograptidae	Pochta, 1894 yil
Streptograftus	Dendrograptidae	Rueemann, 1947 yil
Zigzagigraptus	Dendrograptidae	Yu, 1962 yil
Akantograf	Acanthograptidae	Spenser, 1878 yil
Arxeodiktyota	Acanthograptidae	Obut va Sobolevskaya, 1967 yil
Boiofiton	Acanthograptidae	Obrhel, 1959 yil
Koremagraptus	Acanthograptidae	Bulman, 1942 yil
Koremagraptus	Acanthograptidae	Bulman, 1927b
Paleodiktyota	Acanthograptidae	Uitfild, 1902 yil
Saksoniya	Acanthograptidae	Roselt, 1962 yil
Trimergidra	Acanthograptidae	Kozlovskiy, 1959 yil
Mastigograftus	Mastigograptidae	Rueemann, 1908 yil
Mikrografik	Mastigograptidae	Eyzenack, 1974 yil
Adelograptus	Anisograptidae	Bulman, 1941 yil
Aletograptus	Anisograptidae	Obut va Sobolevskaya, 1962 yil
Ankoragrapt	Anisograptidae	Jekson va Lenz, 2003 yil
Anisograft	Anisograptidae	Ruedemann, 1937 yil
Aorograftus	Anisograptidae	Uilyams va Stivens, 1991 yil
Araneografus	Anisograptidae	Erdtmann va VandenBerg, 1985 yil
Bryograftus	Anisograptidae	Lapvort, 1880 yil
Chigraptus	Anisograptidae	Jekson va Lenz, 1999 yil
Choristograptus	Anisograptidae	Legrand, 1964 yil
Damesograptus	Anisograptidae	Jahn, 1892 yil
Diktyodendron	Anisograptidae	Vestergard, 1909 yil
Diktiograf	Anisograptidae	Xopkinson, 1875 yilda Xopkinson va Lapvortda (1875)
Diktiograf	Anisograptidae	Vestergard, 1909 yil
Difigraf	Anisograptidae	Zhao va Zhang, 1985 yil
Graptopora	Anisograptidae	Salter, 1858 yil
Geterograf	Anisograptidae	Chhao & Zhang, Lin, 1986 yil
Holopsigraptus	Anisograptidae	Zhao va Zhang, 1985 yil
Hunjiangograptus	Anisograptidae	Zhao va Zhang, 1985 yil
Hunnegraptus	Anisograptidae	Lindxolm, 1991 yil
Kiaerograptus	Anisograptidae	Spjeldnaes, 1963 yil
Muenjigraptus	Anisograptidae	Zhao va Zhang, 1985 yil
Neoklonograf	Anisograptidae	Zhao va Zhang, 1985 yil
?Nefelapraptus	Anisograptidae	Rueemann, 1947 yil
Paraklonograf	Anisograptidae	Zhao va Zhang, 1985 yil
Paratemnograftus	Anisograptidae	Uilyams va Stivens, 1991 yil
Fillograpta	Anisograptidae	Anjelin, 1854 yil
Psigraptus	Anisograptidae	Jekson, 1967 yil
Radiografus	Anisograptidae	Bulman, 1950 yil
Rabdinopora	Anisograptidae	Eyxvald, 1855 yil
Sagenograftus	Anisograptidae	Obut va Sobolevskaya, 1962 yil
Staurograpsus	Anisograptidae	Emmonlar, 1855 yil
?Stellatograftus	Anisograptidae	Erdtmann, 1967 yil
Toyenograftus	Anisograptidae	Li, 1984 yil
Triografus	Anisograptidae	Monsen, 1925 yil
Triramograptus	Anisograptidae	Erdtmann, 1998 yilda Cooper va boshq. (1998)
Yukonograptus	Anisograptidae	Lin, 1981 yil
Acrograptus	Sigmagraptidae	Tsay, 1969 yil
Azigograftus	Sigmagraptidae	Nikolson va Lapvort, 1875 yilda Nikolson (1875)
Eoazigograftus	Sigmagraptidae	Obut va Sennikov, 1984 yil
Eotetragraptus	Sigmagraptidae	Bouček & Pibyl, 1951 yil
Etagrapt	Sigmagraptidae	Rueemann, 1904 yil
Goniografus	Sigmagraptidae	M'Coy, 1876 yil
Hemigoniografus	Sigmagraptidae	Jin va Vang, 1977 yil
Jiangnanograptus	Sigmagraptidae	Xiao va Chen, 1990 yil
Jishougraptus	Sigmagraptidae	Ge, 1988 yil
Keblograptus	Sigmagraptidae	Riva, 1992 yil
Kinnegrafus	Sigmagraptidae	Skoglund, 1961 yil
Laksograftus	Sigmagraptidae	Cooper & Fortey, 1982 yil
Maeandrograptus	Sigmagraptidae	Moberg, 1892 yil
Metazigograftus	Sigmagraptidae	Obut va Sennikov, 1984 yil
Oslograptus	Sigmagraptidae	Yaanusson, 1965 yil
Paradelograptus	Sigmagraptidae	Erdtmann, Malets va Gutieres-Marko, 1987 y
Parulograptus	Sigmagraptidae	Bouček, 1973 yil
Pendeosalikograftus	Sigmagraptidae	Jiao, 1981 yil
Perissograptus	Sigmagraptidae	Uilyams va Stivens, 1988 yil
Praegoniografus	Sigmagraptidae	Rikards va Chapman, 1991 yil
Prokinnegrafus	Sigmagraptidae	Mu, 1974 yil
Sigmagraptus	Sigmagraptidae	Rueemann, 1904 yil
Taishanograftus	Sigmagraptidae	Li va Ge, 1987 yilda Li, Ge va Chen (1987)
Trikograf	Sigmagraptidae	Nikolson, 1876 yil
Wininograptus	Sigmagraptidae	Ni, 1981 yil
Yushanograptus	Sigmagraptidae	Chen, Sun & Xan, 1964 yil
Allograptus	Sinograptidae	Mu, 1957 yil
Anomalograf	Sinograptidae	Klark, 1924 yil
Atopograptus	Sinograptidae	Xarris, 1926
Brakiyograf	Sinograptidae	Harris va Keble, 1932 yil
Gemixolmograf	Sinograptidae	Xsi va Chao, 1976 yil
Holmograf	Sinograptidae	Kozlovskiy, 1954 yil
Nikolsonograf	Sinograptidae	Bouček & Pibyl, 1951 yil
Paradidimograftus	Sinograptidae	Mu, Geh & Yin, 1962 yilda Mu va boshq. (1962)
Pseudodichograptus	Sinograptidae	Chu, 1965 yil
Pseudojanograftus	Sinograptidae	Xsi va Chao, 1976 yil
Pseudologanograptus	Sinograptidae	Xsi va Chao, 1976 yil
Pseudotetragraptus	Sinograptidae	Xsi va Chao, 1976 yil
Sinazigograftus	Sinograptidae	Vang va Vu, 1977 yilda Vang va Jin (1977)
Sinograft	Sinograptidae	Mu, 1957 yil
Tylograptus	Sinograptidae	Mu, 1957 yil
Zigograft	Sinograptidae	Xarris va Tomas, 1941 yil
Abrograptus	Abrograptidae	Mu, 1958 yil
Dinemagraptus	Abrograptidae	Kozlovskiy, 1951 yil
Tszianshanliklar	Abrograptidae	Mu & Qiao, 1962 yil
Metabrograf	Abrograptidae	Strachan, 1990 yil
Parabrografus	Abrograptidae	Mu & Qiao, 1962 yil
Antografat	Dichograptidae	Törnquist, 1904 yil
Kalamograf	Dichograptidae	Klark, 1924 yil
Klonografus	Dichograptidae	Nikolson, 1873 yil
Ctenograptus	Dichograptidae	Nikolson, 1876 yil
Dichograpsus	Dichograptidae	Salter, 1863 yil
Hermannograptus	Dichograptidae	Monsen, 1937 yil
Golograptus	Dichograptidae	Xolm, 1881a
Kellamograftus	Dichograptidae	Rikards va Chapman, 1991 yil
Kstaugraptus	Dichograptidae	Tsay, 1973 yil
Loganograftus	Dichograptidae	Zal, 1868
Mimograftus	Dichograptidae	Xarris va Tomas, 1940 yil
Ortodikograf	Dichograptidae	Tomas, 1972 yil
Ruvilligraptus	Dichograptidae	Barrois, 1893 yil
Shizograf	Dichograptidae	Nikolson, 1876 yil
Temnograftus	Dichograptidae	Nikolson, 1876 yil
Triaenograptus	Dichograptidae	Hall, 1914 yil
Tridensigraptus	Dichograptidae	Chjao, 1964 yil
Troxograftus	Dichograptidae	Xolm, 1881a
Aulograptus	Didimograptidae	Skvington, 1965 yil
Baltograft	Didimograptidae	Malets, 1994 yil
Cladograpsus	Didimograptidae	Geynits, 1852 yil
Kiymatograf	Didimograptidae	Yaanusson, 1965 yil
Dimetograf	Didimograptidae	M'Coy, 1851 yilda Sedgvikda va M'Coy (1851)
Expansograptus	Didimograptidae	Bouček & Pibyl, 1951 yil
Janograftus	Didimograptidae	Tullberg, 1880 yil
Jenkinsograptus	Didimograptidae	Gutieres-Marko, 1986 yil
Parazigograftus	Didimograptidae	Kozlovskiy, 1954 yil
Trigonografus	Didimograptidae	Nikolson, 1869 yil
Didimograftellus	Pterograptidae	Cooper & Fortey, 1982 yil
Pseudobryograptus	Pterograptidae	Mu, 1957 yil
Pterograptus	Pterograptidae	Xolm, 1881b
Xipograf	Pterograptidae	Cooper & Fortey, 1982 yil
Yutagraptus	Pterograptidae	Riva, 1994 yil
Corymbograptus	Tetragraptidae	Obut va Sobolevskaya, 1964 yil
Paratetragraptus	Tetragraptidae	Obut, 1957 yil
Pendeografus	Tetragraptidae	Bouček & Pibyl, 1951 yil
Fillograptus	Tetragraptidae	Zal, 1858
Psevdofillograptus	Tetragraptidae	Cooper & Fortey, 1982 yil
Pseudotrigonograptus	Tetragraptidae	Mu & Li, 1958 yil
Tetragrapsus	Tetragraptidae	Salter, 1863 yil
Tristografograf	Tetragraptidae	Jekson va Bulman, 1970 yil
Arienigraptus	Isograptidae	Yu va Fang, 1981 yil
Kardiyograf	Isograptidae	Harris va Keble, 1916 yilda Harris (1916)
Isograptus	Isograptidae	Moberg, 1892 yil
Onkograf	Isograptidae	Hall, 1914 yil
Parakardiyograf	Isograptidae	Mu & Li, 1958 yil
Pariograftus	Isograptidae	Chen va Zhang, 1996 yil
Prokardiyograf	Isograptidae	Xiao, Xia va Vang 1985 yil
Pronkograf	Isograptidae	Xiao, Xia & Vang, 1985 yil
Pseudisograptus	Isograptidae	Beavis, 1972 yil
Xiushuigraptus	Isograptidae	Yu va Fang, 1983 yil
Apoglossograptus	Glossograptidae	Finney, 1978 yil
Bergstroemograptus	Glossograptidae	Finney va Chen, 1984 yil
Korynitlar	Glossograptidae	Kozlovskiy, 1956 yil
Korinograf	Glossograptidae	Xopkinson va Lapvort, 1875 yil
Korinoidlar	Glossograptidae	Nikolson, 1867 yil
Kriptograf	Glossograptidae	Lapvort, 1880f
Glossografus	Glossograptidae	Emmonlar, 1855 yil
Kalpinograftus	Glossograptidae	Jiao, 1977 yil
Lonchograptus	Glossograptidae	Tullberg, 1880 yil
Mimograftus	Glossograptidae	Lapvort, 1908 yilda Elles va Vud (1908)
Nanograftus	Glossograptidae	Hadding, 1915 yil
Paraglossograptus	Glossograptidae	Mu-da Xsi, 1959 yil
Rogercooperia	Glossograptidae	Shervin va Rikards, 2000 yil
Sinoretiografus	Glossograptidae	Mu va boshq., 1974 y
Skiagraptus	Glossograptidae	Xarris, 1933 yil
Tonograftus	Glossograptidae	Uilyams, 1992 yil
Apiografus	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Diplograptinae	Kuper va Maklorin, 1974 yil
Archiclimacograptus	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Diplograptinae	Mitchell, 1987 yil
Diplograpsis	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Diplograptinae	M'Coy, 1850 yil
Eoglyptograptus	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Diplograptinae	Mitchell, 1987 yil
Exigraptus	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Diplograptinae	Mu, 1979 yilda Mu va boshq. (1979)
Fenshshiangograftus	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Diplograptinae	Hong, 1957 yil
Levisograptus	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Diplograptinae	Maletz 2011 yil
Mesograptus	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Diplograptinae	Elles & Wood, 1907 yil
Oepikograptus	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Diplograptinae	Obut, 1987 yil
Prorektograf	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Diplograptinae	Li, 1994 yil
Pseudampleksograptus	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Diplograptinae	Mitchell, 1987 yil
Urbanekograptus	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Diplograptinae	Mitchell, 1987 yil
Ampleksograf	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Orthograptinae	Elles & Wood, 1907 yil
Antikostiya	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Orthograptinae	Styuart va Mitchell, 1997 yil
Arnheimograftus	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Orthograptinae	Mitchell, 1987 yil
Ceramograptus	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Orthograptinae	Xadson, 1915 yil
Genikulograptus	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Orthograptinae	Mitchell, 1987 yil
Hustograptus	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Orthograptinae	Mitchell, 1987 yil
Ortograf	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Orthograptinae	Lapvort, 1873 yil
Orthoretiograptus	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Orthograptinae	Mu, 1977 yilda Vang va Jin (1977)
Pacificograptus	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Orthograptinae	Koren ', 1979 yil
Paraortograf	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Orthograptinae	Mu va boshq., 1974 y
Pararetiografus	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Orthograptinae	Mu va boshq., 1974 y
Peiragraptus	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Orthograptinae	Strachan, 1954 yil
Pseudoreteograptus	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Orthograptinae	Mu, 1993 yilda Mu va boshq. (1993)
Rektograf	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Orthograptinae	Pibyl, 1949 yil
Utikagraptus	Diplograptidae, Subfamily Ortograflar	Riva, 1987 yil
Araxniograf	Lasiograptidae	Ross va Berri, 1963 yil
Archiretiolitlar	Lasiograptidae	Eyzenack, 1935 yil
Brevigraptus	Lasiograptidae	Mitchell, 1988 yil
Hallograptus	Lasiograptidae	Lapvort, 1876a
Lasiografus	Lasiograptidae	Lapvort, 1873 yil
Neurograptus	Lasiograptidae	Elles & Wood, 1908 yil
Nymphograptus	Lasiograptidae	Elles & Wood, 1908 yil
Orthoretiolitlar	Lasiograptidae	Uittington, 1954 yil
Paraplegmatograf	Lasiograptidae	Mu & Lin, 1984 yil
Fermograf	Lasiograptidae	Uittington, 1955 yil
Pipiografus	Lasiograptidae	Uittington, 1955 yil
Plegmatograftus	Lasiograptidae	Elles & Wood, 1908 yil
Sunigraptus	Lasiograptidae	Mu, 1993 yilda Mu va boshq. (1993)
Tizanograftus	Lasiograptidae	Elles & Wood, 1908 yil
Yangzigraptus	Lasiograptidae	Mu, 1983 yilda Yang va boshq. (1983)
Yinograftus	Lasiograptidae	Mu, 1962 yilda Mu & Chen shahrida (1962)
Appendispinograftus	Climacograptidae	Li va Li, 1985 yil
Klatrograf	Climacograptidae	Lapvort, 1873 yil
Klimakograf	Climacograptidae	Zal, 1865 yil
Diplakantograf	Climacograptidae	Mitchell, 1987 yil
Evklimakograf	Climacograptidae	Riva, 1989 yilda Riva & Ketner (1989)
Gimnograft	Climacograptidae	Bulman, 1953 yil
Haddingograftus	Climacograptidae	Malets, 1997 yil
Idiografus	Climacograptidae	Lapvort, 1880 yil
Leptotekalograf	Climacograptidae	Li, 2002 yilda Mu va boshq. (2002)
Mendograft	Climacograptidae	Ruskoni 1948 yil
Notograftus	Climacograptidae	Ruskoni 1948 yil
Oelandograptus	Climacograptidae	Mitchell, 1987 yil
Proklimakograf	Climacograptidae	Malets, 1997 yil
Prolasiografus	Climacograptidae	Li, 1963 yil
Psevdoklimakograftus	Climacograptidae	Pyibyl, 1947 yil
Reteografus	Climacograptidae	Hall, 1859 (= Retiograptus zali, 1865)
Stirakograf	Climacograptidae	Storch va boshq., 2011
Undulograptus	Climacograptidae	Bouček, 1973 yil
Aclistograptus	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Dikranografiya	Ge, 2002 yilda Mu va boshq. (2002)
Amfigraptus	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Dikranografiya	Lapvort, 1873 yil
Cladograpsus	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Dikranografiya	Emmonlar, 1855 yil
Cladograpsus	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Dikranografiya	Karruterlar, 1858 yil
Klematograf	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Dikranografiya	Xopkinson, 1875 yilda Xopkinson va Lapvortda (1875)
Defleksigraptus	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Dikranografiya	Mu, 2002 yilda Mu va boshq. (2002)
Dikaulograptus	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Dikranografiya	Rikards va Bulman, 1965 yil
Dicellograpsus	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Dikranografiya	Xopkinson, 1871 yil
Diceratograptus	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Dikranografiya	Mu, 1963 yil
Dikranograft	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Dikranografiya	Zal, 1865 yil
Incumbograptus	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Dikranografiya	Ge, 2002 yilda Mu va boshq. (2002)
Jiangxigraptus	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Dikranografiya	Yu va Fang, 1966 yil
Leptograft	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Dikranografiya	Lapvort, 1873 yil
Ningxiagraptus	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Dikranografiya	Ge, 2002 yilda Mu va boshq. (2002)
Pseudazygograptus	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Dikranografiya	Mu, Li va Ge, 1960 yil
Sindyograft	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Dikranografiya	Rueemann, 1908 yil
Tangyagraptus	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Dikranografiya	Mu, 1963 yil
Koenograftus	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Nemagraptinae	Zal, 1868
Geitonograptus	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Nemagraptinae	Obut va Zubtzov, 1964 yil
Helicograpsus	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Nemagraptinae	Nikolson, 1868 yil
Nemagrapsus	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Nemagraptinae	Emmonlar, 1855 yil
Ordosograptus	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Nemagraptinae	Lin, 1980 yil
Pleurograpsus	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Nemagraptinae	Nikolson, 1867 yil
Stefanograf	Dikranograftidae, Subfamily Nemagraptinae	Geynits, 1866 yil
Klinikoklimakograf	Normalograptidae	Bulman va Rikards, 1968 yil
Kistograft	Normalograptidae	Xundt, 1942 yil
Hedrograptus	Normalograptidae	Obut, 1949 yil
?Hirsutograptus	Normalograptidae	Koren '& Rickards, 1996 y
?Limpidograftus	Normalograptidae	Xaletskaya, 1962 yil
Litograftus	Normalograptidae	Paskevicius, 1976 yil
Metaklimakograf	Normalograptidae	Bulman va Rikards, 1968 yil
Neodicellograptus	Normalograptidae	Mu & Vang, 1977 yilda Vang va Jin (1977)
Neoglyptograptus	Normalograptidae	Rikkards va boshq. 1995 yil
Normalograftus	Normalograptidae	Legrand, 1987 yil
Pseudoglyptograptus	Normalograptidae	Bulman va Rikards, 1968 yil
Retioklimacis	Normalograptidae	Mu va boshq., 1974 y
Refidograftus	Normalograptidae	Bulman, 1936 yil
Skalarigraptus	Normalograptidae	Riva, 1988 yil
Sichuanograptus	Normalograptidae	Chjao, 1976 yil
Skanegraptus	Normalograptidae	Malets, 2011 yil
Talakastograftus	Normalograptidae	Cuerda, Rickards & Cingolani, 1988 yil
Korenograftus	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Neodiplograptinae	Melchin va boshq., 2011 y
Metabolograptus	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Neodiplograptinae	Obut va Sennikov, 1985 yil
Neodiplograptus	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Neodiplograptinae	Legrand, 1987 yil
Paraklimakograf	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Neodiplograptinae	Pibyl, 1948b
Perskulptograf	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Neodiplograptinae	Koren '& Rickards, 1996 y
Rikardsograftus	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Neodiplograptinae	Melchin va boshq., 2011 y
Agetograptus	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Petalolitina	Obut va Sobolevskaya Obut va boshq., 1968 y
Tsefalograf	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Petalolitina	Xopkinson, 1869 yil
Comograptus	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Petalolitina	Obut va Sobolevskaya, 1968 yilda Obut va boshq. (1968)
Corbograptus	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Petalolitina	Koren '& Rickards, 1996 y
Demisistifer	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Petalolitina	Xundt, 1959 yil
?Demitsistograft	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Petalolitina	Xundt, 1950 yil
Dimorfografoidlar	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Petalolitina	Koren '& Rickards, 1996 y
Diprion	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Petalolitina	Barrand, 1850 yil
Dittograptus	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Petalolitina	Obut va Sobolevskaya, 1968 yilda Obut va boshq. (1968)
Glyptograptus	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Petalolitina	Lapvort, 1873 yil
Gerkograft	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Petalolitina	Melchin, 1999 yil
Parampleksograf	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Petalolitina	Melchin va boshq., 2011 yil
Parapetalolit	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Petalolitina	Koren '& Rickards, 1996 y
Petalograptus	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Petalolitina	Suess, 1851 yil
Petalolit	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Petalolitina	Suess, 1851 yil
Pseudorthograptus	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Petalolitina	Legrand, 1987 yil
Rivagraptus	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Petalolitina	Koren '& Rickards, 1996 y
Songxigraptus	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Petalolitina	Fang, Liang va Yu, 1990 yil
Spinadiplograptus	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Petalolitina	Xundt, 1965 yil
Sudburigraptus	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Petalolitina	Koren '& Rickards, 1996 y
Viktorograft	Neodiplograptidae, Subfamily Petalolitina	Koren '& Rickards, 1996 y
Dabashanograftus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Retiolitinlar	Ge, 1990 yil
Dimykterograptus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Retiolitinlar	Xaberfelner, 1936 yil
Eiseligraptus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Retiolitinlar	Xundt, 1965 yil
Eorograftus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Retiolitinlar	Sennikov, 1984 yil
Gladiografus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Retiolitinlar	Lapvort, 1875 yilda Xopkinson va Lapvortda (1875)
Gladiolitlar	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Retiolitinlar	Barrand, 1850 yil
Pileografus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Retiolitinlar	Lenz va Kozlovska, 2007 yil
Pseudoplegmatograptus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Retiolitinlar	Pibyl, 1948b
Pseudoretiolitlar	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Retiolitinlar	Bouček & Münch, 1944 yil
Retiolitlar	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Retiolitinlar	Barrand, 1850 yil
Rotaretiolitlar	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Retiolitinlar	Bates va Kirk, 1992 yil
Sinostomatograftus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Retiolitinlar	Huo, 1957 yil
Stomatograftus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Retiolitinlar	Tullberg, 1883 yil
Tscharyschograptus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Retiolitinlar	Sennikov, 1984 yil
Agastograptus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Obut va Zaslavskaya, 1983 yil
Baculograptus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Lenz va Kozlovska-Davidziuk, 2002 yil
Balticograptus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Bouček & Münch, 1952 yil
Kometograf	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Kozlovska-Dovidziuk, 2001 yil
Doliografus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Lenz va Kozlovska-Davidziuk, 2002 yil
Eyzenackograptus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Kozlovska-Dovidziuk, 1990 yil
Giganteograf	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Lenz va Kozlovska, 2007 yil
Gotograf	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Frech, 1897 yil
Holoretiolitlar	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Eyzenack, 1951 yil
Kirkigraptus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Kozłowska & Bates, 2008 yil
Mirorgraptus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Lenz va Kozlovska, 2007 yil
Neogotograf	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Kozlovska-Dovidziuk, 1995 yil
Papiliografus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Lenz va Kozlovska, 2002 yil
Paraplektograf	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Pibyl, 1948a
Plektodinemagraptus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Kozlovska-Dovidziuk, 1995 yil
Plectograptus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Moberg va Törnquist, 1909 yil
Pseudoplectograptus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Obut va Zaslavskaya, 1983 yil
Quattuorgraptus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Dobrowolska, 2013 yil
Retikuloplektograf	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Kozłowska, Bates & Piras, 2010 yil
Sagenograftoidlar	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Lenz va Kozlovska, 2010 yil
Sagenograftus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Lenz va Kozlovska-Davidziuk, 2001 yil
Semiplektograf	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Kozlovska-Dovidziuk, 1995 yil
Sokolovograptus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Obut va Zaslavskaya, 1976 yil
Spinograftus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Bouček & Münch, 1952 yil
Valentinagraptus	Retiolitidae, Subfamily Plectograptinae	Piras, 2006 yil
Akidograftus	Dimorphograptidae	Devis, 1929 yil
Avitograptus	Dimorphograptidae	Melchin va boshq., 2011 yil
Bulmanograf	Dimorphograptidae	Pibyl, 1948b
Kardograftus	Dimorphograptidae	Xundt, 1965 yil
Dimorfograft	Dimorphograptidae	Lapvort, 1876b
Metadimorfograf	Dimorphograptidae	Pibyl, 1948b
Parakidograftus	Dimorphograptidae	Li va Ge, 1981 yil
Abiesgraptus	Monograptidae	Xundt, 1935 yil
Akantograf	Monograptidae	Tsgelniuk, 1976 yil
Alexandrograptus	Monograptidae	Pibyl, 1981 yil
Atavograf	Monograptidae	Rikards, 1974 yil
Averianowograptus	Monograptidae	Obut, 1949 yil
Awarograptus	Monograptidae	Zalasiewicz & Howe, 2003 yil
Barrandeograf	Monograptidae	Bouček, 1933 yil
Bogemograf	Monograptidae	Pibil, 1967a
Bugograptus	Monograptidae	Tsgelniuk, 1976 yil
Campograptus	Monograptidae	Obut, 1949 yil
Koklograptus	Monograptidae	Obut, 1987 yil
Kolonograf	Monograptidae	Pibyl, 1942 yil
Koronograf	Monograptidae	Obut va Sobolevskaya, 1968 yilda Obut va boshq. (1968)
Koribitlar	Monograptidae	Obut va Sobolevskaya, 1967 yilda Obut va boshq. (1967)
Krinitograf	Monograptidae	Rikards, 1995 yil
Kukullograptus	Monograptidae	Urbanek, 1954 yil
Kultellograptus	Monograptidae	Loydell va Nestor, 2006 yil
Cyrtograpsus	Monograptidae	Karruterlar, 1867 yil Merchisonda (1867)
Damosiografus	Monograptidae	Obut, 1950 yil
Demirastritlar	Monograptidae	Eisel, 1912 yil
Dibranxiografus	Monograptidae	Xundt, 1949 yil
Didimografoidlar	Monograptidae	Xundt, 1951 yil
Diversograftus	Monograptidae	Mank, 1923 yil
Dulebograptus	Monograptidae	Tsgelniuk, 1976 yil
Egregiograptus	Monograptidae	Rikards va Rayt, 1997 yil
Enigmagraptus	Monograptidae	Rikards va Rayt, 2004 yil
Evroklimacis	Monograptidae	Storch, 1998a
Falcatograptus	Monograptidae	Xundt, 1965 yil
Formosograptus	Monograptidae	Bouček va boshq., 1976 yil
Fterograptus	Monograptidae	Tsgelniuk, 1976 yil
Gangliografus	Monograptidae	Xundt, 1939 yil
Globosograptus	Monograptidae	Bouček & Pibyl, 1948 yilda Pibyl (1948a)
Heisograptus	Monograptidae	Tsgelniuk, 1976 yil
Hemimonograftus	Monograptidae	Zhao 1984 yil
Hubeigraptus	Monograptidae	Li, 1995 yil
Huttagraptus	Monograptidae	Koren 'va Bjerreskov, 1997 yil
Istrograptus	Monograptidae	Tsgelniuk, 1976 yil
Korenea	Monograptidae	Rikkards va boshq., 1995
Kurganakograftus	Monograptidae	Golikov, 1969 yil
Lagarograftus	Monograptidae	Obut va Sobolevskaya, 1968 yilda Obut va boshq. (1968)
Lapworthograptus	Monograptidae	Bouček & Pibyl, 1952 yil
Lenziya	Monograptidae	Rikards va Rayt, 1999 y
Linograftus	Monograptidae	Frech, 1897 yil
Lituigraptus	Monograptidae	Ni, 1978 yil
Lobograptus	Monograptidae	Urbanek, 1958 yil
Lomatokeralar	Monograptidae	Bronn, 1835 yil
Mediograptus	Monograptidae	Bouček & Pibyl, 1948 yilda Pibyl (1948a)
Metamonograftus	Monograptidae	Vang, 1977 yil
Monoklimatsis	Monograptidae	Frech, 1897 yil
Monografus	Monograptidae	Geynits, 1852 yil
Monoprion	Monograptidae	Barrand, 1850 yil
Mystiograf	Monograptidae	Xundt, 1965 yil
Neokolonograftus	Monograptidae	Urbanek, 1997 yil
Neokukullograptus	Monograptidae	Urbanek, 1970 yil
Neodiversograptus	Monograptidae	Urbanek, 1963 yil
Neolagarograftus	Monograptidae	Storch, 1998b
Neolobograptus	Monograptidae	Urbanek, 1970 yil
Neomonograptus	Monograptidae	Mu & Ni, 1973 yil
Obutograptus	Monograptidae	Mu, 1955 yil
Oktavitlar	Monograptidae	Levina, 1928 yil
Paradiversograptus	Monograptidae	Sennikov, 1976 yil
Paragraptus	Monograptidae	Xundt, 1965 yil
Paramonoklimatsis	Monograptidae	Vang va Ma, 1977 yilda Vang va Jin (1977)
Pernerograptus	Monograptidae	Pibyl, 1941 yil
Polonograptus	Monograptidae	Tsgelniuk, 1976 yil
Pomatograftus	Monograptidae	Jaekel, 1889 yil
Pibilograptus	Monograptidae	Obut va Sobolevskaya, 1966 yil
Pristiografus	Monograptidae	Jaekel, 1889 yil
Prochnygraptus	Monograptidae	Pibyl & Storch, 1985 yil
Procyrtograptus	Monograptidae	Poulsen, 1943 yil
Prolinograptus	Monograptidae	Rikards va Rayt, 1997 yil
Proteografus	Monograptidae	Lenz va boshq., 2012
Pseudomonoclimacis	Monograptidae	Mixaylova, 1975 yil
Pseudostreptograptus	Monograptidae	Loydell, 1991a
Quasipernerograptus	Monograptidae	Chjao, 1984 yil
Rastritlar	Monograptidae	Barrand, 1850 yil
Rastrograf	Monograptidae	Xopkinson va Lapvort, 1875 yil
Saetograptus	Monograptidae	Pibyl, 1942 yil
Sinodiversograptus	Monograptidae	Mu & Chen, 1962 yil
Skalograftus	Monograptidae	Tsgelniuk, 1976 yil
Slovinograf	Monograptidae	Urbanek, 1997 yil
Spirograptus	Monograptidae	Gurich, 1908 yil
Stavritlar	Monograptidae	Obut va Sobolevskaya, 1968 yilda Obut va boshq. (1968)
Stimulograptus	Monograptidae	Pibyl & Storch, 1983 yil
Streptograftus	Monograptidae	Yin, 1937 yil
Tamplograptus	Monograptidae	Tsgelniuk, 1976 yil
Testograftus	Monograptidae	Pibil, 1967b
Tyuringiografus	Monograptidae	Xundt, 1935 yil
Tirassograptus	Monograptidae	Tsgelniuk, 1976 yil
Torquigraptus	Monograptidae	Loydell, 1993 yil
Trimorfograf	Monograptidae	Chjao, 1984 yil
Tyrsograptus	Monograptidae	Obut, 1949 yil
Uncinatograptus	Monograptidae	Tsgelniuk, 1976 yil
Uralograft	Monograptidae	Koren ', 1962 yil
Urbanekiya	Monograptidae	Rikards va Rayt, 1999 y
?Vetnamograf	Monograptidae	van Phuk, 1998 yil
Wandograptus	Monograptidae	Rikards va Jell, 2002 yil
Volinograft	Monograptidae	Tsgelniuk, 1976 yil

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

^ Malets, Yorg (2014). "Pterobranxiya (Cephalodiscida va Graptolithina) tasnifi". Geoscience Axborotnomasi. 89 (3): 477–540. doi:10.3140 / bull.geosci.1465. ISSN 1214-1119.

Sepkoski, Jek (2002). "Dengiz hayvonlari fotoalbomlari to'plami (GRAPTOLITINA)". Amerika paleontologiyasi byulletenlari. 364: 560. Olingan 2009-07-13.
Malets, Yorg (2014). "Pterobranxiya (Cephalodiscida va Graptolithina) tasnifi". Geoscience Axborotnomasi. 89 (3): 477–540. doi:10.3140 / bull.geosci.1465. ISSN 1214-1119.

[Maletzclass-1] Malets, Yorg (2014). "Pterobranxiya (Cephalodiscida va Graptolithina) tasnifi". Geoscience Axborotnomasi. 89 (3): 477–540. doi:10.3140 / bull.geosci.1465. ISSN 1214-1119.

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