WikiDer > Mixail Botvinnik

Mikhail Botvinnik
Bunda Sharqiy slavyan nomi, otasining ismi bu Moiseyevich va familiya bu Botvinnik.
Mixail Botvinnik
Mikhail Botvinnik 1962.jpg
Mixail Botvinnik 1962 yilda
To'liq ismMixail Moiseyevich Botvinnik
MamlakatSovet Ittifoqi
Tug'ilgan(1911-08-17)1911 yil 17-avgust
Kuokkala, Finlyandiya Buyuk knyazligi, Rossiya imperiyasi (hozir Repino, Rossiya)
O'ldi1995 yil 5-may(1995-05-05) (83 yosh)
Moskva, Rossiya
SarlavhaGrossmeyster
Jahon chempioni1948–1957
1958–1960
1961–1963
Eng yuqori reyting2630 (1971 yil iyul)[1]

Mixail Moiseyevich Botvinnik (Ruscha: Mixaíl Moiséevich Botvínnik, talaffuz qilingan[mʲɪxɐˈil məɪˈsʲejɪvʲɪtɕ bɐˈtvʲinʲnʲɪk]; 17 avgust [O.S. 1911 yil 4-avgust - 1995 yil 5-may) Sovet va rus edi shaxmat grossmeyster va Shaxmat bo'yicha jahon chempioni. Sifatida ishlash elektr muhandisi va kompyutershunos Shu bilan birga, u yuqori darajadagi raqobatbardosh shaxmat o'ynab, boshqa bir martaba yutuqlariga erishgan kam sonli o'yinchilardan biri edi. U shuningdek kashshof bo'lgan kompyuter shaxmat.

Botvinnik Sovet Ittifoqi ichida rivojlanib, uni siyosiy tazyiqqa duchor qilgan, shuningdek, sovet shaxmatiga katta ta'sir ko'rsatgan birinchi jahon darajasidagi o'yinchi edi. Vaqti-vaqti bilan u ushbu ta'sirni o'z manfaati uchun ishlatganlikda ayblanmoqda, ammo dalillar noaniq va ba'zilari buni taxmin qilmoqda[JSSV?] u sovet amaldorlarining ba'zi raqiblarini qo'rqitish urinishlariga qarshilik ko'rsatdi.

Botvinnik shaxmat o'yinlarini tashkil etishda ham katta rol o'ynab, uning dizayniga katta hissa qo'shdi Shaxmat bo'yicha jahon chempionati Ikkinchi Jahon urushidan keyingi tizim va bu davrda Sovet Ittifoqiga yuqori darajadagi shaxmatda hukmronlik qilish imkoniyatini beradigan murabbiylar tizimining etakchi a'zosi bo'lish. Uning tarbiyalanuvchilari orasida Jahon chempionlari ham bor Anatoliy Karpov, Garri Kasparov va Vladimir Kramnik.

Dastlabki yillar

Mixail Moiseyevich Botvinnik 1911 yil 17-avgustda tug'ilgan,[2] o'sha paytdagi narsada Kuokkala, Viborg gubernatorligi, Finlyandiya Buyuk knyazligi,[3][4] ammo hozirda Repino tumani Sankt-Peterburg.[5] Uning ota-onasi edi Rossiya yahudiylari, uning otasi a tish texnikasi va uning onasi a tish shifokori,[6] bu oiladan tashqarida yashashga imkon berdi Aholining rangparligi yahudiylarning ko'pchiligiga Rossiya imperiyasi o'sha paytda cheklangan edi. Natijada, Mixail Botvinnik Sankt-Peterburgda o'sgan Nevskiy Prospekti.[5][6] Otasi bu haqda gapirishni taqiqlagan Yahudiy uyda va Mixail va uning akasi Issi qatnashdilar Sovet maktablar.[5][6] Keyinroq Mixail Botvinnik shunday dedi: "Ular mendan bir muncha vaqt so'rashgan: siz o'zingizni millatingiz to'g'risida nima deb o'ylaysiz? Men javob berdim: Ha, mening ahvolim juda murakkab. Men qon bilan yahudiyman, madaniyatim bo'yicha rusman, tarbiya bo'yicha sovetman".[7] Botvinnik o'zining diniy qarashlari bo'yicha o'zini ateist deb atagan.[8]

1920 yilda onasi kasal bo'lib qoldi va otasi oilani tark etdi, lekin rus ayoliga ikkinchi marta uylanganidan keyin ham bolalar bilan aloqani davom ettirdi. Taxminan bir vaqtning o'zida Mixail gazeta o'qishni boshladi va sodiq bo'lib qoldi Kommunistik.[6]

1923 yilning kuzida, o'n ikki yoshida,[2] Mixail Botvinnik shaxmatni akasining maktabdagi do'sti uy qurilishi to'plamidan foydalanib o'rgatdi va shu zahotiyoq o'yinni sevib qoldi.[6] U maktab chempionatida o'rtamiyona o'yinni tugatdi, boshqa birodarining do'stlaridan maslahat so'radi va u uchun "aniq tushunchalar" ni o'ylab, undan keyin umumiy tamoyillarni olish yaxshiroq degan xulosaga keldi - va akasining do'stlarini mag'lubiyatga uchratdi. juda oson do'st. 1924 yil qishida Botvinnik o'z maktabining chempionatida g'olib chiqdi va a'zo bo'lish uchun o'z yoshini uch yilga oshirib yubordi. Petrograd Shaxmat assambleyasi - unga Assambleya Prezidenti ko'z yumdi.[6] Botvinnik Assambleya tomonidan tashkil etilgan dastlabki ikkita turnirda g'olib bo'ldi. Ko'p o'tmay, Nikolay Krylenko, sadoqatli shaxmatchi va etakchi a'zosi Sovet huquq tizimi keyinchalik kim tashkil qilgan Jozef Stalin"s sinovlarni ko'rsatish, ulkan umummilliy shaxmat tashkilotini qurishni boshladi va Assambleya shahar Mehnat saroyida klub bilan almashtirildi.[6]

Sovet shaxmat ustalarining kuchini sinab ko'rish uchun Krylenko Moskva 1925 yilgi shaxmat musobaqasi. Tadbir davomida dam olish kuni,[6] jahon chempioni Xose Raul Kapablanka berdi bir vaqtning o'zida ko'rgazma yilda Leningrad. Botvinnik uning raqiblaridan biri sifatida tanlandi va ularning o'yinida g'alaba qozondi.[9] 1926 yilda u Leningrad chempionatining so'nggi bosqichiga chiqdi. O'sha yili u Leningrad jamoasiga qarshi o'yinda tanlangan Stokgolm, Shvetsiyada bo'lib o'tdi va kelajakka qarshi + 1 = 1 ball oldi grossmeyster Gösta Stolts. Qaytib kelgach, u sinfdoshlarini Rossiyaga qaytib kelgan notinch dengiz sayohati haqida yorqin ma'lumot bilan quvontirdi. Botvinnikga o'yinning ikkita o'yiniga izoh berish vazifasi topshirildi va uning tahlillari nashr etilishi uni xolislik zarurligini anglab etdi. 1926 yil dekabrda u o'z maktabining nomzod a'zosi bo'ldi Komsomol filial. Taxminan shu vaqtlarda onasi uning kambag'al jismoniy holatidan xavotirga tushdi va natijada u hayotining aksariyat qismida saqlanib qolgan kundalik mashqlar dasturini boshladi.[6]

Botvinnik 1927 yilda

Botvinnik maktab o'quv dasturini tugatgach, u oliy o'quv yurtlariga kirish imtihonlari uchun eng kam yoshdan past bo'lgan.[10] Kutish paytida u birinchisiga munosib bo'ldi SSSR chempionati 1927 yilgi final bosqichi o'sha paytdagi eng yosh o'yinchi sifatida beshinchi o'ringa bog'lanib, milliy usta unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi.[9] U elektrotexnika texnologiyasini o'qishni xohlagan Leningrad politexnika instituti va kirish imtihonidan muvaffaqiyatli o'tgan; ammo, ushbu kurs uchun juda ko'p sonli dasturlar mavjud edi va Proletstudqabulni nazorat qiluvchi, faqat muhandislar va sanoat ishchilarining farzandlarini qabul qilish siyosatiga ega edi. Mahalliy shaxmat bo'yicha amaldorning murojaatidan so'ng, u 1928 yilda Leningrad universitetining matematika bo'limiga o'qishga qabul qilindi.[10] 1929 yil yanvar oyida Botvinnik Leningradda shaxmat bo'yicha Moskvaga qarshi talabalar jamoaviy chempionatida o'ynadi. Leningrad g'alaba qozondi va jamoaning menejeri ham rais o'rinbosari edi Proletstud, Botvinnikni Politexnika elektromexanika bo'limiga ko'chirishni ta'minladi, u erda u maktabdan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri kirgan to'rtta o'quvchidan biri edi. Natijada, u besh yil ichida butun bir yillik ishni bajarishi kerak edi va imtihonlarning birida muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi.[10] O'sha yilning boshida u SSSR chempionatining yarim final bosqichida uchinchi o'rinni egalladi va shu bilan final bosqichiga chiqa olmadi.[11]

Uning dastlabki taraqqiyoti juda tez edi, asosan Sovet ustasi va murabbiyi tarbiyasida Ibrom modeli, yilda Leningrad; Model Botvinnikning Winawer o'zgarishini o'rgatdi Frantsiya mudofaasi, keyinchalik u Qora uchun past deb hisoblangan, ammo Model va Botvinnik chuqurroq tahlil qilib, keyin katta muvaffaqiyat bilan o'ynagan.[12]

Botvinnik 1930 yilda Leningrad Masters turnirida 6½ / 8 bilan g'olib chiqdi, keyingi yil esa g'alaba qozondi Leningrad chempionati Sobiq Sovet chempioni ustidan 2½ ball Pyotr Romanovskiy.[13]

Botvinnik o'zining algebra va geometriya o'qituvchisi qizi bo'lgan Gayane (Ganna) Davidovna ismli arman ayoliga uylandi. U talaba edi Vaganova nomidagi Rossiya balet akademiyasi Leningradda va keyinchalik, a balerina ichida Katta teatr. Ularning 1942 yilda tug'ilgan Olya ismli bitta qizi bor edi.

Sovet chempioni

Botvinnik va Yudovich,
SSSR chempionati 1933 yil[14]
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Shaxmat taxtasi480.svg
a8 qora rook
c8 qora episkop
f8 black rook
b7 qora piyon
d7 black knight
e7 qora malikasi
g7 black bishop
b6 qora ritsar
c6 black pawn
e6 black pawn
g6 qora shoh
h6 black pawn
a5 black pawn
d4 white pawn
e4 white knight
b3 white pawn
e3 white bishop
c2 oq malika
e2 oq episkop
f2 oq piyon
g2 oq piyon
h2 oq piyon
c1 oq qal'a
d1 white rook
g1 white king
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77
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55
44
33
22
11
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Ko'chirish uchun oq
Keyin qurbonlik Botningnik Blek shohini fosh qilish uchun 1.Bh5 + va Yudovich rollarini ijro etdi iste'foga chiqdi chunki turmush o'rtog'i muqarrar, masalan. 1 ... Kxh5 2.Ng3 + Kg4 3.Qe4 + Rf4 4.Qxf4#

1931 yilda, 20 yoshida Botvinnik birinchi g'alabasini qo'lga kiritdi Sovet chempionati Moskvada,[2] 17 balldan 13½ ball.[15] U bu maydon unchalik kuchli emasligini aytdi, chunki ba'zi oldingiInqilob ustalar yo'q edi.[11] 1931 yil yozining oxirida u diplomini tugatdi elektrotexnika, vaqtinchalik uzatish liniyalari bo'yicha amaliy topshiriqni bajargandan so'ng Dnepr GESi. U erda qoldi Leningrad politexnika instituti fan nomzodi ilmiy darajasiga o'qish.[11]

1933 yilda u Sovet Ittifoqi chempionatida o'zining tug'ilgan shahri Leningradda 14/19 bilan takrorladi,[15] natijalarni dalil sifatida tavsiflash KrilenkoSovet ustalarining yangi avlodini rivojlantirish rejasi o'z samarasini berdi. U va boshqa yosh ustalar katta Leningradni qo'llab-quvvatlashga muvaffaq bo'lishdi Kommunistik partiya Sovet va xorijlik futbolchilar ishtirokidagi musobaqalarni tashkil qilishda rasmiy, chunki bundan buyon hech kim bo'lmagan Moskva 1925 yilgi shaxmat musobaqasi.[11]Ko'p o'tmay, Botvinnikga bu haqda xabar berishdi Aleksandr Ilyin-Genevskiy, keksa sovet ustalaridan biri va Sovet elchixonasining a'zosi Praga, Botvinnik o'rtasida o'yin tashkil qilgan edi [11] va Salo Flohr, o'shanda eng ishonchli da'vogarlardan biri sifatida tan olingan chexiyalik grossmeyster Aleksandr Alexin"s Shaxmat bo'yicha jahon chempionati sarlavha.[16] Sovet Ittifoqidagi eng yuqori darajadagi shaxmat mutasaddilari, Botvinnikning bunday kuchli xalqaro raqibga imkoniyat kam bo'lganligi sababli bunga qarshi chiqishdi. Uni bu yo'ldan qaytarishga urinishlariga qaramay, Krilenko "Biz o'zimizning haqiqiy kuchimizni bilishimiz kerak", deb o'yinni o'tkazishni talab qildi.[11]

Botvinnik o'zining tanlovga tayyorgarlik uslubining birinchi versiyasi sifatida foydalangan, ammo birinchi oltitaning oxiriga kelib Moskvada o'ynagan ikkita o'yinni ortda qoldirgan. Biroq, unga eski do'sti yordam bergan Ragozin va murabbiy Abram Model, u Leningradda hisobni tenglashtirdi va o'yin durang bilan yakunlandi. O'yindan keyingi partiyani tasvirlayotganda, Botvinnik o'sha paytda u raqs tushganini yozgan foxtrot va Charlston professional standartga muvofiq.[11]

SSSRdan tashqaridagi birinchi musobaqasida Xastings 1934–35 yillarda Botvinnik 5/9 natija bilan 5-6-o'rinlar uchun faqat tenglikka erishdi. U Londonda musobaqadan so'ng, Emanuel Lasker uning birinchi davra boshlanishidan atigi ikki soat oldin kelishi jiddiy xato bo'lganligini va akklimatizatsiya uchun o'n kun muhlat berishi kerakligini aytdi.[17] Botvinnik bu xatoni yana takrorlamaganligini yozdi.[18]

Botvinnik birinchi bo'lib Flohr bilan tenglashdi, Laskerdan ½ ochko oldinda va bir ochko oldinda Xose Raul Kapablanka, yilda Moskvaning ikkinchi xalqaro turniri, 1935 yilda bo'lib o'tgan.[19] Kapablanka va Lasker bilan maslahatlashgandan so'ng, Krilenko Botvinnikga unvon berishni taklif qildi Grossmeyster, ammo Botvinnik "unvonlarning mohiyati emas edi" deb e'tiroz bildirdi. Biroq, u bepul avtomashinani qabul qildi va aspiranturada o'qish 67 foizga oshdi grant, ikkalasi ham Og'ir sanoat xalq komissarligi.[17]

Botvinnik va Lasker, 1936 yil

Keyinchalik u Krylenkoga 1935 yilgi musobaqa eng yaxshi sovet futbolchilarining kuchiga baho berishni qiyinlashtirgani haqida xabar berdi, chunki unda yuqori toifadagi va kuchsiz futbolchilar aralashmasi bo'lgan. Botvinnik dublni himoya qildi dumaloq robin Sovet Ittifoqining eng yaxshi beshta o'yinchisi va Sovet Ittifoqidan bo'lmagan eng kuchli beshta futbolchi ishtirok etgan tadbir. Sovet saylovlari bo'yicha siyosat yuritishga qaramay, Krilenko ham, Markaziy Komitet ham Komsomol tezda turnirga vakolat berdi.[17] Bu 1936 yil iyun oyida Moskvada o'ynagan,[17] Botvinnik esa Kapablankadan bir ochko ortda va Flohrdan 2½ oldinda ikkinchi o'rinni egalladi.[19] Biroq, u Sovet Ittifoqining eng zo'rlari eng yuqori darajadagi raqobatdoshlariga qarshi kurashganligi sababli tasalli berdi.[17]

1936 yil qish boshida Botvinnik turnirda o'ynashga taklif qilindi Nottingem, Angliya. Krylenko uning ishtirokiga vakolat berdi va Botvinnikning eng yaxshi o'ynashiga yordam berish uchun Botvinnikning rafiqasiga hamroh bo'lishiga ruxsat berdi - bu imtiyoz sho'rolar tarixida istalgan vaqtda kamdan-kam hollarda shaxmatchilarga berilgan. Laskerning maslahatini olgan Botvinnik o'yin boshlanishidan o'n kun oldin keldi. Sovet raqiblari uning uchun falokat bo'lishini taxmin qilishsa-da,[17] u Kapablanka bilan mag'lubiyatsiz bo'lingan birinchi o'rinni egalladi (+ 6 = 8), amaldagi Jahon chempionidan ampion ochko oldinda Maks Euve va ko'tarilayotgan Amerika yulduzlari Ruben Fine va Samuel Reshevskiy, va sobiq chempiondan 1 ochko oldinda Aleksandr Alexin.[19][20] Bu sovet ustasining o'z mamlakatidan tashqaridagi birinchi g'alabasi edi.[18] Natija Rossiyaga etib borgach, Krylenko Botvinnik nomidan Stalinga yuboriladigan xatni tayyorladi. Rossiyaga qaytib kelganda Botvinnik "Faxriy yorliq" bilan taqdirlanganini aniqladi.[17]

Levenfish va boshqalar. Botvinnik (o'ngda), 1937 yil

Uch hafta o'tgach, u o'z ustida ishlashni boshladi dissertatsiya nomzodlik darajasi uchun, uni 1937 yil iyun oyida, ilmiy rahbari dissertatsiyani "qisqa va yaxshi" deb ta'riflaganidan keyin va shu sohada birinchi ishini olganidan keyin olgan.[17] Uning sa'y-harakatlari natijasida u 1937 yilgi Sovet chempionatini o'tkazib yubordi Grigoriy Levenfish, kim o'sha paytda ellikka yaqin edi. Keyinchalik 1937 yilda Botvinnik "Levenfish" ga qarshi o'n uchta o'yinni o'tkazdi.[21][22][23] Uchrashuv qanday tashkil etilganligi haqida hisoblar bir-biridan farq qiladi: Levenfish keyinchalik Botvinnik unga qarshi chiqqan deb yozgan; Botvinnik yozishicha, Botvinnikning turnirda yo'qligidan g'azablangan Krylenko o'yinni buyurgan.[21]

1939, 1944, 1945 va 1952 yillarda Botvinnik Sovet Ittifoqi chempioni unvonlarini qo'lga kiritdi va jami oltitaga etdi. 1945 yilda u turnirda ustunlik qildi va 15/17 gol urdi;[24] ammo, 1952 yilda u bilan bog'langan Mark Taymanov va pley-off o'yinida g'alaba qozondi.[15]

Jahon chempionligiga da'vogar

1938 yilda dunyoning eng sakkizta eng yaxshi futbolchilari Gollandiyada uchrashish uchun AVRO turnirig'olibi Jahon chempioni bilan chempionlik uchrashuvini o'tkazishi kerak edi, Aleksandr Alexin.[25] Botvinnik uchinchi o'rinni egallab oldi Pol Keres va Ruben Fine.[26] Botvinnikning so'zlariga ko'ra, Alexin eng ko'p mablag 'to'plashi mumkin bo'lgan raqib o'ynashga qiziqqan.[21] Eng yaqin Sovet rasmiylari bilan maslahatlashgandan so'ng, Botvinnik ehtiyotkorlik bilan Rossiyada iqlimlashi va o'yin oldidan bir necha oy oldin yuqori sifatli raqobatbardosh amaliyotini o'tashiga imkon beradigan shartlarni hisobga olgan holda qabul qilgan Alexinga qarshi chiqdi.[21][27] Botvinnikning fikriga ko'ra, Alexin qisman o'z vataniga tashrif buyurishi uchun Sovet hukumati bilan yarashish istagi bilan bog'liq edi.[21] Uchrashuv, shu jumladan moliyalashtirish, 1939 yil yanvar oyida eng yuqori Sovet siyosiy darajasida tasdiqlangan; ammo, tasdiqlash xati atigi ikki oydan so'ng yuborilgan - Botvinnikning fikriga ko'ra, uning Sovet raqiblari, ayniqsa, oldin taniqli bo'lganlar tomonidan qarshilik ko'rsatilishi sababli. Rossiya inqilobi[21] - va Ikkinchi Jahon urushi boshlanishi Jahon chempionati uchrashuvini o'tkazishga xalaqit berdi.[25]

Kapablanka va Botvinnik 1936 yilda

1939 yilning bahorida Botvinnik SSSR chempionatida g'olib chiqdi va uning turnir haqidagi kitobida u 1933 yildan buyon rivojlanib kelayotgan tayyorgarlikka yondoshishi tasvirlangan. Buning ajoyib xususiyati shundaki, unda doimiy pozitsion ustunlikka ega bo'lish uchun tayyorgarlikni ochishga urg'u berilgan. o'rta o'yin, faqat bir marta ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan tezkor taktik kutilmagan hodisalarni qidirishdan ko'ra.[28]

Botvinnik 1936 yilda

Botvinnik 1940 yilgi SSSR chempionatida erta peshqadamlikni qo'lga kiritdi, ammo keyingi bosqichlarda yomon pasayib ketdi va natijada beshinchi o'rinni bo'lishib oldi. U buni shov-shuv va tamaki tutuniga to'lib ketgan ziyofatga o'xshash muhitda kontsentratsiyalashning odatlanmagan qiyinligi bilan bog'ladi. Botvinnik do'stona rasmiyga xat yozib, chempion o'rtasidagi o'yinda g'olib bo'lishi kerakligini izohladi Igor Bondarevskiy va Andor Lilienthalbirinchi o'rinni egallagan, ammo xalqaro musobaqada hech qanday yutuqlarga ega bo'lmagan. Amaldorning sa'y-harakatlari "SSSRning mutlaq chempioni" unvoni uchun turnirga olib keldi, uning rasmiy maqsadi Alexin unvoni uchun Sovet raqibini aniqlash edi. Ishtirokchilar Sovet Ittifoqi chempionatining eng yaxshi oltitasi - Bondarevskiy, Liliental, Pol Keres (uning vatani Estoniya yaqinda Sovet Ittifoqiga qo'shib olingan), kelajakdagi Jahon chempioni Vasiliy Smyslov, Ishoq Boleslavskiy va Botvinnik - ular to'rt karra o'ynashlari kerak edi dumaloq robin. Botvinnikning ikkinchi tayyorgarligi, Viacheslav Ragozin, shovqinli, tutunli xonalarda mashg'ulot o'yinlarini o'z ichiga olgan va u oynasini ochmasdan, o'yin xonasida uxlagan. U Keresdan 2½ va Smyslovdan uch ochkoni ortda qoldirib, turnir g'olibiga aylandi; bundan tashqari, barcha raqiblariga qarshi "mini-matchlar" da ortiqcha hisoblar mavjud.[29]

1941 yil iyun oyida Natsistlar Germaniyasi Sovet Ittifoqiga bostirib kirdi. Botvinnikning rafiqasi Gayane, balerin,[30] unga uning hamkasblari Kirov nomidagi opera va balet teatri shahariga evakuatsiya qilinayotgan edi Perm,[31] keyin sharafiga Molotov nomi bilan tanilgan Vyacheslav Molotov.[32] Oila u erda kvartira topdi va Botvinnik mahalliy elektr ta'minoti tashkilotiga ishga joylashdi - eng kam ish haqi miqdorida va hech qanday tadqiqot o'tkazmaslik sharti bilan, chunki u faqat nomzodlik darajasiga ega edi. Botvinnikning yagona farzandi, Olya ismli qizi, 1942 yil aprel oyida Permda tug'ilgan.[31]

Kechqurun Botvinnik Alexin bilan o'yinga tayyorgarlikda analitik mahoratini saqlab qolish uchun "SSSRning mutlaq chempionati" ning barcha o'yinlariga izoh yozgan kitob yozdi. Uning ishi yonilg'i uchun o'tin kesishni o'z ichiga olgan bo'lib, bu unga shaxmatni tahlil qilish uchun etarli energiya sarflamagan. Botvinnik Molotovdan shaxmatni o'rganish uchun unga uch kunlik normal ish kuni berilishi to'g'risida buyruq oldi.[31]

1943 yilda, raqobatdosh shaxmatdan ikki yillik ishdan bo'shatilgandan so'ng, Botvinnik musobaqada g'olib chiqdi Sverdlovsk, Smyslovni o'z ichiga olgan etti raqibining har biriga qarshi 2 balldan 1½ ni qo'lga kiritish, Vladimir Makogonov, Boleslavskiy va Ragozin.[31][33] Shaxmat bazasi buni 1851 yildan 1986 yilgacha bo'lgan eng kuchli ellik musobaqadan biri deb biladi.[34]

Ko'p o'tmay, Botvinnikni Xalq tomonidan Moskvaga qaytishga chaqirishdi Komissar elektr stantsiyalari uchun, muxlis va keyingi do'st. Qaytishda Botvinnik bilan o'yin taklif qildi Samuel Reshevskiy Alexine bilan chempionlik o'yiniga bo'lgan da'vosini kuchaytirish uchun, ammo bu siyosiy qo'llab-quvvatlanmadi. 1943 yil dekabrda u Smyslovdan oldin bo'lib, Moskva chempionligini yutdi. Shu bilan birga, Alexin bilan siyosiy uchrashuv bo'lib o'tganligi haqidagi rejasiga qarshi qarshilik yana paydo bo'ldi, chunki Alexin siyosiy dushman edi va yagona to'g'ri yo'l uni unvonidan mahrum qilishni talab qilish edi. Mojaro Botvinnik foydasiga yakunlandi va shaxmat bo'yicha yuqori lavozimli amaldorni, shu bilan birga Botvinnikning rejasiga qarshi bo'lganlardan biri ishdan bo'shatildi. KGB polkovnik.[35][36]

Botvinnik gapiradi (1946)

Botvinnik 1944 va 1945 yilgi Sovetlar chempionatida g'olib chiqqanidan so'ng, aksariyat eng sovet futbolchilar Alexin bilan Jahon chempionati uchrashuvini o'tkazish istagini qo'llab-quvvatladilar. Biroq, Alexin yozgan ayblovlar antisemitizm natsistlar tomonidan bosib olingan Frantsiyada bo'lgan maqolalar SSSRda o'yinni o'tkazishni qiyinlashtirdi. Botvinnik bilan muzokaralarni boshladi Britaniya shaxmat federatsiyasi o'yinni Angliyada o'tkazish uchun, ammo ular 1946 yilda Alexinning vafoti bilan qisqartirildi.[35]

Ikkinchi Jahon urushi tugagach, Botvinnik urushdan keyingi birinchi yuqori darajadagi turnirda g'olib chiqdi 1946 yilda Groningen, o'n to'qqiz o'yindan 14½ ochko to'plagan holda, sobiq Jahon chempionidan ½ ochkoga ortda qolmoqda Maks Euve va Smyslovdan ikkitasi oldinda.[37] U va Evu so'nggi ikkala turda ham kurash olib borishdi,[38] va Botvinnik Evvega qarshi ozgina qochib qutuldi, u o'zi uchun har doim qiyin raqib bo'lganini tan oldi.[39] Bu Botvinnikning Sovet Ittifoqi tashqarisidagi turnirdagi birinchi aniq g'alabasi edi.[40]

Botvinnik ham juda kuchli g'alaba qozondi Mixail Chigorin yodgorligi 1947 yil Moskva shahrida bo'lib o'tgan turnir.

Jahon chempioni

Botvinnik 1948 yildan 1963 yilgacha Jahon chempionati musobaqalarida foydalaniladigan tizimning dizayniga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi.[25][41] Viktor Baturinskiy shunday deb yozgan edi: "Endi Botvinnik 1946 yilda o'zi belgilab bergan yangi saralash tizimiga muvofiq o'z unvonini himoya qilish uchun navbat oldi". (Ushbu bayonot Botvinnikning 1951 yildagi unvonni himoya qilishiga tegishli edi).[42]

Botvinnik Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida va undan keyingi kuchli natijalari asosida musobaqada qatnashgan beshta o'yinchidan biri edi 1948 yil shaxmat bo'yicha jahon chempionatibo'lib o'tdi Gaaga va Moskva. U 1948 yilgi musobaqada ishonchli tarzda g'alaba qozondi - 14/20, uch ochko aniq - oltinchi Jahon chempioni bo'ldi.[43] U ta'tilda bo'lganida Riga turnirdan keyin o'n bir yoshli bola qo'ng'iroq qildi Mixail Tal yangi chempionga qarshi o'yin o'tkazishga umid qilib tashrif buyurdi. Talni Botvinnikning rafiqasi kutib oldi, u chempionni uxlab yotganini va uni shaxmatdan dam olishga majbur qilganini aytdi.[30][44]

Keyin Botvinnik ushbu unvonni keyingi o'n besh yil ichida ikkita qisqa uzilishlar bilan ushlab turdi va shu vaqt ichida u etti marta jahon chempionati o'yinlarini o'tkazdi. 1951 yilda u bilan durang o'ynadi Devid Bronshteyn Moskvada 24 dan ortiq o'yin, + 5−5 = 14, jahon chempionligini saqlab qoldi, ammo bu ikkinchi va oxirgi o'yinda g'alaba qozongan va o'yinni tenglashtirish uchun oxirgisi durang o'ynagan Botvinnik uchun kurash bo'ldi.[45] 1954 yilda u bilan durang o'ynadi Vasiliy Smyslov Moskvada 24 dan ortiq o'yin, + 7−7 = 10, yana o'z nomini saqlab qoldi.[46] 1957 yilda u Smyslovga Moskvada 9½-12½ gacha yutqazdi,[47] ammo amaldagi qoidalar unga revansh jangini o'tkazmasdan o'tkazishga imkon berdi Nomzodlar musobaqasiva 1958 yilda u Moskvadagi revansh jangida g'alaba qozondi;[48] Smyslov javob uchrashuvi paytida sog'lig'i yomon bo'lganini aytdi.[49] 1960 yilda Botvinnikni Moskvada 8 yoshdan 12 yoshgacha Tal, hozir 23 yoshda,[50] 1961 yilda yana revansh jangiga bo'lgan huquqidan foydalangan va Moskvada 13-8 hisobida g'alaba qozongan.[51] Sharhlovchilar Talning javob uchrashuvida, ehtimol uning sog'lig'i tufayli kuchsizroq bo'lgan, ammo Botvinnikning o'yini, asosan, puxta tayyorgarlik tufayli, 1960 yilgi uchrashuvga qaraganda yaxshiroq bo'lgan degan fikrga kelishdi. Botvinnik takroriy bahsda o'z uslubini o'zgartirib, Tal ustun ustun bo'lgan taktik asoratlardan qochib, Talning texnikasi ajoyib bo'lmagan yopiq pozitsiyalar va so'nggi o'yinlarni nishonga oldi.[52][53] Nihoyat, 1963 yilda u unvonini yo'qotdi Tigran Petrosian, 9½-12½ gacha Moskvada.[54] FIDE keyinchalik qoidalarni o'zgartirgan va unga qayta jang o'tkazishga ruxsat berilmagan. Javob uchrashuvi qoidasi "Botvinnik qoidasi" deb nomlangan edi, chunki u bundan ikki marta foydalandi.

Rasmiy Jahon chempioni sifatida qatnashgan bo'lsa-da, Botvinnik 1950-yillarning boshlarida nisbatan yomon o'yin ko'rsatkichiga ega edi: 1948 yilgi musobaqada g'olib chiqqandan so'ng, rasmiy chempionlik unvonini himoya qilguniga qadar rasmiy raqobatbardosh o'yinlar o'tkazmadi, so'ngra 1951 yilgi chempionatda Bronshteyn bilan durang o'ynashga qiynaldi. 1951 yil Sovet Ittifoqi chempionatida beshinchi, 1952 yilda esa uchinchi o'rinni egalladi Géza Maróczy Memorial turniri Budapesht; va u Sovet mashg'ulotlarida ham yomon ishtirok etgan.[15][55] Biroq, u ikkita turnirda o'ttizdan ortiq o'yinning atigi beshtasida yutqazdi; 1951 yilgi chempionatda undan oldinda bo'lgan to'rttadan uchtasi kelajakdagi jahon chempionlari Smyslov va Petrosian va jahon chempionatining etakchi da'vogari (ikkala turnirda ham g'olib) Pol Keres; 1952 yilda Petrosian va hatto Smyslov bilan oldinda tugagan. Botvinnik 1952 yilda g'olib chiqqan Sovet jamoasida o'ynamagan Shaxmat olimpiadasi Xelsinkida: futbolchilar tarkibga ovoz berishdi va Botvinnikni ikkinchi taxtaga, Keres esa yuqori panelga qo'yishdi; Botvinnik norozilik bildirdi va o'ynashdan bosh tortdi.[56][57] Keresning 1950 yildan 1952 yil boshigacha o'ynaganligi juda yaxshi edi.[15][55]

Botvinnik 1952 yilgi Sovet chempionatida g'olib chiqdi (birinchi navbatda Mark Taymanov turnirda, pley-off o'yinida g'alaba qozondi).[15] U o'z kitobiga 1952 yilgi Sovet jamoasi a'zolari ustidan qozonilgan ushbu musobaqadagi bir nechta g'alabalarni kiritdi Botvinnikning 1947-1970 yillardagi eng yaxshi o'yinlari, "bu o'yinlar men uchun aniq ahamiyatga ega edi" deb yozish.[57] 1956 yilda u Keresga so'nggi turda yutqazganiga qaramay, 1956 yilda Moskvadagi Aleksandr Alexin yodgorligida Smyslov bilan birinchi o'rinni egalladi.

Jamoa musobaqalari

Sabo Botvinnikga qarshi (o'ngda), Oberhauzen, 1961 yil

Botvinnik 1954 yildan 1964 yilgacha Sovet Ittifoqi Olimpiadasi jamoasiga tanlangan va oltita marotaba oltin medalni qo'lga kiritishda jamoasiga yordam bergan. Da Amsterdam 1954 yil u bitta bortda edi va 8½ / 11 natija bilan oltin medalni qo'lga kiritdi. Keyin uyda 1956 yil Moskvada u yana bitta bortga chiqdi va bronza medali uchun 9½ / 13 ball to'pladi. Uchun Myunxen 1958 yil, u bitta bortdagi kumush medal uchun 9/12 natijasini qayd etdi. Da Leypsig 1960 yil, u Mixail Talning orqasida ikkita taxtada o'ynadi va o'sha yil boshida Talga o'z unvonini yo'qotdi, ammo u 10½ / 13 hisobida ikkita oltin medalni qo'lga kiritdi. U yana bitta kemada edi Varna 1962 yil, 8/12 ball to'plagan, ammo Olimpiadada yagona marta medalni qo'lga kirita olmagan. Uning so'nggi olimpiadasi bo'ldi Tel-Aviv 1964 yil, u erda 9/12 bilan bronzani qo'lga kiritdi, Petrosianga yutqazganligi sababli 2-taxtada o'ynadi. Umuman olganda, oltita olimpiadada u 54,6 / 73 ball to'plab, 74,6 foizni qo'lga kiritdi.[58]

Botvinnik SSSR tarkibida Evropa jamoaviy chempionatida ham ikki marta o'ynagan. Da Oberhauzen 1961 yilda u bitta bortdagi oltin medal uchun 6/9 ball to'plagan. Ammo Gamburg 1965, u faqat 3½ / 8 bilan ikkita kemada kurashdi. Ikki marta ham Sovet Ittifoqi jamoaviy oltin medallarni qo'lga kiritdi. Botvinnik kariyerasidagi so'nggi voqealardan birini o'ynadi Rossiya (SSSR) va boshqa dunyo o'yin Belgrad 1970 yil, qarshi 2½ / 4 ball Milan Matulovich, SSSR zo'rg'a g'alaba qozondi.

Kech martaba

Oxirgi marta jahon unvonini yo'qotib bo'lgach, to Tigran Petrosian 1963 yilda Moskvada Botvinnik quyidagi Jahon chempionati tsiklidan chiqib ketdi FIDE 1965 yilda o'tkazilgan yillik kongressida mag'lubiyatga uchragan chempionga avtomatik ravishda takroriy jang o'tkazish huquqini berishdan bosh tortdi. U raqobatbardosh shaxmat bilan shug'ullangan, bir nechta yuqori reytingga ega turnirlarda qatnashgan va unutilmas o'yinlarni ishlab chiqarishni davom ettirgan.

U 1970 yilda, 59 yoshida, raqobatbardosh o'yinlardan nafaqaga chiqdi va buning o'rniga rivojlanish bilan shug'ullanishni afzal ko'rdi kompyuter shaxmat dasturlar va yosh sovet futbolchilarini tayyorlashda yordam berish, unga "Sovet shaxmat maktabining patriarxi" laqabini berish (quyida ko'rib chiqing).

Botvinnikning tarjimai holi, K Dostizheniyu Tseli, 1978 yilda rus tilida va ingliz tilida tarjima qilingan Maqsadga erishish (ISBN 0-08-024120-41981 yilda. Qat'iy kommunist, u Sovet Ittifoqi qulashi bilan sezilarli darajada larzaga keldi va Rossiya shaxmatidagi o'z mavqeini yo'qotdi. Boris Yeltsin davr.

1980-yillarda Botvinnik Sovet iqtisodiyotini boshqarish uchun kompyuter dasturini taklif qildi. Biroq, uning takliflari Sovet hukumati tomonidan jiddiy e'tiborga olinmadi.

Hayotining so'nggi bir necha yillarida u Rossiya iqtisodiyotini boshqarish uchun foydalanilishini umid qilgan o'zining iqtisodiy kompyuter loyihasini shaxsan o'zi moliyalashtirgan. U o'limigacha dasturda faol ishladi va sog'lig'i bilan bog'liq muammolarga qaramay, u qatnashgan ma'ruzalar va seminarlar uchun ishlagan pulidan ishlarni moliyalashtirdi.

Botvinnik vafot etdi oshqozon osti bezi saratoni 1995 yil may oyida.[59] Uning qizining so'zlariga ko'ra, Botvinnik hayotining so'nggi bir necha oyigacha faol bo'lib, bir ko'zida ko'r bo'lishiga (va ikkinchisida juda zaif ko'rishiga) qaramay, 1995 yil martigacha ishlashda davom etgan.

Siyosiy tortishuvlar

Sovet Ittifoqi shaxmatni kommunistik ustunlikning ramzi deb bilar edi va shu sababli Sovet shaxmat olami nihoyatda siyosatlashgan edi.[60][61] Botvinnik Sovet Ittifoqi tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan birinchi jahon darajasidagi o'yinchi bo'lganligi sababli, u aytgan yoki qilgan har bir narsa (yoki aytmagan yoki qilmagan) siyosiy ta'sirga ega edi va Sovet raqiblariga uni mag'lub qilmaslik kerakligi haqida maslahatlar berilganligi haqida mish-mishlar tarqaldi.

Devid Bronshteyn deb yozgan Boris Verlinskiy 1929 yilgi Sovet chempionatida g'olib chiqqan va birinchi Sovet huquqiga ega bo'lgan Grossmeyster Ushbu yutuq uchun unvon, ammo keyinchalik Botvinnikni birinchi rasmiy Sovet GM-ga aylantirish siyosiy jihatdan to'g'ri deb o'ylanganda (undan keyin mavjud bo'lmaganidan farqli o'laroq) undan mahrum qilindi. FIDE grossmeyster unvoni).[41]

Botvinnik 1935 yilgi Moskva turnirining so'nggi turidan oldin Sovet Adliya Komissari deb yozgan Nikolay KrylenkoSovet shaxmatiga ham mas'ul bo'lgan, Botvinnik birinchi o'rinni egallashini ta'minlash uchun Ilya Rabinovichga qasddan Botvinnikdan yutqazib qo'yishni taklif qildi. Botvinnik «... keyin men o'zim bir parcha qo'yaman», deb rad etdi en sovrin va iste'foga chiqing ".[62] O'yin durang natija bilan yakunlandi va Botvinnik birinchi o'rin bilan bo'lishdi Salo Flohr.

Botvinnik minnatdorchilik bildirdi Jozef Stalin 1936 yilda Nottingemdagi buyuk turnirdagi g'alabasidan keyin.

Botvinnik 1940 yilgi Sovet Ittifoqi chempionatida nisbatan yomon o'ynadi va beshinchi / oltinchi o'rinlarni tenglashtirdi, 11½ / 19 bilan ikkita to'liq ochko ortda qoldi. Igor Bondarevskiy va Andor Lilienthal. Bu vaqtga kelib Ikkinchi Jahon urushi boshlangani va kelajakda shaxmat amaliyotining kam yoki umuman bo'lmasligi ehtimoli katta bo'lganligi sababli, Botvinnik Sovetlar shaxmat rahbariyatidan "vaziyatga oydinlik kiritish maqsadida" yana bir musobaqa o'tkazishni afzal ko'rganga o'xshaydi.[63] Bu SSSRning 1941 yilgi mutlaq chempionati bo'lib, unda 1940 yilgi musobaqada eng yaxshi oltita ishtirokchi qatnashgan va o'zaro to'rt marta o'ynashgan. Mudofaa vaziriga shaxsiy murojaatidan so'ng, Vyacheslav Molotov, Botvinnik shaxmatga tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun haftada uch kun urush ishlaridan ozod qilindi.[64] U ushbu musobaqada ishonchli tarzda g'alaba qozondi va shu tariqa SSSRning eng yaxshi o'yinchisi sifatida o'z mavqeini tikladi. 1946 yilgi Groningen musobaqasi oxirida, amaldagi jahon chempioni vafotidan bir necha oy o'tgach, Bronstayn da'vo qildi. Aleksandr Alexin, Botvinnik shaxsan taklif qildi Samuel Reshevskiy, Ruben Fine, Maks Euve, Vasiliy Smyslovva Pol Keres unga yangi jahon chempionini tanlash uchun musobaqaga qo'shilish,[41] ammo boshqa dalillar shundan dalolat beradi FIDE (the "boshqaruv organi" shaxmat), Groningen turniri boshlanishidan oldin Jahon chempionati musobaqasini taklif qilgan edi va bu bosqichda Sovet Ittifoqi unga a'zo bo'lmagan va shu sababli ushbu taklifni tuzishda qatnashmagan.[25]

Keres Botvinnikka qarshi dastlabki to'rtta o'yinida mag'lub bo'lganligi sababli 1948 yilgi jahon chempionati turniri, faqat musobaqa natijalari aniqlangandan so'ng yakuniy tsiklda g'alaba qozongan, ba'zida Keres Botvinnikning chempionlikni qo'lga kiritishi uchun o'yinlarni "uloqtirishga" majbur bo'lgan degan shubhalar paydo bo'ldi. Shaxmat tarixchisi Teylor Kingston mavjud bo'lgan barcha dalillarni va dalillarni o'rganib chiqdi va shunday xulosaga keldi: Sovet shaxmat amaldorlari Keresga Botvinnikning jahon chempionatida g'olib chiqishga to'sqinlik qilmasligi kerakligi to'g'risida qat'iy ko'rsatmalar berishdi; Botvinnik buni musobaqaning faqat yarim yo'lida aniqlagan va shunchalik qattiq norozilik bildirganki, u sovet amaldorlarini g'azablantirgan; Keres, ehtimol Botvinnikga yoki turnirdagi boshqa birovga o'yinlarni atayin yutqazmagan bo'lishi mumkin.[65]

Bronşteyn Sovet rasmiylari uni 1951 yilgi jahon chempionati o'yinida mag'lubiyatga uchrashi uchun Botvinnik unvonini saqlab qolishi uchun bosim o'tkazganini aytdi,[41] lekin Botvinnikning ikkinchi sharhlari, Salo Flohrva Botvinnikning tanqidiy 23-o'yinga izohlari Botvinnik bunday fitna haqida bilmasligini ko'rsatmoqda.[66]

1956 yilda FIDE mag'lub bo'lgan chempion javob o'yini o'tkazish huquqiga ega bo'lishi uchun jahon chempionati qoidalarini o'zgartirdi. Yuriy Averbax bu Botvinnikning shaxsiy do'stlari bo'lgan FIDEdagi ikki Sovet vakillarining da'vati bilan amalga oshirilgan deb da'vo qilmoqda. Averbax, shuningdek, Botvinnikning do'stlari 1956 yilda FIDEning shu mamlakatdan nomzodlar turnirida ishtirok etishi mumkin bo'lgan futbolchilar sonini cheklash to'g'risidagi qarorining ortida turganini va bu Botvinnikning foydasi uchun edi, chunki u Sovet Ittifoqi futbolchilari bilan uchrashishi kerak edi. unvon uchun bahsda.[67]

Botvinnik 1956 yilda o'ynashga ruxsat berishni so'radi Nomzodlar turniri, u ushbu tadbirni kelgusi yilgi chempionlik uchrashuvi uchun qizg'in tayyorgarlik doirasida ishlatmoqchi bo'lgan, ammo uning iltimosi rad etilgan.[68]

Mixail TalSurunkali buyraklaridagi muammolar uning 1961 yilda Botvinnik bilan bo'lgan javob o'yinida mag'lub bo'lishiga yordam berdi va Rigadagi shifokorlari unga sog'lig'i sababli uchrashuvni qoldirishni maslahat berishdi. Averbaxning ta'kidlashicha, Botvinnik faqat Tal tomonidan yaroqsiz sertifikatlangan taqdirda keyinga qoldirilishga rozi bo'ladi Moskva shifokorlar va Tal keyin o'ynashga qaror qildi.[67] 1961 yilgi jahon chempionati 21 o'yin davom etdi va Botvinnik ularning o'ntasida g'alaba qozondi, umumiy hisobda + 10−5 = 6, bir yil oldin yo'qotgan unvonini qaytarib oldi va 50 yoshida jahon chempionati uchrashuvining eng keksa g'olibiga aylandi.

1963 yilda Botvinnik jahon chempionatidagi so'nggi o'yinini Tigran Petrosianga qarshi 22 ta o'yinda o'tkazdi. Taxminan 20 yoshga yaqin Petrosian 52 yoshli Botvinnikni bir qator uzoq davom etgan o'yinlarda charchatdi, ularning aksariyati 40 ta harakatdan, shu jumladan ketma-ket oltita durangdan. Amaldagi chempion 18 va 19-o'yinlarda yomon o'ynadi va uchrashuv uchta qisqa durang bilan yakunlandi. Shu tariqa Petrosian + 5−2 = 15 hisobida jahon chempionligini talab qildi.

1954 yilda u g'arbiy mamlakatlarda sotsialistik inqilobni qo'zg'atish haqida maqola yozib, uchinchi jahon urushisiz kommunizmni tarqatishni maqsad qilgan.[67] Va 1960 yilda Botvinnik Sovet hukumatiga partiya siyosatiga zid bo'lgan iqtisodiy islohotlarni taklif qilgan maktub yozdi.[69]

1976 yilda sovet grossmeysterlaridan qoralagan xatga imzo chekishni so'rashdi Viktor Korchnoy Korchnoydan keyin "xoin" sifatida buzilgan. Botvinnik bu "so'rov" dan qochib, Korchnoyni qoralagan holda o'z xatini yozmoqchi ekanligini aytdi. Ammo bu vaqtga kelib uning ahamiyati pasayib ketdi va rasmiylar unga bu "imtiyoz" ni bermaydilar, shuning uchun Botvinnikning ismi guruh xatida ko'rinmadi - natijada Botvinnik kutgan bo'lishi mumkin.[70] Bronshteyn va Boris Spasskiy xatga imzo chekishdan ochiqcha bosh tortdi.[56]

Baholash

Kuch va uslubda o'ynash

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Tarix davomida eng yaxshi shaxmatchilarni taqqoslash

Ruben Fine1976 yilda yozgan Botvinnik o'ttiz yil davomida shaxmat dunyosining tepasida yoki yonida bo'lganini - 1933 yildan Flohrga qarshi o'yinda durang o'ynaganida, 1963 yilgacha, jahon chempionatida oxirgi marta mag'lub bo'lganida Petrosianga - "tarixiy jihatdan faqat shu ko'rsatkichni tenglashtirdi Emanuel Lasker va Wilhelm Steinitz".[71] Yilda ishlatiladigan statistik reyting tizimi Raymond Kin va Natan Divinskiykitobi Aqlning jangchilari Botvinnik barcha davrlarning eng kuchli to'rtinchi futbolchisi bo'lgan degan xulosaga keladi: ortda Garri Kasparov, Anatoliy Karpov va Bobbi Fischer lekin oldinda Xose Raul Kapablanka, Lasker, Viktor Korchnoy, Boris Spasskiy, Vasiliy Smyslov va Tigran Petrosian.[53] The Shaxmatshunoslik tizim taqqoslanadigan davrlarning uzunligiga sezgir, ammo Botvinnik o'yinchilarning eng yaxshi individual yillarini taqqoslashda uchinchi (Botvinnik uchun 1946), o'n besh yillik davrlar taqqoslashda oltinchi (Botvinnik ishida 1935-1949).[72][73] 2005 yilda Chessmetrics-ning yaratuvchisi Jeff Sonas maqola yozdi, unda "dunyo birinchi raqamli" o'yinchilarining kuchini taqqoslashning turli usullari ko'rib chiqildi, ba'zilari Chessmetrics-ga asoslanmagan; and Botvinnik generally emerged as one of the top six (the greatest exceptions were in criteria related to tournament results).[74] FIDE did not adopt the Elo reyting tizimi until 1970, by which time Botvinnik's strength had been declining for several years. According to unofficial calculations by Árpád Elo, Botvinnik was the highest-rated player from 1937 to 1954, peaking about 2730 in 1946.[75]

This may seem surprising in the light of Botvinnik's results in the 1950s and early 1960s, when he failed to win a world championship match outright (as reigning champion) and his tournament results were patchy. But after the FIDE world championship cycle was established in 1948, reigning champions had to play the strongest contender every three years, and successful title defenses became less common than in the pre-World War II years, when the titleholder could select his challenger. Despite this, Botvinnik held the world title for a longer period than any of his successors except Garri Kasparov. Botvinnik also became world champion at the relatively late age of 37, because World War II brought international competition to a virtual halt for six years; and he was 52 years old when he finally lost his title (only Wilhelm Steinitz and Emanuel Lasker were older when they were defeated). Botvinnik's best years were from 1935 to 1946;[73] during that period he dominated Soviet chess;[76] and the USSR's 15½–4½ win in the 1945 radio match against the USA proved that the USSR's top players were considerably better than the USA's (who had dominated international team competitions 1930-yillarda).[77]

Stolberg vs. Botvinnik,
USSR Ch. 1940 yil
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8
Shaxmat taxtasi480.svg
f8 qora episkop
g8 black king
b7 qora piyon
g7 qora piyon
a6 black pawn
b6 white pawn
f6 qora piyon
a5 white pawn
b5 black queen
d5 black pawn
e5 black knight
f5 oq piyon
b3 qora rook
h3 white pawn
a2 oq rook
b2 oq ritsar
d2 white bishop
e2 black rook
g2 oq piyon
c1 oq malika
d1 white rook
h1 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abvdefgh
Black to move
After tying up White's pieces on the qirolicha, Botvinnik won with a sudden qirol tomoni attack: 1...Rxh3+ 2.gxh3 d4 and White resigned, as he could not stop ...Qd5 and mate next move.

Botvinnik generally sought tense positions with chances for both sides;[78] hence his results were often better with the Black pieces as he could avoid lines that were likely to produce draws.[9][79] He had a strong grasp of long-term strategiya, and was often willing to accept weaknesses that his opponent could not exploit in exchange for some advantage that he could exploit.[79][80] He confessed that he was relatively weak in tactical calculation, yet many of his games feature qurbonliklar – often long-term positional sacrifices whose purpose was not to force an immediate win, but to improve his position and undermine his opponent's. Botvinnik was also capable of all-out sacrificial attacks when he thought the position justified it.[81] Botvinnik saw himself as a "universal player" (all-rounder), in contrast to an all-out attacker like Mixail Tal or a defender like Tigran Petrosian.[53] Ruben Fine considered Botvinnik's collection of best games one of the three most beautiful up to the mid-1950s (the other two were Aleksandr Alexinva Akiba Rubinshteyn).[9]

Kasparov quotes Tigran Petrosian as saying, "There was a very unpleasant feeling of inevitability. Once in a conversation with Keres I mentioned this and even compared Botvinnik with a bulldozer, which sweeps away everything in its path. Keres smiled and said: 'But can you imagine what it was like to play him when he was young?'"[82]

Influence on the game

Botvinnik's example and teaching established the modern approach to preparing for competitive chess: regular but moderate physical exercise; analysing very thoroughly a relatively narrow repertoire of openings; annotating one's own games, those of past great players and those of competitors; publishing one's annotations so that others can point out any errors; studying strong opponents to discover their strengths and weaknesses; ruthless objectivity about one's own strengths and weaknesses.[83][84] Botvinnik also played many short training matches against strong grandmasters including Salo Flohr, Yuriy Averbax, Viacheslav Ragozinva Semion Furman – in noisy or smoky rooms if he thought he would have to face such conditions in actual competition.[2][85][86] Vladimir Kramnik said, "Botvinnik's chess career was the way of a genius, although he was not a genius", meaning that Botvinnik was brilliant at making the best use of his talents.[83]

Botvinnik used almost exclusively qirolicha pawn openings with the white pieces. In his eight World Championship matches, he never started a game with an e4-opening, and his usual choices as White were the Inglizcha ochilish yoki Qirolichaning gambiti. When playing the black pieces, he preferred the Frantsiya mudofaasi yoki Sicilian Defense in response to 1.e4, and the Slav mudofaasi yoki Nimzo-Indian Defense in response to 1.d4. While Botvinnik did not use a wide range of openings, he made major contributions to those he did use, for example: the Botvinnik Variation of the Yarim slavyan mudofaasi ichida Qirolichaning Gambiti rad etildi, the Kasparov/Botvinnik system in the Exchange Variation of the Queen's Gambit Declined, the Caro-Kann mudofaasi (both the Panov–Botvinnik Attack for White and various approaches for Black), the Winawer Variation of the French Defense, the Botvinnik System in the Inglizcha ochilish. In his openings research Botvinnik did not aim to produce tactical tricks that would only be effective once, but rather systems in which he aimed to understand typical positions and their possibilities better than his rivals.[53][79] His advice to his pupils included "My theory of the openings fitted into one notebook" and "You don’t have to know that which everyone knows, but it is important to know that which not everyone knows." In fact he used different notebooks in different periods, and copied a few analyses from one notebook to the next.[87]The "Soviet School of Chess" that dominated competition from 1945 to about 2000 followed Botvinnik's approach to preparation and to openings research; and, although Soviet players had their own preferred styles of play, they adopted his combative approach and willingness to ignore "classical" principles if doing so offered credible prospects of a lasting advantage.[88][89]

In 1963, Botvinnik founded his own school within the Soviet coaching system, and its graduates include world champions Anatoliy Karpov, Garri Kasparov and Vladimir Kramnik, and other top-class players such as Aleksey Shirov, Vladimir Akopian va Jaan Ehlvest.[90][91] Botvinnik was not an infallible spotter of chess talent: although he said of the 11-year-old Kasparov, "The future of chess lies in the hands of this young man", he said on first seeing Karpov, "The boy doesn't have a clue about chess, and there's no future at all for him in this profession."[2] But Karpov recounts fondly his youthful memories of the Botvinnik school and credits Botvinnik's training, especially the homework he assigned, with a marked improvement in his own play.[92] Kasparov presents Botvinnik almost as a kind of father figure, going some way towards balancing the common public perception of Botvinnik as dour and aloof;[82] and Kasparov inherited Botvinnik's emphasis on preparation, research and innovation.[93] Botvinnik was still playing a major teaching role in his late 70s, when Kramnik entered the school, and made a favorable impression on his pupil.[83][90]

Boshqa yutuqlar

Elektrotexnika

Engineering was as much of a passion for Botvinnik as chess – at Nottingham in 1936, where he had his first major tournament win outside the USSR, he said "I wish I could do what he's done in electrical engineering" (referring to Milan Vidmar, another grandmaster).[9] He was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honour for his work on power stations in the Urals during World War II (while he was also establishing himself as the world's strongest chess player). U o'z kasbini topdi doktorlik in electrical engineering in 1951.[94] In 1956, he joined the Research Institute for Electrical Energy as a senior research scientist.[95]

Kompyuter shaxmat

In the 1950s Botvinnik became interested in computers, at first mainly for playing chess but he later also co-authored reports on the possible use of sun'iy intellekt in managing the Soviet economy.[96] Botvinnik's research on chess-playing programs concentrated on "selective searches", which used general chess principles to decide which moves were worth considering. This was the only feasible approach for the primitive computers available in the Soviet Union in the early 1960s, which were only capable of searching three or four half-moves deep (i.e. A's move, B's move, A's move, B's move) if they tried to examine every variation. Botvinnik eventually developed an algoritm that was reasonably good at finding the right move in difficult positions, but it often missed the right move in simple positions, e.g. where it was possible to checkmate in two moves. This "selective" approach turned out to be a dead end, as computers were powerful enough by the mid-1970s to perform a brute-force search (checking all possible moves) several moves deep and today's vastly more powerful computers do this well enough to beat human world champions.[97][98] However, his PIONEER program contained a generalized method of decision-making that, with a few adjustments, enabled it to plan maintenance of power stations all over the USSR.[99] On September 7, 1991 Botvinnik was awarded an honorary degree in mathematics of the University of Ferrara (Italy) for his work on computer chess.[100]

Yozuvlar

Shaxmat

  • Botvinnik, M.M. (1960). One Hundred Selected Games. Courier Dover. ISBN 0-486-20620-3. Olingan 2009-08-14.
  • Botvinnik, M.M. (1972). Cafferty, B. (ed.). Botvinnik's best games, 1947–1970. Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-0357-8.
  • Botvinnik, M.M. (1973). Garry, S. (ed.). Soviet chess championship, 1941: Complete text of games with detailed notes & an introduction. Dover nashrlari. ISBN 0-486-22184-9.
  • Botvinnik, M.M. (1973). World Championship: The Return Match Botvinnik vs. Smyslov 1958. Chess Digest Magazine.
  • Botvinnik, M.M. (1973). Alekhine vs. Euwe return match 1937. Chess Digest.
  • Matanovic, A.; Kazic, B.; Yudovich, M.; Botvinnik, M.M. (1974). Candidates' matches 1974. Centar Za Unapredivanje Saha.
  • Botvinnik, M.M. (1978). Anatoly Karpov: His Road to the World Championship. Elsevier. ISBN 0-08-021139-9.
  • Botvinnik, M.M.; Estrin, Y. (1980). The Gruenfeld Defense. Rhm Pr. ISBN 0-89058-017-0.
  • Botvinnik, M.M. (1981). Cafferty, B. (ed.). Achieving the Aim. Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-024120-4.
  • Botvinnik, M.M. (1981). Selected Games: 1967–1970. Pergamon. ISBN 0-08-024123-9.
  • Botvinnik, M.M. (1982). Marfia, J. (ed.). Fifteen Games and Their Stories. Coraopolis, Pennsylvania, U.S.A: Chess Enterprises. ISBN 0-931462-15-0.
  • Botvinnik, M.M. (1985). Botvinnik on the Endgame. Chess Enterprises. ISBN 0-931462-43-6.
  • Botvinnik, M.M. (1996). Neat, K.; Stauss, E. (eds.). Half a Century of Chess. Cadogan Books. ISBN 1-85744-122-2.
  • Botvinnik, M.M. (2000). Neat, K. (ed.). Botvinnik's Best Games Volume 1: 1925–1941. Moravian Chess. ISBN 978-80-7189-317-2.
  • Botvinnik, M.M. (2000). Neat, K. (ed.). Botvinnik's Best Games Volume 2: 1942–1956. Moravian Chess. ISBN 80-7189-370-6.
  • Botvinnik, M.M. (2000). Neat, K. (ed.). Botvinnik's Best Games Volume 3: 1957–1970 – Analytical & Critical Works. Moravian Chess. ISBN 80-7189-405-2.
  • Botvinnik, M.M. (2002). Championship Chess : Match Tournament for the Absolute Chess Championship of the USSR, Leningrad-Moscow 1941. Hardinge Simpole. ISBN 978-1-84382-012-3.
  • Botvinnik, M.M. (2004). Match for the World Chess Championship Mikhail Botvinnik-David Bronstein Moscow 1951. Edition Olms. ISBN 3-283-00459-5.
  • Botvinnik, M.M. (2004). Botvinnik, I. (ed.). World Championship Return Match: Botvinnik V. Tal, Moscow 1961. Olms. ISBN 978-3-283-00461-3.

Kompyuterlar

  • Botvinnik, M.M. (1970). Computers, Chess and Long-Range Planning. Springer Verlag. ISBN 0-387-90012-8.
  • Botvinnik, M.M. (1984). Computers in Chess: Solving Inexact Search Problems. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-90869-2.

Turnir natijalari

The following table gives Botvinnik's placings and scores in tournaments.[22] The first "Score" column gives the number of points on the total possible. In the second "Score" column, "+" indicates the number of won games, "−" the number of losses, and "=" the number of draws.

SanaManzilTurnirJoylashtirishXolIzohlar
1923LeningradSchool championship———Botvinnik estimates "about 10th out of 16".[22]
1924LeningradSchool championship1-chi5/6+5−1=0 
1924Leningradnon-category1-chi11½/13+11−1=1 
1924Leningrad2B and 3rd Categories1-chi11½/13+11−1=1 
1924Leningrad2A Category———Tournament unfinished[22]
1925Leningrad2A and 1B Categories1-chi10/11+10−1=0 
1925Leningrad1st Category3-chi7½/11+7−3=1 
1925Leningrad1st Category———Tournament unfinished[22]
1926LeningradLeningrad Championship, Semi-finals1-chi11½/12+11−0=1 
1926LeningradLeningrad Championship2nd=7/9+6−1=2 
1926LeningradNorthwest Provincial Championship, Semi-finals2nd=9/11+8−1=2 
1926LeningradNorthwest Provincial Championship3-chi6½/10+4−1=5 
1927LeningradTournament of "Six"2-chi7½/10+6−1=3 
1927Moskva5-chi Shaxmat bo'yicha SSSR chempionati5th=12½/20+9−4=7 
1928LeningradRegional Metalworkers' Committee Championship1-chi8½/11+7−1=3 
1929LeningradRegional Committee of Educational Workers' Championship1-chi11½/14+9−0=5 
1929Odessa6th USSR Chess Championship, Quarter-finals1-chi7/8+6−0=2 
1929Odessa6th USSR Chess Championship, Semi-finals3rd=2½/5+2−2=1 
1930LeningradMasters' Tournament1-chi6½/8+6−1=1 
1931LeningradLeningrad Championship1-chi14/17+12−1=4 
1931Moskva7th USSR Chess Championship, Semi-finals2-chi6½/9+6−2=1 
1931Moskva7th USSR Chess Championship1-chi13½/17+12−2=3 
1932LeningradLeningrad Championship1-chi10/11+9−0=2 
1932LeningradMasters' Tournament in House of Scientists1-chi7/10+6−2=2 
1933LeningradMasters' Tournament1st=10/13+7−0=6 
1933Leningrad8th USSR Chess Championship1-chi14/19+11−2=6 
1934LeningradTournament including Euwe and Kmoch1-chi7½/11+5−1=5 
1934XastingsXastings xalqaro shaxmat kongressi5th=5/9+3−2=4 
1935Moskva2nd International Tournament1st=13/19+9−2=8 
1936Moskva3rd International Tournament2-chi12/18+7−1=10 
1936NottingemInternational Tournament1st=10/14+6−0=8 
1938Leningrad11th USSR Chess Championship, Semi-finals1-chi14/17+12−1=4 
1938Amsterdam, va boshqalar.AVRO tournament3-chi7½/14+3−2=9 
1939Leningrad11th USSR Chess Championship1-chi12½/17+8−0=9 
1940Moskva12th USSR Chess Championship5th=11½/19+8−4=7 
1941Leningrad, MoscowAbsolute Chess Championship of the USSR1-chi13½/20+9−2=9 
1943SverdlovskMasters' Tournament1-chi10½/14+7−0=7 
1943MoskvaMoscow Championship1-chi13½/16+12−1=3 
1944Moskva13th USSR Chess Championship1-chi12½/16+11−2=3 
1945Moskva14th USSR Chess Championship1-chi15/17+13−0=4 
1946GroningenInternational Tournament1-chi14½/19+13−3=3 
1947MoskvaTchigorin Memorial Tournament1-chi11/15+8−1=6 
1948Gaaga, MoskvaWorld Chess Championship Tournament1-chi14/20+10−2=8 
1951Moskva19th USSR Chess Championship5-chi10/17+6−3=8 
1952BudapeshtMaroczy Jubilee3rd=11/17+7−2=8 
1952Moskva20th USSR Chess Championship1st=13½/19+9−1=9Defeated Taimanov in a play-off for first place.
1955Moskva22nd USSR Chess Championship3rd=11½/19+7−3=9 
1956MoskvaAlekhine Memorial1st=11/15+8−1=6 
1958VageningenInternational Tournament1-chi4/5+3−0=2 
1961/2XastingsInternational Chess Congress (Premier)1-chi8/9+7−0=2 
1962StokgolmInternational Tournament1-chi8½/9+8−0=1 
1965NoordvaykInternational Tournament1-chi6/7+5−0=2 
1966AmsterdamIBM Tournament1-chi7½/9+7−1=1 
1966/7XastingsInternational Chess Congress (Premier)1-chi6½/9+5−1=3 
1967Palma de MallorcaInternational Tournament2nd=12½/17+9−1=7 
1968Monte-KarloInternational Tournament2-chi9/13+5−0=8 
1969Wijk aan ZeeHoogovens (Grandmaster Section)1st=10½/15+6−0=9 
1969BelgradInternational Tournament7-chi8½/15+5−3=7 
1970LeydenQuadrangular Tournament3rd=5½/12+1−2=9Four players. Each opponent was played four times.

Uchrashuv natijalari

Here are Botvinnik's results in matches.[22] In the second "Score" column, "+" indicates the number of won games, "−" the number of losses, and "=" the number of draws.

SanaRaqibNatijaManzilXolIzohlar
1933Salo FlohrBog'langanMoskva, Leningrad6/12+2−2=8Qiyinchilik
1937Grigoriy LevenfishBog'langanMoscow, Leningrad6½/13+5−5=3Qiyinchilik
1940Viacheslav RagozinYutuqMoscow, Leningrad8½/12+5−0=7O'qitish
1951David BronsteinBog'langanMoskva12/24+5−5=14World title
1952Mark TaimanovYutuqMoskva3½/6+1−0=5USSR Ch playoff
1954Vasiliy SmyslovBog'langanMoskva12/24+7−7=10World title
1957Vasiliy SmyslovYo'qotilganMoskva9½/22+3−6=13World title
1958Vasiliy SmyslovYutuqMoskva12½/23+7−5=11Qayta o'yin
1960Mixail TalYo'qotilganMoskva8½/21+2−6=13World title
1961Mixail TalYutuqMoskva13/21+10−5=6Qayta o'yin
1963Tigran PetrosianYo'qotilganMoskva9½/21+2−5=14World title

Taniqli o'yinlar

Izohlar

  1. ^ Official Elo rating list published July 1971 – from Olimpbase
  2. ^ a b v d e Thomas, R. McG., Jr. (May 7, 1995). "Mikhail Botvinnik, Chess Champion and Teacher of Champions, Dies at 83". Nyu-York Tayms.CS1 maint: bir nechta ism: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola)
  3. ^ "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". 1995. Olingan 2009-06-06.
  4. ^ Service, R. (2000). "Russia from Far and Near". Lenin: a biography. Garvard universiteti matbuoti. pp. 180–181. ISBN 0-674-00828-6. Olingan 2009-06-06.
  5. ^ a b v Beizer, M. (2007). "The Jews of a Soviet Metropolis". In Gitelman, Z.; Ro'i, Y. (eds.). Revolution, repression, and revival. Rowman & Littlefield: the Soviet Jewish Experience. pp. 113–119. ISBN 978-0-7425-5817-5. Olingan 2009-06-06.
  6. ^ a b v d e f g h men Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "FirstMoves". Achieving the Aim. pp. 1–16.
  7. ^ Ботвинник, M. (1978). "Алгоритм игры в шахматы". In М. Лаврик (ed.). К достижению цели. Москва:"Молодая гвардия". p. 205.
  8. ^ Andy Soltis (2014). Mikhail Botvinnik: The Life and Games of a World Chess Champion. McFarland. p. 74. ISBN 9780786473373. By character they were absolutely opposites,” their only child, Olga, recalled in 2012. Gayane was religious, while Botvinnik was fond of saying, “I am an atheist and a communist in the spirit of the first communist on earth, Jesus Christ.” He reveled in his “hard character.” She was apolitical. He was an ardent Marxist. As time went by, she found it hard to deal with the stress that he seemed to thrive on.
  9. ^ a b v d e f g h Fine, R. (1952). "Mikhail Botvinnik". Butunjahonning buyuk shaxmat o'yinlari. André Deutsch (now as paperback from Dover). pp. 234–43.
  10. ^ a b v Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "The Polytechnic". Achieving the Aim. pp. 16–22.
  11. ^ a b v d e f g Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "The Polytechnic". Achieving the Aim. pp. 23–39.
  12. ^ How to Play the French Defence, tomonidan Volfgang Ulman, Mikhail Botvinnik, Viktor Korchnoyva Anatoliy Karpov, RHM Press, 1975, introduction
  13. ^ http://www.chessmetrics.com Arxivlandi 2006-04-14 da Orqaga qaytish mashinasi, the Mikhail Botvinnik results file
  14. ^ "Botvinnik vs. Yudovich, USSR Ch. 1933". Chessgames.com.
  15. ^ a b v d e f Cree, G. "The Soviet Chess Championship 1920–1991". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2008 yil 28 yanvarda. Olingan 2009-06-07.
  16. ^ Fine, R. (1952). "Max Euwe". Butunjahonning buyuk shaxmat o'yinlari. André Deutsch (now as paperback from Dover). 192-200 betlar.
  17. ^ a b v d e f g h Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "Postgraduate Study". Achieving the Aim. 41-62 betlar.
  18. ^ a b One Hundred Selected Games (to 1946), by Mikhail Botvinnik, Dover Publishers
  19. ^ a b v Golombek, H. (1959). "Triumphant Return". Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess. G. Bell va Sons. pp. 203–249.
  20. ^ a b Chernev, I. (1995). Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games. Courier Dover nashrlari. ISBN 0-486-28674-6.
  21. ^ a b v d e f Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "The Match that was Never Played". Achieving the Aim. pp. 69–74.
  22. ^ a b v d e f Botvinnik, M.M.; Garry, S. (1960) [1949; translation pub. 1960]. "Results in Tournaments and Matches". One Hundred Selected Games. Dover. 269-270 betlar.
  23. ^ "Chess Matches: from Lopez to Kramnik". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2012-12-09 kunlari. Olingan 2009-06-11.
  24. ^ The sources agree that Botvinnik was only 2 points short of white-washing his opposition, but disagree about the number of games played. There is a full tournament table giving Botvinnik a score of 15/17 at "14th USSR Championship, Moscow 1945". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2008 yil 28 yanvarda. Olingan 2009-06-11. But Chessmetrics says the score was 16/18, at "Event Details: Moscow (URS Championship), 1945". The difference is that Chessmetrics says Salo Flohr also competed, but scored only 1/3 as he then retired from the tournament.
  25. ^ a b v d Winter, E. (2003–2004). "Interregnum". Chess History Center.
  26. ^ "AVRO 1938". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on 2008-10-20.
  27. ^ Khariton, L. (2004-12-29). "Lev Khariton:The Battle That Never Was". Olingan 2008-05-23. Based on Botvinnik's memoirs.
  28. ^ Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "The Match that was Never Played". Achieving the Aim. 75-76 betlar.
  29. ^ Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "The Match that was Never Played". Achieving the Aim. pp. 78–80.
  30. ^ a b Stevens, E. (May 30, 1960). "A Nod For A Title". Sport Illustrated. Olingan 2009-08-14.
  31. ^ a b v d Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "The Match that was Never Played". Achieving the Aim. pp. 81–86.
  32. ^ Penfield, M. (2006). Horoscopes of Europe. American Federation of Astrology. p. 142. ISBN 0-86690-567-7. Olingan 2009-06-11.
  33. ^ "Sverdlovsk 1943". Olingan 2009-06-06.
  34. ^ Fruth, M. "The Greatest Tournaments in the History of Chess". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2004-06-03 da. Olingan 2009-06-06.
  35. ^ a b Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "The Match that was Never Played". Achieving the Aim. 88-98 betlar.
  36. ^ Kingston, T. (2002). "Yuri Averbakh: An Interview with History – Part 1" (PDF). The Chess Cafe.
  37. ^ Pachman, L. (1987). "Groningen 1946: Defeat of the Two Leaders". Decisive Games in Chess History. Courier Dover. 118–124 betlar. ISBN 0-486-25323-6. Olingan 2009-06-11.
  38. ^ Botvinnik, M.M.; Garry, S. (1960) [1949; translation pub. 1960]. "Nineteen-Fortysix". One Hundred Selected Games. Dover. p. 242.
  39. ^ Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "The Match-tournament, 1848". Achieving the Aim. pp. 99–.
  40. ^ Brace, E.R. (1977). Shaxmatning tasvirlangan lug'ati. Hamlyn Publishing Group. p. 123. ISBN 1-55521-394-4.
  41. ^ a b v d Bronstein, D. and Furstenberg, T. (1995). Sehrgarning shogirdi. London and New York: Cadogan Chess.CS1 maint: bir nechta ism: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola)
  42. ^ Botvinnik's Best Games 1947–1970, by Mikhail Botvinnik, introduction by Viktor Baturinsky, p. 2, translated by Bernard Cafferty; Batsford Publishers, London 1972
  43. ^ Weeks, M. "World Chess Championship: 1948 FIDE Title Tournament".
  44. ^ Grandmaster Tal tells a different version of events in his autobiography, "The Life and Games of Mikhail Tal". 1997. Reprint ed. Everyman Chess, 2013, p. 21.
  45. ^ Weeks, M. "World Chess Championship: 1951 Botvinnik–Bronstein Title Match".
  46. ^ Weeks, M. "World Chess Championship: 1954 Botvinnik–Smyslov Title Match".
  47. ^ Weeks, M. "World Chess Championship: 1957 Smyslov–Botvinnik Title Match".
  48. ^ Weeks, M. "World Chess Championship: 1958 Botvinnik–Smyslov Title Match".
  49. ^ Watson, J. "Book Reviews by John Watson". chess.co.uk. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on 2008-05-09.
  50. ^ Weeks, M. "World Chess Championship: 1960 Tal–Botvinnik Title Match".
  51. ^ Weeks, M. "World Chess Championship: 1961 Botvinnik–Tal Title Match".
  52. ^ "Tal vs. Botvinnik 1961". Chessgames.com.
  53. ^ a b v d Warriors of the Mind, Raymond Kin va Nathan Divinsky, 1989.
  54. ^ Weeks, M. "World Chess Championship: 1963 Petrosian-Botvinnik Title Match".
  55. ^ a b "USSR first entered Chess Olympiad 1952".
  56. ^ a b Saidy, A. (December 3, 2007). "Bronstein: I Played Chess For My Dad's Jailers". United States Chess Federation.
  57. ^ a b Botvinnik, M.M. (1972). Botvinnik's Best Games 1947–1970. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-0537-8. (translated from the Russian by Bernard Cafferty)
  58. ^ "Player list". olimpbase.org. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on 2009-02-19. Click Botvinnik's name and a pop-up appears that summarises his Olympiad playing record.
  59. ^ "Arxivlangan nusxa". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2011-07-19. Olingan 2008-11-25.CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola)
  60. ^ Kingston, T. (2001). "The Keres–Botvinnik Case Revisited: A Further Survey of the Evidence" (PDF). The Chess Cafe.
  61. ^ Moul, C.; Nye, J.V.C. (2006). "Did the Soviets Collude?: A Statistical Analysis of Championship Chess 1940–64" (PDF). Washington University in St. Louis. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) on 2010-02-14.
  62. ^ Botvinnik, M.M. (1981). Achieving the Aim. Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-024120-4. This is the English translation. The Rabinovich incident is summarized at Kingston, T. (1998). "The Keres–Botvinnik Case: A Survey of the Evidence – Part II" (PDF). The Chess Cafe.
  63. ^ Varnusz, E. (1994). Paul Keres' Best Games, Volume 1: Closed Games. London: Cadogan. p. xi. ISBN 1-85744-064-1. (translated by Andras Barabas)
  64. ^ Hartston, W. (May 8, 1995). "Obituary : Mikhail Botvinnik". Mustaqil. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2008 yil 11 oktyabrda.
  65. ^ Kingston wrote a 2-part series: Kingston, T. (1998). "The Keres–Botvinnik Case: A Survey of the Evidence – Part I" (PDF). The Chess Cafe. va Kingston, T. (1998). "The Keres–Botvinnik Case: A Survey of the Evidence – Part II" (PDF). The Chess Cafe. Kingston published a further article, Kingston, T. (2001). "The Keres–Botvinnik Case Revisited: A Further Survey of the Evidence" (PDF). The Chess Cafe. after the publication of further evidence which he summarizes in his third article. In a subsequent two-part interview with Kingston, Soviet grandmaster and official Yuriy Averbax said that: Stalin would not have given orders that Keres should lose to Botvinnik; Smyslov would probably have been the candidate most preferred by officials; Keres was under severe psychological stress as a result of the multiple invasions of his home country, Estoniya, and of his subsequent treatment by Soviet officials up to late 1946; and Keres was less tough mentally than his rivals – Kingston, T. (2002). "Yuri Averbakh: An Interview with History – Part 1" (PDF). The Chess Cafe. va Kingston, T. (2002). "Yuri Averbakh: An Interview with History – Part 2" (PDF). The Chess Cafe.
  66. ^ "Bronstein's fateful 23rd game". chessbase.com.
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  71. ^ Fine, R. (1976). Butunjahonning buyuk shaxmat o'yinlari (2 nashr). Dover nashrlari. p. 263. ISBN 0-486-24512-8.
  72. ^ "Peak Average Ratings: 1 year peak range". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on 2012-03-09.
  73. ^ a b "Peak Average Ratings: 15 year peak range". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on 2012-03-09.
  74. ^ Sonas, J. (2005). "The Greatest Chess Player of All Time – Part IV". Chessbase. Part IV gives links to the three earlier parts
  75. ^ Elo (1978), p. 89
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  77. ^ Wall, W. "USA vs USSR radio match, 1945". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009-10-28 kunlari.
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  85. ^ Timman, J. (2006). Secret Matches: The Unknown Training Games of Mikhail Botvinnik (PDF). Hardinge Simpole. ISBN 1-84382-178-8.
  86. ^ "The Unfortunate Fate of Salo Flohr". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on 2005-03-10. Olingan 2008-06-10.
  87. ^ Botvinnik, I. (2004). "Mikhail Botvinnik's Opening Course". In Neat, K. (ed.). Return Match for the World Chess Championship: Mikhail Botvinnik – Mikhail Tal, Moscow 1961. Edition Olms. ISBN 3-283-00459-5. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on 2006-10-10. Olingan 2008-09-16.
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  89. ^ Goldberg, S. (2007). "Strategies of the Soviet School" (PDF).
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  92. ^ Karpov, A. (1992). Karpov on Karpov: A Memoirs of a Chess World Champion. Afin. ISBN 0-689-12060-5.
  93. ^ Russell, H.W. "Interview with Garry Kasparov – Part 1" (PDF).
  94. ^ Botvinnik's Best Games 1947–1970, by Mikhail Botvinnik, introduction by Viktor Baturinsky, translated by Bernard Cafferty, Batsford Publishers, London 1972
  95. ^ McCauley, M. (1997). "Botvinnik, Mikhail Moiseevich". 1900 yildan beri Rossiyada kim kim. Yo'nalish. p. 46. ISBN 0-415-13898-1. Olingan 2009-06-05.
  96. ^ "Publications in Computer Games". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on 2004-09-19.
  97. ^ Brudno, Michael (May 2000). "Competitions, Controversies, and Computer Chess" (PDF). Olingan 2008-11-18.
  98. ^ Laramée, F.D. (2000 yil iyul). "Chess Programming Part III: Move Generation". gamedev.net. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009-02-12. Olingan 2008-11-18.
  99. ^ Abramson, B. (2005). "The Artificial Science". Digital phoenix: why the information economy collapsed and how it will rise. MIT Press. pp.89–90. ISBN 978-0-262-01217-1. Olingan 2009-08-14.
  100. ^ Santi, Ettore (2006). "Michail Botvinnik: un programma "intelligente" per giocare a scacchi". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2006-01-03 da.

Adabiyotlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

Tashqi havolalar

Yutuqlar
Bo'sh
Sarlavha oxirgi marta o'tkazilgan
Aleksandr Alexin		 Shaxmat bo'yicha jahon chempioni
1948–1957		Muvaffaqiyatli
Vasiliy Smyslov
Oldingi
Vasiliy Smyslov		 Shaxmat bo'yicha jahon chempioni
1958–1960		Muvaffaqiyatli
Mixail Tal
Oldingi
Mixail Tal		 Shaxmat bo'yicha jahon chempioni
1961–1963		Muvaffaqiyatli
Tigran Petrosian