WikiDer > Faysalobod

Faisalabad
Tuman uchun qarang Faysalobod tumani.

Faysalobod

Fyصl آbاd
Metropolis
Faysalobod soat minorasi Usmon Nadeem.jpg
Gurdwara-Maktabning ichki jabhasi.JPG
Faisaabad.jpg orqali Jhal flay
M2-2.JPG
O'chirish uyi, Faisalabad.jpg
Faysalabad Canal Way1.jpg
Yuqoridan, chapdan o'ngga:
Soat minorasi, Sikh Gurdwara, Jhal Flyover, Faysalabad Pindi-Battian almashinuvi, O'chirish bog'lari, Faysalabad kanali.
Faysalobod bayrog'i
Bayroq
Faysalobodning rasmiy muhri
Muhr
Taxallus (lar):
Pokistonning Manchester shahri
Faysalabad Pokistonning Panjob shahrida joylashgan
Faysalobod
Faysalobod
Faysalobodning joylashishi
Faysalabad Yerda joylashgan
Faysalobod
Faysalobod
Faysalabad (Yer)
Koordinatalari: 31 ° 25′0 ″ N 73 ° 5′28 ″ E / 31.41667 ° N 73.09111 ° E / 31.41667; 73.09111Koordinatalar: 31 ° 25′0 ″ N 73 ° 5′28 ″ E / 31.41667 ° N 73.09111 ° E / 31.41667; 73.09111
Mamlakat Pokiston
ViloyatPanjob, Pokiston Panjob
Bo'limFaysalobod
TumanFaysalobod
O'rnatilgan1892
Tomonidan tashkil etilganJanob Jeyms Brudvud Lyall
Hukumat
 • Faysalobod meriFaruq Xon
 • Faysalobod shahar hokimining o'rinbosari3 ta tuman hokimlari
Maydon
• Shahar1300 km2 (490 kv mil)
• er840 km2 (325 kvadrat milya)
• Suv430 km2 (165 kv mil) 33%
• Metro
5,860 km2 (2,261 kvadrat milya)
Balandlik
186 m (610 fut)
Aholisi
 (2017)[1][2]
• Shahar3,203,846
• daraja3-chi, Pokiston
• zichlik2500 / km2 (6,500 / sqm mil)
Demonim (lar)Faysalabadi
Vaqt zonasiUTC + 05: 00 (Tinch okean standart vaqti)
pochta indeksi format
38xxx
Hudud kodlari041
Avtotransport vositalarini ro'yxatdan o'tkazishF bilan boshlangan uchta harf va tasodifiy to'rtta raqam (masalan, FDA-1234)
Sobiq ismLyallpur
Rasmiy tilUrdu
Mahalliy tilPanjob
Tillar (1981)98.2% Panjob
1,8% boshqalar[3]
YaIM / PPP43 milliard dollar (2013)[4]
Veb-saytwww.fda.gov.pk

Faysalobod (Urdu: Fyصl آbاd‎; Ingliz tili: /fɑːɪsɑːlˌbɑːd/; talaffuz qilingan[/ fɑːɪsˈlɑˌbɑːd //] (Ushbu ovoz haqidatinglang)), ilgari sifatida tanilgan Lyallpur, uchinchi -eng aholi gavjum shahar Pokistonda, sharqiy viloyatida esa ikkinchi o'rinda turadi Panjob. Tarixiy jihatdan ichida birinchi rejalashtirilgan shaharlardan biri Britaniya Hindistoni, u uzoq vaqtdan beri kosmopolit metropolga aylandi. Faysalobod qayta tuzildi shahar tumani holat; 2001 yil tomonidan e'lon qilingan devalvatsiya mahalliy hukumat qarori (LGO). Umumiy maydoni Faysalobod tumani 5,856 km2 (2,261 kvadrat milya)[5] tomonidan boshqariladigan maydon Faysalobodni rivojlantirish boshqarmasi (FDA) - 1280 km2 (490 kv. Mil)[6][7]:8 Faysalobod mintaqada joylashganligi va avtomobil yo'llari, relslar va havo transportini birlashtirganligi sababli yirik sanoat va tarqatish markaziga aylandi.[8] Bu "deb nomlangan"Manchester" Pokiston ".[9][10]2013 yildan boshlab, YaIM (PPP) Faysalobodning qiymati 43 milliard dollarni tashkil etdi[4] va 2025 yilda 5,7% o'sish sur'ati bilan 87 mlrd.[11]Faysalobod Panjobning yalpi ichki mahsulotiga 20 foizdan ko'proq hissa qo'shadi va o'rtacha yillik YaIM (nominal) 20,5 milliard dollarni tashkil etadi.[4] Qishloq xo'jaligi va sanoat uning o'ziga xos belgisi bo'lib qolmoqda.[12][7]:41

Tarix

Lyallpurda birinchi universitet tomonidan qurilgan Britaniya hind imperiyasi 1906 yilda Serj Lui Deyn, keyinchalik leytenant va Panjob gubernatori tomonidan qo'yilgan poydevor bilan.[13]
Muhammad Ali Jinna, Lyallpurda Dhobi Ghatda tarixiy nutq so'zlagan, v. 1943 yil
Avvalgi sanoat ko'rgazmalaridan biri Qishloq xo'jaligi universiteti, bugungi kunda ham shaharda katta ko'rgazma, v. 1949 yil
Xonim Mountbatten, Vitserein Hindiston, Panjab skautlar lageridagi hind evakuatorlari orasida, Layallpur Britaniya Hindistonini bo'linish paytida
Gurudavar Layallpur, a Sikh Gurdvara hukmronligi davrida qurilgan Britaniya imperiyasi 1911 yilda

Toponimika

Faysalobod tumani aslida 1904 yilda Lyallpur tumani sifatida boshlangan va undan oldin a tehsil ning Jang tumani.Bu shahar Rai Bahadur Bhavanidas Sikka tomonidan qilingan.[14] Davomida Britaniyalik Raj yilda mustamlakachi Hindiston, Lyallpur shahri o'sha paytdagi Panjab leytenant-gubernatori sharafiga nomlangan, Ser Jeyms Brudvud Lyall, pastki kolonizatsiyadagi xizmatlari uchun Chenab vodiysi.[15] Familiya Lyall ot bilan qo'shilgan pur, "shahar" ma'nosini anglatadi Sanskritcha.[16] 1977 yil 1 sentyabrda,[17] The Pokiston hukumati shahar nomini Lyallpurdan o'zgartirdi Faysalobod ('Faysal shahri') sharafiga Saudiya Arabistoni qiroli Faysal, Pokistonga bir nechta moliyaviy hissa qo'shgan.[18][19]

Dastlabki aholi punktlari

Faysalabad universiteti ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, Faysalabad shahri o'zining kelib chiqishini XVIII asrga to'g'ri keladi, o'sha erlarda bir qator o'rmonda yashovchi qabilalar yashagan. Ushbu dastlabki aholi punktlari qadimiy tumanlarga tegishli deb ishoniladi Jang va Sandalbarorasidagi maydonni o'z ichiga olgan Shahdara Shorekot va Sangla tepaligi ga Toba Tek Singx.[20] Faysalabad maydoni Paki Mari eski hududida rivojlangan. Ibodatxonasi Bobo Nur Shoh Vali Faysalobodni rivojlantirishdan oldin ushbu hududda barpo etilgan.[21]

Mustamlaka hukmronligi

Panjob, 1909 yil
Hindistonning bo'linishi, 1947

18-asr o'rtalariga kelib viloyatlarning iqtisodiy va ma'muriy qulashi Mughal imperiyasi, dan Panjob ga Bengal, uning tarqalishiga olib keldi.[22] Ichki tartibsizliklar mintaqaning mustaqilligi va yanada yomonlashuvi uchun bir nechta kurashlarga olib keldi, bu esa rasmiylar tomonidan belgilangan mustamlakachilikka olib keldi. Hindiston hukumati to'g'risidagi qonun 1858 yil, 1858 yildan 1947 yilgacha Britaniyalik Rajf boshchiligida.[23][24] 1880 yilda Poham Young CIEBritaniyalik mustamlakachi ofitser ushbu hudud ichida yangi strategik shaharcha qurishni taklif qildi.[25] Uning taklifini ser Jeyms Brodvud Layol qo'llab-quvvatladi va Lyall shahri rivojlandi.[25] Tarixiy jihatdan, Faysalabad, (1979 yilgacha Lyallpur), ichida birinchi rejalashtirilgan shaharlardan biriga aylandi Britaniya Hindistoni.[12]

Yosh dizaynni takrorlash uchun shahar markazini ishlab chiqdi Union Jek sakkizta yo'l katta yo'ldan cho'zilgan soat minorasi uning epitsentrida;[26] geometrik ramziy dizayni Avliyo Endryu xochi bilan almashtirildi Avliyo Patrik xochiva Sankt-Jorj Xoch hamma ustidan.[27] Sakkizta yo'l Panjabning turli mintaqalariga olib boruvchi sakkizta alohida bozor (bozor) ga aylandi.[15][28] 1892 yilda ingliz temir yo'l tarmog'iga o'sib borayotgan qishloq xo'jaligi profitsiti bilan yangi qurilgan shahar qo'shildi.[29] O'rtasida temir yo'l aloqasi qurilishi Vazirobod va Lyallpur 1895 yilda qurib bitkazilgan.[26] 1896 yilda, Gujranvala, Jhang va Sahival tarkibiga kiradi Texsillar Lyallpur shahri Jang okrugining ma'muriy nazorati ostida bo'lgan.[14]

1904 yilda Tehsillarni o'z ichiga olgan yangi Lallpur tumani tashkil etildi Samundri va Toba Tek Singx sub-tehsil bilan Jaranvala, keyinchalik bu o'z-o'zidan to'liq tehsilga aylandi.[30] The Qishloq xo'jaligi universiteti, dastlab Panjab qishloq xo'jaligi kolleji va Lyallpur ilmiy-tadqiqot instituti, 1906 yilda tashkil etilgan.[13] Shahar qo'mitasi 1909 yilda shahar qo'mitasiga ko'tarildi. Lyallpur qishloq xo'jaligi vositasi va don markaziga aylandi.[31] 30-yillar to'qimachilik sanoatida, shuningdek oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini qayta ishlash, donni maydalash va kimyoviy moddalarda sanoatning o'sishi va bozorning kengayishini ta'minladi.[15]

Mustaqillik

1947 yil avgustda, o'ttiz yillik millatchilik kurashlaridan so'ng, Hindiston va Pokiston mustaqillikka erishdi. Inglizlar bunga rozi bo'lishdi bo'linish mustamlakachi Hindiston ikki suveren davlatga - Pokiston bilan Musulmon ko'pchilik va Hindiston a Hindu ko'pchilik; ammo, hukumatning Pokistonga singib ketishiga ishonganlaridan ko'ra ko'proq musulmonlar Hindistonda qoldi.[32] Bo'linish taxminan 10 million kishining ommaviy ko'chishiga olib keldi va bu insoniyat tarixidagi eng katta ommaviy ko'chishga aylandi.[32] Hindistonning Bengal viloyati bo'linib ketdi Sharqiy Pokiston va G'arbiy Bengal (Hindiston) va Panjob viloyati ga bo'lindi Panjob (G'arbiy Pokiston) va Panjob, Hindiston. Shuningdek, tegishli bo'limlar mavjud edi Britaniya hind armiyasi, Hindiston davlat xizmati, turli xil ma'muriy xizmatlar, markaziy xazina va temir yo'llar.[33] G'alayonlar va mahalliy janglar inglizlarning tezkor ravishda olib chiqib ketilishidan keyin yuz berdi, natijada millionga yaqin tinch aholi o'ldi, ayniqsa Panjobning g'arbiy mintaqasida.[32] G'arbiy Pokistonga aylangan Panjob viloyatining hududida joylashgan Lyallpurda bir qator hindular va Sixlar Hindistonga ko'chib kelganlar, Hindistondan kelgan musulmon qochqinlar esa tumanga joylashdilar.[33]

1977 yilda Pokiston hukumati Saudiya Arabistoni Faysalining Pokiston bilan yaqin munosabatlarini sharaflash uchun shahar nomini "Faysalabad" deb o'zgartirdi.[34] Saksoninchi yillarda shahar chet el investitsiyalarining ko'payishini angladi.[35] Ikki tomonlama aloqalar yangi hukmronlik davrida yaxshilanishi bilan ko'proq faysalabodliklar chet elda ishlay boshladilar. Bu mintaqa rivojlanishiga yordam beradigan ko'proq pul mablag'larining shaharga qaytishiga olib keldi.[19] 1985 yilda shahar Faysalabad, Jang va Toba Tek Sinx tumanlari bilan bo'linma sifatida yangilandi.[20]

Davlat va jamoat xizmatlari

Fuqarolik ma'muriyati

Faysalobod qayta tuzildi shahar tumani holat; 2001 yil tomonidan e'lon qilingan devalvatsiya mahalliy hukumat qarori (LGO).[36] U shahar tumanidagi ettita bo'lim tomonidan boshqariladi: qishloq xo'jaligi, jamoatchilikni rivojlantirish, ta'lim, moliya va rejalashtirish, sog'liqni saqlash, kommunal xizmatlar va ishlar va xizmatlar.[37] The tuman koordinatori Faysalabad (DCO) shahar tuman hokimiyatining boshlig'i va ma'muriy birliklarni muvofiqlashtirish va nazorat qilish uchun mas'uldir.[37] Ettita bo'limning har birida o'zlarining tegishli bo'limlari faoliyatini muvofiqlashtirish va nazorat qilish uchun mas'ul bo'lgan o'z ijroiya okrug xodimi mavjud.

Shahar okrugi hukumatining maqsadi - boshqaruvni takomillashtirish orqali siyosatni kuchaytirish, asosan ma'muriy hokimiyatni markazsizlashtirishni o'z ichiga olgan turli bo'limlar va tegishli bo'lim boshliqlari tashkil etilib, ularning barchasi bitta platformada ishlaydi. Faysalobod shahar hokimiyatining belgilangan maqsadi va vazifasi "ayollar, erkaklar va bolalarning asosiy inson huquqlarini hurmat qilish va qo'llab-quvvatlashga sodiq, odamlarning ehtiyojlariga javob beradigan, qashshoqlikka qarshi bo'lgan shaharning samarali, samarali va hisobotli shahar hokimiyatini tashkil etishdir. qisqartirish va 21-asrning muammolarini engishga qodir. Bizning harakatlarimiz mahalliy aholining tashvishlaridan kelib chiqadi ".[37]

Tehsil shahar ma'muriyati

2005 yilda Faysalobod sakkizta Tehsil shahar ma'muriyatidan (TMA) yoki shaharlardan tashkil topgan shahar okrugi sifatida qayta tashkil qilindi: Lyallpur, Madina, Jinna, Iqbol, Chak-Jumra, Jaranvala, Samundari va Tandlianvala.[38] TMA funktsiyalari kosmik va erdan foydalanish rejalarini tayyorlash, ushbu rivojlanish rejalarini boshqarish va erdan foydalanish ustidan nazoratni amalga oshirish, erning bo'linishi, davlat va xususiy sektor tomonidan erlarni rivojlantirish va rayonlashtirish, shahar qonunlari, qoidalari va qonunlar, suv ta'minoti va boshqarish, drenaj chiqindilari va sanitariya-gigiyenalik xizmatlari.[39]

118 bor kasaba uyushma kengashlari Faysalobodda. Ularning roli ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy tadqiqotlar uchun statistik ma'lumotlarni to'plash va saqlashdan iborat. Ular palatadagi mahallalarni rivojlantirish ehtiyojlarini birlashtiradilar va birinchi navbatda kasaba uyushmalarini rivojlantirish bo'yicha takliflariga qo'shadilar. Kengash ushbu xizmatlarni etkazib berishdagi kamchiliklarni aniqlaydi va TMAga takomillashtirish bo'yicha tavsiyalar beradi.[40]

Faysalobodni rivojlantirish boshqarmasi

The Faysalobodni rivojlantirish boshqarmasi (FDA) 1976 yil oktyabr oyida Panjab shahrini rivojlantirish to'g'risidagi qonuni (1976) asosida o'z yurisdiksiyasi sohasidagi rivojlanish faoliyatini tartibga solish, nazorat qilish va amalga oshirish uchun tashkil etilgan.[41][42] FDA shaharni rivojlantirish uchun siyosatni ishlab chiquvchi organ sifatida ishlaydi va shahar ichidagi katta o'zgarishlarni tartibga solish va nazorat qilish bilan shug'ullanadi. U qurilish qoidalarini boshqarish, bog'lar va bog'larni boshqarish va er osti suvlarini boshqarish uchun javobgardir. FDA suv ta'minoti, kanalizatsiya va drenajni boshqarish va saqlash uchun Suv va Kanalizatsiya Agentligi (WASA) bilan ishlaydi.[43] FDA qarorgohlar sharoitini yaxshilash uchun ishlaydi.[44]

Sog'liqni saqlash

Sog'liqni saqlash xizmatlari fuqarolarga ham davlat, ham xususiy sektor shifoxonalari tomonidan ko'rsatiladi. Hukumat tomonidan boshqariladigan kasalxonalar Ittifoq kasalxonasi, Tuman markaziy shifoxonasi, bolalarni parvarish qilish instituti,[45] PINUM saraton kasalxonasi, Faysalabad kardiologiya instituti (FIC) va G'ulom Muhammadobod va Samanoboddagi umumiy kasalxonalar.[46] Shaharda bir qator xususiy kasalxonalar, klinikalar va laboratoriyalar mavjud.

Huquqni muhofaza qilish

Faysalabadda huquqni muhofaza qilish shahar politsiyasi tomonidan, shahar hukumati tomonidan tayinlanadigan shahar politsiyasi xodimi (CPO) buyrug'i bilan amalga oshiriladi.[47] CPO ofisi Faysalobod tuman sudida joylashgan.[48] Turli xil politsiya tarkibiga tuman politsiyasi, elita politsiyasi, yo'l harakati politsiyasi, Panjob yo'lida patrul xizmati, tergov bo'limi va maxsus bo'lim kiradi.[49]

Suv ta'minoti va kanalizatsiya

Suv va sanitariya agentligi (WASA) 1978 yil 23 aprelda 1976 yilda shaharlarni rivojlantirish to'g'risidagi qonunga binoan tashkil etilgan Faysalobodni rivojlantirish bo'yicha ma'muriyatning (FDA) filiali hisoblanadi.[50] Hisob-kitoblar shuni ko'rsatadiki, WASA shaharning kanalizatsiya xizmatlarining taxminan 72 foizini va suv xizmatlarining taxminan 60 foizini taqdim etadi.[51] WASA ning mavjud ishlab chiqarish quvvati kuniga 65 million gallonni tashkil etadi (kuniga 300 million litr), ularning deyarli barchasi eski yotoqlarda joylashgan quduqlardan olinadi. Chenab daryosi. Quduqlardan suv Sargodha yo'lida joylashgan terminal suv omboriga quyiladi.[52] Odatda shaharning aksariyat qismiga kuniga jami taxminan 8 soat suv etkazib beriladi.[52] Yaponiya xalqaro hamkorlik agentligi (JICA) shaharda suv va sanitariya sharoitlarini yaxshilashga yordam berish uchun moliyaviy va texnik jihozlarni taqdim etdi.[53]

Geografiya

Manzil

Faysalabad Panjobning shimoli-sharqidagi tekis tekislikda, dengiz sathidan 186 metr (610 fut) balandlikda joylashgan. Shahar maydoni taxminan 1230 kvadrat kilometrni (470 kvadrat mil), tuman esa 16000 kvadrat kilometrni (6200 kvadrat mil) o'z ichiga oladi. Chenab daryosi taxminan 30 kilometr (19 milya) oqadi va Ravi daryosi janubi-sharqdan 40 kilometr (25 milya) uzoqlikda joylashgan. Quyi Chenab kanali ishlov berilgan erlarning 80 foizini suv bilan ta'minlaydi, bu sug'orishning asosiy manbai hisoblanadi. Faysalobod shimolda joylashgan Chiniot va Shayxupura, sharqda Shayxupura va Sahival, janubda Sahival va Toba Tek Sinx, g'arbda Jang.[54]

Geologiya

Faysalobod tumani allyuvial tekisliklar o'rtasida Himoloy tog 'etaklari va markaziy yadrosi Hindiston qit'asi.[55] The allyuvial yotqiziqlar odatda ming futdan oshiq qalinlikda.[56] The intervalgacha davomida shakllangan deb ishoniladi Kech pleystotsen va xususiyati daryo teraslari.[57] Keyinchalik ular eski va yosh toshqin suv toshqini ekanligi aniqlandi Ravi daryosi Kamaliya va Chenab tekisliklarida. Qadimgi suv toshqinlari quyidagilardan iborat Golotsen Ravi va Chenab daryolaridagi konlar.[58]

Tuproq yosh qatlamli loyqadan yoki juda mayda qumli loydan iborat bo'lib, ular er osti qatlamlarini atigi besh metr balandlikda oddiy kankerlar bilan tuzilishini zaiflashtiradi. Faysalabad ichidagi daryolarning oqimi o'zgarib turadi va tez-tez o'zgarib turadi. Yomg'irli mavsumda oqimlar juda kuchli. Bu bir necha kun davom etadigan ba'zi hududlarda kuchli toshqinlarga olib keladi. The Rax va Gogera kanallar okrugdagi suv sathini rag'batlantirdi, ammo Ravi daryosidagi kamar tor bo'lib qoldi. Daryo tubiga qum bargi va past qumloqni siljigan daryo kanallari kiradi levees daryo eroziyasiga olib keladi.[56]Faysalobod pastki qismning markazida joylashgan Rechna Doab, hudud Chenab va Ravi daryolari o'rtasida joylashgan. Shimoliy-sharqdan janubi-g'arbiy tomonga engil nishab bor, o'rtacha kilometrga 0,2-0,3 metr (miliga 1,1-1,6 fut) tushadi. Shahar 183 metr (600 fut) balandlikda joylashgan. Topografiya vodiylar, mahalliy depressiya va baland erlar bilan ajralib turadi.[59]

Iqlim

Asosiy maqola: Faysalobod iqlimi
Faysalobodga yaqinlashayotgan momaqaldiroq
Shahar ustida momaqaldiroq, 2020 yil mart

Shaharda ob-havo Pokiston meteorologiya boshqarmasi.[60] Pokiston Meteorologiya Departamenti Milliy Agromet Markazi yordamida fermerlarga prognozlar, jamoatchilik ogohlantirishlari va yog'ingarchilik to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni muntazam ravishda etkazib beradi.[61][62][63]

Yillik o'rtacha yog'ingarchilik taxminan 615 millimetr (24,2 dyuym). U iyul va avgust oylarida musson mavsumida eng yuqori cho'qqiga etadi, ammo qish oylarida g'arbiy notinchliklar do'l bilan bog'liq bo'lgan yog'ingarchilikni keltirib chiqaradi.[64] Musson mavsumi iyulda boshlanadi va sentyabrda tugaydi, shaharga kuchli yomg'ir yog'ib, toshqin toshishiga olib keladi.[65][66] Agar musson oqimlari g'arbiy bezovtalanish bilan o'zaro ta'sir qilsa, u holda bulut ham paydo bo'lishi mumkin. Iyul - suv toshqini haqida bir necha bor xabar berilgan yilning eng sersuv oyi.[64][67][68][69] Musson sentyabr oyida tugaydi va keyin quruq davr boshlanadi. Oktyabr va noyabr oylari eng kam yog'ingarchilik bo'lgan eng quruq oylardir. Qish paytida ob-havo odatda bulutli bo'lib turadi, tez-tez tuman bilan bog'liq.[59] Yog'ingarchilik miqdori rekord darajada 264,2 millimetr (10,40 dyuym) 1961 yil 5 sentyabrda Pokiston meteorologiya boshqarmasi tomonidan qayd etilgan.[70] Shaharning harorati yozgi maksimal rekord darajadagi 48.0 ° S (118.4 ° F) ga etdi, bu 1947 yil 9-iyunda va 2010 yil 26-mayda yana kuzatilgan.[71] Haddan tashqari minimal harorat -4.0 ° C (24.8 ° F) 1978 yil 15-yanvarda qayd etilgan. Faysalobodda kuzatilgan eng yuqori shamol shiddati 2000 yil 2-iyunda kuchli chang-momaqaldiroq paytida yuz berdi, shunda shamolning maksimal tezligi boshiga 151 kilometrga yetdi. soat (94 milya).[71] Faysaloboddagi havo harorati va yog'ingarchilik ko'rsatkichlaridan tashqari, odatda engil. Shahar shamol tezligi past bo'lgan hududda joylashgan. Kunning ikkinchi yarmida g'arbiy shabada hukmron, kechalari esa tinch. Musson mavsumida bu erda janubi-sharqiy / sharqiy shamollar tez-tez uchraydi. Faysalobod tekislikda bo'lib, kuchli momaqaldiroq va kuchli shamol esishi mumkin, bu esa uning hosiliga zarar etkazishi mumkin.[72]

Faysalobod uchun ob-havo ma'lumoti
OyYanvarFevralMarAprelMayIyunIyulAvgustSentyabrOktyabrNoyabrDekabrYil
Yuqori darajani yozing ° C (° F)26.6
(79.9)		30.8
(87.4)		37
(99)		44
(111)		47.5
(117.5)		48
(118)		46.1
(115.0)		42
(108)		41.1
(106.0)		40
(104)		36.1
(97.0)		29.2
(84.6)		48
(118)
O'rtacha yuqori ° C (° F)19.4
(66.9)		22.2
(72.0)		27.4
(81.3)		34.2
(93.6)		39.7
(103.5)		41.0
(105.8)		37.7
(99.9)		36.5
(97.7)		36.6
(97.9)		33.9
(93.0)		28.2
(82.8)		22.1
(71.8)		31.6
(88.9)
O'rtacha past ° C (° F)4.8
(40.6)		7.6
(45.7)		12.6
(54.7)		18.3
(64.9)		24.1
(75.4)		27.6
(81.7)		27.9
(82.2)		27.2
(81.0)		24.5
(76.1)		17.7
(63.9)		10.4
(50.7)		6.1
(43.0)		17.4
(63.3)
Past ° C (° F) yozib oling−2.9
(26.8)		−1.4
(29.5)		1
(34)		7
(45)		13
(55)		17
(63)		19
(66)		18.6
(65.5)		15.6
(60.1)		9
(48)		2
(36)		−1.3
(29.7)		−4
(25)
O'rtacha yog'ingarchilik mm (dyuym)31.5
(1.24)		34.3
(1.35)		49.1
(1.93)		43
(1.7)		24
(0.9)		61
(2.4)		153.4
(6.04)		119.6
(4.71)		71.3
(2.81)		9.8
(0.39)		2.6
(0.10)		15.4
(0.61)		615.7
(24.24)
O'rtacha yog'ingarchilik kunlari4576551010422363
O'rtacha nisbiy namlik (%)61514426211863555726315142
Manba: [73]

Demografiya

Faysalabad Britaniya Hindistonining 3 kvadrat kilometr (1,2 kv. Mil) maydonni o'z ichiga olgan birinchi rejalashtirilgan shaharlaridan biri sifatida tashkil etilgan.[74] Dastlab u 20 ming kishini sig'dirish uchun mo'ljallangan edi. Shahar aholisi 1941 yildagi 69 930 kishidan 1951 yilda 179 000 kishiga o'sdi (o'sish 152,2%).[75] O'sishning katta qismi Sharqiy Panjobdan kelgan musulmon qochqinlarning joylashuvi bilan bog'liq Xaryana, Hindiston. 1961 yilda aholi soni 425,248 ga ko'tarilib, 137,4% ga o'sdi. Faysalobod Pokistonning demografik tarixida 1941-1961 yillarda aholining umumiy o'sishini 508,1 foizga ro'yxatdan o'tkazgan holda rekord o'rnatdi. 1960 yillardagi sanoat inqilobi aholi sonining ko'payishiga yordam berdi.[75] 1961 yilda aholi 425 248 kishini tashkil etdi. 1972 yildagi aholini ro'yxatga olish Faysalobodni 864 ming aholisi bo'lgan Pokistonning 3-eng yirik shahri deb topdi. 1981 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olishda aholi soni 1092 ming kishini tashkil etdi; ammo, Faysalobodni rivojlantirish boshqarmasi ularning sonini 1 million 232 ming deb taxmin qilgan.[75] 2017 yilgi konsensusda shaharning umumiy aholisi 3 203 846 kishini tashkil etdi [1]

Din va etnik guruhlar

A Mughal eski shaharda ilhomlangan masjid. Aholining aksariyati musulmonlardir.[76]

Faysalobod ikkinchi yirik shahar bo'lgan Panjob viloyatida keng tarqalgan ijtimoiy-madaniy farqlar.[77] Aholining soni tumanlarga qarab farq qiladi, ammo ayrim farq qiluvchi omillar qatoriga yosh tuzilishi, yuqori yoshga bog'liqlik koeffitsienti, erkaklarning ulushi, turmush qurganlarning ulushi va heterojenlik yilda kastlar va tillar.[77]:387

Islom eng keng tarqalgan din bo'lib, 1998 yilda Pokiston aholini ro'yxatga olish hisoboti va 2001 yilgi aholi ma'lumotlari ma'lumotlariga ko'ra 97,22% musulmonlar ko'pchilikni tashkil qiladi.[77] Islomiy ta'sirlar turli xil aholining asosiy qadriyatlari, shu jumladan madaniy urf-odatlar, turmush, ta'lim, ovqatlanish, marosimlar va siyosatlarda namoyon bo'ladi, bu qishloqlar va shaharlar o'rtasidagi keskin farqlarni aks ettirishi mumkin.[78] Odamlar birlashtirilgan oilalarda yashaydilar, garchi a yadro oilasi tizim o'zgaruvchan ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy sharoitlar tufayli yuzaga kelmoqda.[77] Mintaqadagi aksariyat nikoh amaliyotlarida qadimgi Pokiston madaniyati hukmronlik qiladi, etnik va kastaga oid ba'zi cheklovlar ham mavjud. Biroq, zamonaviy jamiyatlarning ta'siri, ayniqsa, mintaqada ba'zi o'zgarishlarni amalga oshirdi mahr tizimi. Quyidagi qadimiy madaniyatda nikohni ota-onalar yoki sovchilar tomonidan uyushtirish odatiy holdir. Ba'zi hollarda, er o'z xotinini ota-onasidan sotib olishi kerak.[79] Kam yoki ozgina rasmiy bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan nikoh marosimlari umuminsoniy xarakterga ega va sotsiologik ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan marosimlarni o'z ichiga oladi.[78] 2007 va 2013 yillarda olib borilgan tadqiqotlar, ikkinchisi Faysalobod tumanidagi chekka qishloqlarda, "Gender kamsitishlari yangi hodisa emas" va bu zamonaviy dunyoda hamon mavjudligini ta'kidlab, ayollarga nisbatan jinslilik va kamsitish mavjudligini tan oldi. .[77][78] Qishloqlarda vaziyat yanada yomonroq bo'lishi mumkinligi ta'kidlangan, chunki "har doim qiz tug'ilsa, hech kim uning tug'ilgan kunini nishonlamaydi, o'g'il tug'ilganda bu katta quvonch va bayramni anglatadi".[78]

Mintaqadagi ijtimoiy o'zgarishlar sust jarayon edi, ammo ko'plab qishloqlar ommaviy axborot vositalari va zamonaviylashgan shahar jamoalariga duch kelgan qishloqlar o'zgargani sababli o'zgarish yuz berganiga ishora mavjud. Bundan tashqari, qishloq va shahar jamiyatlarini gender tarafkashlik va tenglik to'g'risida tarbiyalash bo'yicha "ongli va qat'iyatli harakatlar" bo'lganligi ta'kidlangan.[78] 2014 yil boshida Faysalobod press-klubi oldida bo'lib o'tgan "Oq lenta kampaniyasi" deb nomlangan yurish bo'lib o'tdi. Namoyishchilar hukumatga "oilada va ish joyida kamsitilgan ayollarni himoya qilish uchun" yangi qonunlar qabul qilishni iltimos qilishdi.[80]

Keng tarqalgan ozchiliklar, xususan hindu va nasroniylar o'zlarining diniy e'tiqodlari tufayli zaiflik his qilishadi.[76] Ishchilar va dehqon xo'jaliklari Panjob shtatidagi son-sanoqsiz nasroniy qishloqlarini o'z ichiga oladi; ko'plari hinduizmdan xristianlikni ingliz raji davrida qabul qilgan va tug'ilishi sababli past tabaqa deb hisoblagan odamlarning avlodlari.[32] Boy, yaxshi ma'lumotga ega bo'lgan nasroniylarning oz sonli aholisi Karachida joylashdilar; ammo, tobora ko'payib borayotgan islomlashtirish, Pokiston jamiyatidagi diniy murosasizlik, kufr qonunlari va islomiy jangarilar natijasida ko'pchilik Pokistonni Kanada va Avstraliya singari diniy bag'rikenglik ko'proq bo'lgan boshqa mamlakatlarda yashash uchun tark etishdi.[76][81]

Iqtisodiyot

The Chenab Chok yodgorligi shaharning to'qimachilik sanoatiga hurmat bajo keltiradi.[19]
Sakkizta alohida bozor Ganta Ghar bozoridan iborat bo'lib, u erda mahalliy yetishtirilgan mahsulotlar sotiladi.

2013 yildan boshlab YaIM (PPP) Faysalobodning qiymati 43 milliard dollarni tashkil etdi[4] va 2025 yilda 5,7% o'sish sur'ati bilan 87 mlrd.[11] Faysalobod Pokistonning yillik yalpi ichki mahsulotiga 5% dan ko'proq hissa qo'shadi; shuning uchun uni ko'pincha ""Manchester" Pokiston ".[9][10] Faysalobodning o'rtacha yillik yalpi ichki mahsuloti (nominal) 20,55 milliard dollarni (AQSh dollari) tashkil etadi, shundan 21% qishloq xo'jaligiga to'g'ri keladi.[4][7]:41 Atrofdagi qishloq, quyi Chenab daryosi bilan sug'orilib, paxta, sholi, shakarqamish, bug'doy, meva va sabzavotlar kabi qishloq xo'jalik tovarlarini ishlab chiqaradi.[82][83] Shahar o'zining magistral yo'llari, temir yo'llari, temir yo'llarni ta'mirlash maydonchalari, qayta ishlash zavodlari va muhandislik ishlari bilan sanoat markaziga aylandi. Bu paxta va ipak to'qimachilik, super fosfatlar, paypoq mahsulotlari, bo'yoqlar, sanoat kimyoviy moddalari, kiyim-kechak, sellyuloza-qog'oz, matbaa, qishloq xo'jaligi uskunalari, sariyog '(tiniqlangan yog') va ichimliklarni o'z ichiga olgan sanoat mahsulotlari va to'qimachilik mahsulotlarini ishlab chiqaruvchisi.[84]

Faysalobod Savdo-sanoat palatasi shahardagi sanoat faoliyatini kuzatib boradi va o'zlarining topilmalari to'g'risida hisobot beradi Pokiston Savdo-sanoat palatasi federatsiyasi va viloyat hukumati.[85] Shaharda asosiy yo'nalish mavjud quruq port[86][7]:25 va xalqaro aeroport.[7]:26

Faysalabad Pokistondagi to'qimachilik sanoatining markazi sifatida tan olingan bo'lib, u butun pakistanslarning umumiy etkazib berish hajmining yarmiga hissa qo'shadi.[87] 2012 yil iyun oyi oxirida to'qimachilik fabrikalari mamlakatdagi ishchilarning 20 foizini ish bilan ta'minladi va 1,3 trillion rupiy (13,8 milliard dollar) to'qimachilik mahsulotlarini ishlab chiqardi, ularning aksariyati AQSh va Evropaga eksport qilindi.[87] Panjob iqtisodiyotini asosan qishloq xo'jaligi boshqarayotgan bo'lsa-da, to'qimachilik sanoati charm mahsulotlari va engil mashinasozlik buyumlari bilan bir qatorda Panjab bo'ylab 48000 dan ortiq sanoat birliklari tarqalib, muhim rol o'ynaydi.[88] O'zaro savdoni rivojlantirish maqsadida Ruminiya va kurka Faysalabadda shahar bilan savdo aloqalarini ta'minlaydigan faxriy konsulliklarga ega.[89][90]

Faysalabad soat minorasi va uning sakkizta bozori (bozorlari) shaharning asosiy savdo zonasi bo'lib qolmoqda.[91] Sakkizta bozorning har biri alohida nomga ega va ma'lum tovarlarni quyidagicha sotish bilan mashhur:[92]

  • Sud uchun nomlangan Katchery Bazaar (Katchery) o'zining mobil telefonlari va aksessuarlar bozori bilan mashhur.
  • Rail Bazar oltin va mato bozoridir.
  • Bhawana Bazaar elektr va elektron mollarni etkazib beradi.
  • Jhang Bazaar baliq, go'sht, sabzavot va mevalarni etkazib beradi.
  • Aminpur bozori ish yuritish materiallari va ichki bezaklarni etkazib beradi.
  • Xarxana bozori o'simlik dorilari bilan mashhur.
  • Gol bozorida quruq mevalar, shuningdek sovun, moy va sariyog 'ulgurji do'konlari mavjud.
  • Chiniot bozori allopatik va gomeopatik dorilar do'konlari, mato, adyol, divan matolari va pardalari bilan mashhur. Shuningdek, uning parrandachilik uchun yem ulgurji savdo do'konlari mavjud.
  • Montgomeri bozori (Sutar Mandi nomi bilan ham tanilgan) ip va xom mato savdosi bilan mashhur.

Faysalobod katta mablag 'oldi Panjob hukumati infratuzilma va qishloq joylarga boradigan yo'llarni yaxshilash uchun shahar tuman hokimligi.[93] Energiya inqirozini bartaraf etish maqsadida FCCI xususiy kompaniyalar bilan birgalikda quyosh energiyasi va suv omborlarini qurish kabi qayta tiklanadigan energiya manbalarini o'zlashtirish bo'yicha ish olib bormoqda.[94] Germaniyada joylashgan qayta tiklanadigan energetika kompaniyasi bo'lgan CAE Osiyodagi ikkinchi darajali Faysalabadda quyosh panellarini ishlab chiqaradigan birinchi korxonani barpo etish rejalarini oshkor qildi va uni rivojlantirish uchun 100 million evro (12,9 milliard Rupiya) sarmoya kiritish niyatida.[95]

Transport

The M3 ulanish almashinuvi M2 va M4 mamlakat uchun shimoliy va janubni bog'laydigan shahar uchun muhim birlashma hisoblanadi [96]
Faysaloboddagi yo'llar
19-asr mustamlakachilik temir yo'l stantsiyasiga kirish
Faysalobod xalqaro aeroporti

Faysalobod temir yo'l, avtomobil va havo yo'llari bilan yaxshi bog'langan. Faysaloboddagi jamoat transportida avtoulovlar, avtobuslar va temir yo'llar mavjud. Faysalabad xalqaro aeroporti shaharning chekkasida joylashgan bo'lib, Yaqin Sharqqa parvozlarni amalga oshiradi.[97]

Yo'l

Asosiy maqola: Faysaloboddagi yo'llar

Yo'llarning aksariyati nazorat ostida Milliy avtomobil yo'llari boshqarmasi, Faysalobodni mamlakatning boshqa shaharlari bilan bog'lash.[98]

Faysalobod orqali o'tadigan milliy avtomagistral va avtomobil yo'llari

Faysalobod mamlakatning turli mintaqalari bilan bir necha milliy avtomagistral va avtomobil yo'llari orqali bog'langan:[52][98]:xaritalar

  • The Grand magistral yo'li, boshqa yo'l bilan GT Road deb nomlanuvchi, Faysalobodni Pokistonning aksariyat qismlari va qo'shni davlatlar bilan bog'laydigan asl avtomagistraldir. GT Road avtomobil yo'llari qurib bo'linguncha tuman bo'ylab o'tgan asosiy avtomagistral edi.[99]
  • The M-3 avtomagistrali (Pokiston) yoki M3 - Faysalabodni va bilan bog'laydigan kirish boshqariladigan avtomagistral M-2 avtomagistrali (Pokiston) yoki Pindi Battian almashinuvi orqali M2. M2 Ravalpindi va Islomobodni Lahor bilan bog'laydigan birinchi avtomobil yo'li edi.[98]:6
  • The M-4 avtomagistrali (Pokiston) yoki M4 - bu Faysalobodni ulaydigan kirish boshqariladigan avtomagistral Multon. M4 yana janubdagi Sukkur shahri bilan bog'laydigan M5 ga qo'shildi.[100]

Tuman hukumati Multon va Faysalobodni bog'lash uchun Milliy avtomobil yo'llari boshqarmasi bilan hamkorlik qildi.[101] The M4 tiqilinchni kamaytirish, savdo-sotiqni rivojlantirish va yirik to'qimachilik markazi bo'lgan Faysalabaddan yirik savdo markaziga sayohat vaqtini va transport xarajatlarini kamaytirish uchun ishlab chiqilgan. Multon.

Avtobuslar

Faysalabad shahar transport tizimi xizmati (FUTS) shahar ichidagi asosiy avtobus operatori. U 1994 yilda ishga tushirilgan va bir qancha yirik CNG avtobuslari va undan kichikroq avtobuslarda ishlaydi Toyota salom shaharning aksariyat qismini birlashtirgan furgonlar.[102] Panjab hukumati va konditsionerli CNG avtobus parkini boshqaradigan xususiy firma o'rtasida konsortsium bo'lgan yana bir davlat-xususiy avtobus operatori - Brothers Metro mavjud.[103] Endi Metro Brothers (MB), avtobuslar loyihasi ham Panjob hukumati tomonidan shaharda boshlangan.

Temir yo'l

The Faysalobod temir yo'l stantsiyasi shaharning markaziy temir yo'l stantsiyasidir. Ning qismini temir yo'l liniyasi tashkil etadi Xaneval - Vazirobod temir yo'l liniyasi. Temir yo'l xizmatlari tomonidan boshqariladi Pokiston temir yo'llariegalik qiladi va boshqaradi Temir yo'llar vazirligi.[104]

Cargo Express xizmatlari Pokiston temir yo'llari tomonidan boshqariladi, u Karachidan Multon orqali Faysalobodgacha etib boradi. Yigirma yetti bogies tovarlar poezdidan iborat bo'lib, ularni stantsiyadagi xususiy pudratchilar boshqaradi.[105] Stantsiyada shahardan mamlakatning boshqa mintaqalariga turli xil yuklarni tashish uchun temir yo'l vazirligi (Pokiston) tomonidan boshqariladigan maxsus yuk tashish vositasi mavjud. Tezkor posilka xizmati Karachidan Lahorga Faysalabad orqali o'tadi.[106]

Havo harakati

Faysalabad xalqaro aeroporti shahar markazidan taxminan 15 kilometr uzoqlikda va ichki va xalqaro sayohat uchun muhim aeroport hisoblanadi. Aeroport tarkibiga yuk tashish inshooti kiradi. 2016 yil yanvar oyidan boshlab yo'lovchi reyslari milliy bayroq tashuvchisi tomonidan amalga oshiriladi, Pokiston xalqaro aviakompaniyalari, va bir qator O'rta Sharqdagi tashuvchilar. FlyDubai shahardan operatsiyalarni boshlagan birinchi xalqaro tashuvchi bo'ldi Qatar Airways, Air Arabia va Gulf Air.[107][108]

2015 yilda aeroportni muhim yangilash va yangilash ishlari boshlandi Pokiston fuqaro aviatsiyasi boshqarmasi, shu jumladan aviatsiya texnologiyasini yangilash, sayohatchilar uchun qo'shimcha joylar va xizmatlarni qurish va keng korpusli samolyotlarni qabul qilish uchun havo harakati imkoniyatlarini kengaytirish. Boeing 777.[109]

Madaniyat

Asosiy maqolalar: Pokiston madaniyati va Faysaloboddagi joylar ro'yxati
1904 yilda qurilgan Chenab klubi - bu ingliz zobiti Genri Kues tomonidan ochilgan ijtimoiy klub. Bu shaharda birinchi bo'lib edi.[110]
Faysalobod badiiy kengashining uyi bo'lgan Nusrat Fotih Alixon auditoriyasi.[111]
Yangi ishga tushirilgan Chase Up Mall
Tovuq jalfrezi pitssi achchiq tandir uslubidagi tovuq go'shti, ikki turdagi pishloq va aralash qalampir bilan tayyorlanadi.
Seek kaboblari

Faysalobod, aholi soni bo'yicha uchinchi o'rinda metropol keyin Pokistonda Karachi va Lahor[112] mustamlakachilik merosi joylari bilan mashhurlikka erishgan savdo-sotiq epitsentri.[113] 1982 yilda Panjob shtati hukumati tashkil etdi Faysalobod badiiy kengashiAxborot, madaniyat va yoshlar bilan ishlash bo'limi tomonidan ma'muriy jihatdan nazorat qilinadigan Panjob Badiiy Kengashining bo'limi.[114] Arxitektor Nayyer Ali Dada tomonidan loyihalashtirilgan Faysalabad badiiy kengashi binosi 2006 yilda qurib bitkazilgan. Auditoriya marhumning nomi bilan atalgan Nusrat Fotih Ali Xon, pokistonlik musiqachi va qo'shiqchi.[114]

Bayramlar

The Panjob xalqi davomida turli madaniy va diniy festivallarni nishonlash Panjob viloyatisan'at va hunarmandchilik, musiqa, mahalliy tadbirlar va diniy bayramlar kabi.[115] Faysalabad shahri har yili 14 avgust kuni o'z mustaqilligini nishonlaydi Pokiston bayrog'i Komissarlik ofisidagi soat minorasida. Bayramlar uchun bozorlar rang-barang bezatilgan, hukumat va xususiy binolar yorqin yoritilgan va shu kabi bayroq ko'tarish marosimlari odatda tuman va uning tehsillarida o'tkaziladi.[116][117]

Bahor kelishi bilan har yili "Rang-e-Bahar" festivali olib boriladi, u erda shahar okrugi hokimiyatining bog'lar va bog'dorchilik boshqarmasi Jinnah bog'larida gullar ko'rgazmasi va ko'rgazmasini tashkil qiladi.[118] Qishloq xo'jaligi universiteti "Kissan Mela" nomi bilan tanilgan asosiy kampusida ham xuddi shunday tadbirni tashkil qiladi.[119] Festivali Basant Bu samolyot parvozini o'z ichiga olgan shaharda har yili taqiqlanganiga qaramay urf bo'lgan.[120] Viloyat hukumati besh kunlik tantanalarni o'z ichiga olgan "Kanal Mela" ni taqdim etdi, shu jumladan shahardagi asosiy kanal milliy suzuvchi va chiroqlar bilan bezatilgan, festival yakunlanishi uchun musiqiy konsert bilan yakunlandi.[121]

Shahar diniy marosimlari ko'pchilik musulmon bo'lishdir Ramazon va Muharram. Ning festivallari Chaand Raat, Ramazon hayiti va Qurbon hayiti nishonlanadi va milliy bayramlar hisoblanadi.[122] The bayram Payg'ambarimiz Muhammad alayhissalomning tavallud kunlari "Eid Milad-un-Nabī" deb nomlanadigan shaharda nishonlangan.[123] Bir yillik darbarlar va ziyoratgohlar mavjud bo'lib, ular yil davomida bir qator fidoyilarni jalb qiladilar Ur.[124] Shaharda har yili Pasxa va Rojdestvo marosimlari o'tkaziladigan bir qator nasroniy cherkovlari mavjud.[125][126]

Kiyim

Faysaloboddagi an'anaviy liboslar Panjob kiyimlari kabi dhoti, kurta va pagri.[127] Faysalabadiy erkaklar oq kiyishadi shalvar kameez ayollar kabi, lekin a dupatta (sharf). Ko'proq konservativ ayollar kiyishadi burqalar yuzni yopishi yoki yopmasligi mumkin.[127] Pokiston va G'arb kiyimlarining kombinatsiyasini ayollar kiyishadi, masalan, jinsi kiygan kashtado'z kurta yoki shimva yarim yengli yoki yengsiz ko'ylaklar bilan Kapri shimlari. Erkaklar ko'ylak shimlari, shimlari, futbolkalari va jinsilar kabi odatiy va rasmiy ish kiyimi uchun ba'zi zamonaviy G'arb uslublarini o'zlashtirdilar.[127]

Hukumat kolleji universiteti qoshidagi Faysalabad to'qimachilik va moda dizayn instituti o'zlarining bir qismi sifatida moda dizaynidan dars beradi Tasviriy san'at dastur.[128] Ba'zi konservativ muassasalar va universitetlar qat'iy kiyim qoidalariga rioya qilishadi, masalan, Faysalabaddagi Milliy To'qimachilik Universiteti, bu erda 2016 yil 27 aprelda universitet professori Muhammad Ashfaq tomonidan bildirishnoma e'lon qilingan. Xabarnomaning maqsadi "NTUning ijobiy qiyofasini targ'ib qilish va professor-o'qituvchilar, xodimlar va talabalar o'rtasida yaxshi axloqiy, diniy va madaniy qadriyatlarni saqlash" edi. The kiyinish qoidalari erkaklar uchun qisqa shimlar, yengsiz ko'ylaklar va sharflarni o'z ichiga olgan G'arb kiyimlarining ayrim uslublarini taqiqlaydi. Ayollarga jinsi shim, tayt yoki kiyish taqiqlanadi taytlar, ayollar uchun yengsiz yoki yarim yengli ko'ylaklar. Shuningdek, ayollarga og'ir bo'yanish va qimmatbaho zargarlik buyumlari taqiqlanadi.[129]

Oshxona

Faysalabadi oshxonasi juda ko'p Panjob taomlari, Mughal va Mustamlaka imperiyalari. Asosiy tarkibiy qismlarga guruch yoki kiradi roti (yassi non) sabzavotli yoki sabzavotsiz xizmat qiladi kori, achchiq pomidor va piyoz va yogurtdan iborat salat. Bunga odatda turli xil narsalar hamroh bo'ladi Janubiy Osiyo shirinliklari kabi jaggery, gajar ka halva, gulab jamunva jalebi.[130] Tandir barbekyu spesiyalitlari turli xil nan nonlaridan iborat tandir tovuqi, tovuq tikka yoki qo'zichoq shishkebab bilan xizmat qilgan yalpizli chutney.[131]

Street foods are a key element to Faisalabadi cuisine.[132] Samosalar (deep fried pastry filled with vegetables or meat) topped with an onion salad and two types of chutney. There is even a square dedicated to them in the old city.[133] Other street foods include, dahi bhale (deep fried vadas in creamy yoghurt), gol gappay (fried round puri filled with vegetables and topped with tamarind chutney) and vegetable or chicken pakoras. Biryani and murgh pilao rice are a speciality in Faisalabad.[134]

A typical breakfast in Faislabadi is halwa poori comprising a deep fried flatbread served with a spicy chickpea curry and sweet orange coloured halwa.[133] It is customarily accompanied by a sweet or salty yoghurt based drink called lassi.[135] During winter, a common breakfast is roghni naan bread bilan xizmat qilgan paya curry.[136]

Specialty drinks vary depending on climate. During winter, a variety of hot drinks are available, such as rabri doodh, a creamy dessert drink commonly made with full-fat milk, almonds, pistachios and basil seeds, dhood patti (milky tea), and Kashmiri chai, a pink coloured milky tea containing almonds and pistachios.[137] During summer, drinks such as sugar cane rusk, limo pani (iced lemon water), skanjvi (iced orange and black pepper) and lassi are common.[138]

There are American-style fast food franchises that cater to the local community, such as McDonald's, Kentukki qovurilgan tovuq (KFC)va Pizza kulbasi.[139]

Savodxonlik

Hisobotiga ko'ra Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Ta'lim, fan va madaniyat masalalari bo'yicha tashkiloti (YuNESKO), the 2015 literacy rate for Pakistan ranked 160th which is among the lowest literacy rates in the world.[140]

In 1981, Faisalabad was among four districts in Punjab, which included Gujranwala, Jhelum and Gujrat, that were experiencing low literacy rates, due primarily to either a lack of resources or family pressure; the latter of which may also be attributable to illiteracy.[140] In 1998, Faisalabad progressed to a higher literacy rate with the most improvement realised at the primary school level.[141] In 2008, Faisalabad District ranked 51.9% which placed the district 9th in literacy out of the 34 Punjab districts.[142]

In 2014, the city held its first literary festival which brought a number of writers to the city to encourage the community to follow the arts.[143] Two literary groups were established, the Faisalabad Union of Column Writers and Faisalabad Union of Journalists, to bring together printed media personalities for the purpose of providing training to budding writers from the city.[144]

Dam olish

D zamin Central Park was rebuilt by the city district government and now includes miniatures of the symbols of Pakistan kabi Mozori-Quaid, Minor-e-Pokistonva Bab-e-Pakistan.
Iqbol stadioni, is an international cricket ground, home to the Faisalabad Wolves cricket team.

Bog'lar va ochiq joylar

Faisalabad is home to a number of parks, most of which are maintained by the Parks and Horticulture Authority, Faisalabad. The oldest park in the city is Jinnah Garden, the city's central park, commonly known as "Company Bagh" and where the monument of Sir James Broadwood Lyall is situated.[145]

Other parks include Canal Park, a family park located on the west bank of the Rakh Branch Canal.[19] The Gatwala Wildlife Park is a botanical natural reserve located at Gatwala that was renovated by the city district government.[146] The Pahari Grounds near D Ground is another renovated park that has a Pakistan Air Force F-86 Sabre on display.[147]

Sport

Asosiy maqola: List of sports venues in Faisalabad

Kriket is a popular sport in Faisalabad. Regional and international cricket matches are held in Iqbol stadioni,[148] named after Pakistani poet Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal.[149] The stadium is home to Faisalabad's local team, the Faisalabad Wolves.[150] Iqbal Stadium hosted the 1987 yil kriket bo'yicha jahon chempionati,[151] va 1996 yil kriket bo'yicha jahon chempionati.[152]

The Faisalabad Hockey Stadium, located on Susan Road, was constructed in 2002, and can accommodate 25,000 spectators. On 16 April 2003, the stadium was inaugurated by Khalid Maqbool, governor of Punjab. It is the third largest xokkey stadium in the country.[153] The stadium has hosted maydonli xokkey matches for both national and international competition but by the beginning of 2016 was reported to be in "pathetic condition as its astroturf has completed its life span about eight years ago." Commissioner Naseem Nawaz advised that efforts were under way to maintain the stadium.[153]

In October 2002, the Government College University established a Directorate of Sports to promote university and national level sports for male and female players. Infrastructure and facilities are available for university players in trek, hockey, tennis, basketball, table tennis, badminton and kriket pitch.[154]

Ta'lim

Asosiy maqola: List of educational institutions in Faisalabad
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Agriculture.

In 2013, Faisalabad's literacy rate of 46% for females was noticeably lower than the 69% for males; rural literacy was 49% compared to 74% in urban areas.[155]

Faisalabad has several research and educational institutions, both public and private, such as the Qishloq xo'jaligi universiteti, Davlat kolleji universiteti, National Textile University, Qishloq va biologiya yadro instituti, University of Faisalabad, va University of Engineering & Technology of Lahore.[156] In 2014, the University of Agriculture ranked 1st in agriculture and 4th overall for universities in Pakistan according to the Pokiston oliy ta'lim komissiyasi (HEC), and was ranked 142nd in the 2013 Top 200 World Universities for agriculture and forestry by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS).[157]

Ta'lim tizimi

The education system is monitored by the District Education Officer (EDO) of the City District Government of Faisalabad.[158] The city government reports its findings to the Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training va Ta'lim vaziri. Funding is provided by the government of Pakistan, City District Government and the fees collected from schools. There are four levels of the education system in the city: Primary, Elementary, High and Higher Secondary Level. Primary level education is only compulsory.[159] There are a number of schools for the assistance of children with maxsus ehtiyojlar.[160]

Public libraries and museums

Ikki bor kutubxonalar that are open to the public: Allama Iqbal Library and Municipal Corporation Public Library. They are funded and regulated by the government of Punjab under the service sector.[161]

  • Allama Iqbal Library is located on University Road, opposite the District Courts. The library is housed in the 1911-built colonial building originally named "Coronation Library" during the rule of the British Empire. In 2012, the building came under control of the Lyallpur Heritage Foundation[162] and the Punjab Archives and Libraries Department.[163]
  • Lyallpur muzeyi is located adjacent to the Allama Iqbal Library on University Road. It is a heritage museum and art gallery open to the public. The museum is primarily focused on regional history with a collection of artwork, artefacts and photographs.[164]
  • Municipal Library is located in Iqbal Park on Narwala Road, opposite the historical grounds of Dhobi Ghat.[165] The library has a large collection of books, a photo gallery and a conference centre. In 2011, the library underwent a renovation costing 40 million rupees.[166]
  • The Forest Library at the Punjab Forestry Research Institute (PFRI) is one of two specialist libraries, the other being in Lahore.[167] Opened in 1986, the research library is based at the Wildlife Research Center in Gatwala.[168]

OAV

Televizion va radio

The Pokiston elektron ommaviy axborot vositalarini tartibga solish idorasi (PEMRA) is responsible for the regulation and monitoring of electronic media entertainment in the country.[169] Pokiston televideniye korporatsiyasi, is the state-owned regulated television broadcasting network.[170] The government began licensing private broadcasters in 2002.[171]

The government of Pakistan installed the first radio transmitters in the city on 15 September 1982.[172] "Pokiston radiosi" broadcasts three government regulated FM stations: "Radio Pakistan FM101, Radio Pakistan FM93 and Radio Pakistan Sautul Qur'an Channel FM93.4. FM101 became operational in 2002, FM93 went live in 2010 and FM93.4 Sautul Qur'an Channel went live in 2016; PBC all three stations are standard power KW 2.5.[173]

Telekommunikatsiya

Pakistan Telecommunication Authority is a government-owned organisation that is responsible for the establishment, operation and maintenance of telecommunications in the city.[174] The organisation monitors and prevents illegal exchanges in the city.[175]

Pokiston telekommunikatsiya kompaniyasi cheklangan is the main provider of fixed line, mobile and broadband services. Regional headquarters is located at the Central Telecom House in Chinot Bazaar.[176] With the deregulation of the telecommunication sector by the Ministry of Information Technology, a range of companies now offer mobil va keng polosali services in the city.[177]

Kino va teatr

In 2008, the Government of Pakistan lifted a forty-year ban on Bollivud films which allowed Indian films to be played in cinemas.[178] The cinema industry has since seen the introduction of new cinemas such as Cinepax by Hotel One,[179] and Cine Nagina.[180]

The Government College University in Faisalabad encourages students from the University of Agriculture to hold workshops and explore themes of peace and tolerance which can be used in an engaging and entertaining way to communicate complex issues to different audiences.[181]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ a b "Here are Ten Most Populated Cities of Pakistan". 2017.
  2. ^ "PROVISIONAL SUMMARY RESULTS OF 6TH POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS-2017". pbs.gov.pk. Olingan 24-noyabr 2017.
  3. ^ Stephen P. Cohen (2004). The Idea of Pakistan. Brukings instituti matbuoti. p.202. ISBN 0815797613.
  4. ^ a b v d e "Punjab At A Glance". Punjab Board of Investment & Trade, Government of The Punjab. 2016. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2017 yil 16 aprelda. Olingan 15 aprel 2017.
  5. ^ "The Faisalabad Chamber of Commerce & Industry". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2017 yil 22-may kuni. Olingan 15 aprel 2017.
  6. ^ "Faisalabad Geography". 2013 yil 12 aprel. Olingan 15 aprel 2017.
  7. ^ a b v d e Ghulam Mustafa (2009). Regional Profile, Faisalabad (Hisobot). University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
  8. ^ "The City Faisalabad – GCUF". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on 24 April 2015.
  9. ^ a b International Conference on Soil Sustainability and Food Security (PDF) (Hisobot). University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. 2005 yil. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  10. ^ a b Jaffrelot, Kristof (2002). Pakistan: Nationalism Without A Nation. Zed kitoblari. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-84277-117-4.
  11. ^ a b http://faisalabad.dc.lhc.gov.pk/PublicPages/HistoryOfDistrict.aspx
  12. ^ a b "The Economy of Faisalabad" (PDF). Faisalabad Chamber of Commerce & Industry. Olingan 8 fevral 2018.
  13. ^ a b "Faculty of Agriculture – History". Faysalobod qishloq xo'jaligi universiteti. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  14. ^ a b "History of Faisalabad". Punjab Portal. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 18 oktyabrda. Olingan 8 iyun 2016.
  15. ^ a b v Integrated Slums Development Programme (ISDP) (March 2001). "Faisalabad CITY PROFILE and SELECTION OF WARDS". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 23 sentyabrda. Olingan 8 iyul 2015. Iqtibos jurnali talab qiladi | jurnal = (Yordam bering)
  16. ^ "Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary". Olingan 11 iyun 2016.
  17. ^ https://www.tuf.edu.pk/history-faisalabad#:~:text=In%201977%2C%20the%20name%20of,Jhang%20and%20Toba%20Tek%20Singh.
  18. ^ John Everett-Heath (13 September 2018). The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oksford. p. 728. ISBN 978-0-19-256243-2.
  19. ^ a b v d "A History of Faisalabad City". The Faisalabad Chamber of Commerce & Industry. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 3 sentyabrda. Olingan 8 iyul 2015.
  20. ^ a b "City of Faisalabad". The University of Faisalabad. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 18 oktyabrda. Olingan 4 dekabr 2015.
  21. ^ https://pakvoter.org/wp-content/pdfs/Punjab%20Local%20Government%20Elections%202016/Faisalabad.pdf
  22. ^ Gordon, Leonard A.; Walsh, Judith (2009). "Central Themes for a Unit on South Asia". Asia For Educators. Kolumbiya universiteti. Olingan 17 iyun 2016.
  23. ^ Stein, Burton (2010). Hindiston tarixi. John Wiley & Sons. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1. Quote: "When the formal rule of the Company was replaced by the direct rule of the British Crown in 1858, ...."
  24. ^ Lowe, Lisa (2015). The Intimacies of Four Continents. Dyuk universiteti matbuoti. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-8223-7564-7. Quote: "... Company rule in India lasted effectively from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 until 1858, when following the 1857 Indian Rebellion, the British Crown assumed direct colonial rule of India in the new British Raj."
  25. ^ a b "Brief History of Faisalabad". District Court of Faisalabad. Olingan 8 iyun 2016.
  26. ^ a b "Brief History of Faisalabad". District Court Faisalabad. Olingan 3 dekabr 2015.
  27. ^ Nicolls, Bruce. "The Union Jack or The Union Flag?". Bayroq instituti. Olingan 3 dekabr 2015.
  28. ^ "City of Faisalabad". The University of Faisalabad. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 18 oktyabrda. Olingan 3 dekabr 2015.
  29. ^ Dan Bogart, Latika Chaudhry (August 2011). "Railways in Colonial India: An Economic Achievement?" (PDF). Ijtimoiy fanlar. University of California-Irvine. p. 2018-04-02 121 2. Olingan 3 dekabr 2015.
  30. ^ "Imperial Gazetteer of India". 2. Superintendent of Government Printing. 1908: 220–223. Iqtibos jurnali talab qiladi | jurnal = (Yordam bering)
  31. ^ Nausheen Anwar (2014). Infrastructure Redux: inqiroz, sanoat Pokiston va undan tashqaridagi taraqqiyot. Pokiston: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-137-44818-7.
  32. ^ a b v d Crispin Bates, Phd (3 March 2011). "The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies". Britaniya tarixi. BBC. Olingan 4 dekabr 2015.
  33. ^ a b Yasmin Khan (2007). The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan. Yel universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 978-0-300-12078-3.
  34. ^ Shahid Javed Burki (2015). Pokistonning tarixiy lug'ati. Rowman va Littlefield. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-4422-4148-0.
  35. ^ "Business ties: Faisalabad encourages Turkish investment". Express Tribuna. 2015 yil 26 aprel.
  36. ^ Urban Management Initiatives in Pakistan (PDF). Pakistan Research Repository, Influence of the Development Plan on City Growth (Hisobot). Pakistan Higher Education Commission. 84-85 betlar. Olingan 19 yanvar 2016.
  37. ^ a b v "CDG Faisalabad – Welcome..."
  38. ^ "CDG Faisalabad". faisalabad.gov.pk. Government of Punjab. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  39. ^ "TMA Faisalabad Division". lgcd.punjab.gov.pk. Government of Punjab. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  40. ^ Bhalli, Nasar min Allah. "Union Council Boundaries of Faisalabad City". Department of Geography, GUCF. Pakistan GIS. Olingan 17 iyun 2016.
  41. ^ Assessment of Land Development and Management Practices in Five Large Cities of Punjab Arxivlandi 14 July 2015 at the Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
  42. ^ "The Punjab Development of Cities Act, 1976".
  43. ^ "Water And Sanitation Agency" (PDF). Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2016 yil 5-avgustda. Olingan 8 iyun 2016.
  44. ^ "Application of GIS in the Spatial Analysis of Slums in Faisalabad, Pakistan". Olingan 8 iyun 2016.
  45. ^ "CDG Faisalabad". www.faisalabad.gov.pk. City District Government Faisalabad. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 12 mayda. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  46. ^ "FIC Official Website". FIC. Olingan 22 noyabr 2013.
  47. ^ Hanif, Intikhab (16 February 2007). "Government Puts A Whole New Complexion on Police". Tong. Olingan 8 iyun 2016.
  48. ^ "Contact Us Faisalabad City Police". Olingan 17 noyabr 2015.
  49. ^ "Faisalabad Police". Faisalabad Police. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 10 fevralda. Olingan 8 iyun 2016.
  50. ^ "Water Supply". wasafaisalabad.gop.pk. Water and Sanitation Agency Faisalabad. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  51. ^ "The City Faisalabad". wasafaisalabad.gop.pk. Water and Sanitation Agency Faisalabad. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  52. ^ a b v Mahboob Elahi (12 June 2007). Performance Benchmarking in WASA Faisalabad (PDF) (Hisobot). Anjuman Samaji Behbood. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2016 yil 4 martda. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  53. ^ "Japan gifts WASA Faisalabad with Equipment to improve Sewerage and Drainage system". www.jica.go.jp. Yaponiya xalqaro hamkorlik agentligi. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  54. ^ "CDG Faisalabad". www.faisalabad.gov.pk. City District Government Faisalabad. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 5-may kuni. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  55. ^ "Pokiston". Vashington Post. Olingan 9 iyun 2016.
  56. ^ a b Akhtar, Nasim (October 2006). "Study Area and Sampling" (PDF). Radionuclide Pollution due to Fertilizer use in some Saline Soils of the Punjab and their Potential Risk Assessment on Human Health (PhD). Bahauddin Zakariya University. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  57. ^ Giosan, Liviu; Clift, Peter D.; Maklin, Mark G.; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Constantinescu, Stefan; Durcan, Julie A.; Stevens, Thomas; Duller, Geoff A. T.; Tabrez, Ali R.; Gangal, Kavita; Adhikari, Ronojoy; Alizai, Anwar; Filip, Florin; VanLaningham, Sam; Syvitski, James P.M. (26 June 2012). "Fluvial Landscapes of the Harappan Civilization" (PDF). PNAS. Milliy fanlar akademiyasi. 109 (26): E1688-94. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109E1688G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112743109. PMC 3387054. PMID 22645375. Olingan 9 iyun 2016.
  58. ^ Jehangir, Waqar Ahmed; Qureshi, Asad Sarwar; Ali, Nazim (2002). "Physiography of the Rechna Doab". Conjunctive Water Management in the Rechna Doab: An Overview of Resources and Issues. International Water Management Institute. p. 3. ISBN 9290904895.
  59. ^ a b v "Report of Baseline Survey Faisalabad, Pakistan". Asian Urban Information of Kobe. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 24 yanvarda. Olingan 27 yanvar 2016.
  60. ^ "Pakistan Weather". Pokiston meteorologiya boshqarmasi. Olingan 17 iyun 2016.
  61. ^ "Weather Advisory for Farmers". Pokiston meteorologiya boshqarmasi. Olingan 17 iyun 2016.
  62. ^ "Regional Agrometeorological Center Faisalabad". Pokiston meteorologiya boshqarmasi. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  63. ^ "Climate: Faisalabad – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Olingan 7 sentyabr 2013.
  64. ^ a b https://nation.com.pk/24-Jul-2019/rain-forecast-flood-warning-for-three-days
  65. ^ https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/urban-flooding-likely-in-various-divisions-t-720528.html
  66. ^ https://www.samaa.tv/news/2019/07/pdma-warns-of-urban-flooding-in-several-punjab-cities/
  67. ^ https://www.dawn.com/news/1493771
  68. ^ https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/503153-heavy-rains-pmd-issues-flood-landslide-alert
  69. ^ https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/501988-Heavy-monsoon-rain-lashes-parts-of-country
  70. ^ Pokiston meteorologiya boshqarmasi http://www.pmd.gov.pk/ Retrieved 18 January 2016
  71. ^ a b http://rmcpunjab.pmd.gov.pk/P-historical.html
  72. ^ https://www.urdupoint.com/en/weather/faisalabad-receives-heavy-rain-663064.html
  73. ^ "Faisalbad Climate Data". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2010 yil 13 iyunda. Olingan 18 yanvar 2011.
  74. ^ India Unbound: from Independence to the Global Information age by Gurcharan Das
  75. ^ a b v "Chapter 6: Faisalabad, Pakistan". The 2004 Baseline Survey on Millennium Development Goals in AACs. Asian Urban Information Center of Kobe. 2004. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2016 yil 24 yanvarda. Olingan 4 dekabr 2015.
  76. ^ a b v "Who are Pakistan's Christians?". BBC. 23 September 2013. Archived from asl nusxasi 2016 yil 3 martda. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  77. ^ a b v d e Asad Ali Khan (December 2011). "Changing Pattern of Population Growth and Structure in Punjab, Pakistan" (PDF). Janubiy Osiyo tadqiqotlari. 26 (2): 387–388.
  78. ^ a b v d e Ambreen, Mamonah; Mohyuddin, Anwaar (February 2013). "Gender Discrimination Tactics Used Against Females". International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. ISSN 2229-5518. Olingan 21 iyul 2016.
  79. ^ Masood, Saira; Batool, Zahira; Abbasi, Saif-Ur-Rehman Saif (2007). "Sociological Study of Marriage Patterns and Adjustment in a Selected Community in Faisalabad City (Pakistan)". AGRIS, Information System for the Agricultural Science and Technology. 3 (1): 1. Olingan 21 iyul 2016.
  80. ^ Kholkar, Shafique (3 March 2014). "Faisalabad: Hundreds of "White Ribbons" to Protest Against Violence Against Women". AsiaNews. Olingan 21 iyul 2016.
  81. ^ "Pakistani Christian refugees face ordeal in Thailand". FOX News Network, LLC. 2015 yil 3-avgust.
  82. ^ "Madaniyat". Faisalabad.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 26 mayda. Olingan 19 iyun 2016.
  83. ^ "Agricultural Production: 'Fertiliser Use Models Made For Farmers' Benefit'". Express Tribuna. 2015 yil 6-dekabr. Olingan 19 iyun 2016.
  84. ^ Batool, Amina; Shaheen, Salma; Majeed, Samina; Kahn, Rao Shehzad Akhtar Alli; Kahn, Muhammad Hayat; Gulshan, Abid Hussain. "Faisalabad Industrial Cluster" (PDF). Scope and Development of Industrial Clusters in Pakistan. Directorate of Training and Research, Lahore. p. 10. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi (PDF) 2016 yil 22-avgustda. Olingan 19 iyun 2016.
  85. ^ "THE FAISALABAD CHAMBER OF COMMERCE & INDUSTRY (FCCI)". www.fcci.com.pk. The Faisalabad Chamber of Commerce & Industry. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2012 yil 14 mayda. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  86. ^ Rana, Imran (9 October 2014). "After Three Years Faisalabad Dry Port Expects Boom In Business". Olingan 17 aprel 2017.
  87. ^ a b Sharif, Farhan (26 April 2012). "Pakistan's Textile Industry Is Dangerously Fragile". Bloomberg. Olingan 9 iyun 2016.
  88. ^ "Cluster Profile Light Engineering, Faisalabad". Small & Medium Enterprise Development Authority Ministry of Industries. 6 September 2012. p. Introduction–3.
  89. ^ Islam, Shamsul (17 March 2013). "Romanian honorary consulate in Faisalabad". Express Tribuna. Olingan 13 iyul 2016.
  90. ^ "Foreign Consulates in Faisalabad". Embassy Pages. 2016 yil 18-yanvar. Olingan 13 iyul 2016.
  91. ^ "The Best Planned Localities of Pakistan: 8 bazaars of Faisalabad".
  92. ^ "Clock Tower of Faisalabad, Pakistan". The Lovely Planet. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 8 oktyabrda. Olingan 19 sentyabr 2015.
  93. ^ "Benefiting farmers: Rs965m allocated for roads in Faisalabad rural areas". Express Tribuna. 2015 yil 5-aprel. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  94. ^ "FCCI chief calls for construction of dams". Business Recorder. 2015 yil 23-may. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  95. ^ Rana, Imran (8 January 2013). "Renewable energy: German firm to set up first solar panel plant in Pakistan". Express Tribuna. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  96. ^ "UK to provide $92m for motorways construction". Yangiliklar. 2 oktyabr 2015 yil. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  97. ^ "Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority". Olingan 11 iyun 2016.
  98. ^ a b v "National Highway Authority". Olingan 11 iyun 2016.
  99. ^ "Google Map: Reports From The Grand Trunk Road". Along The Grand Trunk Road. Milliy jamoat radiosi. 2010 yil 21-may. Olingan 12 iyun 2016.
  100. ^ "M4 motorway: PM to inaugurate Gojra-Shorkot section today". Express Tribuna. 2015 yil 16-noyabr. Olingan 12 iyun 2016.
  101. ^ "Major projects related to Communication Sector". National Engineering Services Pakistan. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 31-avgustda. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  102. ^ Public Transport in Pakistan: A Critical Overview by Muhammad Imran
  103. ^ "CNG Air-Conditioned Urban Transport Service Introduced in Faisalabad". www.cm.punjab.gov.pk. Government of Punjab. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  104. ^ "Ministry of Railways". Pokiston hukumati. Ministry of Railways Government of Pakistan. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on 22 June 2016. Olingan 12 iyun 2016.
  105. ^ Siddiqui, Zaheer Mahmood (7 December 2014). "Karachi-Faisalabad route: Railways to resume cargo express". Tong. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  106. ^ "Railways to earn Rs 12b from freight trains". Millat. 2016 yil 8-fevral. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  107. ^ "Qatar Airways becomes Faisalabad's second international service". anna.aero. PPS Publications. 2015 yil 17-iyul. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  108. ^ "Gulf Air adds Faisalabad and Multan to Pakistan network". www.gulfair.com. Gulf Air. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  109. ^ Rehman, Mian Saifur (23 December 2015). "Ascertaining truth in Shujaat Azeem controversy". Yangiliklar. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  110. ^ "THE CHENAB CLUB – History". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on 6 February 2004.
  111. ^ "Art And Culture: Museum To Honour Nusrat Fateh Ali". Express Tribuna. 2014 yil 29 mart. Olingan 17 iyun 2016.
  112. ^ "The Faisalabad Serena Hotel". Serena Hotels. Olingan 22 avgust 2014.
  113. ^ "Arxivlangan nusxa". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 7 oktyabrda. Olingan 19 sentyabr 2015.CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola)
  114. ^ a b "Faisalabad Arts Council". Faysalobod badiiy kengashi. Olingan 13 iyun 2016.
  115. ^ Khalid, Ameena. "Culture and Customs of Pakistan". Akademiya. Olingan 12 iyun 2016.
  116. ^ "Faisalabad City News". Xalqaro yangiliklar. 2015 yil 15-avgust. Olingan 12 iyun 2016.
  117. ^ "Patriotism: Gigantic flag unveiled in Faisalabad". Express Tribuna. 2015 yil 14-avgust. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  118. ^ "Arxivlangan nusxa". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 6-yanvarda. Olingan 8 yanvar 2016.CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola) Annual Chrysanthemum Festival 2015
  119. ^ "Festivals". Faysalobod qishloq xo'jaligi universiteti. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  120. ^ Dastagir, Ghulam; Haq, Ahtishamul (18 February 2011). "Faisalabad celebrates Basant despite ban". Express Tribuna. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  121. ^ Associated Press of Pakistan (2015 yil 25-aprel). "Canal mela to begin on Apr 26". Daily Times. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 4 martda. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  122. ^ Gishkori, Zahid (15 September 2015). "Public holidays announced for Eid". Express Tribuna. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  123. ^ "Walks, rallies mark: Eid Milad in Faisalabad". Express Tribuna. 2015 yil 24-dekabr. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  124. ^ "Faisalabad – Shrines / Tombs". punjab.gov.pk. Government of the Punjab. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  125. ^ "Christmas: Carol services, sermons ongoing in Lahore churches". dunyanews.tv. Dunya News Network. 2015 yil 25-dekabr. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  126. ^ "Christmas Bazaars open on Dec 22". Express Tribuna. 2015 yil 16-dekabr. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  127. ^ a b v "Daily life and social customs in Pakistan". Britannica entsiklopediyasi. Olingan 17 iyun 2016.
  128. ^ "BFA Fashion Design GCUF". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on 28 April 2016.
  129. ^ "Faisalabad university issues strict dresscode guidelines". SAMAA TV. 2016 yil 10-may. Olingan 10 iyun 2016.
  130. ^ "Faisalabad's famous jalebi فیصل آباد کی مشہور اور لذیز جلیبیاں". QUR ANACADEMYFSD. Olingan 17 iyun 2016.
  131. ^ "What To Eat in Faisalabad". Faisalabad—Getting There. Tourism Development Corporation of Pakistan. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 24 iyunda. Olingan 17 iyun 2016.
  132. ^ Rizwan, Sheharyar (19 March 2015). "Food: My Quest For The Best Nihari In Lahore". Tong. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  133. ^ a b "Subrung – Food not to miss in Faisalabad". Travel Pakistan. Olingan 17 iyun 2016.
  134. ^ "Eating in Faisalabad". Qatar Airways. Olingan 17 iyun 2016.
  135. ^ "Lassi shop in Faisalabad". SAMAA TV. 2011 yil 29 aprel. Olingan 17 iyun 2016.
  136. ^ "Traditional Dishes Archive". Pak Ladies. Olingan 30 may 2016.
  137. ^ "Where to drink in Faisalabad". Journeum. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 4 martda. Olingan 17 iyun 2016.
  138. ^ Aradmin (5 October 2012). "Pakistan Country Information". Recipes of Asia. Olingan 30 may 2016.
  139. ^ Baig, Aysha Karamat; Saeed, Munazza (2012). "Review of Trends in Fast Food Consumption". European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences. Euro Journals, Inc. Olingan 12 iyun 2016.
  140. ^ a b "Literary Rate of Education in Pakistan 2016". Archivist Online. 2015 yil 19-fevral. Olingan 13 iyun 2016.
  141. ^ Iqbol, Zafar; Haque, Anjum Riyazul; Farah, Iffat; Mukhtar, Eshya Mujahid; Aijaz, S.M.; Niazi, Hamid Khan; Ahmed, Said; ud-Din, Fakhar; Khan, Arshad Saeed (March 2002). "Literacy Trends in Pakistan" (PDF). UNESCO Office Islamabad. p. 23. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi (PDF) 2015 yil 18 oktyabrda. Olingan 13 iyun 2016.
  142. ^ "The Annual Status of Education Report" (PDF). Aser Pakistan. 2008 yil. Olingan 13 iyun 2016.
  143. ^ "Faisalabad Literary Festival 2014". Faisalabad Literary Festival Online. 2014 yil. Olingan 13 iyun 2016.
  144. ^ "Journalists' Day: Working Conditions Need To Improve". Pakistan Press Foundation. 2013 yil 20-noyabr.
  145. ^ Ahmad, Imran (4 May 2011). "Jinnah Garden Faisalabad – Company Bagh". Paki Mag. Olingan 8 sentyabr 2018.
  146. ^ "Gatwala Forest Park". www.fwf.punjab.gov.pk. Government of the Punjab. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  147. ^ "350,000 trees to be planted in Faisalabad". Express Tribuna. 2015 yil 30-yanvar. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  148. ^ Andrew McGlashan. "Iqbal Stadium". ESPN Sports Media Ltd. Olingan 20 dekabr 2015.
  149. ^ "Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad". NDTVSports.com. NDTV. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  150. ^ Ahmed, Hassam (2 December 2012). "Faisalabad Wolves Profile". The News Tribe. Olingan 13 iyun 2016.
  151. ^ "Pakistan v Sri Lanka in 1987/88". 25 October 1987. Olingan 13 iyun 2016.
  152. ^ "Wills World Cup 1996: New Zealand v United Arab Emirates". Kriket arxivi. Olingan 13 iyun 2016.
  153. ^ a b Saleem, Mohammad (12 January 2016). "Hockey Stadium in Faisalabad in Pathetic Condition". Tong. Olingan 13 iyun 2016.
  154. ^ "Directorate of Sports". Government College University Faisalabad. 20 February 1996. Archived from asl nusxasi 2016 yil 27 martda. Olingan 20 dekabr 2015.
  155. ^ "Low Female Literacy Rate in Country Regretted". Millat. 20 mart 2013 yil. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  156. ^ "Ranking 2014 of Pakistani Higher Education Institutes" (PDF). Pokiston oliy ta'lim komissiyasi. 2014. pp. 6–10. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2016 yil 5 martda. Olingan 20 dekabr 2015.
  157. ^ Riazul Haqand (17 June 2013). "2013 rank: Three Pakistani Universities Among World's Top 200 Ranking". Express Tribuna. Olingan 20 dekabr 2015.
  158. ^ "CDG Faisalabad". faisalabad.gov.pk. City District Government Faisalabad. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  159. ^ "Faisalabad:City Report and Action Plan". Asian Urban Information Center of Kobe (AUICK). Olingan 18 iyun 2016.
  160. ^ "Faisalabad – Special Education Centers". Government of the Punjab. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  161. ^ "Faisalabad – Public libraries". Punjab Portal, Government of Punjab, Pakistan website. Olingan 28 oktyabr 2020.
  162. ^ "Lyllpur Museum: Body Formed To Acquire, Conserve Artifacts". Express Tribune (gazeta). 2012 yil 29-avgust. Olingan 28 oktyabr 2020.
  163. ^ Malik, Sonia (6 March 2013). "Public Libraries and Archive Department formed". Express Tribune (gazeta). Olingan 28 oktyabr 2020.
  164. ^ "BoG Approves Lyallpur Museum Regulations". The Nation (Karachi, Pakistan). 2 dekabr 2013. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2016 yil 11 sentyabrda. Olingan 28 oktyabr 2020.
  165. ^ "Faisalabad —- Public libraries". Punjab Portal, Government of Punjab, Pakistan website. Olingan 28 oktyabr 2020.
  166. ^ "Municipal Library Building To Be Reconstructed". Pokiston bugun. 2011 yil 24 mart. Olingan 18 iyun 2016.
  167. ^ "Kutubxonalar". fwf.punjab.gov.pk. Panjob shtati hukumati. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  168. ^ "Gatwala yovvoyi tabiatni o'rganish markazi, Faysalabad". Panjob shtati hukumati. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  169. ^ "Pokiston elektron ommaviy axborot vositalarini tartibga solish idorasi (PEMRA)". Pokiston hukumati. Olingan 13 iyun 2016.
  170. ^ Logan, Stiven (2008). Osiyo aloqa qo'llanmasi, 2008 yil. Nyu-York, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari (Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Kotibiyati): Osiyo Ommaviy axborot-kommunikatsiya markazi. 377-400 betlar. ISBN 978-981-4136-10-5. Olingan 13 iyun 2016.
  171. ^ "Pokiston ommaviy axborot vositalari va telekomlar peyzaj qo'llanmasi" (PDF). InterNews. 2012 yil iyun. Olingan 13 iyun 2016.
  172. ^ "PBC xronologiyasi". Pokiston radiosi. Pokiston radioeshittirish korporatsiyasi. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  173. ^ "FM stantsiyasi". Pokiston radiosi. Pokiston radioeshittirish korporatsiyasi. Olingan 7 iyun 2016.
  174. ^ "Pokiston telekommunikatsiya boshqarmasi". Olingan 10 iyun 2016.
  175. ^ "Faysalobodda noqonuniy shlyuz almashinuvi reyd qilindi". 2005 yil 20-may. Olingan 10 iyun 2016.
  176. ^ "Panjabdagi telefon aloqalari". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 28 yanvarda. Olingan 10 iyun 2016.
  177. ^ Siddiqiy, Zaynab Husayn. "Pokistonda telekom sektorini liberallashtirish va tartibga solish: iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy imtiyozlar" (PDF). Olingan 10 iyun 2016.
  178. ^ Ramachandran, Sudha (2008 yil 8 fevral). "Pokistonda Bollivud uchun parda ko'tariladi". Osiyo vaqti. Olingan 18 iyun 2016.
  179. ^ "Cinepax Faysalabad". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 15-noyabrda. Olingan 18 iyun 2016.
  180. ^ "Nagina Cinemas Faysalabad". Nagina kinoteatrlari. Olingan 18 iyun 2016.
  181. ^ "Tinchlik uchun chiqish: teatr ustaxonalari tinchlik va bag'rikenglikni targ'ib qiladi". 12 Aprel 2016. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2016 yil 9-avgustda. Olingan 13 iyun 2016.

Tashqi havolalar