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History of the hamburger

Oddiy ingredientlarni ko'rsatadigan gamburger profili: non, sabzavot va maydalangan go'sht.
Gamburgerni oching pishloq va kartoshka Amerikada xizmat qilgan oshxona.

The gamburger birinchi bo'lib 19 yoki 20-asrning boshlarida paydo bo'lgan.[1][2] Zamonaviy gamburger sanoatlashtirish va paydo bo'lishi tufayli tez o'zgarib turadigan jamiyatning oshpazlik ehtiyojlari mahsuli edi ishchilar sinfi va o'rta sinf Natijada uydan tashqarida iste'mol qilinishi mumkin bo'lgan ommaviy ishlab chiqariladigan, arzon oziq-ovqat mahsulotlariga bo'lgan talab bilan.

Muhim dalillar AQSh ikki tilim non va a Qiyma mol go'shti biftek "gamburger sendvichi" ga birlashtirildi va sotildi. Gamburgerning kelib chiqishi to'g'risida ba'zi tortishuvlar mavjud, chunki uning ikkita asosiy tarkibi, non va mol go'shti, ko'p yillar davomida turli mamlakatlarda ularni birlashtirishga qadar alohida-alohida tayyorlanib iste'mol qilingan. Yaratilgandan ko'p o'tmay, gamburger tezda piyoz, marul va bo'laklarni o'z ichiga olgan barcha odatiy bezaklarni o'z ichiga oldi. tuzlangan. Germaniyaning nomi bilan atalgan Gamburg.

20-asrdagi turli tortishuvlardan, shu jumladan 1990-yillarning oxiridagi oziqlanish bo'yicha bahs-munozaralardan so'ng, burger hozirda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va oshxonaning o'ziga xos uslubi, ya'ni fastfud bilan aniqlanadi.[3] Bilan birga qovrilgan jo'ja va Olmali pirog, gamburger Qo'shma Shtatlarda oshpazlik belgisiga aylandi.[4][5]

Gamburgerning xalqaro miqyosdagi mashhurligi qanchalik katta ekanligini namoyish etadi globallashuv oziq-ovqat[6] Bu boshqa milliy taomlarning, shu jumladan italyan taomlarining jahon miqyosidagi mashhurligini ham o'z ichiga oladi pizza, Xitoycha qovurilgan guruch va yapon tili sushi. Gamburger qit'adan qit'aga tarqaldi, chunki u turli oshpazlik madaniyatlarida tanish bo'lgan elementlarga mos keladi.[7] Ushbu global oshxona madaniyati, qisman, qayta ishlangan oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini sotish kontseptsiyasi tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan bo'lib, birinchi bo'lib 1920-yillarda boshlangan Oq qal'a restoran tarmog'i va uning ko'rgazmali Edgar Valdo "Billi" Ingram tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va keyinchalik takomillashtirilgan McDonald's 1940-yillarda.[8][9] Ushbu global kengayish o'xshash taqqoslashning iqtisodiy nuqtalarini taqdim etadi Katta Mac indeksi,[10] qaysi biri tomonidan turli mamlakatlarning sotib olish qobiliyatini taqqoslash mumkin Katta Mac gamburger sotilmoqda.

Boshlanish

A frantsuzcha biftek tartar.
Gamburgdagi biftek nomi bilan tanilgan "Frikadelle"Germaniyada (hech bo'lmaganda) 17-asrdan beri.
"Gamburger Rundstuk" 1869 yilda allaqachon ommalashgan va zamonaviy gamburgerning kashshofi ekanligiga ishonishadi.

Qo'shma Shtatlarda gamburgerning bahsli ixtirosidan oldin shunga o'xshash ovqatlar Evropaning oshpazlik an'analarida allaqachon mavjud edi. The Apicius 4-asrning boshlarida paydo bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan qadimgi Rim retseptlari to'plami bo'lgan oshxona kitobi, mol go'shti deb nomlangan tayyorlanish haqida batafsil ma'lumot isicia omentata; mol go'shti qarag'ay yadrolari, qora va yashil qalampir no'xatlari va oq sharob bilan aralashtirilgan pishirilgan patty sifatida xizmat qildi, isicia omentata gamburgerning dastlabki kashshofi bo'lishi mumkin.[11]

Steak tartarining birinchi restoran retsepti qachon paydo bo'lganligi ma'lum emas.[12] Aniq ism ko'rsatilmagan bo'lsa-da, biftek tartarining birinchi tavsifi berilgan Jyul Vern 1875 yilda o'z romanida Maykl Strogoff. Steak tartar va nemis taomlari o'rtasida ma'lum o'xshashliklar mavjud Labskaus va Mett. Boshqa shunga o'xshash xom, tug'ralgan go'shtlar 20-asrda paydo bo'lgan. Gamburg haqida eng qadimgi ma'lumotlardan biri [sic] Kolbasa 1763 yilda paydo bo'lgan Xanna Glasse"s Oddiy va oson tayyorlangan oshpazlik san'ati. Gamburg kolbasa maydalangan go'sht va turli xil ziravorlar, shu jumladan muskat yong'og'i, chinnigullar, qora qalampir, sarimsoq va tuz va odatda xizmat qiladi tost. Boshqa taomlar ham maydalangan go'sht bilan tayyorlanadi, masalan go'shtli go'sht,[13] The Serb pjeskavica, arab koftava köfte.

So'z sendvich XVIII asrga qadar qayd qilinmagan. Ko'pgina madaniyatlar sendvich ixtirosini da'vo qilishadi, ammo unga 1765 yil atrofida ingliz zodagonlari sharafiga nom berilgan. Jon Montagu, 4-sendvich grafligi, sendvich iste'mol qilishni afzal ko'rgan, shuning uchun u barmoqlarini iflos qilmasdan kartalar o'ynashi mumkin edi.[14] Biroq, 1840 yildagina Elizabet Lesli Kuk o'zining oshxonasida sendvich retseptini kiritgandan keyingina, u bu erda paydo bo'ldi. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari oshxonasi.[15]

Gamburg va uning porti

Porti Gamburg 1890-yillarda.

Qiyma go'sht mazali taom edi O'rta asr oshxonasi, qizil go'sht odatda yuqori sinflar bilan cheklangan.[16] Juda kam maydalash O'rta asr qassoblari tomonidan qilingan yoki oshpazlar vaqtning bir qismi emasligi uchundir kolbasago'shtni saqlaydigan ishlab chiqarish jarayoni.

19-asrning birinchi yarmida ko'pchilik Evropa muhojirlari Yangi dunyo Gamburgdan yo'l oldi va Nyu-York shahri ularning eng tez-tez boradigan joyi edi. Nyu-Yorkdagi restoranlar taklif etiladi Gamburg uslubidagi Amerika filesi,[17][18] yoki hatto beefsteak à la Gambourgeoise. Amerikaning qiyma mol go'shtidan tayyorlangan dastlabki tayyorgarligi evropalik immigrantlarning didiga mos ravishda tayyorlanib, Gamburg porti va ular qoldirgan dunyo haqidagi xotiralarni eslatadi.[19]

Gamburgdagi biftek

19-asrning oxirida Gamburgdagi biftek ko'plab restoranlarning menyularida mashhur bo'ldi Nyu-York porti. Bu tug'ralgan mol go'shti, tuxum, piyoz va ziravorlarning qovurilgan patiridan iborat bo'lishi mumkin.[20] yoki u ozgina tuzlangan va tez-tez dudlangan bo'lishi mumkin va piyoz va bilan birga idishda xom holda xizmat qilishi mumkin non bo'laklari.[21][sahifa kerak] Gamburg steykiga tegishli bo'lgan eng qadimgi hujjat a Delmoniko restorani 1873 yildagi menyu, bu xaridorlarga amerikalik oshpaz tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan 11 sentlik Gamburg biftekidan tayyorlangan steyk taklif qildi Charlz Ranhofer (1836-1899). Bu narx o'sha vaqt uchun yuqori edi, bu mol go'shti biftekining oddiy filesi narxidan ikki baravar yuqori edi.[18][22][sahifa kerak] Biroq, asrning oxiriga kelib, Gamburg bifteki tannarxi tobora arzonlashib borayotganligi sababli mashhur bo'lib ketdi. Bu kunning eng mashhur oshpazlik kitoblarida batafsil tavsifidan ko'rinib turibdi.[13][sahifa kerak] Hujjatlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, ushbu tayyorgarlik uslubi 1887 yilgacha AQShning ba'zi restoranlarida ishlatilgan va kasalxonalarda bemorlarni ovqatlantirish uchun ham ishlatilgan; Gamburg biftekiga xom yoki ozgina pishirilgan taom berildi va unga ham xom qo'shildi tuxum.[23]

19-asrda ko'plab amerikalik restoranlarning menyularida ko'pincha nonushta uchun sotiladigan Gamburg beefsteak bor edi.[24] Gamburg biftekining bir varianti bu Solsberi bifteki, odatda a bilan xizmat qiladi sos tuzilishiga o'xshash jigarrang sous. Doktor tomonidan ixtiro qilingan Jeyms Solsberi (1823-1905), atamasi Solsberi bifteki 1897 yildan beri AQShda ishlatilgan.[25] Hozirgi kunda, Gamburg shahrida ham, ayrim qismlarida ham shimoliy Germaniya, bu turdagi taom deyiladi Frikadelle, Frikandelle yoki Bulette, bu köfte o'xshash. Atama gamburger biftek bilan almashtirildi gamburger 1930 yilga kelib, bu o'z navbatida sodda muddat bilan biroz o'zgarib ketgan, burger.[26] So'nggi atama hozirda ko'pincha gamburgerning turli xil variantlari uchun yangi so'zlarni yaratish uchun qo'shimchalar sifatida ishlatiladi, shu jumladan cheeseburger, cho'chqa go'shti, bekonburger va mooseburger. Nemis shaharlaridan olingan ismlar bilan turli xil usullar bilan qisqartirilgan boshqa ovqatlar mavjud Amerika ingliz tili. Bunga misol ochiqchasiga, ko'pincha qisqartiriladi ochiq.[26]

Kashfiyot

Uilyam Devies kompaniyasi Kanadaning Toronto shahridagi Sent-Lourens bozorida to'xtab qoldi. Bu kabi manzaralar yigirmanchi asrning boshlarida Qo'shma Shtatlar va Kanadada go'sht bozori tez o'sib borishi bilan keng tarqalgan.

Ko'plab retseptlar va taomlar transatlantik immigrantlar bilan birga Yangi Dunyodagi manzillariga sayohat qildilar. Ba'zi mualliflar bu savolga javob berishadi Gamburg Amerika liniyasi Gamburger Yangi Dunyoda allaqachon kelgan muhojirlar orasida paydo bo'lgan ehtiyojlarni qondirish uchun yaratilgan deb ta'kidlab, bularning bir qismi edi.[18][27] Boshqalar esa Gamburg Amerika liniyasi Evropadan Amerikaga birinchi Gamburger bifteklarini olib kelgan degan tezisni qo'llab-quvvatlamoqda.[21][28] Bugungi kunda ma'lum bo'lgan gamburger 1885-1904 yillar oralig'ida ixtiro qilingan ko'plab da'volarga ega, ammo bu aniq 20-asrning boshidagi mahsulotdir.[8] Keyingi 100 yil ichida tezkor ovqatlanish tamoyili va yangi biznes modeli paydo bo'lishi natijasida gamburger butun dunyoga tarqaldi. franchayzing.

Shimoliy Amerika

Shuningdek qarang: Qo'shma Shtatlardagi gamburger tarixi

Mexanik go'shtni maydalashni sanoat usulida qo'llash Gamburg steykini ommalashtirishga yordam bergan texnik yutuq edi. Birinchi go'sht maydalagich 19-asrning boshlarida nemis muhandisi tomonidan ixtiro qilingan Karl Dreys. Mashina qiyma go'shtni bozorda ko'p miqdorda o'rtacha narxlarda sotishga imkon berdi. 1845 yilga kelib, Qo'shma Shtatlarda yaxshilangan go'sht maydalagichlar uchun ko'plab patentlar mavjud edi.[29][30] Ushbu mashinalar go'shtni tasavvur qilib bo'lmaydigan darajada maydalashi mumkin edi. Bungacha qiyma go'sht maxsus usulda uyda tayyorlanardi keskiler, ishlab chiqarilishi mumkin bo'lgan miqdorni keskin cheklaydigan intensiv qo'l mehnati.[31] Ehtimol, go'sht maydalagich ixtirosi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Gamburg biftekini ommalashtirishga hissa qo'shgan bo'lsa, biftek asta-sekin ko'plab amerikaliklarning ongida nemis ildizlaridan uzoqlashdi.[18] Qiyma go'sht Amerikaning boshqa mashhur ovqatlarida, shu jumladan, ishlatila boshlandi Xot doglar va go'shtli go'sht.[31]

Proto-gamburgerni ixtiro qilish va ommalashtirishga yordam beradigan yana bir rivojlanish chorvachilikni intensivlashtirish orqali mol go'shti ishlab chiqarishni ko'paytirish edi. 19-asrning oxiriga kelib, tobora ko'payib borayotgan erlar mollarga berila boshlandi va ish bilan band bo'lganlar soni ortib bormoqda kovboylar, natijada Qo'shma Shtatlar mol go'shti ishlab chiqaruvchi va iste'mol qiladigan dunyodagi eng yirik davlatlardan biriga aylandi.[32] 1880-yillar e'lon qilindi Sigirning oltin davriBu davrda qishloq xo'jaligi go'shti etishtirishning ko'pligi uni temir yo'l transporti bilan qishloq xo'jaligidan shaharga etkazishda muhim ahamiyatga ega bo'ldi. Shahar va sanoatlashgan hududlarda yangi go'shtni iste'mol qilish imkoniyatini yaratish uchun go'shtni saqlashning turli usullari paydo bo'ldi muzlatgichli mashinalar va go'shtni qadoqlashning turli usullari (masalan jo'xori go'shtikabi sanoatchilar tomonidan ilgari surilgan) Gustavus Svift (1839-1903). Shu vaqt atrofida Chikago shahri, boshqa shaharlar bilan bir qatorda Sharqiy qirg'oq, mol go'shtini keng miqyosda qayta ishlash uchun markazga aylandi. O'sha paytda mol go'shti allaqachon arzon edi va u ishchilar sinfiga mavjud edi. Bu Gamburgdagi steykni aholining katta qismiga etkazdi va ba'zi mualliflar hazillashib "Amerika mol go'shti orzusi" deb atashlariga sabab bo'ldi.[18] Bu davrda steyklar bifteklarga xizmat ko'rsatishga ixtisoslashganlar sezilarli darajada oshdi; ba'zi restoranlar hattoki taniqli taomda dengiz maxsulotlari bilan birga bifshteks bilan xizmat qilishgan Sörf va maysazor.

Qo'shma Shtatlarda go'shtli qoramollarni yuqori darajada ishlab chiqarish va iste'mol qilish go'sht sanoati 19-asrning oxiriga kelib tobora kuchliroq.[31] Korruptsiya tez orada go'sht sanoatida muammolar paydo bo'ldi, sifat va gigiena uchun xavfli bo'lgan muammolar. 20-asrning boshlarida, Upton Sinclair nashr etilgan O'rmon, Amerikaning go'sht sanoatidagi fitnalar va korruptsiya haqida roman, bu sohaning o'zini taniqli tanqid qilish uchun mo'ljallangan. Kitob go'shtni qayta ishlash xavfsizligi to'g'risida keng xabardorlikni oshirdi va uning yaratilishiga yordam berdi Sof oziq-ovqat va giyohvand moddalar to'g'risidagi qonuntomonidan homiylik qilingan Oziq-ovqat va dori-darmonlarni boshqarish. O'rmon gamburgerning keyingi tarixida muhim voqea bo'ldi, chunki bu Amerika jamoatchiligini restoran zanjirlarini o'zlarining pishgan go'shtlari xavfsizligini isbotlashga majbur qilishga majbur qildi.[18] 1933 yilda Artur Kallett xuddi shunday kitobni nashr etdi 100 million dengiz cho'chqalari; Kundalik oziq-ovqat, giyohvand moddalar va kosmetik vositalardagi xavf, bu iste'molchilarni tarkib haqida aniq ogohlantirgan konservantlar gamburgerlarda.

Qarama-qarshi kelib chiqishi

The Katta Mac gamburger qiyofasidagi evolyutsiyani ommalashtirdi.

Hamburgerning aniq kelib chiqishi hech qachon aniq aniqlanmasligi mumkin. Aksariyat tarixchilar buni Texasdagi kichik shaharchada Gamburg biftekini ikki bo'lak non orasiga joylashtirgan oshpaz ixtiro qilgan deb hisoblashadi, boshqalari esa Oq Qal'aning asoschisiga "Gamburger sendvichi" ni yaratganligi uchun ishonadilar. Ammo o'sha paytdagi yozuvlar kam.[2]

Ixtiroga oid barcha da'volar 1885-1904 yillarda bo'lib, gamburger shu yigirma yil ichida yaratilgan bo'lishi mumkin. Turlarga qaramay, barcha rivoyatlarda umumiy elementlar mavjud, eng muhimi, gamburger katta voqealar bilan bog'liq bo'lgan oziq-ovqat sifatida tug'ilgan. o'yin parklari, yarmarkalar, konferentsiyalarva festivallar. Barcha gipotezalar ham mavjudligini baham ko'radi ko'cha sotuvchilari.

"Burger tug'ilishi" haqidagi birinchi hikoyalardan biri Gamburg ko'rgazmasi deb nomlanuvchi Nyu-Yorkning Buffalo shahridan tashqarida joylashgan 1885-yilgi Erie County Fair ko'rgazmasida oziq-ovqat sotuvchisi bo'lgan Ogayo shtatining Kanton, mahalliy aholisi Frank va Charlz Menchesga tegishli. Rivoyatlarga ko'ra, Yarmarka davomida menclar cho'chqa go'shtidan tayyorlangan kolbasa sendvichlari menyusidagi elementlardan chiqib ketishgan. Ularning mahalliy yetkazib beruvchisi Gamburg qassob Endryu Klayn yozning jaziramasi jaziramasi paytida ko'proq cho'chqalarni so'yishni istamadi va go'shtli go'shtdan foydalanishni almashtirishni taklif qildi. Birodarlar bir qismini otib tashladilar, ammo ikkalasi ham uni quruq va yumshoq deb topdilar. Noyob ta'mni yaratish uchun ular kofe, jigarrang shakar va boshqa ingredientlarni qo'shdilar. Asl sendvichlar faqat ketchup va dilimlenmiş piyoz bilan sotilgan. Sigir go'shti sendvichi bilan yangi yutuqlarga erishgan holda, ular uni Gamburgdagi Erie County Fair ko'rgazmasidan keyin uni "gamburger" deb qabul qilishdi. "Burgerning milliy tug'ilgan kuni" 1885 yilda Gamburg ko'rgazmasida burger ixtirosini sharaflash uchun 18 sentyabrda nishonlanadi. 20-asrning 20-yillarida karnaval tarixchisi Jon K. Kunzog Frank Menxes bilan Eri okrugi yarmarkasidagi tajribasi haqida suhbatlashdi. Uning batafsil gamburger haqidagi hikoyasi ushbu kitobda, 1970 yilda nashr etilgan "Tanbark & ​​Tinsel" da nashr etilgan.

Gamburgerning mumkin bo'lgan otalaridan biri bu Charli Nagrin (1871-1951) ning Seymur, Viskonsin, 15 yoshida har yili Outagamie County yarmarkasida ko'cha do'konidan Gamburg bifteklarini sotgan. Nagrenning aytishicha, u Gamburgdagi bifteklarni sotishdan boshlagan, ammo bu unchalik katta muvaffaqiyatga ega emas edi, chunki odamlar festival atrofida o'z stendida ovqat iste'mol qilmasdan erkin harakatlanishni xohlashdi. Bunga javoban, 1885 yilda Nagreen gamburger biftekini tekislab, uni ikki bo'lak non orasiga qo'shib qo'yishga qaror qildi, shunda uning sendvichini iste'mol qilish paytida omma stenddan stendga erkin o'tishi mumkin edi, bu uning mijozlari tomonidan yaxshi qabul qilingan yangilik edi.[33] Bu "Gamburger Charli" nomi bilan tanilgan va Nagrinning ijodi 1951 yilda vafotigacha festivalda sotilgan. Bugungi kunga qadar uning ishi har yili tug'ilgan shahri Seymurda "Burger Fest" bilan nishonlanadi.

Gamburgerning yana bir taxmin qilingan ixtirochisi - oshpaz Fletcher Devis ("Old Dave" nomi bilan mashhur), u o'zining xaridorlaridan biri juda shoshilayotganda Texas shtatining tushdi nonining ikki bo'lagi orasiga mol go'shti qo'yish g'oyasini ilgari surgan. ovqatga o'tirish. Mijoz o'zining Gamburger Steak bilan yurib ketdi va shu qadar mamnun ediki, Old Dave 1880 yil oxirida yangi menyuda ovqatni asosiy menyu mahsuloti sifatida taklif qildi. Afina, Texas. Fletcherning rafiqasi bilan savdo rastasi bor edi Sent-Luis xalqaro ko'rgazmasi 1904 yil. Texan jurnalisti Frank X. Tolbert 1880 yillarning oxirlarida Afinadagi Tayler ko'chasi, 115-uyda joylashgan kafeda gamburgerlarga xizmat qilgan Fletcher Devis ismli sotuvchini eslatib o'tadi.[34][35] Mahalliy aholining ta'kidlashicha, Devis shu vaqt ichida ixtirosi uchun aniq nomga ega bo'lmagan holda mol go'shti sendvichlarini sotgan. 1980 yillar davomida Sut qirolichasi Muzqaymoq zanjirda Devisning hikoyasi aks etgan gamburgerning tug'ilgan joyi to'g'risida hujjatli film suratga olindi. Ronald L. Makdonaldning kitobida eslatib o'tilgan "Old Deyvning Gamburger sendvichi" haqidagi voqea ham uchraydi. To'liq Gamburger.[2]

O'sha yili Charli Nagrin o'zining "Gamburger Charli" ni ishlab chiqqan deb da'vo qilgan birodarlar va ko'cha oshpazlari Frenk va Charlz Menxes Akron, Ogayo shtati, mol go'shti sotganini da'vo qilgan sendvich da Eri County Fair.[27] Ularning ta'kidlashicha, gamburger nomi shaharchadan olingan Gamburg, Nyu-York, yilda Eri okrugi, u sotilgan birinchi joy. Ushbu bayonot juda yomon hujjatlashtirilgan yoki asoslanmagan va og'zaki an'ana bilan bog'liq holda, uning qarama-qarshiliklari yo'q emas.[iqtibos kerak] Uning mashhur tavsifi maxfiy ingredientlar retseptlarda ishlatiladi, masalan, kofe yoki jigarrang shakar, ibtidoiy.

Gamburgerni yaratishning yana bir versiyasi - nemis oshpaz Otto Kuasv, u juda mashhur dengizchilar sendvichini sariyog 'bilan qovurilgan mol patty filetosidan yaratgan. qovurilgan tuxum, ikkitasi o'rtasida qovurilgan bulka 1891 yilda, postda Gamburg, Germaniya. Sandviç "Deutsches Beefsteak", nemischa "Germaniya beefsteak" deb nomlangan. Gamburg va Nyu-York o'rtasida kemalarda sayohat qilayotgan ko'plab dengizchilar amerikalik steyklarda shunga o'xshash "Gamburg uslubi" sendvichini so'rashgan.

Gamburgerning kelib chiqishi to'g'risida ko'plab qo'shimcha da'volar mavjud. Ba'zi ixlosmandlar, gamburgerni 18-asrda Sauerbrown "Little" Victor ismli oshpaz tomonidan Braziliyaning Rio-de-Janeyro shtatida joylashgan San-Gonsaloda munitsipalitetda yaratilishi mumkin edi, ammo bu da'vo fikrni tasdiqlovchi dalillarga ega emas. . Mahalliy gazetaning ta'kidlashicha, 1880 yilda Amerikaga kelgan daniyalik muhojir Lui Lassen ko'cha sotuvchisi sifatida sariyog 'va tuxum sotgan. 1974 yilda, an intervyu bilan The New York Times, u qanday tanilgan restoran uchun mol go'shti kichik chiziqlari bilan gamburger biftek sendvichini yaratganligi haqida gapirib berdi. Lui tushligi. Lassenning oilasi 1900 yilni uning ixtiro qilingan yili deb da'vo qilmoqda. Lui nabirasi Kennet Devis Lassen Fletch va uning amakisi o'rtasida ommaviy to'qnashuvda aniqlangan 1900 yilda notarius tomonidan imzolangan hujjatlar gamburgerning rivojlanishini namoyish etadi, chunki bu "gamburger biftek" va "gamburger sendvichi" o'rtasidagi farqni ta'kidlaydi. .[36] Louis 'Lunch alevi gamburgerlarni asl vertikalda pishiradi quyma temir gaz plitalari Bridge and Beach, Co. tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan Sent-Luis, Missuri, 1898 yilda. Pechkalarda menteşeli po'lat sim ishlatiladi panjara gamburgerlarni ular turgan joyda ushlab turish pishirish bir vaqtning o'zida ikkala tomonda. Gridonlar Luidji Pieragostini tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan va 1938 yilda patentlangan.[37]

Tarkibi

Zamonaviy gamburger o'zining tanish tomonlari, kartoshkalari va ichimliklari bilan

Bir paytlar ikki bo'lak non o'rtasida xizmat qilgan Gamburg bifteki sendvichning o'zida yoki unga qo'shilgan garnitür sifatida turli xil ingredientlar bilan tayyorlana boshladi. Hozirgi kunda hamburger bilan odatlanib kelinayotgan ushbu qo'shilishlardan biri ketchup, turi pomidor sousi aralashmasi bilan lazzatlar o'rtasida shirin va nordon birinchi marta 1869 yilda tadbirkor va oshpaz tijorat maqsadida ishlab chiqarilgan Genri Jon Xaynts yilda Sharpsburg, Pensilvaniya. Uning kompaniyasi dastlab "deb nomlangan Anchor Pickle and Sirka ishlari, ammo 1888 yilda uning nomi o'zgartirildi F. va J. Xaynts.[38] Ushbu sanadan keyin amerikalik iste'molchilar tomonidan ketchupdan foydalanish tez sur'atlar bilan o'sib bordi va ko'p o'tmay, XIX asrning oxiri va 20-asrning boshlarida hamburgerlar deyarli hamma joyda ketchup bilan birga bo'lishdi.[1][39] Xantal ancha katta ziravor, deb o'ylashadi qadimgi rimliklar achitilmagan uzumdan tayyorlangan kiyinish ishlatilgan va uzum urug'lari "mustum ardens" nomi bilan tanilgan.[40] Burger tarkibiga kiritilgan yana bir ingredient, mayonez, 18-asrda Frantsiyada dengiz g'alabasidan keyin mavjud bo'lgan ko'rinadi Louis-François-Armand du Plessis de Richelieu portida Maxon yilda Menorka 1756 yil atrofida.[41]

Gamburger bilan birga keladigan sabzavotlar orasida uning tarixiga oid adabiyotda birinchi bo'lib tasvirlangan piyoz, odatda halqalarda ingichka qilib kesilgan.[3][42] Shunday qilib, gamburger Amerikaning uzoq yillik an'analarini davom ettirishga kirishdi, bu ba'zi bir o'simlik mahsulotlarini o'z ichiga oladi, bu marul bo'lsin (masalan, xuddi marul). BLT sendvichi), tuzlangan karam (kabi reuben), loson, yoki tuzlangan. Ehtimol, gamburger yaratilgandan so'ng, biftekni non bilan birlashtirib, tayyor mahsulotga ko'proq "tabiiy" ko'rinish va ta'm berish uchun sabzavotlar kiritilgan.[39] Bu ziravorlarning barchasi 1940-yillarning oltin davrida, gamburgerning mumtoz qiyofasiga kiritilgan.[39] Ba'zi hollarda, gamburger mintaqaviy lazzat qo'shish uchun har xil va aniq tarzda tayyorlanadi Tex-Mex tomoni bilan xizmat qiladigan uslub burgerlari chili con carne.

fri kartoshkasi ning ixtirosi Kam mamlakatlar,[43][44] va belgiyalik tarixchi Jo Jerar ularning 1680 yil atrofida Belgiyada ham, Belgiyada ham paydo bo'lganligini ta'kidlaydi Ispaniya Gollandiyasi, xususan " Meuse vodiysi o'rtasida Dinant va Liège". Ushbu mintaqa aholisi oz miqdordagi taomlar bilan ovqat tayyorlashgan qovurilgan baliq, ammo daryo muzlab qolganda va baliq ovlash imkonsiz bo'lib qolganda, ular kartoshkani kesib, qovurib olishardi hayvon yog'i.[43] Frantsuz kartoshkalari a sifatida tanishtirildi aperatif 19-asrning boshlarida Amerika kafelarida,[44] kabi yirik fastfud mahsulotlari ishlab chiqaradigan kompaniyalargacha ular mashhur bo'lmadi McDonald's va Burger King 20-asr o'rtalarida ularni o'z menyusiga kiritdi. Yaxshilash kartoshkaning muzlashi tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan texnologiya JR Simplot ning Aydaho Siti 1953 yilda frantsuz kartoshkalarini keng miqyosda ishlab chiqarishni amalga oshirdi. Biroq, kartoshka muzlatilguncha, ular qovurish paytida hali ham o'zlarining ta'mini yo'qotgan edilar, ammo yangi takomillashtirilgan Simplot ixtirosi kabi yangi jarayonlar, 1967 yilga kelib, asosan sigir aralashmasi ishlatilishi tufayli bu noqulaylikdan xalos bo'ldi. yog ' va soya yog'i.[44] Bu Simplot va McDonald's asoschilariga imkon berdi Rey Krok hamkorlik qilish uchun, natijada Simplot fermer xo'jaliklaridan tozalangan kartoshka to'g'ridan-to'g'ri McDonald's oshxonalariga etkazib berildi, u erda ular qovurildi va xaridorlarga xizmat ko'rsatildi. Dastlab, ba'zi kartoshkalar va ular tayyorlagan oshxonalarda xavfsizlik masalalari ko'tarilgan, masalan, ba'zi kompaniyalar etakchi. Oq qal'a, ularni 1950 yillar davomida menyularidan olib tashlash.[44]

19-asrning oxirida yangi avlod kola tez orada pivoga qo'shiladigan ichimlik bo'lib, u gamburger bilan birga eng an'anaviy ichimliklar sifatida paydo bo'ldi. Birinchi retsepti Coca Cola 1885 yilda ixtiro qilingan Kolumbus, Jorjia, baqqol tomonidan Jon Pemberton.[45] Dastlab chaqirilgan koka sharob (savdo markasi "Pemberton's French Wine Coca" edi), bu uning ulkan muvaffaqiyatidan ilhomlangan bo'lishi mumkin. Vin Mariani, Evropa koka sharob. 19-asrning oxirida u a sifatida sotilgan shisha alkogolsiz ichimlik Qo'shma Shtatlarning aksariyat qismida. 20-asrning boshlarida yana bir ichimlik, Pepsi, tomonidan yaratilgan farmatsevt Kaleb Bredxem va tezda Coca-Cola savdosiga raqib bo'ldi. Strategik ittifoqlar yirik burger restoranlari tarmog'i va alkogolsiz ichimliklar ishlab chiqaruvchi ikkita kompaniya o'rtasida ichimliklar keng ommaga taqdim etilishini sezilarli darajada oshirdi.

Tijoratlashtirish

Gamburger yarim qayta ishlangan oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini ommaviy ishlab chiqarish texnik muammolarini hal qildi.

20-asrning boshlarida aholi zichligi yuqori bo'lgan yuqori mahsuldor shahar markazlarida yashovchilarni oziq-ovqat bilan ta'minlash zarurligi guvohi bo'ldi. Oziq-ovqat, shuningdek, ishchilar sinfini saqlab qolish uchun, iqtisodiy jihatdan arzon bo'lishi kerak edi mehnat va sanoat ishlab chiqarishi. Burger odamlarga "tez" va "arzon" ovqatlanishlari kerak bo'lgan davrda tug'ilgan.[46] Sohasidagi texnologik yutuqlar oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini saqlash, shuningdek, qishloq xo'jaligi mahsulotlarini ishlab chiqarish va transportni takomillashtirish, gamburgerlar yaratilganidan beri shahar aholisi uchun oziq-ovqatning amaliy tanlovi bo'lishiga imkon berdi. The ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy Burgerning mashhurlikka erishgan davridagi Qo'shma Shtatlarning muhiti Birinchi Jahon Urushi tugashi va boshlanishiga to'g'ri keldi Katta depressiya 1929 yil. Ushbu muhit arzon oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini ko'paytirish uchun juda qulay edi, bu besh sentarlik gamburgerlarning juda mashhur bo'lishining bir sababi edi. 20-asrning birinchi o'n yilligida ixtiro qilinganidan so'ng, "vizyonerlar" ommaviy ishlab chiqarish jarayonidan katta foyda ko'rishini anglab etgach, gamburger keng miqyosda sotila boshlandi.[47]

Birinchi avtomobil ishlab chiqarish liniyasi tomonidan yaratilgan Karl Benz Germaniyada 1888 yilda. Telefonlarning keng tarqalishi boshqa zamonaviy aloqa vositalari, shu jumladan radio bilan birga 20-asrning boshlarida sodir bo'lgan. Butun umri davomida restoranda ovqat yemagan o'rtacha amerikalik uchun[48] shaharlarda paydo bo'lgan fastfud zanjirlari muqobil restoran shaklini taklif qildi, unda ovqatlanish jamoat ishi edi. "Tushunchasiyog'li qoshiq"Shunday qilib, ushbu restoranlar bilan tug'ilgan[iqtibos kerak], unda gigiena arzonroq oziq-ovqat evaziga azob chekdi. Boshqa tomondan, o'sish bor edi o'zaro bog'liq avtoulov, avtobus va temir yo'l bilan sayohat qilish borgan sari ko'proq mavjud bo'lgan dunyo. Ushbu transport vositalarining barchasi o'sha paytda takomillashib borar edi va tez orada turli shaharlarda tez-tez yurib boradigan "doimiy tranzitda" o'sib borayotgan aholini boqish kerak bo'ldi. biznes bo'yicha.[49][50] Jorj Pulman ixtiro qilgan uxlab yotgan mashina va ovqat mashinasi 1870-yillarda bu odamlarning ehtiyojlariga javoban. Xuddi shunday, ingliz immigranti Frederik Genri Xarvi tiklashda birinchi bo'lib "dinamik ommaviy harakat" dan foydalangan Fred Xarvi kompaniyasi, temir yo'l stantsiyalari yaqinida joylashgan mehmonxonalar tarmog'ining homiylariga xizmat ko'rsatadigan, shuningdek, poezdlarda ovqatlanish, xizmat ko'rsatish va yuqori sifatli mahsulotlarni taklif qiladigan.[47]

Zamonaviy Amerika jamiyati, shuningdek, dunyodagi turli xil etnik guruhlarning an'anaviy oshxonalaridan kelib chiqqan yangi tez ovqatlarning yaratilishiga guvoh bo'ldi. Masalan, Nemis muhojiri Charlz Feltman ixtiro qildi Xot-dog 1867 yilda uning do'konida Koni oroli, Nyu-Yorkni a juftligi bilan ochiqchasiga non bulka bilan.[51] Garri Magli va Charlz Stivens kabi taqlidchilar tez orada hot-itlarni sotishni boshladilar Nyu-Yorkdagi Polo Grounds beysbol o'yinlari. Xuddi shunday, Italiyalik muhojirlar sotilgan Muzqaymoq ko'chalardagi avtomatlardan yoki ularning restoranidagi makarondan. Xitoylik muhojirlar dastlab xitoylik amerikaliklar bilan uchrashish uchun restoranlarni ochishdi, lekin ular asta-sekin amerikalik mijozlar tomonidan qabul qilinib, ba'zida chinakam xitoy-amerikan taomlari paydo bo'ldi. sueyni maydalash. Ushbu turli xil etnik ovqatlar dunyosida gamburger asosiy mashhurlikka ko'tarilib, AQShning milliy taomiga aylandi.

Oq qal'alar tizimi

Asosiy maqola: Oq qal'a (restoran)
1936 yil 8-sonli Oq Qasr binosi yilda Minneapolis, Minnesota

1916 yil 16-noyabrda oshpaz va tadbirkor Uolter "Uolt" Anderson gamburger stendini ochdi Vichita, Kanzas, shu jumladan gigienik pishirish usullaridan foydalanilgan panjara va spatulalarVa "Vichita" mijozlarini shunchalik hayratda qoldirdiki, ko'pchilik doimiy homiyga aylanishadi. Ayni paytda gamburger hali ham Amerika jamoatchiligi tomonidan keng tanilgan emas edi. Anderson qo'shib qo'ydi piyoz halqalari Burgerlarga panjara paytida, ularga o'ziga xos lazzat bag'ishladi.[42] Talab oshgani sayin, mijozlar uning gamburgerlarini ko'pincha sotib olishadi o'nlab, keyinchalik mashhur kompaniyani keltirib chiqaradi shiori: "ularni xaltadan sotib oling". Bir oz o'sishiga qaramay, Anderson shaharning eng gavjum joylarida atigi to'rtta stend ochgan edi. 1926 yilda Edgar Valdo "Billi" Ingram birinchi bo'lib Anderson bilan hamkorlik qildi White Castle restorani Vichitada. Restoran gamburgerni tez pishirish va unga birinchi bo'lish sharafini berish g'oyasi asosida tashkil etilgan tez ovqatlanish restorani.

Tez orada Ingram bu so'zni tushundi burger ning uyg'un ma'nolari sirk chorvachilik bozorlaridagi chiqishlari va Amerika jamoatchiligining fikriga ko'ra shaharning eng qashshoq tumanlarida iste'mol qilingan yog'li go'sht bo'laklari. U Oq qal'aning dastlabki kunlaridanoq ushbu mazmundagi ma'nolarni o'zgartirishga harakat qildi. Shu bilan birga, u ba'zilarga Genri Ford gamburger,[18] restoran kontseptsiyasini ixtiro qilish paytida u "Oq qal'alar tizimi" deb nomlangan bo'lib, bu gamburgerga shuhrat qozonishiga yordam berdi.[47] 1923-1931 yillarda "Oq qal'alar tizimi" butun shaharlarda yuzga yaqin restoran tashkil etdi AQShning o'rta g'arbiy qismi. Oq Qasr xodimlari orasida xabardorlikni oshirish maqsadida, a axborot byulleteni "Issiq gamburger" nomi ostida butun kompaniya bo'ylab tarqaldi, bu esa xodimlarga oddiy fikr bilan burgerlarni sotishni yaxshilashga da'vat etdi: har kim xohlagan joyida va istalgan joyda sotib olishi va yeyishi uchun burgerlarni tez tayyorlay olish. Oq qal'alar tizimi an'anaviy restoranda xizmat ko'rsatishni yarim soat kutish o'rniga tezkor xizmat va gamburger atrofida joylashgan menyu bilan ta'minladi. O'sha paytda, gamburger odatda kofe bilan ta'minlangan.[47] Upton Sinclair"s O'rmon allaqachon qayta ishlangan go'sht xavfsizligi to'g'risida jamoatchilikning g'azabiga sabab bo'lgan edi, shuning uchun 20-asrning 20-yillariga kelib, keng jamoatchilik toza va gigienik gamburgerni kutishdi. Oq qal'ada toza va xavfsiz ovqatlarni taklif qilishdan tashqari, har bir restoranda har bir patti bir xilda xizmat qilishini ta'minlab, muntazamlik va standartlashtirish taklif qilindi. O'sha paytda, bu tezkor ovqatlanish deb nomlanadigan uslub bilan oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini sotishda o'zini inqilob qiladigan butunlay yangi g'oya edi.[47] Dastlabki yillarda Oq Qasr sifatli kofe bilan ta'minlashni ta'kidlagan va ularning gamburgerlarining ozuqaviy sifati bo'yicha tadqiqotlar nashr etish uchun universitetlar bilan hamkorlik qilgan.

Oq qal'alar zanjirining muvaffaqiyati asosan targ'ibot kuchiga asoslangan edi, bu ham o'ziga xos yangilik, ham jamoatchilikning gamburger haqidagi salbiy tasavvurini o'zgartirish uchun zarur edi.[47] 1931 yilda u birinchi restoranga aylandi gazetalarda reklama qilish, o'zining eski "xaltadan sotib oling" shioridan foydalangan holda. Oq qal'a, shuningdek, kontseptsiyasiga kashshof bo'lgan Olib ketish xizmat, va restoran bundan keyin kvadrat burgerlarni birinchi bo'lib bozorga chiqargani bilan mashhur "slayderlar", 1940 yillarga qadar besh tsentga sotilgan.[47] Oq Qal'a 1921 yil mart oyida Kanzasning Vichita shahrida Billi Ingram va uning sherigi oshpaz Uolter Anderson tomonidan tashkil etilgan va ular ikkinchi restoranni ochdilar. Kanzas-Siti 1924 yilda. 1932 yilda Oq Qasr o'zining birinchi sho''ba korxonasini: Paperlynen kompaniyasini yaratdi karton va o'rash qog'ozi ovqat, shuningdek, oshxona xodimlari kiyadigan bosh kiyimlar berilganligi. U sotib oldi chinni shunga o'xshash tarzda ishlaydigan kompaniyalar, ularni oq chinni jabhalar yordamida kichik White Castle restoranlarini qurish uchun mas'ul.

Walter Anderson Oq qal'aning dastlabki yillarida bir qator yangi g'oyalarni o'z ichiga olgan, shu jumladan maxsus spatula va burgerlar uchun maxsus non. 1949 yilda Earl Xauell ismli xodim gamburgerlarni ajratib ko'rsatish uchun qancha vaqt sarflanganligini hisoblab chiqdi va natijada uni yaratishga undadi. teshilgan burger. 1951 yilga kelib, Oq qal'a burgerlariga beshta teshikni kiritdi.[42] Andersondan oldin gamburgerlar panjara ustida noma'lum muddat pishirilgan va maydalangan go'sht sharlari odatiy holga keltirilgan tilim non, sendvich singari. Go'sht muzlatilgan va gamburger yangi go'shtdan foydalanish o'rniga muzlatilgan holda pishiriladigan bo'ldi. White Castle tayyor mahsulotlarni muntazam ravishda ishlab chiqarish va xaridorlarning aniq qarashida bo'lgan gigienik tayyorgarlik usullaridan foydalangan holda burger tayyorlash jarayonini tubdan o'zgartirdi.[42]

Oq qal'ada sotuvlar juda katta o'sishga erishgan va uning muvaffaqiyati shunday bo'lganki, 1926 yilga kelib u allaqachon raqobatchilar paydo bo'lgan va taqlidchilar rivojlanayotgan gamburger biznesida. Ushbu taqlidchilardan biri ham juda o'xshash ismga ega edi, White Tower Gamburgerlari ning Miluoki, Viskonsin, Jon E. va Tomas E. Saksning otasi va o'g'li tandemi tomonidan tashkil etilgan. Oq minoraning yaratilishi 1930-yillarda u bilan Oq qal'a o'rtasida ko'plab huquqiy kurashlarga olib keldi. 1930 yilga kelib, Oq Qal'ada 236 kilometr (1400 milya) masofada tarqalgan 116 restoran bor edi, ularning barchasi AQSh hududida joylashgan edi. [1] Oxir-oqibat kompaniya yirik restoranlar tarmog'iga aylandi, ammo AQShdan tashqarida hech qachon restoran bo'lmagan.[49] Amerika tanqislik Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida mol go'shti ta'siri tufayli Oq qal'ada sotuvga ozgina ta'sir ko'rsatdi vertikal integratsiya a-da ishlaydigan tez ovqatlanish zanjirlari paydo bo'lishi bilan birga franchayzing ta'kidlagan model gorizontal integratsiya.[47]

McDonald's davri

O'tgan asrning 60-yillarida McDonald's mijozning Qo'shma Shtatlarning istalgan joyida bir xil burgerni iste'mol qilish qobiliyatini reklama qildi va bir necha o'n yillar o'tgach, bu dunyoning aksariyat qismida xuddi shunday yutuqqa erishdi.
Asosiy maqola: McDonald's

1937 yilda Patrik Makdonald va uning ikki o'g'li Richard va Moris Amerika shahridagi aeroport yaqinidagi Huntington Drive-da (66-yo'nalish) oddiy "Airdrome" restoranini ochdi. Monroviya, Kaliforniya. Sotishdagi muvaffaqiyat oxir-oqibat 1940 yil 15-may kuni ushbu restoranning ochilishiga olib keldi McDonald's birga AQSh 66-yo'nalish yilda San-Bernardino, Kaliforniya. Birodarlar o'zlarining savdo-sotiqlarini tahlil qilib, ularning 80 foizini ajablantirganlarini aniqladilar daromad gamburger sotishdan kelgan edi.[52] Dastlab menyuda 25 xil taomlar namoyish etildi, ularning aksariyati barbekyu qilingan. Birodarlar McDonald 1948 yilga kelib G'arbiy Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining tezkor ovqatlari tushunchasini joriy qildilar. McDonald's boshidanoq hot-dog va gamburgerlarni imkon qadar samarali va tezroq tayyorlashga e'tibor qaratdi.[9][52] 1940-yillarda McDonald's-da oddiy va shakllantiruvchi tushunchalar, shu jumladan burgerlarni tayyorlash va ularga xizmat ko'rsatish bir daqiqada va mijozlar o'z mashinalarida ovqatlanishlari imkoniyatini o'z ichiga olgan. kirish joyi uslubi. Shu vaqtgacha restoran amerikaliklarning ko'pchiligining iqtisodiy imkoniyatlariga mos keladigan arzon bo'lgan gamburgerni yanada rivojlantirishga harakat qilar edi. 1950-yillarga kelib, stavkada xizmat ko'rsatish konsepsiyasi mustahkam o'rnashdi va ko'plab amerikaliklarning ongida gamburgerlar va avtoulovlar chambarchas bog'liq bo'lib qoldi. Endi xaridor nafaqat gamburgerni mashinadan tushmasdan sotib olishi mumkin edi, balki xaridorga xizmat ko'rsatishni kutishning hojati yo'q edi.[9] Aka-ukalar McDonald 1953 yilda o'zlarining mashhur San-Bernardino restoranining yutuqlariga asoslanib, 1953 yildan boshlab hozirgi mashhur restoran tarmoqlarini franchayzing qilishni boshladilar. Feniks, Arizonava Dauni, Kaliforniya (ikkinchisi hali ham ishlamoqda). Keyinchalik, Rey Krok Chikagodagi shimoli-g'arbiy qismida ochilgan Des Plaines, Illinoys ga aylantirilgan 1955 yil 15 aprelda McDonald's muzeyi.[9] Shunisi e'tiborga loyiqki, asl McDonald's maskot Gamburger yuzli oshpaz edi "Speedee"bu kloun bilan almashtirilgunga qadar kompaniyaning ikonografik identifikatori bo'lib xizmat qiladi Ronald McDonald 1963 yilda.

Birodarlar McDonald o'z restoranlarini takomillashtirish maqsadida mavjud oshxona protokolini intensiv ravishda o'rganib chiqdilar. Ular gamburger tayyorlash tezligini oshirishi mumkin bo'lgan turli xil variantlarni ko'rib chiqdilar, maxsus dizayn va patentlashdi panjara yuqori ishlab chiqarishga ega bo'lgan, ularni ishlab chiqargan vilkalar pichoq va boshqalar oshxona anjomlari bir martalikva tanishtirildi idishlarni yuvish mashinalari bu suv, sovun va boshqa xarajatlarni kamaytirdi mehnat. Aka-ukalar, shuningdek, franchayzing davomida har bir oshxonani o'xshash va asosan standartlashtirilgan tarzda ishlashi, shuningdek, o'spirinlarni oshxonalarga ishchi sifatida jalb qilishning batafsil tizimini yaratdilar.[9]

52 yoshli muzqaymoq mashinalari sotuvchisi bo'lganida, kompaniya ancha tez sur'atlarda rivojlana boshladi Rey Krok uning bosh ijrochi direktori lavozimini egalladi.[52] Kroc was the initiator of both McDonald's expansion across the United States and the definitive standardization of its burgers. He was not alone, however, as some of his co-workers were also very productive and innovative. McDonald's executive and ovqatshunos olim O'simlik Peterson ixtiro qilgan McMuffin in 1972 and also the now famous greeting, "May I have your order, please?". In another key development, Jim Delligatti ning Pitsburg franchise invented the Katta Mac in 1967. The McDonald's successful expansion was mainly due to its use of the franchise system, an innovation borrowed from a sewing machine manufacturer, the Singer korporatsiyasi. Singer had developed it during the late 19th century, and it was so successful that it was soon adopted by its competitors.[53] Nowadays, McDonald's even has its own university for training its staff: Gamburg universiteti, joylashgan Oak Bruk, Illinoys. Graduates receive a degree entitled "bachelor of hamburgerology with a minor in French fries".[54] As McDonald's expanded into other countries, it encountered more opposition and general difficulties, as was the case in 1996 when it opened a restaurant in New Delhi amid outcry from Indian leaders.[55] In 1995, the country with the most McDonald's restaurants (aside from the United States) was Japan, followed by Canada and Germany, while the company itself had restaurants in more than 100 countries.[55] Throughout its history, the company has become a symbol of globallashuv va G'arb madaniyati, sometimes resulting in it being the subject of g'azab and protests in various parts of the world.[7]

Variantlar

A vegan version of the hamburger

Many different variants of the hamburger have been created over the years, some of which have become very popular. Much of this diversity has been the product of other restaurant chains that have tried to reproduce the success of McDonald's and White Castle, while others served to influence McDonald's. An example of a restaurant that influenced McDonald's and its imitators is Katta bola, which was first opened in 1936 by Bob Wian yilda Glendeyl, Kaliforniya, and became known in that locale as Bobning katta bolasi.[56] It was at this restaurant that a major hamburger variant, the double deck cheeseburger, with two beef patties, was first made. Wian's creation was distinctively served by Big Boy restaurants with the bun sliced twice, the center slice—known as the club section—separating the two patties. The chain also popularized the drive-in restaurant format, taken and simplified by McDonald's type fast food operators. By the 1960s, Big Boy had expanded throughout the United States and Canada. Despite the benefits it provided to Wian, the chain was sold along with the rights to their signature Big Boy hamburger to the Marriott korporatsiyasi in 1967. This same year McDonald's franchisee Jim Delligatti, created an imitation of the Big Boy — the Big Mac.[57] An example of the many McDonald's and White Castle imitators is Kewpe gamburgerlari, a fast-food chain founded in 1923 in Flint, Michigan, by Samuel V. Blair as "Kewpee Hotel Hamburgs."[47]

As with the invention of the hamburger, the exact origins of the cheeseburger noma'lum. Several chefs claim to have been the first to add a slice of cheese to a hamburger. Lionel Sternberger of Rite Spot in Pasadena, Kaliforniya, takes credit for the cheeseburger, claiming that he invented it between 1924 and 1926.[39] A description from a 1928 menu from the O'Dell Restaurant in Los Angeles reveals that it was serving burgers with slices of cheese at the time.[4] Luis Ballast, owner of the Humpty Dumpty drive-in restaurant in Denver, Colorado, made an attempt to create a cheeseburger with a ro'yxatdan o'tgan savdo belgisi known as a "yellowburger" in 1935. J.C. Reynolds, the operator of a bar in Kaliforniya janubiy from 1932 to 1984, popularized a pimento burger.[4] Qayta ishlangan pishloq, the type of cheese most used in cheeseburgers, was invented in 1911 by Walter Gerber of Thun, Switzerland, although the first U.S. patent awarded for it was given to Jeyms L. Kraft 1916 yilda.[58][59] Kraft oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari went on to create the first commercial version of sliced processed cheese, which was first introduced to the market in 1950.

After World War II, a number of hamburger restaurants known as InstaBurger King (later Burger King) began emerging, the first of which was opened on December 4, 1954, in a suburb of Miami, Florida. Tomonidan tashkil etilgan Jeyms Maklamor va Devid Edgerton, both of whom were students at the Kornell universiteti mehmonxonalarni boshqarish maktabi.[60] McLamore had visited the original McDonald's in San Bernardino, California, when it was still owned by the McDonald brothers, and saw the potential that existed for the ommaviy ishlab chiqarish of hamburgers. He was so inspired by this visit that he decided to create a similar burger chain himself. By 1959, Burger King already had five restaurants in metropolitan Miami, and its early success prompted McLamore and Edgerton to expand throughout the United States by using a franchayzing tizimi that allowed them to grow the business at a relatively low cost. They formed Burger King Corporation as a parent company to the franchises they were selling throughout the United States.[61] The Burger King Corporation was acquired by the Pillsbury kompaniyasi in 1967, and during the 1970s, it began to expand outside the United States, principally in South America and Europe. Burger King's core product has long been the Whopper, which was created in 1957 by founder James McLamore and initially sold for 37 cents.[62]

Vendi tomonidan tashkil etilgan Deyv Tomas va Jon T. Shessler on November 15, 1969, in Kolumbus, Ogayo shtati. By the late 1970s, it had become the third largest hamburger company in the United States.[63][64] Wendy's has consistently tried to farqlash itself from other hamburger restaurants by its claim that it makes its burgers using fresh, not frozen, beef. Wendy's sparked a tortishuv and entered into American ommaviy madaniyat in the 1980s with its "Qaerda mol go'shti?" advertising slogan and an accompanying campaign stressing the primacy of the beef patty over the hamburger's other ingredients.

Culinary history

J. Vellington Vimpi (Wimpy), on the left one of Popeye's friends from a 1937 cartoon, had a tremendous craving for hamburgers.

The hamburger was very popular among Americans during the urushdan keyingi davr following World War I,[50] even in popular culture. An example of this was the prominent appearance of hamburgers in E. C. Segar"s Thimble teatri kulgili chiziq, unda taniqli a multfilm qahramoni nomlangan Dengizchini tomosha qiling who ate ismaloq to sustain his superhuman strength. Popeye's first appearance was as a qo'llab-quvvatlovchi belgi on January 17, 1929, alongside many other characters. One of these characters was J. Vellington Vimpi (often shortened to just "Wimpy"), a lover of hamburgers who was both polite and gluttonous. His signature phrase, "I will gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today", became popular and widely known. During the height of his popularity in the 1930s, Wimpy introduced the hamburger to the youth of the time as a healthy food. It also resulted in the creation of a chain of fast food restaurants called Wimpy in his honor, which sold hamburgers for ten cents.[44] In a similar fashion, the fictional character Jughead Jons, kim birinchi bo'lib paydo bo'ldi Archie Comics in 1941, was passionate about food generally, and hamburgers specifically.

Fictional characters related to the hamburger, such as the Ronald McDonald masxaraboz character designed by Willard Scott who first appeared on television in 1963,[65] soon became a recognizable part of Amerika madaniyati. The burger also made appearances in er osti komiksi kabi Zap Comix#2 during the late 1960s, in which cartoonist Robert Crumb designed a character called "Hamburger Hi-Jinx". O'n yillikning oxiriga kelib, estrada san'ati was including the hamburger as an artistic element, appearing in the works of Endi Uorxol (Dual Hamburger), Kler Oldenburg (Floor Burger), Mel Ramos (Vinaburger, 1965), and more recently, Devid LaChapelle (Death by Hamburger, 2002).

An example of the popularity and identification that the burger enjoyed among the American public was the name of the Gamburger tepaligidagi jang, which occurred in May 1969 during the Vetnam urushi. Its name was inspired by the number of American and Vetnam casualties, which made the scene resembles a "butcher".[66] The hamburger was also the inspiration of Yulduzlar jangi yaratuvchi Jorj Lukasuchun dizayn Millennium Falcon kema.[67] Hamburgers also appear in computer games, as in the case of BurgerTime, an arcade-style game created in 1982 by Data East Corporation. The hamburger also appears prominently on Amerika televideniesi kabi namoyishlar Amerika taomlari va Inson oziq-ovqatga qarshi.

By the 1960s, American society had become highly motorli, largely due to the 1956 Federal avtomobil yo'llari to'g'risidagi qonun passed by President Duayt Eyzenxauer va ilhomlangan Nemis avtoulovi, as well as the impressive growth rates of American automobile manufacturers vaqtida.[2] Due to the extensive use of cars at the time, hamburgers were often served at haydovchilar, often by waiters known as ustaxonalar. Drive-in restaurants first appeared in the United States in the early 1930s, and gradually become a common sight across the country. The ability to serve hamburgers to customers in their cars was seen as a business opportunity by countless fast-food chains, especially McDonald's.[9] The popularity of the hamburger grew rapidly among the American population during this period, and statistics indicate that the average American was eating three burgers per week.[5]

Davomida Sovuq urush, the hamburger became a milliy ramz Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari. As private outdoor social events, often held in hovlilar va a barbekyu, became more widespread during the mid-1950s, the hamburger gained a new culinary and social relevance in the country.[68][28] By the late 1960s, hamburgers began to grow in size as various burger chains competed with each other, resulting in Burger King launching the Whopper va McDonald's ishga tushirish Chorak asoschisi. As the race between the major chains grew more intense, the prices of their burgers increased, and the days when a hamburger could be bought for just a few cents were numbered.

In the 1970s, major hamburger chains began to use considerable resources in marketing their products. They began to compete directly with each other through their advertising, much of which was qiyosiy and often featured direct tashbehlar va taqqoslashlar.[54] The event came to be jokingly referred to as the "burger wars" by many Americans. By the end of the 1980s, the era of shiorlar in large chain restaurants had begun.

Global phenomenon

Vetnamliklar riceburger is a product of the globalization of the hamburger.

The modern hamburger was developed in the United States, but by the end of World War II, around the middle of the 20th century, it began to spread to other countries as fast food became globallashgan.[6] The main cause of this gradual globalization was the successes of the large restoran tarmoqlari. Their desires to expand their businesses and increase their profits resulted in them creating imtiyozlar dunyo bo'ylab.[6] McDonald's was among the very first of the burger chains to take the global establishment of its brand seriously,[7] but it was not the only one. Wimpy began operating in the United Kingdom in 1954, 20 years before McDonald's began operation in the country, and by 1970 it had expanded to over a thousand restaurants in 23 countries.[69] On August 21, 1971, in Zaandam, yaqin Amsterdam Niderlandiyada, Mana opened its first European franchise. In the 1970s, McDonald's began to expand into Europe and Australia. In Asia, Japan saw the establishment of its own fast food chain in 1972: MOS Burger (モスバーガー, Mosu bāgā), an abbreviation of "Mountain, Ocean, Sun", which eventually became a direct competitor to McDonald's. All of its products, however, were variations on the burger adapted to the Asian world, including the teriyaki burger, takumi burger, and riceburger.[10] Gonkongda, Aji Ichiban competed with large chains before it spread quickly throughout Asia.[55] One of the first hamburger savdo avtomatlari debuted in Amsterdam in 1941 under the brand FEBO, its name derived from its original place of creation, the Ferdinand Bolstraat.

At the same time the hamburger was growing in popularity around the world, it took on a variety of local features in different locations. Such examples of this include ground meat made from local animals, such as kengurular Avstraliyada,[70] yoki Tex-Mex-style dishes like chilli con carne.

The expansion and standardization of the hamburger has led to the creation of a price index that can be used as an economic reference between different countries known as the Katta Mac indeksi. It measures the worth (in US$) of a burger in different parts of the world, allowing for the comparison of the sotib olish qobiliyati pariteti of 120 national economies in which McDonald's does business.[71] Amerikalik sotsiolog Jorj Ritser coined the related concept of "McDonaldization" in his 1995 book McDonaldization of Society.[7] Another byproduct of the globalization of fast food was the creation of international raqobatbardosh ovqatlanish contests that involve contestants from many different countries. Eng yaxshi tanilganlardan biri Kristal maydoni yopiq, run by the fast-food chain Kristal va homiysi Xalqaro raqobatbardosh ovqatlanish federatsiyasi (IFOC), which has been held annually since 2004.

Bugungi kun

Astronauts eating hamburgers in space, thanks to the design of the kosmik oziq-ovqat provided at the Xalqaro kosmik stantsiya (ISS)

In the 20th century, the hamburger has appeared as the central topic in some books on the literature of culinary topics. Bunga misol Fast tamaddi qilishga xalqi: Butun Amerika taomining qorong'u tomonitomonidan nashr etilgan tergovchi jurnalist Erik Shlosser in 2001, that examines the local and global influence of the American fast food industry.[50] An example of a modern variation of the hamburger is the so-called gourmet burgertomonidan qilingan yuqori oshxona chefs with patties that include hashamat ingredientlar. One of the first such burgers was cooked in New York City by chef Daniel Bulud in June 2001, and subsequently sold for US$29 with bel, ribs Bres, canned qora trufflesva a mirepoix sabzavot. The Manxetten restaurant "Old Homestead", one of the oldest steyklar in the country, offers a $44 hamburger with beef-bred Japanese ag.[4] An haute cuisine burger created by Richard Bler, talabasi Ferran Adrià, was introduced in 2004 at a restaurant in Atlanta, where it is served with a crystal chain and a silk lenta. In response to the haute cuisine take on the hamburger, others have created more humble versions. Alberto Chicote of Madrid makes homemade hamburgers in his kitchen, using Iberiya pork along with homemade ketchup va xantal.[72] In 1993, Max Schondor created a hamburger made of soy. In a 2005 episode of SpongeBob SquarePants, the adventurous title character visits Janob Krabsmashhur Krabbi Patti burgers, where hamburgers figure prominently in the story.

In the United States during the 20th century, there have been numerous celebrations marking the centenary of the burger. Two locations in particular organized high-profile events to celebrate 100 years of the hamburger. One was held in Afina, Texas, in November 2006, in honor of Fletcher Davis. In a resolution made by the state of Texas, it was established that Athens is the "Original Home of Hamburger". However, in August 2007, the state of Viskonsin made the same claim on behalf of the town of Seymur, uy Charli Nagrin who also claimed to be the creator of the hamburger.[8] These two decisions have split the honor of creating the hamburger between these two American cities. The town of Seymour continues to annually celebrate a "Burger Fest" on the first Saturday of each August.

Nutritional controversies

Since the latter part of the 20th century, the burger has undergone several tortishuvlar regarding its nutritional values. In an era in which a growing amount of the world's population has become either ortiqcha vazn or more conscious of weight and the need for a healthy diet in general, the appearance of exceptionally larger burgers (popularly known as "XXL hamburgers") has generated considerable controversy.[73] Buning bir misoli Triple Whopper, which surpasses the one thousand calorie threshold established by the Health Strategy Against Obesity, which is promoted by the health institutes of the Spanish Association of Food and Nutrition Safety (AESAN). AESAN works to prevent the growth of the incidence of semirish in all people, particularly children. Umuman olganda, dietologlar are beginning to see that the consumption of foods high in kaloriya can cause excessive ishtaha.[74] In response to this message, many restaurant chains have reduced the calories in their burgers since the beginning of the 20th century. The late 20th century witnessed a lawsuit brought by McDonald's ikkiga qarshi ekologik faollar, Helen Steel and David Morris, that was colloquially known as McLibel. McDonald's took action following the publication of a risola by Steel and Morris that was entitled What’s wrong with McDonald’s: Everything they don’t want you to know, which was subsequently developed into a documentary called McLibel.

OAV

2004 yilda, Morgan Spurlok addressed the obsessive consumption of hamburgers by some Americans by directing and starring in the documentary film Super Size Me. In the film, he himself eats only McDonald's food for an entire month and documents how his health changes. That same year saw the premiere of Harold va Kumar Oq qal'aga boringlar, unda film White Castle restaurants played a vital part. Two years later, in 2006, the film Fast Food Millati presented a fictional representation of the intrigues and machinations of the go'sht sanoati on the border between Mexico and the United States. It is largely based on the 2001 book Fast tamaddi qilishga xalqi: Butun Amerika taomining qorong'u tomoni.

Shuningdek qarang

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