WikiDer > Jon Makkeyn 2008 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi - Vikipediya

Jon Makkeyn 2008 yilgi prezident uchun
Kampaniya	2008 yil respublika boshlang'ich saylovlari 2008 yil AQSh prezident saylovi
Nomzod	Jon Makkeyn AQSh vakili dan Arizona (1983–1987) AQSh senatori Arizonadan (1987–2018) Sara Peylin 9-chi Alyaska gubernatori (2006–2009)
Tegishli	Respublika partiyasi
Holat	E'lon qilingan: 2007 yil 28 fevral Taxminiy nomzod: 2008 yil 4 mart Rasmiy nomzod: 2008 yil 3 sentyabr Yo'qotilgan saylov: 2008 yil 4-noyabr
Bosh ofis	Arlington, Virjiniya
Asosiy odamlar	Stiv Shmidt (Operatsiyalar boshlig'i)[1] Richard H. Devis (Kampaniya menejeri) Robert Mosbaxer (Bosh rais) Tom Leffler (Hamrais) Tim Pawlenty (Hamrais)[2] Jill Hazelbaker (Matbuot kotibi)[3]
Kvitansiyalar	370 million dollar (2007 yil 31-dekabr)
Shior	Birinchi mamlakat Original Maverick Birinchi kundan boshlab etakchilik qilishga eng yaxshi tayyorgarlik Jasoratli xizmat, tajribali etakchilik, jasur echimlar. Biz ishonadigan lider Islohot • Obodlik • Tinchlik
Mavzu qo'shig'i	"Mening qahramonim"tomonidan Foo Fighters[4]
Nido	'Mavverik Burg'il, bolam, burg'il! "
Veb-sayt
JohnMcCain.com (arxivlangan - 2008 yil 4-noyabr)

Ushbu maqola haqida ketma-ket qismidir Jon Makkeyn
Siyosiy lavozimlar Saylov tarixi Dastlabki hayot va harbiy martaba Madaniy va siyosiy imidj Arizona shtatidan AQSh senatori Kongressning dastlabki faoliyati (1983–2000) Senat faoliyati (2001–2014) Prezidentlik kampaniyalari 2000 yil prezidentlik kampaniyasi Boshlang'ich saylovlar 2008 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi Saylov Boshlang'ich saylovlar Otalarimning ishonchi Uchun kurashishga arziydi Nima uchun jasorat muhim Bezovta to'lqini
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Ushbu maqola bir qator qismidir haqida Sara Peylin
Makkeyn-Palin-2008 aksiyasi Vitse-prezidentlikka nomzod Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Gubernatorlik (2006–2009) Hokim lavozimidan iste'foga chiqish Saylov tarixi Dastlabki siyosiy martaba Siyosiy lavozimlar Ommaviy imidj Saturday Night Live parodiyalar Roguega borish: Amerika hayoti Sara Peynning Alyaskadan
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2008 yil AQSh prezident saylovi
Xronologiya Umumiy saylov bahslari Milliy ovoz berish Shtat bo'ylab ovoz berish Tomonlar
Demokratik partiya
Nomzodlar Debat va forumlar Boshlang'ich saylovlar Milliy ovoz berish Shtat bo'ylab ovoz berish Natijalar Nomzod Konventsiya Superdelegatlar
Respublika partiyasi
Nomzodlar Debat va forumlar Boshlang'ich saylovlar Milliy ovoz berish Shtat bo'ylab ovoz berish Natijalar Nomzod Konventsiya
Kichik partiyalar
Ozodlik partiyasi Konventsiya Yashil partiya Boshlang'ich saylovlar Konventsiya Konstitutsiya partiyasi Barcha nomzodlar
Tegishli musobaqalar
Uy Senat Hokimlar Vitse prezident Demokratik Respublika
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Vikipediyada tegishli yangiliklar mavjud: Barak Obama AQShning 44-Prezidenti etib saylandi

The 2008 yil prezidentlik saylovoldi tashviqoti Jon Makkeyn, uzoq yillik qariya AQSh senatori dan Arizona, 2007 yil 28 fevralda jonli lenta yozish paytida norasmiy e'lon bilan boshlangan Devid Letterman bilan kech namoyish, va rasmiy ravishda 2007 yil 25 aprelda bo'lib o'tgan tadbirda boshlangan. Uning ikkinchi nomzodi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Prezidentligi, u ilgari o'z partiyasining nomzodini ilgari surgan 2000 ta boshlang'ich saylov va partiyasining nomzodi, o'sha paytdagi Gubernator uchun potentsial sherik sifatida qaraldi Jorj V.Bush ning Texas. Delegatlarning ko'pchiligini yutgandan so'ng 2008 yilgi respublika boshlang'ich saylovlari, 29 avgust kuni anjumandan oldin Makkeyn tanlab oldi Hokim Sara Peylin ning Alyaska uning kabi yugurish jufti uchun Vitse prezident. Besh kundan keyin, da 2008 yil respublikachilarning milliy anjumani, Makkeyn rasmiy ravishda tanlangan Respublika partiyasi da prezidentlikka nomzod 2008 yilgi prezident saylovi.

Makkeyn saylovoldi kampaniyasini respublikachilar orasida yaqqol peshqadam sifatida boshladi, bu strategiya muqarrar nomzod sifatida namoyon bo'lish strategiyasi bilan; uning saylovoldi veb-saytida an Associated Press uni "[a] siyosiy taniqli shaxs" sifatida tavsiflovchi maqola.^[5] U unga qarshi bo'lgan respublika bazasi elementlariga nisbatan sezilarli darajada obtures qildi 2000 yil qo'zg'olon kampaniyasi.^[6] Biroq, tez orada u so'rovnomalarda va mablag 'yig'ishda orqada qoldi; 2007 yil iyulga qadar uning saylovoldi kampaniyasi uning hajmi va faoliyatini qayta tuzishga majbur bo'ldi. U homiylik qilgan immigratsion islohotlar to'g'risidagi qonunchilikka qarshi respublikachilarning kayfiyati ham uning etakchiligining yo'q qilinishiga olib keldi.^[6]

2007 yil oxiriga kelib, Makkeyn jonlanishni boshladi, bu 2008 yil yanvaridagi g'alabalari bilan yakunlandi Nyu-Xempshir, Janubiy Karolinava Florida boshlang'ich saylovlar. Bu uni respublikachilar nominatsiyasida birinchi o'rinni egalladi. Yoqilgan Super seshanba, Makkeyn aksariyat shtatlarda ham g'olib bo'ldi delegatlar ichida Respublika boshlang'ich saylovlariunga respublikachilar nominatsiyasi sari qo'mondonlik ko'rsatmoqda. Makkeyn delegatlarning ko'pchiligini ushlab oldi va 4 mart kuni yana bir nechta praymerizda g'alaba qozongan taxminiy respublikachilar nomzodiga aylandi.^[7] Ertasi kuni, Prezident Jorj V.Bush Makkeynni ma'qulladi oq uy.

Umumiy saylovlarda Demokratik partiyadan nomzod, senatorga qarshi Barak Obama ning Illinoys, Makkeyn mavsumning aksariyat qismida ketma-ket yurar edi, faqat Palin e'lon qilinganidan va bir muncha vaqt o'tgach milliy so'rovnomalarda etakchilikka erishgan. 2008 yil respublikachilarning milliy anjumani. Kampaniyaning asosiy masalasi bo'ldi 2007-2008 yillardagi moliyaviy inqiroz. Prezidentlik bahslarida Obamaga qarshi kurash olib borolmaganligi sababli, kampaniyaning so'nggi bosqichida Makkeyn Obamani "qayta taqsimlovchi" deb tanqid qilgani va shu kabi ramzlarni qabul qilganini ko'rdi. Jou Plumber.

2008 yil 4-noyabrda Makkeyn mag'lubiyatga uchradi Barak Obama 173 ovozini olgan umumiy saylovlarda saylovchilar kolleji Obamaning 365-ga va xalqning 46 foiz ovozini olgan Obamaning 53 foiziga. Agar Makkeyn saylanganida, u 50 shtatda tug'ilmagan birinchi Prezident bo'lar edi, chunki u tug'ilgan Panama kanali zonasi (Makkeyn tug'ilgan paytidagi AQSh hududi). Makkeyn, shuningdek, shtatdan birinchi prezident bo'lgan bo'lar edi ArizonaHolbuki, Palin birinchi ayol vitse-prezident, shuningdek birinchi vitse-prezident bo'lgan bo'lar edi Alyaska va Qo'shma Shtatlar materikidan tashqarida.

E'longa qadar

Makkeynning tez-tez aytib o'tilgan kuchli tomonlari^[8] 2008 yilda prezidentlikka potentsial nomzod sifatida milliy nomni tan olish, yirik lobbichilik va kampaniyani moliyalashtirishni isloh qilish tashabbuslari homiyligi va fosh etishda etakchilik Abramoff janjali.^[9][10]

U harbiy xizmatida (shu qatorda qiynoqqa solingan yillar bilan) tanilgan Asir) va raqobatlashadigan 2000 yil prezidentlik kampaniyasi, unda u g'olib chiqdi Nyu-Xempshirda boshlang'ich saylov oxir-oqibat nomzodlikni yo'qotishdan oldin Jorj V.Bush. Makkeyn o'zining kuchli qo'llab-quvvatlashi bilan ham ko'plab respublikachilarni hayratga soldi Prezident Bushning 2004 yildagi qayta saylov kampaniyasiva uning Bushning ko'plab sudyalik nomzodlarini tasdiqlashdagi roli.^[8] 1993 yildan beri u rais lavozimida ishlagan Xalqaro respublika instituti, dunyo bo'ylab siyosiy demokratiyani qo'llab-quvvatlash bilan shug'ullanadigan AQSh hukumati tomonidan moliyalashtiriladigan tashkilot.

A Vaqt jurnal 2007 yil yanvar oyida o'tkazilgan so'rov natijalariga ko'ra Makkeyn Demokratik partiyaning raqibi bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan senator bilan to'siqda qolgan Hillari Klinton 46% da; o'sha so'rovda Makkeyn demokrat senatorni ortda qoldirdi Barak Obama 41% dan 48% gacha.^[11] Oldinroq Vaqt So'rovnoma shuni ko'rsatdiki, Makkeyn bilan boshqa peshqadamlardan ko'ra ko'proq amerikaliklar tanish bo'lgan, jumladan Obama va respublikachi nomzod va sobiq Nyu-York meri Rudy Giuliani.^[12] 2006 yilgi saylov tsikli davomida Makkeyn 346 tadbirda qatnashdi va respublikachilar nomzodlari nomidan 10,5 million dollardan ko'proq mablag 'yig'di. Shuningdek, u federal, shtat va okrug partiyalariga qariyb 1,5 million dollar xayriya qildi.^[13]

2006 yil may oyida Makkeyn boshlang'ich manzilini berdi Jerri Falwell"s Ozodlik universiteti. 2000 yilda prezidentlikka da'vogarlik paytida Makkeyn Falwellni "murosasizlik agenti" deb atagan edi. Saylovoldi tashviqoti paytida Makkeyn o'zining oldingi bayonotidan hech qachon qaytmasligini aytdi. Keyinchalik uning Ozodlik Universitetida paydo bo'lishi Makkeyn-Felluell munosabatlari va 2008 yildagi prezidentlik saylovlari haqida savollar tug'dirdi. Makkeyn orqaga qaytdi va Falwell endi u qadar ziddiyatli emas va ikkalasi o'zlarining umumiy qadriyatlarini muhokama qildilar.^[14] Makkeyn xuddi shunday manzilni manzilda etkazib berdi Yangi maktab boshlanish Madison Square Garden. Makkeynni ovozi ko'tarildi va bir nechta talabalar va professorlar "Makkeyn men uchun gapirmaydi" degan yozuv bilan orqalariga o'girildilar yoki varaqlarini silkitdilar.^[15] Makkeynning nutqida uni qo'llab-quvvatlaganligi haqida so'z yuritildi Iroq urushi va qarama-qarshi nuqtai nazarlarni eshitish, bir-birini tinglash va demokratiya sharoitida muxolifatning dolzarbligiga e'tibor qaratdi.^[16]

E'lon

Jon Makkeyn 2008 yilda prezidentlikka nomzodini qo'yishini rasman e'lon qildi Portsmut, Nyu-Xempshir, 2007 yil 25 aprel.

Makkeyn 2007 yil 28-fevral, chorshanba kuni o'z nomzodini norasmiy ravishda e'lon qildi Devid Letterman bilan kech namoyish.^[17]

Keyin u o'zining rasmiy nomzodini e'lon qildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining prezidentligi va o'z navbatida uning nomzodini izlash niyati Respublika partiyasi uchun 2008 yilgi prezident saylovi, tushdan ko'p o'tmay Preskott bog'i qirg'og'ida Portsmut, Nyu-Xempshir Makkeyn 2007 yil 25-aprel, chorshanba kuni. O'zining e'lonida "agar biz muvaffaqiyat qozonish uchun hamma narsani qilishga tayyor bo'lmasak, Amerika hech qachon urush qilmasligi kerak" deb ta'kidlagan va u ham "Men Prezident bo'lish uchun nomzod emasman" kimdirdir, lekin biror narsa qilish; oson va keraksiz narsalar emas, qiyin, ammo zarur ishlarni bajarish. "^[18][19] Tomoshabinlar biroz ro'yxatsiz edi.^[20] Keyin u tashrif buyurdi Sankt-Anselm kolleji va atrofdagi boshqa joylar Manchester, Nyu-Xempshir sovuq yomg'irli kunda,^[20] rejalashtirilgan uch kunlik saylov kampaniyasini boshlashdan oldin Janubiy Karolina, Ayova, Nevadava Arizona.

Kampaniya xodimlari va siyosat guruhi

2008 yil 2-iyulda, Stiv Shmidt Makkeynning saylovoldi kampaniyasini "to'liq operativ boshqarish" ga topshirildi.^[1] Shmidt buni uddalagan edi Arnold Shvartsenegger2006 yilda qayta saylangan va eng yuqori darajaga ko'tarilgan Dik Cheyni yordamchi.^[1] Rik Devis 2008 yil davomida Makkeynning saylovoldi menejeri unvoniga ega edi, ammo Shmidtga nazorat berilgach, uning roli pasayib ketdi.^[1]

Devis ilgari kampaniyaning bosh ijrochi direktori bo'lgan va qachon kampaniya menejeri bo'lgan John Weaver, Makkeynning bosh yordamchisi va Terri Nelson, uning avvalgi saylov kampaniyasi menejeri 2007 yil 11 iyulda iste'foga chiqqan.^[21] Devis Makkeynning 2000 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasida, Uaver Makkeynning saylovoldi kampaniyasining bosh strategisti bo'lganida ham kampaniya menejeri bo'lgan.^[22] 2005 va 2006 yillarda AQSh razvedkasi Makkeyn Senati xodimlarini senator Devis bilan aloqadorligi to'g'risida ogohlantirgan, u o'shanda biznesda lobbist bo'lgan. Pol Manafort, ammo AQSh razvedkasi Devis 2007 yil iyulidan 2008 yil noyabrigacha Makkeynning milliy saylov kampaniyasining menejeri bo'lganida Devisning Rossiyadagi aloqalari to'g'risida boshqa ogohlantirmagan.^[23][24][25]

Boshqa yuqori lavozimli xodimlar orasida Makkeynning sobiq shtab boshlig'i ham bor edi Mark Salter va uzoq yillik siyosiy strateg Charli Blek Reyganda ishlagan, ham Bush, ham Janubiy Karolina senatori Lindsi Grem. Bushning sobiq maslahatchisi Mark Makkinnon 2008 yil may oyida chiqib ketishdan oldin kampaniyada ishlagan Barak Obama.^[26] Jill Hazelbaker kampaniyaning bosh vakili edi.^[3] Makkeynning matbuot kotibi edi Melissa Shuffield.^[27]

Neokonservativ mulohaza yurituvchi Bill Kristol tashqi siyosat bo'yicha maslahatchi bo'lib xizmat qilgan.^[28][29] Rendi Scheunemann, kengash a'zosi Yangi Amerika asriga mo'ljallangan loyiha, 2007 yil yanvar oyida Makkeynning tashqi siyosat bo'yicha yordamchisi sifatida yollangan.^[30] U xavfsizlik va xalqaro muammolar bo'yicha eng yaxshi maslahatchi edi. Duglas Xolts-Eakin katta siyosiy maslahatchi edi, Nikolas Muzin tibbiy maslahatchi va edi Nikol Uolles xabar bo'yicha katta maslahatchisi bo'lgan.^[31][32]

Siyosiy lavozimlar

Kampaniya ishlanmalari 2007 yil

Dastlabki bosqichlar

Senator Jon Makkeyn intervyu berdi Sem Xyuston, Texas, "Intrepid markazi" ning lentasini kesish marosimidan oldin, operatsiyalarda yaralangan harbiy xizmatchilar uchun mo'ljallangan 50 million dollarlik jismoniy reabilitatsiya muassasasi Iroq ozodligi va Doimiy erkinlik. 2007 yil 29 yanvar.

Uning e'lonini e'lon qilishdan bir necha hafta oldin Xatchi, Makkeyn allaqachon avvalgisidan orqada yurishni boshlagan edi Nyu-York meri Rudy Giuliani saylov uchastkalarida bu holat uning tarafdorlarini doimiy qo'llab-quvvatlashi bilan bog'liq Iroq urushi 2007 yildagi qo'shinlarning ko'tarilishi.^[33]

2007 yil mart oyida Makkeyn matbuotning katta e`tiborida va uning harakatlarini qayta boshlash umidida "To'g'ri Talk Express" ni qaytarib berdi. tashviqot avtobusi u 2000 yilda o'zining autsayder yugurishida juda ijobiy ta'sir ko'rsatgan.^[34] Ko'p nomzodlar singari, Makkeyn ham o'z saylovoldi kampaniyasini kuchaytirishga yordam berish maqsadida internetni oldi; hisob va Facebook va MySpace sahifalarini yaratish orqali yosh tomoshabinlarga murojaat qilish YouTube.^{[iqtibos kerak]}

Iroq xavfsizligi to'g'risida da'volar

Makkeyn qo'llab-quvvatladi Iroq urushi 2007 yildagi qo'shinlarning ko'tarilishi tomonidan taklif qilingan Prezident Jorj V.Bush.^[35] 2007 yil 28 martda Makkeyn shunday dedi: "General Petreus [Bog'dodda] deyarli har kuni qurolsiz humda chiqadi ».^[36] 29 mart kuni CNN Jon Roberts "Men bir kecha davomida general Petreusning odamlari bilan uchrashdim va ular u hech qachon zirhli zirvachidan kam bo'lmagan narsaga chiqmasligini aytdi."^[37] O'sha kuni Makkeyn ham "Bog'dodda siz va men u mahallalar bo'ylab yurishimiz mumkin bo'lgan mahallalar bor, bugun ... AQSh Iroqda muvaffaqiyat qozonishni boshladi" dedi.^[38] Shu kuni iste'fodagi AQSh armiyasining generali Barri Makkaffri "... hech bir Iroq hukumati amaldori, koalitsiya askari, diplomat va muxbir Bog'dod ko'chalarida qurolli himoyasiz yura olmasdi" degan ma'ruzani chiqardi.^[37]

2007 yil 1 aprelda Makkeyn va boshqa qonunchilar Bag'dod bozoriga tashrif buyurib, "narsalar yaxshi va dalda beruvchi alomatlar bor" deb da'vo qildilar.^[39] Ushbu tashrif juda katta xavfsizlik choralari bilan birga olib borildi, chunki Makkeynning o'zi o'qga chidamli yelek kiyib olgan va 100 dan ortiq qo'shin bilan o'ralgan va hujum vertolyotlari kuzatuvida bo'lgan.^[40] Makkeynning tashrifidan bir kun o'tib, bozorda bo'lgan 21 ishchi va bolalar o'z joniga qasd qilish hujumida halok bo'lishdi.^[41]

Senatda o'tkazib yuborilgan ovozlar

2007 yil may oyida Makkeyn prezidentlik kampaniyasini olib borayotganda Senatda ketma-ket 42 ta ovozni (besh hafta davomida) o'tkazib yuborgani haqida xabar berilgan edi. Mart-may oylarida Makkeyn Senatda faqat uch qavatli ovozlarda qatnashgan, ammo Makkeynning o'tkazib yuborilgan ovozlaridan hech biri qonun loyihasining taqdirini o'zgartirmagan.^[42] Ga binoan Vashington Post statistik ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, Makkeyn har qanday senatorga qaraganda ko'proq ovoz o'tkazib yuborgan Tim Jonson2006 yil dekabr oyida miyasiga qon quyilishi natijasida ko'plab ovozlarni o'tkazib yuborgan. 2008 yil avgust holatiga ko'ra Makkeyn o'zining saylovoldi kampaniyasi davomida 110-Kongressdagi ovozlarning 63,8 foizini o'tkazib yuborgan edi.^[43] Ko'pchilik maqomiga ega bo'lganligi sababli, Senat Demokratlari demokratlardan prezidentlikka nomzodlarning jadvallariga mos kelish uchun ba'zan ovozlarni kechiktirishi mumkin edi.^[44]

Immigratsiya to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi

2005 yildayoq Makkeyn senator o'rtoqlari bilan ikki tomonlama harakatlarni amalga oshirdi Ted Kennedi qonun loyihasini yaratish uchun Xavfsiz Amerika va tartibli immigratsiya to'g'risidagi qonun- bu Amerikaning immigratsiya siyosatini o'zgartirishi va mamlakatda bo'lgan noqonuniy muhojirlar uchun fuqarolik yo'lini ochishi mumkin edi.^[45] Keyinchalik Makkeyn chempion bo'ldi 2007 yilgi Immigratsiyani isloh qilish to'g'risidagi qonuni.

2007 yil iyun oyida bo'lib o'tgan intervyusida potentsial nomzod Fred Tompson tanqid qilindi Reyganning 1986 yildagi immigratsiya siyosati"O'n ikki million noqonuniy muhojir keyinroq, biz hozir o'z joniga qasd maniaklari va dunyo bo'ylab son-sanoqsiz begunoh erkaklar, ayollar va bolalarni o'ldirishni xohlaydigan odamlar tomonidan o'ralgan xalqda yashayapmiz. Biz hozir bu erda ochiq holda o'tiramiz. chegaralar. "^[46] Makkeyn bunga javoban: "Men butun mamlakat bo'ylab sayohat qilaman va bu menda taassurot qoldirmaydi. Men o'z joniga qasd maniaklari bilan to'la millatni aniqlaganim yo'q".^[46] Tompson vakili muhojirlarni "o'z joniga qasd qilish manyaklari" deb atamasligini, aksincha terrorchilar chegaralarga kirib borishi mumkinligini aytishini aytdi.^[46]

Ayova shtatidagi so'rovnoma

2007 yil iyun oyida Makkeyn avgust oyini tark etgani uchun tanqidlarga uchradi Ayova shtatidagi so'rovnoma.^[47] Ba'zi respublikachilar rasmiylari bu harakatni "Ayovani tarqatib yuborish" deb hisoblashlari mumkin deb hisoblashdi.^[47] Bunga javoban tovuq kostyumidagi odam, nomi bilan tanilgan Ayova tovuqi, Makkeynning Ayova shtatidagi chiqishlarida namoyishni boshladi va "siz somon so'rovnomasida balkedingiz" degan yozuvni ko'tarib chiqdi.^[48][49] Shunga qaramay, Makkeyn hali ham musobaqada ishtirok etishni rejalashtirayotganini ta'kidladi Ayova shtati kokusi.^[50] Ba'zi siyosiy kuzatuvchilar "Straw Poll" natijalarini kampaniyalar sotib oladi deb o'ylashadi.^[47]

Biroq iyun oyida o'tkazilgan so'rovnomalar shuni ko'rsatdiki, Makkeynning Ayova shtatidagi qo'llab-quvvatlashi bir raqamga tushib, 20-yillarning o'rtalaridan 6% gacha.^[51]

Kampaniyani qisqartirish va tarkibiy o'zgartirish

Makkeynning 2007 yil ikkinchi choragida mablag 'yig'ish natijalari va kampaniyaning moliyaviy ahvoli yomon edi. Makkeyn tarafdorlari ham, siyosiy kuzatuvchilar ham Makkeynni qo'llab-quvvatlashiga ishora qildilar 2007 yilgi Immigratsiyani isloh qilish to'g'risidagi qonuni, respublika bazasi saylovchilari orasida juda mashhur emas, chunki u mablag 'yig'ish muammolarining asosiy sababi sifatida.^[52][53]

Keng miqyosli saylov kampaniyasi xodimlarini qisqartirish iyul oyi boshida bo'lib o'tdi, 50 dan 100 gacha xodimlar qo'yib yuborildi, boshqalar esa ish haqini qisqartirmoqdalar yoki ish haqiga o'tmadilar. Makkeynning yordamchilarining ta'kidlashicha, kampaniya jamoatchilikka mos keladigan mablag'larni jalb qilishni ko'rib chiqmoqda va o'z kuchlarini dastlabki boshlang'ich va kokus shtatlariga yo'naltiradi. Makkeyn, ammo poygadan chiqib ketish haqida o'ylamayotganini aytdi.^[52][53]

O'rtoq senator, ammo immigratsiya islohotlari to'g'risidagi qonunga qarshi, Tom Koburnuchun bir parcha yozdi Milliy sharh Makkeynni Prezidentning umidlariga ziyon etkazayotgan bo'lsa-da, ushbu qonunni qo'llab-quvvatlashda katta siyosiy jasorat ko'rsatgani uchun maqtash.^[54]

Kampaniya chayqalishlari eng yuqori darajaga 2007 yil 10-iyulda, kampaniya menejeri paytida erishilgan Terri Nelson va kampaniyaning bosh strategisti Jon Viver ikkalasi ham ketishdi. Makkeyn kitoblarining yana bir katta yordamchisi va hammuallifi, Mark Salter, kampaniyadagi rolini ham kamaytirdi (keyinchalik u to'liq rolga qaytadi).^[55] Makkeynning Florida shtatidagi saylovoldi kampaniyasining hamraisi, shtat vakili Bob Allen, 2007 yil 11 iyulda jinsiy da'vo (fohishabozlik) ayblovi bilan hibsga olingan.^[56] Bundan tashqari, 2007 yil 16-iyulda Makkeynning to'qqiz nafar a'zosi, shu jumladan Makkeynning aloqa bo'yicha direktori Brayan Jons va ikki o'rinbosari Mett Devid va Denni Dias o'z lavozimlaridan ozod etilishini e'lon qilishdi.^[57]

"Erdan tashqarida yashash"

Ushbu g'alayondan so'ng, yangi Makkeyn kampaniyasi qanday davom etish rejasini ishlab chiqdi. "Erdan tashqari yashash: Moliyaviy hayot rejasi" deb nomlangan ushbu nashr xarajatlarni ancha qisqartirishni va Makkeynni munozaralar va homiylik qilingan tadbirlar kabi bepul ommaviy axborot vositalaridan foydalanishni talab qildi.^[58] Makkeyn milliy miqyosdagi sa'y-harakatlarni amalga oshirish o'rniga, "debatlarda g'alaba qozonish va boshqa nomzodlardan ustun turish" ga harakat qilish o'rniga, dastlabki kokus va boshlang'ich shtatlarga e'tibor qaratadi va shu bilan tezlashib, potentsial donorlarning ishonchini tiklaydi.^[58]

Keyingi oylarda siyosiy muhokamada hukmronlik qilgan respublikachilarning boshqa bir qator tadbirlari Makkeynning strategiyasiga to'sqinlik qildi: Fred Tompsonpoyga sentyabr oyining boshlarida kirish; o'rtasidagi janglar haqidagi bahslarda asosiy e'tibor Rudy Giuliani va Mitt Romni;^[59] va Romni dinining ta'siri haqidagi munozaralar.^[59] Mayk Xekabi2007 yil noyabr va dekabr oylarida yangiliklarning aksariyat qismida ikkinchi darajadan to pog'onaga yaqin vaziyatga keskin ko'tarilishi hukmronlik qildi.^[59] Shunga qaramay, Makkeyn sabr-toqat bilan o'zining "Straight Talk Express" avtobusida Nyu-Xempshirda sayohat qildi va o'tmishda bo'lgani kabi, boshqa kampaniyalarga qaraganda jurnalistlar va bloggerlarga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri kirish huquqini berdi.^[60]

2007 yil dekabr: qaytish

Jon Makkeyn saylovoldi kampaniyasini o'tkazmoqda Merrimak, Nyu-Xempshir 2007 yil 29 dekabrda. "Mac qaytib keldi!" saylovoldi kampaniyasining omadlari yaxshilanganidan so'ng, uning tashqi ko'rinishidagi tanish qo'shiqqa aylandi.^[61]

Kongresslar va boshlang'ich saylovlar boshlanishidan so'nggi oylarda Makkeyn hali ham oldingi oldingi maqomini deyarli qaytarib olmagan edi. Biroq, respublikachilar poygasi ancha notinch edi, chunki eng yuqori darajadagi nomzodlarning hech biri poygada ustunlik qilmadi va ularning barchasi katta zaifliklarga ega edi. Xekabining ko'tarilishi Romniga ziyon keltirdi, chunki ular Ayova shtatidagi kokuslar yig'ilishidan oldingi kunlarda o'q uzishdi. Romni va Xekabi Ayova shtatidagi dastlabki sa'y-harakatlarini ko'p sarfladilar, bu esa kokusni ularning har biri uchun juda muhimdir.^[62] Giulianining saylovoldi kampaniyasi strategiya bilan bog'liq mojarolardan aziyat chekayotgan edi, uning shaxsiy hayoti va uzoq yillik ittifoqdoshi va do'stining federal ayblovi buzilgan. Bernard Kerik.^[63][64] Tompsonning saylovoldi kampaniyasi uning musobaqaga kech kirganidan keyin avj olmagan va "sust" deb ta'riflangan.^[65] Noyabr oyigacha Makkeyn Ayova shtatida ozgina kuch sarfladi,^[59] o'rniga 2000-yilgi saylovlarda katta g'alaba qozongan Nyu-Xempshirga e'tibor qaratdi. Dekabr oyi o'rtalarida Makkeyn Nyu-Xempshirdagi ba'zi bir so'rovlarda ikkinchi o'ringa ko'tarilib, Nyu-Xempshir shtatidagi Respublikachilar partiyasida ovoz berishga qodir mustaqillardan foyda olishga umid qildi.^[66] Siyosiy kuzatuvchilar, shuningdek, Makkeynni, ayniqsa Romni va Juliani muammolaridan foyda ko'rishi mumkin bo'lgan ko'plab saylovchilarning "ikkinchi tanlovi" deb bildilar.

Makkeynning Nyu-Xempshirdagi nomzodi 2-dekabr kuni ko'pincha nufuzli tomonidan tasdiqlanishi bilan kuchaytirildi Nyu-Xempshir shtati ittifoqi rahbari.^[67] Buning ortidan Boston Globe, Nyu-Xempshirda 15-dekabrda tarqatilgan.^[68] U kichik tomonidan tasdiqlangan Portsmut Xerald 16 dekabrda^[69] va tomonidan Boston Herald 20 dekabrda.^[70] Boston Herald tomonidan tasdiqlangani Makkeynni "Romnining tug'ilgan shahri gazetasi tanlov aniq: Jon Makkeyn" deb e'lon qilganligini e'lon qilishga undadi.^[71] Bular g'ayrioddiy milliy nomzodlar darajasida, partiyalararo partiyalar tomonidan Makkeyn tomonidan 2000 Demokratik vitse-prezidentlikka nomzod tomonidan tasdiqlangan vaqtga to'g'ri keldi. Djo Liberman 16 dekabr;^[72] Makkeyn lageri bu uning Nyu-Xempshirdagi mustaqil saylovchilarga murojaat qilishiga yordam beradi deb umid qilgan.^[69] Makkeyn, shuningdek, nufuzli shaxslarning tasdiqlanishiga sazovor bo'ldi Des Moines-da ro'yxatdan o'tish Ayovada,^[73] Bu hatto Makkeynni hayratda qoldirdi, chunki u ko'p manbalarni davlatga yo'naltirmagani uchun va federal subsidiyalarga qarshi bo'lganligi uchun etanol- Ayova shtatidagi fermerlarning sevimli nashri.^[69] Rojdestvo arafasida bir necha kun oldin, "Makkeynning keskin ko'tarilishi" haqida bir necha bor matbuot xabarlari paydo bo'ldi, va so'rovlar soni dastlabki shtatlarda, shu jumladan Ayova shtatida ham, butun mamlakat bo'ylab ham yaxshilanmoqda.^[74][75][76] Nyu-Xempshirning qayta tiklanishini Romni yana bir bor tasdiqladi, endi tanqidlarining markazini Giulianidan Makkeynga o'zgartirdi.^[77] Vaqt bilan Concord Monitor 29 dekabrda uni tasdiqladi, Nyu-Xempshirning katta va kichik yigirmadan ziyod qog'ozi unga bosh irg'ashdi.^[78] Ba'zi siyosatshunoslar Makkeyn kampaniyasi kutilmagan kutilmagan namoyishlar yoki g'alabalarni uyushtirgan bo'lsa ham, yutuqdan foydalanish uchun zarur bo'lgan mablag 'va tashkilotga etishmayotganligini ogohlantirdi.^[75] Konservativ kolumnist Robert NovakBiroq, 27-dekabr kuni Makkeyn Nyu-Xempshirda g'alaba qozonishi mumkin bo'lsa, u "moliya va tashkilotchilikka qaramay, keyingi boshlang'ich saylovlarni o'tkazib yuboradigan" favorit bo'lishini taxmin qildi. Novak shuningdek, Makkeyn respublikachilar tomonidan nomzodlikni qo'lga kiritish uchun "eng yaxshi garov" va noyabr oyidagi umumiy saylovlarda demokratni mag'lubiyatga uchratishi mumkin bo'lgan nomzod sifatida ko'rilganligini ta'kidladi.^[79]

Birinchi tanlovlarning ta'tilga yaqinligi ko'plab nomzodlarni Rojdestvoga bag'ishlangan videofilmlarni chiqarishga undaganida - ularga xabarlarini taqdim etishda davom etishlari mumkin, ammo ko'proq mavsumiy sharoitlarda^[80]- Makkeyn o'zi aytgan birini tanladi Yaxshi samariyalik Shimoliy Vetnamda asirlik lageri qo'riqchisining qiynoq arqonlarini bir kecha-kunduz echib olib, keyinroq tortib olgani haqidagi voqea kesib o'tish u uchun axloqsizlikda Rojdestvo kuni.^[80][81]

27 dekabr suiqasd Pokistonning sobiq bosh vazirining Benazir Bhutto barcha asosiy nomzodlardan javob oldi.^[82] Senatning Qurolli kuchlar qo'mitasining uzoq yillik a'zosi Makkeyn o'zining tashqi siyosiy tajribasiga, shuningdek, Pokiston prezidenti bilan shaxsiy munosabatlariga e'tibor qaratdi. Parvez Musharraf. Shuningdek, u tashqi siyosatda tajribaga ega bo'lmagan respublikachilarning asosiy raqiblari bilan qarama-qarshilik ko'rsatdi.^[83][84] Ko'plab kuzatuvchilar Makkeynni xalqaro tadbirlarga e'tiborni kuchaytirishdan ko'proq foyda ko'radigan nomzod sifatida ko'rishdi.^[85][86][87]

Kongresslar va boshlang'ich saylovlar 2008 yil

Ayova

2008 yilgi saylov mavsumining birinchi ovozi bo'lib o'tdi Ayova shtatidagi kokuslar 2008 yil 3-yanvarda Makkeyn 13,1% ovoz bilan to'rtinchi o'rinni egalladi. Mayk Xekabi 34 foiz bilan g'olib bo'ldi.^[88][89] Makkeyn, Romni va Xekabidan farqli o'laroq, Ayova shtatiga e'tiborni erta qaratmaganligi sababli, uning saylovoldi kampaniyasi rasmiylari uning joylashuvidan mamnun ekanliklarini aytishdi.^[88] Ko'plab siyosiy kuzatuvchilar Xakabining oson g'alabasini Nyu-Xempshirdagi Makkeynning asosiy raqibi bo'lgan Romniga zarba deb hisoblashdi. Romni Ayova shtatidagi reklama uchun Hakabidan besh baravar ko'p mablag 'sarflagan.^[90][91]

Nyu-Xempshir

Nyu-Xempshir shtatidagi dastlabki saylovlar Ayova shtatidan atigi besh kun o'tgach amalga oshirildi. Makkeynning Nyu-Xempshirdagi so'rovlar sonining ko'payishi, u Romnining kambag'al Ayovada namoyishidan foyda ko'rishi mumkinligini ko'rsatdi.^[92][93] Makkeyn 5 yanvar kuni bo'lib o'tgan bahsda Romni, Juliani, Xakabi, Tompson va Pol bilan birga qatnashdi. Bahs, ayniqsa, Makkeyn va Romni o'rtasidagi farqlarni ta'kidladi, chunki ikkalasi immigratsiya masalasida o'q otishdi.^[94] Ovoz berishdan bir necha kun oldin o'tkazilgan so'rovnomalar Makkeyn Romnini qattiq kurashda boshqarganligini ko'rsatdi va barcha nomzodlar Ayova shtatidagi ovoz berishdan keyingi kunlarda shtatda targ'ibot o'tkazdilar.^[95][96][97] Makkeyn shtatdagi 100 dan ortiq imzo shahar hokimiyatidagi uchrashuvlarni o'tkazdi, aksariyat hollarda u 2000 yilgi muvaffaqiyatli boshlang'ich paytida qilgan tashriflarini takrorladi.^[98] Aksiya uchun "muhim moment" asosiy saylovdan bir oy oldin bo'lgan Nyu-Xempshir shtati ittifoqi rahbari Makkeynni ma'qulladi.^[99] Makkeynning qayta tiklanishiga qaramay, uning saylovoldi kampaniyasi hali ham mablag 'uchun sarflangan: yuqori darajadagi xodimlar ish haqi olmasdan ishlaydilar, reklamalar tannarxga tayyorlanar edi va voqea xabarchilari uning 2000 yilgi kampaniyasida jo'natish imkoniyatining atigi to'rtdan bir qismiga teng edi.^[98]

Ichida kuchli ishlash ABC, Facebook Bahslar Sankt-Anselm kolleji, uning bag'ishlangan xodimlarining bir necha oylik mashaqqatli mehnatlari bilan birgalikda Makkeyn g'olib chiqdi Nyu-Xempshirda boshlang'ich saylov,^[100] uchun ovozlarning taxminan 37 foizini to'plash Mitt Romni32 foiz.^[100] "Makka qaytdi!" Degan shiorlar orasida Makkeyn o'zining g'alabasini aytdi. "Mutaxassislar bizni ishimizni tugatgan deb e'lon qilishganda, men ularga:" Men Nyu-Xempshirga boraman, u erda saylovchilar sizning qaroringizni qabul qilishga ruxsat bermaydi ... Men Nyu-Xempshirga boraman va men ham boraman odamlarga haqiqatni ayting. "^[100]

Michigan

Ayova va Nyu-Xempshirdagi turli g'oliblar va Mitt Romni quyi ko'rinishda qatnashmoqda Vayominning kongressi- 15 yanvar Michigan shtatidagi birlamchi shtat delegatsiyasi tarkibi birlamchi saylovni juda erta o'tkazish uchun yarmiga qisqartirilganiga qaramay, muhim jangga aylandi. Nyu-Xempshirdan keyin o'tkazilgan so'rovnomalar Makkeyn va Romni o'rtasida qattiq kurashni ko'rsatdi, Xakabi esa uchdan biriga yaqinlashdi.^[101][102] Ko'pchilik Michiganni Romnining dastlabki ikki poygadagi ko'ngilsizliklardan keyin kampaniyani tejashga imkon beradigan so'nggi imkoniyat sifatida ko'rdi.^[103][104] Boshqalarning ta'kidlashicha, Michigan shtatidagi g'alaba Makkeynning nominatsiya uchun "birinchi o'rinda turuvchi" maqomini mustahkamlashi mumkin.^[105] Makkeynning saylovoldi kampaniyasi Nyu-Xempshirdagi g'alabadan so'ng darhol 1 million dollarga yaqin mablag 'yig'di,^[106] ammo baribir bankda 3,5 million dollar qarz bor edi.^[107] U moliyaviy qiyinchiliklarni his qilishda yolg'iz emas edi; butun Respublikachilar maydoni g'ayrat etishmasligidan aziyat chekdi va Demokratik nomzodlar olayotganidan kam xayriya mablag'lari.^[106]

Shunga qaramay, ba'zi bir so'rovlar Makkeyn Nyu-Xempshirdagi g'alabasidan muhim milliy sakrashni ko'rsatdi; 11 yanvar kuni CNN milliy miqyosda o'tkazilgan so'rovnomada u 34 foizni qo'llab-quvvatlab, bir oy oldin bo'lgan joyidan 21 pog'ona o'sishga erishdi.^[108] Michigan poygasi so'nggi kunlariga kirar ekan, Makkeyn u erga va Janubiy Karolinada pochtachilarni yuborib, Romnining soliq yozuvlariga hujum qilib, o'zinikini targ'ib qilish bilan mashhur bo'ldi. Romni kampaniyasining vakili reklama "haqiqatan ham noto'g'riligi kabi beparvo" deb nomlangan va FactCheck.org asarni "chalg'ituvchi" deb atagan. Makkeyn bunga javoban "Bu salbiy tashviqot emas. Menimcha, bu uning rekordidir". "Bu qiyin ish", deya qo'shimcha qildi u.^{[109][110][111]}

Michigan shtatida hukmron bo'lgan masala iqtisodiyotning holati edi. Michigan shtatidagi ishsizlik darajasi hozirgi kunga qadar 7,4 foizni tashkil etdi va tarixiy ishlab chiqarish bazasidan ish joylarini yo'qotishda davom etmoqda.^[112] Makkeyn o'zining "to'g'ridan-to'g'ri gapirish" strategiyasini biroz taklif qildi, "Michiganga qaytib kelmaydigan ba'zi bir ish joylari bor" deb aytdi va kompensatsiyani qoplash uchun federal ish rejalarini va boshqa vositalarni taklif qildi.^[112] Romni Makkeynning bayonotini haddan tashqari pessimistik deb qabul qildi va uning o'rniga oilaviy merosni targ'ib qildi - "Mening qon tomirlarimda avtomobilsozlik sanoati bor" - shuningdek, u Vashingtondagi autsayder bo'lib, u erga borib "Vashingtonni ichkariga aylantiradi". "^[112]

Oxir oqibat, Makkeyn asosiy saylovlarda Romnidan keyin ikkinchi o'rinni egallab, 30 foiz ovoz bilan Romnining 39 foiz ovozini oldi.^[113]

Janubiy Karolina va Nevada

Keyin kampaniya 19-yanvarga to'g'ri keldi Janubiy Karolina shtabi, Makkeynni samarali ravishda tugatgan davlat 2000 yilgi aksiya Prezident uchun. 2000 yildan farqli o'laroq, Makkeyn tasdiqlash va saylovoldi kampaniyasi xodimlarini qo'llab-quvvatlash nuqtai nazaridan shtatdagi respublika muassasalarining ko'pchiligining ko'magiga ega edi.^[114] Shunga qaramay, "noma'lum kattalikdagi bir guruh" deb nomlanganida 2000 yil bir oz paydo bo'ldiJon Makkeynga qarshi Vetnam faxriylari"veb-sayt yaratdi va Makkeyn harbiy asir bo'lgan paytda Shimoliy Vetnamliklarga harbiy ma'lumot uzatganligi to'g'risida ommaviy axborot vositalarining vakillariga qo'pol xat yuborishni boshladi.^[115] Makkeyn bunday hujumlarga qarshi kurashish uchun Haqiqat otryadini tuzdi va uni 75 nafar sobiq harbiy asirlar qo'llab-quvvatlaganligini ta'kidladi.^[115] Makkeyn bilan asirlikda bo'lgan Orson Swindle, samolyotni "yovuz" firibgarlik deb atadi. "Haqiqatdan uzoqroq hech narsa bo'lishi mumkin emas", dedi Swindle. "Bilaman, chunki u erda edim. Haqiqat shundaki, shimoliy vetnamliklar Jon Makkeynga muddatidan oldin ozod etishni taklif qilishdi va u rad etdi."^[116] Shundan so'ng, kampaniyaning qolgan qismida iflos fokuslar juda oz edi.^[117]

19-yanvar kuni Makkeyn Janubiy Karolina shtatidagi dastlabki saylovlarda g'olib bo'lib, ikkinchi o'rinni egallagan Mayk Xakabining 30 foiziga nisbatan 33 foiz ovoz to'plab,^[118] u odatda faxriylar va qariyalar kabi yaxshi ishlagan guruhlarni yutgan va boshqa guruhlar bilan, masalan, evangelistlar bilan yaxshi ishlagan.^[114] O'sha kuni kechqurun tarafdorlariga bergan g'alabasida u: "Bu bizni biroz vaqt talab qildi, ammo do'stlar orasida sakkiz yil nima bor?", Dedi.^[119] Haqiqatdan ham, The New York Times Makkeynning g'alabasini "bu erda sakkiz yil oldin prezidentlik umidlarini yo'qotgan hujumga to'lib toshgan boshlang'ich arvohlarni quvg'in qilish" deb ta'rifladi.^[119] Mutaxassislar uchinchi o'rinni egallashdi Fred Tompson Janubiy Karolina shtatidagi Xakabining ovozlarini berib, Makkeynga ozgina g'alabani taqdim etdi.^[120]

Janubiy Karolina shtatidagi harakat konservativ piktogrammasidan ovoz berishdan bir necha kun oldin apokaliptik bayonotlar va bashoratlar doimiy ravishda to'kilgan edi:^[121] Rush Limbaugh agar Xakabi yoki Makkeyn nominatsiyani qo'lga kiritsa, bu "Respublikachilar partiyasini yo'q qiladi ... uning oxiri bo'ladi", dedi.^[121] esa Tom DeLay "Makkeyn Respublikachilar partiyasiga zarar etkazish uchun men tanigan har qanday saylangan mansabdorga qaraganda ko'proq ish qildi" dedi.^[121] Boshqalar radio bilan gaplashish mezbonlar, shuningdek, etarli darajada konservativ bo'lmaganligi uchun Makkeynni tanqid ostiga olishdi. Taniqli konservativ radio boshlovchisi Maykl Medved Makkeyn g'alaba qozonganidan so'ng, nutq radiosi birlamchi saylovning "katta yutqazuvchisi" ekanligini ta'kidlab, vosita "ta'sirli, ta'sirchan va ishonchliligi nuqtai nazaridan shubhasiz qulab tushdi, chunki uning histerik va bir o'lchovli ishtiroki GOP nominatsiyasi uchun kurash. "^[122]

The Nevada shtatidagi kongress o'sha kuni respublika nomzodlari kamroq e'tiborni tortdilar, garchi shtat Janubiy Karolinaning 24 vakili bilan taqqoslaganda 31 delegat bilan bog'liq edi.^[123][124] Makkeyn Nevadada jiddiy raqobatlashmadi,^[125] 13 foiz ovoz bilan Romni va ikkalasini ortda qoldirib, uchinchi o'rinni egalladi Ron Pol.^[126]

Florida

Keyin poyga 29 yanvarga ko'chib o'tdi Florida shtatidagi asosiy saylov. Bu Makkeyn uchun respublikachilarning asosiy saylovchilari orasida sinov bo'ladi, chunki Nyu-Xempshir va Janubiy Karolinadan farqli o'laroq, mustaqillar va demokratlar Respublikachilar partiyasida ovoz berolmaydilar.^[127] Makkeyn, Juliani va Romni saylovoldi anketalarida bir-biri bilan chambarchas bog'langan va tanlov har bir kampaniya uchun muhim deb topilgan, chunki bu avvalgi so'nggi birlamchi edi Super seshanba, umumiy delegatlarning 41% qatnashishga tayyor bo'lganda. Shuningdek, Rudi Juliani Nyu-Xempshirda o'tkazilgan qisman sa'y-harakatlardan beri birinchi marta delegatlar uchun jiddiy ravishda raqobatlashishi va Fred Tompson o'z nomzodini qaytarib olishidan keyin birinchi marta ishtirok etishi edi.^[128][129]

24 yanvar kuni bo'lib o'tgan bahs Florida Atlantika universiteti tinch holatga keltirildi, nomzodlarning hech biri bir-biriga hujum qilmadi va iqtisodiy mavzular ustunlik qildi.^[130] Ammo keyingi kunga kelib, Makkeyn va Romni bir-birlari bilan gaplashishdi, Makkeyn Romnini bir paytlar Iroqdan chiqib ketish jadvalini himoya qilganlikda aybladi va Romni buni haqiqatga to'g'ri kelmasligini aytdi - bu Makkeynning ayblovini chalg'ituvchi deb atagan yangiliklar tashkilotlari tomonidan berilgan baho.^[131]- va kechirim so'rashni talab qilmoqda. Muayyan bayonotlar Makkeynga ta'sir qildi. NBC News' Tim Rassert bir munozara paytida Makkeynning so'zlari ko'tarildi, unda Makkeyn shunday dedi: "Men harbiy va tashqi siyosat masalalariga qaraganda iqtisodni juda kam bilaman. Men hali ham o'qimishim kerak".^[132][133]

Romni bularni qo'lga kiritdi va iqtisodiy noaniqlik davrida mamlakatni boshqarish uchun Makkeyn emas, balki o'zi to'g'ri tanlov ekanligini e'lon qildi. Ovoz berishdan bir kun oldin Makkeyn Romni flip-flopp uchun tanqid qildi, Romni Makkeyn respublikachilarga hujum qilgan paytlarning "o'nta ro'yxati" ni e'lon qildi.^[134] Ikkala nomzod ham bir-birini liberal deb atab, yakuniy respublikachilarning haqoratidan foydalangan.^[135] Umuman olganda, Makkeyn Romni tomonidan Florida televizion reklamalarida 3 dan 1 gacha ustunlik bilan chiqdi.^[136] Konservativ nutq radiosi Makkeynni bolg'alashda davom etdi Laura Ingram u "Makkeyn kampaniyasining ruhiy barqarorligidan xavotirda" ekanligini va Mark Levin uni "Jon Makleym" deb chaqirish amaliyotini davom ettirish.^[137]

Saylov yaqinlashganda Juliani Xakabi bilan uchinchi o'rin uchun kurashga kirishdi, Makkeyn va Romni har birida saylov uchastkalarida etakchi o'rinni egallashdi. Makkeyn Florida shtatidagi senator va sobiq sobiq deputatlarning tasdiqlarini oldi Respublika milliy qo'mitasi raisi Mel Martinez^[138] va juda mashhur Florida gubernatori, Charli Krist;^[138] Xabarlarga ko'ra Krist Djulianini qo'llab-quvvatlashga va'da bergan va Juliani kampaniyasi Makkeyn tomonidan tasdiqlangan "ko'zga ko'rinadigan darajada xafa" deb ta'riflangan.^[139]

2008 yil 29 yanvarda Makkeyn Florida shtatidagi asosiy saylovda va shtatning 57 delegatida g'olib bo'lib, umumiy ovozlarning 36 foizini oldi. Romni 31% bilan ikkinchi, Giuliani 15% bilan uchinchi bo'ldi.^[140]

Super seshanba

Florida shtatidan so'ng, kampaniyalar o'z e'tiborlarini 5 fevral kuni bo'lib o'tadigan 21 shtatiga ovoz berishga qaratdilar Super seshanba. Makkeyn ushbu eng muhim birlamchi sanalarga nomzodlik uchun birinchi o'rinda turuvchi sifatida ko'rilgan. U milliy konferentsiya delegatlarida etakchi mavqega ega edi va 30 yanvarda uni olib chiqib ketgan Giuliani rasman tasdiqladi.^[141] Da bo'lib o'tgan bahsda nomzodlar sparga chiqdi Ronald Reygan nomidagi Prezident kutubxonasi yilda Simi vodiysi, Kaliforniya, 30 yanvar kuni sobiq birinchi xonim bilan Nensi Reygan oldingi qatorda mavjud.^[142] Eng qizg'in almashinuv, Romni Makkeynni adashtirishda iflos hiyla-nayranglarda ayblaganda sodir bo'ldi^[131] Floridaning Romni haqida Iroqni olib chiqish jadvalini taklif qilgani haqidagi bayonotlari.^[142]

Makkeyn o'zining Super seshanba kuni g'alaba qozonganiga o'sha tunda o'tkazilgan tantanada munosabat bildirdi Arizona Biltmore mehmonxonasi yilda Feniks

31 yanvarda Makkeyn muhim tasdiqni oldi Kaliforniya gubernatori Arnold Shvartsenegger^[141] va u bilan saylovoldi tashviqotini boshladi;^[131] Shvartsenegger avval ham Makkeynni ham, Juliani ham ma'qullashdan tiyilgandi, chunki u ikkalasini ham do'st deb bilar edi.^[143][144] Xuddi shu kuni, viloyat hokimi Rik Perri ilgari Giuliani tarafdori bo'lgan Texas shtati Makkeynni ham qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[144] Shu bilan birga, Romni Makkeynning adashtirgan Iroqni olib chiqish jadvali ayblovini davom ettirib, Makkeynni sharmandali sobiq prezident bilan taqqosladi Richard Nikson, Makkeynning da'vosi "Nikson davrini eslatadi" va "O'ylaymanki, bizning partiyamiz bunday tashviqotga qaytishini ko'rishni xohlamayman".^[131]

Makkeyn shtatdagi barcha 53 delegatni olib, o'z uyi Arizona shtatida g'olib bo'ldi va Kaliforniyaning deyarli barcha 173 vakillarini yig'ib, super seshanba sovrinlaridan eng kattasini yutib oldi. Makkeyn Konnektikut, Delaver, Illinoys, Missuri, Nyu-Jersi, Nyu-York va Oklaxomada ham g'alaba qozondi.^[145]

Romni saylov kampaniyasini yakunlaydi

Makkeyn ham, Romni ham 7-fevral kuni Vashingtonda bo'lib o'tgan Konservativ Siyosiy Harakatlar Konferentsiyasida (CPAC) nutq so'zladilar. Romni o'z nutqidan saylovoldi kampaniyasi tugaganligini e'lon qildi va Makkeynning ehtimol respublikachilar nomzodi maqomini mustahkamladi. Makkeyn taxminan bir soatdan keyin gapirib, yana o'zining mafkurasi haqidagi konservativ noaniqlikka murojaat qildi. He focused on his opposition to abortion and gun control, as well as his support for lower taxes and free-market health care solutions.^[146][147] He told the CPAC audience that he arrived in Washington as "a foot soldier in the Reygan inqilobi", and addressed the issue of illegal immigration—one of the major issues where conservatives have attacked McCain. He said that "it would be among my highest priorities to secure our borders first", before addressing other immigration laws.^[148]

Fevral oyi musobaqalari

February 9 saw voting in Luiziana, Kanzas va Vashington davlat. Huckabee won an easy victory in Kansas, claiming all 36 of the state's delegates to the national convention. Only 14,016 votes were cast, and the McCain campaign expressed no concern over the lightly attended caucus. However, social conservatives had a strong presence in the Kansas Republican party, and the results served to highlight conservative dissatisfaction with the Senator.^{[149][150][151]} Louisiana was much closer, but Huckabee won there as well, beating McCain by less than one percentage point.^[152] McCain was declared the winner of the Washington caucuses, where 18 delegates were at stake. The February 19 primary would determine the other 19 delegates from the state. After the caucuses, Huckabee's campaign indicated that they would challenge the results.^[153][154]

Keyingi Potomak birlamchi on February 12, with voting in Virjiniya, Merilend va Kolumbiya okrugi. McCain swept the three races and took all 113 delegates which were at stake.^[155][156] The next day, the McCain camp released a memo calling a Huckabee win "mathematically impossible". McCain began to focus on the Democrats, particularly leading candidate Barack Obama, in anticipation of the general election.^[157]

Vikipediyada tegishli yangiliklar mavjud: Former president Bush, Romney back McCain

On February 14, Mitt Romney officially endorsed McCain. Huckabee vowed to stay in the race, saying, "I may get beat, but I'm not going to quit."^[158][159] A few days later, McCain was endorsed by former President Jorj H. V. Bush, in a move intended to shore up his support among base party elements.^[160]

On February 19, McCain continued his winning ways, picking up wins over Huckabee in the Wisconsin primary va Washington state primary.^[161] Makkeyn va Barak Obama uchastka almashinuvi bilan shug'ullangan Al-Qoida yilda Iroq 27 fevralda.^[162]

New York Times article on lobbyist

Vikipediyada tegishli yangiliklar mavjud: John McCain denies romantic relationship with lobbyist

2008 yil 20 fevralda, The New York Times broke a story involving an alleged romantic affair eight years earlier between McCain and lobbyist Vicki Iseman, both of whom deny the allegations. The relationship allegedly existed during McCain's 2000 presidential campaign. In separate interviews with The New York Times, two unnamed former associates of McCain said they "became convinced" that a romantic relationship existed and warned him that he was risking his campaign and his political career. Both said McCain acknowledged behaving inappropriately and that he pledged to keep his distance from Iseman. The associates said they had become disillusioned with the senator, spoke independently of each other and provided details that were corroborated by others.^[163]

A McCain spokesperson characterized the story as a "hit and run smear campaign" and "gutter politics" and went on to say, "It is a shame that the New York Times has lowered its standards [...]"^[164] Iseman's employer, Lowell Paxson, disputed McCain's assertion that he had never met with Paxson over a Federal aloqa komissiyasi matter mentioned in the original Nyu-York Tayms maqola.^[165] The article received widespread criticism among both liberals and conservatives, McCain supporters and non-supporters as well as radio bilan gaplashish shaxslar.^[166] Former staffer to President Bill Klinton va joriy Hillari Klinton qo'llab-quvvatlovchi Leni Devis said the article "had no merit." Stating that he did not support McCain's bid for the White House, Davis, who had himself lobbied for the same cause Iseman lobbied McCain for, said that McCain only wrote a letter to the FCC to ask them to "act soon" and refused to write a letter that supported the sale of the television station the article talked about.^[167]

In December 2008, Iseman filed a $27 million tuhmat sudga qarshi The New York Times, alleging that the paper falsely communicated an illicit romantic relationship between her and McCain.^[168]

In February 2009, the lawsuit was settled and no money exchanged hands. Dan Times coverage of the settlement: "On Thursday, the two sides released a joint statement saying: 'To resolve the lawsuit, Ms. Iseman has accepted The Times's explanation, which will appear in a Note to Readers to be published in the newspaper on Feb. 20, that the article did not state, and The Times did not intend to conclude, that Ms. Iseman had engaged in a romantic affair with Senator McCain or an unethical relationship on behalf of her clients in breach of the public trust.' (and) "a statement from Ms. Iseman's lawyers. They wrote, in part: 'Had this case proceeded to trial, the judicial determination of whether she is entitled to the protections afforded a xususiy fuqaro would have been the subject of a ferocious, pivotal battle, with Ms. Iseman insisting on her status as a private person and The New York Times asserting that she had entered the public arena, and was therefore fair game.'"^[169]

March contests – Wrapping up the nomination

John McCain officially clinched the Republican presidential nomination on March 4, 2008, sweeping the primaries in Ogayo shtati, Texas, Rod-Aylendva Vermont.^[7] O'sha kecha, Mayk Xekabi withdrew from the race and endorsed McCain.^[7]

Delegate counts

General election campaign 2008

President George W. Bush endorsing Senator McCain at the White House March 5, 2008, following McCain's March 4 primary victory.

Asosiy masalalar

The McCain campaign focused on many issues. These issues included national security, education reform, energy independence, and tax cuts to stimulate the economy.^[170]

Imtiyoz

Konstitutsiyaning ikkinchi moddasi sets one of the principal qualifications to be eligible for election of the office of President as being a tabiiy tug'ilgan fuqaro Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari. Although McCain was not born within a state of the United States, his status as a natural-born citizen (and future eligibility to be elected to the presidency) may have been assured at birth by either jus sanguinis, since his parents were U.S. citizens, or jus soli, as the Panama Canal Zone was at that time (1936) a United States possession (1903–1979), or both.^{[171][172][173]} However, Internet talk questioned whether McCain, who was born at Coco Solo Naval Air Station^{[174][175][176]} yilda Panama, qualified as a natural-born citizen.^[177][178] A bipartisan legal review by Lorens Tribe va Teodor Olson, as well as a unanimous but nonbinding Senate resolution, indicate that McCain does indeed fulfill the requirement.^[171][179] Biroq, Arizona universiteti constitutional law professor Gabriel J. Chin argues both that the Tribe-Olson opinion is unsound under current law and that McCain was actually granted citizenship by a law which was passed eleven months after McCain's birth, disqualifying him under the Constitution from natural-born citizenship and the Presidency.^[180][181] Commenting on the Chin paper, Temple universiteti law and citizenship expert Piter Spiro said, "No court will get close to it, and everyone else is on board, so there's a constitutional consensus, the merits of arguments such as this one aside."^[181] Katolik universiteti law professor Sarah Duggan agreed that no legal challenge would prevail, but said only a constitutional amendment could fully resolve the question.^[171]

During the general election phase of the campaign, a lawsuit by an Amerika mustaqil partiyasi member challenging McCain's eligibility was dismissed by a federal judge in San Francisco in September 2008 due both to lack of evidence and lack of tik turib; AQSh okrug sudining sudyasi William Haskell Alsup also issued an order stating that it was "highly probable" that McCain was a natural born citizen.^[182]

The McCain campaign also looked into lawsuits claiming that Barack Obama was not a natural-born citizen, but saw no evidence or chance of success behind them.^[183]

Bush endorsement

On March 5, 2008, President Bush welcomed McCain to the White House and officially endorsed the man who would be his party's standard-bearer in November. The endorsement was seen as helping McCain rally conservatives, and brought with it the promise of much-needed fundraising help heading in to the general election. Democrats painted a different picture, hoping to capitalize on Bush's low approval ratings. The Demokratik milliy qo'mita said that McCain would offer a "third term of George W. Bush".^[184]

O'zini belgilash

McCain turned his attention to the November general election, while the Democratic primaries continued to be a battle between Clinton and Obama. McCain faced the challenge of staying in the news as the Democrats garnered headlines with their protracted nomination battle, which showed no signs of ending before the Demokratik milliy konventsiya avgust oyi oxirida. However, having the nomination locked up early also gave McCain time to build a national organization and put his general election strategy into action for the six months leading up to the Respublika milliy anjumani. McCain planned to raise money and visit several sites in the U.S. before embarking on a tour of Europe and the Middle East as part of a congressional delegation. McCain did not immediately indicate when he would make his choice for Vice President.^[185][186] Even before his March 4 primary wins, McCain indicated that he would campaign "everywhere" in the general election—including traditionally Democratic states like California, New Jersey and Connecticut.^[187] A Wall Street Journal/NBC News poll released March 12 showed McCain in a virtual tie with both Obama and Clinton in hypothetical November matchups.^[188] In an attempt to make up for his fundraising disadvantage in relation to the Democratic candidates, the campaign merged its resources with the Respublika milliy qo'mitasi, and named former Hewlett-Packard Bosh ijrochi direktor Karli Fiorina head of the "Victory 2008" committee charged with fundraising and Get Out The Vote efforts.^[189] The campaign also announced that it would use an unorthodox organizational structure, opting to have several regional campaign directors rather than one centralized staff.^[190][191]

McCain began his overseas trip on March 16, arriving in Baghdad to meet with U.S. military officials as well as Iraqi political leaders. While the campaign was not involved in the trip, which was official Senate business, it served as a chance for McCain to highlight his credentials in foreign affairs, seen to be the main strength of his candidacy. After Iraq, the group planned to travel to Israel, London and Paris.^[192][193]

Polls released later in March showed McCain ahead of both Clinton and Obama in hypothetical general election matchups. Both leads were above the margin of error in the polls by Zogby International va Rasmussenning ma'ruzalari.^{[194][195][196]}

Nancy Reagan endorsement

Vikipediyada tegishli yangiliklar mavjud: Former first lady Nancy Reagan endorses McCain

A boost to McCain's campaign came on March 25, when former Birinchi xonim Nensi Reygan endorsed the Senator at her home in Bel Air, Los-Anjeles, Kaliforniya.^[197][198] Reagan released a statement, reading, "John McCain has been a good friend for over thirty years. My husband and I first came to know him as a returning Vietnam War POW, and were impressed by the courage he had shown through his terrible ordeal. I believe John's record and experience have prepared him well to be our next president."^[198] Standing with Reagan, McCain said, "This is an important, most important kind of expression of confidence in my ability to lead the party that I could have."^[198] McCain's friendship with Nancy Reagan had survived a period of coldness following his divorce from his first wife Kerol, of whom the Reagans were quite fond.^[199]

Reiterating and elaborating positions

On March 26, McCain gave his first major speech on foreign policy since securing the nomination. While McCain warned that national security could not be achieved through "passive" measures, he sounded a conciliatory tone in regards to foreign policy in general. Speaking to the World Affairs Council in Los Angeles, he stressed the need for more cooperation with allies, called for nuclear disarmament and said that he "detest[s]" war. He stated that America's power "does not mean we can do whatever we want, whenever we want."^[200]

On March 31, McCain began a "biographical tour", visiting several places that were key to his early life and military career.^[201]

In early April, McCain said he had compiled a list of roughly 20 potential running mates, and that he hoped to have selected a Vice President well before the Republican Convention in September.^[202]

Waiting to make nuclear policy proposals in May 27, 2008, speech at Denver, Kolorado.

Foreign policy and the Iraq War were again in the campaign spotlight on April 8, 2008. McCain questioned General Devid Petreus, the top U.S. commander in Iraq, during the latter's testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee.^[203] McCain told the committee that a promise of withdrawal would be "reckless" and a "failure of moral and political leadership." While McCain was supportive of Petraeus, he questioned the general on recent outbreaks of violence and some failures among the Iraqi military.^[204]

Despite the earlier opposition from conservatives, in April 2008, there were signs that the Republican Party base was coalescing behind McCain's candidacy. A CBS News/Nyu-York Tayms poll showed that McCain was viewed favorably by 78 percent of conservatives, and unfavorably by only 18 percent. This was the same percentage who had an unfavorable opinion of George W. Bush at the same time in 2000.^[205]On May 5, 2008, the McCain campaign announced the launch of a Spanish-language site call Bienvenidos McCain or "McCain Welcomes." It presents the candidates positions and appeals in Spanish.

During a May 15 speech in Kolumbus, Ogayo shtati, McCain laid out his vision for January 2013, which would be the end of his first term had he won the presidency. He predicted that the Iraq War would be won by that time, and that most American troops would be out of the country.^[206] He pledged a bipartisan approach to governing a robust economy as well, and the implementation of a yagona soliq stavka.^[207]

Campaign staff departures due to new lobbyist rules

McCain at a campaign rally in Kenner, Luiziana 2008 yil iyun oyida

During much of 2008, McCain faced criticism that significant numbers of lobbyists were top members of his campaign staff;^[208][209] the associations made his reputation as a Washington reformer who fought lobbyists and special interests open to attack from political opponents.^[208][209] In May 2008, the campaign issued new rules regarding possible lobbying or other conflict-of-interest entanglements, which required campaign workers to either cut ties to lobbying groups or outside political groups that did political advertising, or leave the campaign.^[210] The rules also looked forward, and stated that "anyone serving in a McCain administration must commit not to lobby the administration during his presidency."^[210]

After the new rules were issued, two campaign staffers, regional campaign manager Doug Davenport and Republican National Convention chief Doug Goodyear, both of whom had represented the Birma harbiy hukumati, departed.^[208] So too did Eric Burgeson, who had lobbied the U.S. government on energy issues.^[208] Respublika siyosiy maslahatchisi Kreyg Shirli left the campaign due to ties with anti-Hillary Clinton group Uni hozir to'xtating.^[208] National finance co-chair Tom Loeffler left the campaign due to his lobbying group's work for Saudiya Arabistoni and other foreign countries.^[208] Other top campaign staff such as campaign manager Rick Davis (who devised the new rules), strategist Charlz Blek, and foreign policy advisor Rendi Scheunemann, had already stopped such activities and remained with the campaign.^[208][209] McCain was criticized by Campaign Money Watch and MoveOn.org for retaining Black,^[208] lekin Davlat fuqarosi came to McCain's defense, saying that "Regardless of how many lobbyists are working on his campaign or raising money for him, John McCain has fought for 14 long, hard years for reforms that seriously limit lobbyists' power."^[211] Some other lobbyists and academics said that despite highly publicized abuses, lobbyists were an important part of the governmental process, and that the campaign-time criticisms and reactions were grandstanding.^[211] Meanwhile, outside Republicans feared the lobbying rules activities were hampering the McCain campaign, which was lagging in organizational and fundraising progress.^[212]

As of May 19, 2008, McCain had at least 134 lobbyists involved with his campaign, either directly or as fundraisers.^[213]

Barack Obama the presumptive Democratic nominee

Barak Obama became the Democratic taxmin qilingan nomzod on June 3. McCain immediately proposed a series of ten joint shahar hokimligi yig'ilishlari with him, at which the two could engage each other, beginning the next week.^[214] Obama first agreed in principle to the notion,^[215] but later rejected McCain's proposal, offering instead one town-hall event on the Independence Day holiday and four traditional debate-style joint appearances.^[216] McCain, in turn, rejected that proposal saying that Americans would pay less attention to the town-hall appearance due to the holiday.^[216] He was quoted as having said, "I want the American people to have the exposure to a number of town hall meetings, not just one."^[216] Following the exchange, former first lady Nensi Reygan shu qatorda; shu bilan birga Luci Baines Jonson va Lynda Bird Jonson Robb, daughters of former President Lyndon B. Jonson, invited both McCain and Obama to town-hall appearances at the Reygan va Jonson presidential libraries.^[217] McCain accepted the invitation,^[218] though the candidates never reached agreement on the event formats.^{[219][yangilanishga muhtoj]}

Following Obama's victory over Hillary Clinton, and taking advantage of a divide within the Democratic Party, McCain encouraged Clinton supporters to abandon their party and vote for him in November.^[220] The McCain campaign viewed the Democratic divide as an opportunity to court the "Reygan demokratlari" who supported Clinton, and began sending high-profile female supporters to states that Clinton won in an effort to garner their votes.^[220]

Gramm departs

Former Senator Fil Gramm was a co-chairman of the McCain campaign, and McCain's chief economic adviser. He stepped down from the campaign on July 18, 2008, about a week after he made remarks to Washington Times haqida the nation's economic conditions. Gramm had said, "You've heard of mental depression; this is a mental recession," and "We have sort of become a nation of whiners. You just hear this constant whining."^[221] McCain had quickly repudiated Gramm's remarks, saying "Phil Gramm doesn't speak for me, I speak for me. I strongly disagree."^[222] When asked if Gramm was still in contention for the AQSh moliya vaziri position as previously speculated, McCain had said, "I think Senator Gramm would be in serious consideration for ambassador of Belarus, though I'm not sure the citizens of Minsk would welcome that."^[222] Gramm said upon leaving that he had become a distraction to the campaign.^[221]

Obama-as-celebrity TV advertisement

A McCain campaign ad crafted by Fred Devis^[223] compared Barack Obama to known celebrities such as Britni Spirs va Parij Xilton, and questioned his readiness to lead while criticizing his energy policy.^[224] The ads resulted in a tightening of Obama's lead in polls. After the election, Obama deputy campaign manager Stiv Xildebrand said: "It was the first time during the general election where I started to freak out... I thought if they can brand him as a celebrity rather than as a serious leader we're going to be in serious trouble."^[225]

Saddleback Civil Forum on the Presidency

Running mate selection

Prezidentlikka nomzod
Jon Makkeyn
Arizona

Vitse-prezidentlikka nomzod
Sara Peylin
Alyaska

McCain began a search for a running mate to join the Republican ticket after clinching the Republican nomination. Sobiq nomzodlar Mitt Romni va Mayk Xekabi were mentioned as possibilities, as were many other leaders in the Republican Party and the business world.^{[226][227][228][229][230]} Ustida Xotira kuni hafta oxiri, McCain invited Romney, Florida gubernatori Charli Kristva Louisiana Governor Bobbi Jindal to his Sedona, Arizona ranch for informal get-togethers intended to assess personal chemistry for possible running mate selection.^[231]

McCain then announced plans to reveal his running mate the day following the conclusion of the Democratic National Convention, and just a few days before the start of the Republican National Convention. During the running mate deliberations, McCain had favored Djo Liberman,^[232] who shared his romantic sense of righteousness and honor.^[233] But the opposition from social conservatives, who objected to Lieberman's tanlov uchun tanlov views, was too strong,^[232] and a Lieberman pick might have caused a floor fight at the convention.^[233] McCain wanted someone who would shake up the race and reinforce his image as a maverick, so he decided against more conventional choices on his short list including Romney and Governor Tim Pawlenty.^[232]

Kitobga ko'ra O'yinni o'zgartirish, on the weekend before John McCain made his vice-presidential pick, McCain's advisor Artur Kalvaxaus asked attorney Ted Frank to prepare a written vetting report on Sarah Palin:^[234]

Thrown together from scratch in less than forty hours, the document highlighted her vulnerabilities: "Democrats upset at McCain's anti-Obama 'celebrity' advertisements will mock Palin as an inexperienced beauty queen whose main national exposure was a photo-spread in Moda 2008 yil fevral oyida. Hokimiyat uchun saylov kampaniyasida ham u bir qator gaffalar qildi va Anchorage Daily News expressed concern that she often seemed 'unprepared or over her head' in a campaign run by a friend.^[234]

On August 29 (McCain's 72nd birthday), at the Nutter Center of Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio, McCain's running mate was revealed in a surprise pick as Alyaska gubernatori Sara Peylin.^[235] McCain had only talked to her a few times, and the campaign's vetting operation had mostly relied on Internet searches to check her background.^[236] Palin's career in Alaska had shown maverick tendencies similar to McCain's,^[236] and McCain hoped that Palin's youth, reformist record, appeal to social conservatives, and appeal to disaffected Hillary Clinton voters would outweigh her lack of national and international visibility and experience.^[232] One of McCain's aides privately remarked via an American football metaphor during the announcement: "We just threw long."^[236]

Konventsiya

The McCains campaign on September 15, 2008, following the Respublika milliy anjumani

Da 2008 Republican National Convention, McCain was formally nominated by roll call on the night of September 3, following Palin's vice-presidential acceptance speech.^[237] McCain himself appeared onstage at the convention for the first time following her speech, telling the cheering delegates, "Don't you think we made the right choice for the next vice president of the United States?"^[238] McCain accepted his party's nomination the following night.^[239]

Ga binoan Nilsen Media tadqiqotlari, almost 39 million Americans watched McCain deliver his acceptance speech, while 37 million watched Palin the night before.^[240] Television viewership was unusually high for both parties' conventions, indicating that the election season was producing compelling drama.^[240]

Sarah Palin's Vice Presidential candidacy

Dastlabki reaktsiya

After announcing Palin as the presumptive vice-presidential nominee, the McCain campaign received US$7 million in contributions in a single day.^[241] A Vashington Post/ABC News survey published on September 9, 2008, he had gained huge support among white women voters since the announcement;^[242] he had not only surpassed Obama in white women voters, but also amassed a lead of five percentage points in the Gallup polls. Jon Zogbi found that the effects of Palin's selection were helping the McCain ticket since "She has high favorability numbers, and has unified the Republican Party."

Sarah Palin at campaign rally in Karson Siti, Nevada, September 13, 2008

The choice received generally positive reactions from Republicans and conservatives. Viktor Devis Xanson stated "the timing and choice were inspired",^[243] va Mark Steyn stated he was "happy" over the choice.^[244] Konnektikut gubernatori M. Jodi Rell said of Palin, "She is strong. She is capable. She is articulate," and suggested opponents should not underestimate her.^[245] Independent-Democratic Senator Joe Lieberman stated that McCain made a "bold choice" in picking a "maverick who has done exactly the same thing at the state level that he's done at the federal level."^[246] However, some Republicans did not receive the choice favorably. Charlz Krauthammer ning Vashington Post wrote, "The Palin selection completely undercuts the argument about Obama's inexperience and readiness to lead.... To gratuitously undercut the remarkably successful 'Is he ready to lead' line of attack seems near suicidal."^[247] Devid Frum ning Milliy sharh wrote: "The longer I think about it, the less well this selection sits with me.... If it were your decision, and you were putting your country first, would you put an untested small-town mayor [sic] a heartbeat away from the presidency?".^[248] Keyingi NBC interview, Peggi Noonan commented, "It's over... the most qualified? No."^[249]

Vikipediyada tegishli yangiliklar mavjud: Alaskan governor Sarah Palin chosen by McCain as Vice Presidential running mate Questions raised about McCain's choice of Palin, aides insist "thorough vetting" process US presidential candidate John McCain now leads slightly in the polls

Republicans in Palin's home state, Alaska, had mixed reactions to the news. Alaskan Attorney General Talis Kolberg, a Palin appointee, remarked that, "It's wonderful. It was an emotional thing to see the governor walk out with her family and I say, wow, I work for her."^[250] Alaskan State Senate Prezident Lida Yashil, a Republican who had repeatedly sparred with Palin after she became governor,^[251]remarked, "She's not prepared to be governor. How can she be prepared to be vice president or president?"^[250] Larry Persily, a Palin staffer, and Jim Uitaker, the Republican mayor of Feyrbanks, indicated their support of Palin as Governor, but questioned whether she was ready to serve as vice president.^[252] Other Alaskan politicians, such as Republican Gail Phillips, expressed surprise.^{[iqtibos kerak]}

Kari Sleight, publisher of the Mat-Su vodiysi chegarachisi, which covered much of Palin's life in Wasilla, endorsed Palin for Vice-President. "While some question Palin's experience, they cannot question her leadership. A person is either a good leader or not, and Palin has exhibited great leadership skills in all positions she's held. There is an argument to be made that leadership, and the qualities that define a good leader, are inherently more important than experience."^[253]

Palin's positions and policies became the focus of "intense media attention"^[254] and "scrutiny"^[255] following her selection. Expectations from her speech at the Republican National Convention was heavily covered by the media.^[256] Some Republicans argued that Palin was subjected to unreasonable media coverage,^[257] and a Rasmussen survey showed that slightly more than half of Americans believed that the press was "trying to hurt" Palin with negative coverage,^[258] a sentiment referenced by Palin in her acceptance speech. A poll taken just after the speech found that Palin was then slightly more popular than either Obama or McCain with a 58% favorability rating.^[259] Palin was also a draw with Catholic voters; the poll found that 54% favor Palin and 42% find her unfavorable, a 12% difference, while Jo Bayden was viewed favorable by 49% to 47% unfavorable.^[260]

Palin also became a "ubiquitous presence on newsstands," appearing on the cover of both Newsweek va Vaqt, Boshqalar orasida.^[261] The appearance on the cover of Vaqt was particularly notable as Jay Carney, the newsmagazine's Washington bureau chief, has been vocally critical on what he has said is a lack of media access to Palin,^[262] concerns which were dismissed by the McCain campaign.^[261]

The Palins and McCains campaigning in Fairfax, Virjiniya, September 10, 2008, following the Respublika milliy anjumani

Former New York City Mayor Giuliani said that Palin was more qualified to be president than Democratic presidential nominee Obama, citing Palin's executive experience, saying of her, "She's vetoed legislation, she's taken on corruption, and in her party, and won. She took on the oil companies and won. She administered a budget successfully," and of Obama, "He's never run a city, he's never run a state, he's never run a business, he's never administered a payroll, he's never led people in crisis".^[263] He also stated, if Sarah Palin had been president when the U.S. came under attack on Sept. 11, 2001, he is confident she would have been able to handle the crisis.^[264]

Ga ko'ra Washington Times, Palin's faith has made her a "favorite with the staunchly pro-Israel neokonservativ elements in the Republican Party." Palin displays an Isroil bayrog'i in her governor's office in Juneau. Palin has received a strong endorsement from the Respublika yahudiy koalitsiyasi,^[265] and has been described as a "direct affront to all Jewish Americans" by Democratic Congressman Robert Wexler of Florida, and as being "totally out of step with Jewish public opinion" by the Milliy Yahudiy Demokratik Kengashi.^[266]

Obama commented on Palin in an interview with 60 daqiqa:

Well, I don't know Governor Palin, I have not met her before. I had a brief conversation with her after she was selected to congratulate her and wish her luck—but, not too much luck!—on the campaign trail. And she seems to have a compelling life story. Obviously, she's a fine mother and an up-and-coming public servant. So, it's too early for me to gauge what kind of running mate she'll be. My sense is that she subscribes to John McCain's agenda. And ultimately, this [election] is going to be about where I want to take the country and where Joe Biden wants to take the country, and where John McCain and his running mate want to take the country.^[267]

Sarah Palin at a campaign rally in Des Moines, Ayova

VP campaign developments

By September 2008, Governor Palin had submitted to two media interviews, the first with ABC's Charlz Gibson, and the second with Fox News's Shon Xanniti.^[268] Gibson asked Palin, "Do you agree with the Bush doktrinasi?," to which Palin responded, "In what respect, Charlie?" After asking Palin for her definition, Gibson defined the concept to be for the United States to "have the right of anticipatory self-defense." Gibson also asked Palin about a prayer she had offered with regard to soldiers in Iraq. Commentators' reactions varied. Those generally critical of Palin's candidacy applauded Gibson's penetrating questions and thought aspects of Palin's responses showed that she was not ready to serve as Vice President, whereas those generally supportive of her candidacy took a more positive view of her performance.^[269]

During the campaign, some pointed out alleged differences between Palin's positions as a gubernatorial candidate and her position as a vice-presidential candidate. While campaigning for vice-president, Palin touted her stance on "the bridge to nowhere" as an example of her opposition to cho'chqa bochkasi sarflash.^[270] In her nomination acceptance speech and on the campaign trail, Palin often said, "I told the Congress 'thanks, but no thanks,' on that Bridge to Nowhere."^[271] Although Palin was originally a main proponent of the Gravina orolining ko'prigi, McCain–Palin television advertisements asserted that Palin "stopped the Bridge to Nowhere."^[272] These statements have been widely questioned or described as misleading or exaggerations^[273] by many media groups in the U.S.^[274] Newsweek remarked, "Now she talks as if she always opposed the funding."^[275]

After McCain announced Palin as his running mate, Newsweek va Vaqt put Palin on their magazine covers,^[276] as some of the media alleged that McCain's campaign was restricting press access to Palin by allowing only three one-on-one interviews and no press conferences with her.^[277] Among the reasons that the news organizations criticized the restrictions was Palin's first major interview, with Charlz Gibson ning ABC News, met with mixed reviews.^[278] Her interview five days later with Fox News"s Shon Xanniti focuses on many of the same questions from Gibson's interview.^[279] However, Palin's performance in her third interview, bilan Keti Kurik ning CBS News, keng tanqid qilindi. Palin's responses to several of Couric's questions were considered embarrassing, most notably failing to name any newspapers she read.^[280] The fallout from the interview prompted a decline in her poll numbers, concern among Republicans that she was becoming a political liability, and calls from some conservative commentators for Palin to resign from the Presidential ticket.^[279][281] Other conservatives remain ardent in their support for Palin, accusing the columnists of elitism.^[282] Following this interview, some Republicans, including Mitt Romni va Bill Kristol, questioned the McCain campaign's strategy of sheltering Palin from unscripted encounters with the press.^[283]

Palin was reported to have prepared intensively for the October 2 vitse-prezidentlik bahslari bilan Demokratik Vitse-prezidentlikka nomzod Jo Bayden da Sent-Luisdagi Vashington universiteti. Some Republicans suggested that Palin's performance in the interviews would improve public perceptions of her debate performance by lowering expectations.^{[279][284][285]} Polling from CNN, Tulki va CBS found that while Palin exceeded most voters' expectations, they felt that Biden had won the debate.^[286][287]

Palin signing an autograph at a campaign rally in O'Fallon, Missuri

Debatga tayyorgarlikdan so'ng saylovoldi kampaniyasiga qaytgach, Palin demokratlardan Prezidentlikka nomzod senatorga qarshi hujumlarini kuchaytirdi Barak Obama. Xayriya mablag'larini yig'ish tadbirida Palin o'zining yangi tajovuzkorligini quyidagicha izohladi: "Sizda qo'lqopni echib olish kerak bo'lgan vaqt keladi va bu vaqt hozirda".^[288] 4-oktabr kuni saylovoldi kampaniyasida Palin Obamani Amerikani "shunchalik nomukammalki, u o'z mamlakatlarini nishonga oladigan terrorchilar bilan yurishibdi" deb aybladi. Ayblovga ishora qilingan Obamaning aloqalari Bill Ayers, 1960 yillar radikal guruhining asoschisi Ob-havova a Nyu-York Tayms bunday aloqalarni tavsiflovchi maqola.^[289] Obama kampaniyasi bu da'voni "qoralash" deb atadi,^[290] Palinning hujumini tanqid qiluvchi gazeta sharhlariga asoslanib. Obama meteorologlarning zo'ravonlik harakatlarini qoraladi.^[291] Ayers bilan taxmin qilingan munosabatlariga asoslangan Obamani tanqid qilishni keyinchalik Makkeynning o'zi amalga oshirdi.^[292]

Oktyabr oyi oxiriga kelib, saylovchilarning Pelinga bo'lgan munosabati tobora salbiylashib bordi, ayniqsa mustaqillar va uning malakasidan xavotirda bo'lgan boshqa saylovchilar orasida.^[293]Respublika va sobiq AQSh davlat kotibi General Kolin Pauell 19-oktabr kuni Obamani ma'qulladi va Palin haqida "Endi biz uni etti hafta davomida ko'rish imkoniga ega bo'ldik, men u vitse-prezidentning ishi bo'lgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari prezidenti bo'lishga tayyor ekaniga ishonmayman" dedi.^[294] Makkeynning yordamchisining so'zlariga ko'ra, Palin "yolg'onga aylangan" va o'zining kelajakdagi siyosiy manfaatlarini Makkeyn / Peynin chiptasidan ustun qo'ygan, bu uning sherigi pozitsiyasiga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri zid bo'lgan va saylov kampaniyasi menejerlarining ko'rsatmalariga bo'ysunmagan.^[295][296] (Saylovdan bir yil o'tgach, Palin shunday qiladi uning xotirasiga nom bering ushbu ayblovdan keyin.)

Makkeyn keyinchalik hayotida mustaqil senatorni tanlamaganidan afsuslanishini aytgan bo'lsa ham Djo Liberman uning o'rniga VP nomzodi sifatida u o'zining tadbirlarida Palinning chiqishlarini doimiy ravishda himoya qilib kelgan.^[297]

RNC kampaniyasi xarajatlari

Respublika milliy qo'mitasining 2008 yil sentyabr oyidagi moliyaviy oshkor qilish to'g'risidagi har oylik hisoboti shuni ko'rsatdi AQSH$150,000 pullari Palinning shkafi, sochlari va bo'yanishlari, shuningdek, uning oilasi uchun kiyim-kechak va aksessuarlar uchun sarflangan.^[298] Kampaniyani moliyalashtirish bo'yicha mutaxassislar Palinga sarflangan mablag'larning qonuniyligi va soliq ta'siridan xavotir bildirdi.^[299][300] Saylovoldi kampaniyasi vakili kiyim-kechak saylovdan so'ng xayriya maqsadlarida berilishini aytdi.^[301][302] 2009 yil yanvar oyiga kelib, kiyim-kechak respublikachilarning Milliy Kongress shtab-kvartirasida axlat qoplarida saqlangani haqida xabar berilgan edi.^[303] 2009 yil mart oyida Palinning vakili bu kiyimlar xayriya tashkilotlariga topshirilganligini aytdi^[304]Keyinchalik sarf-xarajatlar AQSh Federal saylov komissiyasi tomonidan 5–0 ovoz bilan ko'rib chiqildi va tasdiqlandi.^[305]

Uning saylovoldi kampaniyasida vizajist Emi Strozzi 22,800 dollar miqdorida pul to'laganligi va uni Makkeyn kampaniyasida eng ko'p maosh oladigan xodimga aylantirgani aniqlanganda yana bir tortishuv yuzaga keldi.^[306][307] Bu respublika donorlarining "pulni qaytarib ber" degan chaqirig'iga sabab bo'ldi.^[308]

Meros

Nyu-York Tayms jurnalist Devid Bruks Meyn Keynni sherigi sifatida ko'rsatishda Makkeyn "Respublikachilar partiyasi orqali o'tadigan kasallikka chalinganini aytdi - intellektualizm, faktlarga hurmatsizlik - va u buni partiyaning markaziga qo'ydi ".^[309] Laura McGann Vox Makkeyn "haqiqat televidenie siyosati" ni berganini aytadi Choy partiyasi harakati ko'proq siyosiy qonuniylik, shuningdek "Respublika partiyasining bema'niliklarni aytadigan nomzod bilan tasalli berishini ... choy partiyasi harakatini jonlantirgan va Tramp prezidentligi uchun zamin yaratgan siyosiy uslub va qadriyatlar tizimini ochib berish".^[310]

Anjumandan so'ng o'tkazilgan so'rovnomada keskin o'sish va chekinish

Respublikachilar Milliy Kongressidan so'ng, Makkeyn o'zining so'rovnomalari soni mamlakat miqyosida ko'payib borayotganini ko'rdi, bu qisman ilgari qaror qilinmagan saylovchilar orasida bo'lgan harakat.^[311]Sentabrning birinchi yarmida Makkeyn tayinlandi Uilyam Timmons (vitse-prezidentning sobiq katta maslahatchisi Jorj H. V. Bush 1988 yilda senator maslahatchisi Bob Dole 1996 yilda,^[312] lobbichilik firmasining asoschisi va raisi Timmons and Company,^[313] va uchun sobiq lobbist Freddi Mak^{[314][315][316]}) uning o'tish boshlig'i sifatida.^[317]

Sentyabr oyining o'rtalaridan oktyabr oyining o'rtalariga qadar, ammo tendentsiyalar Obamaga tegishli edi. Masalan, RealClearPolitics Saylov xaritasi 20 avgust kuni Obamada 228–163 saylovchilarning ovoz berishidan 17 sentyabrda 227–207 yillarda Makkeyn peshqadamligiga, so'ngra 24 oktyabrda 306–157 da Obamaning peshqadamligiga qaytdi.^[318]

AQSh moliyaviy inqirozi

Makkeyn (chapda) prezident Bush va Kongress a'zolari, shu jumladan Barak Obama (o'ta o'ngda) bilan ikki tomonlama uchrashuvda ishtirok etmoqda AQSh moliya tizimini qutqarish taklifi, 2008 yil 25 sentyabr

2008 yil sentyabr oyida ipoteka inqirozi yomonlashdi va cho'kindi 2007-2008 yillardagi moliyaviy inqiroz; The Fanni Ma va Freddi Macni federal egallab olish tez orada Lehman Brothers bankrotligi, sotish Merrill Linchva hukumatning yordami Amerika xalqaro guruhi. Avvaliga Makkeyn "iqtisodiyotimizning asoslari kuchli" ekanligini ta'kidladi,^[319] ammo ushbu bayonot bo'yicha so'roq qilinganida, u asoslar Amerika ishchi kuchiga tegishli ekanligini aniqladi.^[320] Keyin u o'z xabarini mamlakat iqtisodiyoti "umuman inqiroz" holatida ekanligini ta'kidlab, "ochko'zlik" ni qoraladi va vaziyatni o'rganish uchun milliy komissiya tuzishni taklif qildi. 11 sentyabr komissiyasi.^[319] Keyinchalik u Federal zaxira qarz $"Men buni qilishni xohlamagan edim ... va men tanigan hech kim buni qilishni xohlamagan deb o'ylayman" deb AIGga 85 mlrd.^[321] Keyin Makkeyn hukumat regulyatorlari "o'tish vaqtida uxlab yotganlarini" aytdi va agar u prezident bo'lsa, u ishdan bo'shatishini aytdi AQShning qimmatli qog'ozlar va birjalar bo'yicha komissiyasi rais Kristofer Koks.^[322]

24 sentyabrda Makkeyn o'zining saylovoldi kampaniyasini "to'xtatib qo'yishini" va munozarani kechiktirishga intilishini ma'lum qildi Barak Obama u bilan ishlashi uchun 26 sentyabrga rejalashtirilgan Kongress qayta ishlash va kelishuv tomon Polsonni moliyaviy qutqarish rejasi. Makkeyn Obamani ham shunga undaydi, ammo Obama bunday qilmadi.^[323] Makkeynning aralashuvi qoniqarsiz respublikachilar partiyasidan Oq uy, senat respublikachilari va Kongress demokratlari o'rtasidagi kelishuvga yaqin bo'lgan qutqaruv rejasini bekor qilishga yordam berdi.^[324][325] 25 sentyabr kuni Oq uyda bo'lib o'tgan ikki partiyali uchrashuvda (rasmda) Makkeyn Bush uchun konstruktiv bo'lmagan va samarasiz bo'lib qoldi, u Makkeyn uni ma'nosiz uchrashuv o'tkazishga majburlagan deb hisoblaydi va keyin hech narsa demagan.^[326]

Ikki kundan keyin Makkeyn saylovoldi kampaniyasini davom ettirishini e'lon qildi va u bahsni davom ettirdi.^[327] Ba'zi sharhlovchilar kampaniya haqiqatan ham to'xtatilganmi yoki yo'qmi, degan savol tug'dirdi, chunki Makkeyn e'lonlari o'ynashda davom etdi, Makkeyn vakili Obamani tanqid qilgan bayonotlarni berishda davom etdi va Makkeynning saylovoldi idoralari ochiq qoldi, Makkeynning o'zi esa nutq so'zlashda va intervyular berishda davom etdi.^[328][329]

Qayta ko'rib chiqilgan reja, 700 milliard dollar 2008 yilgi favqulodda iqtisodiy barqarorlashtirish to'g'risidagi qonun, 29-sentabr kuni Vakillar palatasidagi respublikachilarning katta miqyosdagi qarshiliklariga uchragan ovoz berishda muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi. 1 oktyabrda shunga o'xshash qonun loyihasi, HR1424, Senat 74–25 dan Makkeynning ovozi bilan o'tdi.^[330]

Belgilar

Jou Plumber

"Jou Plumber", Semyuel Jozef Vurselbaxerga murojaat qilib, misol sifatida ishlatilgan o'rta sinf Davomida amerikaliklar 2008 yil AQSh prezident saylovi mavsum. Vurselbaxerni so'roq qilish videoga olingan Demokratik nomzod Barak Obama uning haqida kichik biznes soliq siyosati saylov kampaniyasi paytida Ogayo shtati. O'zaro almashinuvlarda uni tez-tez "Plumper Jo" deb tilga olishganda, u mashhurlikka erishdi Respublika nomzod Makkeyn va Obama davomida uchinchi prezidentlik debati 2008 yil 15 oktyabrda. Shundan so'ng "Joe Plumber" tez-tez Makkeyn kampaniyasi va ommaviy axborot vositalari tomonidan ishlatilgan metafora uchun o'rta sinf amerikaliklar^[331] va Vurselbaxerning o'ziga murojaat qilish.^[332]

Tito quruvchi

Tito Muñoz, shuningdek tanilgan Tito quruvchi, turli xil tashviqot tadbirlari uchun ommaviy axborot vositalarining katta e'tiboriga sazovor bo'ldi. Muñoz omma oldida himoya qildi Djo Vurselbaxer ommaviy axborot vositalari oldida. Muñoz ham saylovoldi kampaniyasini o'tkazdi Sara Peylin.^[333]Binobarin, Tito Münoz ommaviy axborot vositalarida katta e'tiborga sazovor bo'ldi.^[334] Muñoz, a Kolumbiyalik immigrant, hozirgi paytda kichik qurilish kompaniyasining egasi^[335] va AQSh fuqarosi.^[336] U Makkeyn-Peynin bamperli stikeri bilan sariq rangli shapka kiyib olgani bilan tanilgan^[337] va to'q sariq rangli reflektor ko'ylagi, shuningdek televizorda quyoshdan saqlovchi ko'zoynak taqqan holda paydo bo'ldi^[338] u Jon Makkeyn uchun saylov kampaniyasida qatnashganida Leesburg, Virjiniya.^[339] Mitingda u tanishtirdi Sara Peylin. U jurnalistlar bilan ham to'qnashdi.^[340] Will Rabbe, ning Mustaqil kino kanali, Muñoz va uning jurnalistlar bilan o'zaro aloqalari haqida video joylashtirdi.^[341] Saylovga besh kun qolganda Münoz paydo bo'ldi Fox News' Hannity & Colmes.^[342] Muñoz aytdi Alan Kolmes u 2008 yilgi prezidentlik saylovlarida "Obama haqidagi haqiqatni yashirgan" gazetalarga ongining bir qismini berish orqali aralashgan.^[343]

Bahslar va yakuniy bahs

Obama Makkeynni to'xtatib turish taklifini rad etganidan so'ng, Makkeyn belgilanganidek 26 sentyabr kuni bo'lib o'tgan bahsni davom ettirdi Oksford, Missisipiva moderator sifatida Jim Lehrer.^[344] 1 oktabrda Makkeyn 700 milliard dollarlik qayta tiklangan qutqarish rejasini yoqlab ovoz berdi.^[330] 7 oktyabr kuni yana bir bahs bo'lib o'tdi; Birinchisi singari, so'ng o'tkazilgan so'rovnomalar Obamaning g'olib bo'lganligini ko'rsatdi.^[345] Oxirgi prezidentlik debati 15 oktyabrda bo'lib o'tdi.^[346] Bu davrda va undan keyin Makkeyn Obamaning taklif qilgan siyosatini taqqosladi sotsializm, "atamasiga maxsus murojaat qilishqayta taqsimlovchi"va ko'pincha chaqiriladi Jou Plumber Amerika prezidentining Obama prezidentligi tomonidan barbod bo'ladigan orzularining ramzi sifatida.^[347][348] Makkeyndan foydalanishni taqiqladi Eremiyo Rayt munozarasi Obamaga qarshi e'lonlarda,^[349] ammo kampaniya Obamani tez-tez tanqid qilmoqda uning Bill Ayers bilan munosabatlari.^[350]

2008 yil 10 oktyabrda Makkeyn tarafdorlaridan biri mitingda Barak Obamaga ishonmasligini aytdi, chunki "u arab". Makkeynning mitinglari tobora vitriolicga aylanib bormoqda, gekler Obamani yomonlaydilar va miting qatnashchilari tobora ortib borayotgan arablarga, musulmonlarga qarshi va afroamerikaliklarga qarshi kayfiyatni namoyish etdilar. Makkeyn ayolga "Yo'q, xonim. U munosib oila a'zosi, fuqaro, men shunchaki asosiy masalalarda kelishmovchiliklarga duch kelaman" deb javob berdi.^[351] Makkeynning javobi kampaniyaning eng yaxshi daqiqalaridan biri sifatida qaraldi va bir necha yil o'tib ham Amerika siyosatidagi sivilizatsiya belgisi sifatida qaraldi.^[352][353] Biroq, bir nechta sharhlovchilar Makkeynni tarafdorining arablarga qarshi irqchilikka qarshi chiqmagani uchun tanqid qildilar: blogdagi postida Kempbell Braun Makkeynni "rekord o'rnatganligi" uchun maqtab, lekin shunday deb so'radi: "Xo'sh, Obama arab yoki musulmon bo'lsa-chi? Xo'sh, Makkeyn arab yoki musulmon bo'lsa-chi? ... Bu har doim ko'tarilganida, xulosa shuki, bu erda noto'g'ri narsa bor arab-amerikalik yoki musulmon bo'lish ".^[354] Akademik Xuan Koul "Makkeyn" arab bo'lishning hech qanday yomon joyi bo'lmaydi, deyishi kerak edi, ammo Obama unday emas "dedi. Uning so'zlari bilan u arablar haqida kam fikrga ega ekanligini anglatadi.^[355] Afg'on-amerikalik yozuvchi Xolid Xosseini "shunchaki Obamani" munosib odam "deb atashning o'zi etarli emas", deb yozgan edi^[356] AQShda yashovchi Iordaniyalik jurnalist Salameh Nematt dedi: "Arab bo'lish bu pejorativ atama degan tushunchani rad etish o'rniga, Arizona senatori Obamaning arab ekanligini rad etib, millionlab arablar va arab-amerikaliklarni haqorat qilishga muvaffaq bo'ldi".^[357] Livanlik amerikalik siyosatshunos As'ad Abu Xalil Makkeyn "arab munosib oila a'zosi bo'lolmasligini aniq ko'rsatib berdi", deb taklif qildi.^[358]

Makkeyn to'rtdan bittagacha farq bilan Obamadan ustun keldi.^[359]

Natijalar

Saylov 4-noyabr kuni bo'lib o'tdi va Barak Obamaning g'olibi taxminan soat 23:00 da Sharqiy Standart Vaqt (EST) da taxmin qilingan edi. Makkeyn o'zining konsessiya nutqini Arizona Biltmore mehmonxonasi yilda Feniks, Arizona soat 11:20 da EST.^[360] Yakunda Makkeyn 173 g'alaba qozondi saylovchilar kollejining ovozlari Obamaning 365-ga,^[361] Makkeynning Florida, Ogayo va Pensilvaniya shtatlaridagi asosiy jang maydonlarini yutib chiqa olmaganligi va Virjiniya, Shimoliy Karolina va Indiana singari Respublikachilarning an'anaviy tayanch punktlarida Demokratik partiyaning g'alabalarini aks ettiradi.^[362] Makkeyn Obamaning 53 foiziga nisbatan butun mamlakat bo'ylab 46 foiz ovoz oldi.^[363]

O'sha kecha Makkeynning imtiyozli nutqi Obamani g'alaba bilan tabrikladi va "Biz uzoq safarni yakunladik. Amerika xalqi gapirdi va ular aniq gaplashdilar" dedi.^[364] U aytdi:

Bu tarixiy saylov, va men uning afro-amerikaliklar va shu kecha ular uchun bo'lishi kerak bo'lgan g'urur uchun alohida ahamiyatga ega ekanligini tushunaman. Men har doim Amerika bu sohaga ega bo'lgan va uni egallashga intiladigan barcha kishilarga imkoniyatlar yaratadi, deb ishonganman. Senator Obama bunga ham ishonadi. Ammo biz har ikkalamiz ham tan olamiz, garchi bir paytlar millatimiz obro'siga dog 'tushirgan va ba'zi amerikaliklarga Amerika fuqaroligining to'la barakalarini inkor etgan eski adolatsizliklardan uzoq yo'lni bosib o'tgan bo'lsak ham, ularning xotirasi yaralanishga qodir edi. Bir asr oldin Prezident Teodor Ruzveltning taklifi Booker T. Vashington Oq uyda ovqatlanish juda ko'p joylarda g'azab sifatida qabul qilingan. Amerika bugungi kunda o'sha davrning shafqatsiz va qo'rqinchli mutaassibligidan yiroq dunyo. Buning afroamerikalikni AQSh prezidentligiga saylanishidan ko'ra yaxshiroq dalil yo'q.^[360]

Sharhlovchilar nutqni "xushmuomala va notiq" kabi iboralardan foydalanib maqtashdi.^[365] Makkeyn va uning xodimlari Palinga o'zining tayyorlangan nutqini o'tkazishga ruxsat berishmadi, chunki saylovlar kechasi turmush o'rtoqlarni yugurib chiqish uchun rasmiy an'ana yo'q edi va bu Palin uchun doimiy achchiqlanish manbasini isbotladi.^[366]

Natijada

Xabarlarga ko'ra, saylov natijalaridan so'ng Makkeyn shtabining noma'lum a'zolari Palin va uning saylov shtabining saylovoldi tashviqotini tanqid qilishgan.^[367] Keyinchalik ba'zi bir tanqidlar mavjud bo'lmagan fikr-mulohaza markazining bir qismi bo'lgan xodimlarga noto'g'ri berilgan Martin Eyzenstadt yolg'on.^[368]

Bir oy o'tgach, Makkeyn iqtisodiy inqirozning prezidentlik g'olibligini qo'lga kiritish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lgan ta'siriga haddan tashqari stress qo'yishdan bosh tortdi: "Bu men yangi saylangan prezident Obamaning saylov kampaniyasidan xalos bo'layotgandek tuyuladi. Men buni xohlamayman. o'sha ... Yo'qotilganni hech kim yoqtirmaydi. "^[369] Makkeyn shunday dedi: "Men bir muncha vaqtni o'zimga achinish bilan o'tkazdim. Bu juda ajoyib. Bu siz boshdan kechirishingiz mumkin bo'lgan eng zavqli voqealardan biri. Ammo gap shundaki: siz davom etishingiz kerak ... Men hali ham Arizona shtatidan senator. Men butun hayotim davomida qilgan bu mamlakatga xizmat qilish sharafiga va sharafiga egaman va buni qilish juda katta sharafdir. "^[369]

Saylovoldi kampaniyasidan so'ng, Makkeynning yuqori lavozimli xodimlari Palinning milliy ommaviy axborot vositalariga uzatilishi yaxshi o'tmaganligini tan olishdi.^[370] Ammo ular umuman Palinni tanlash qarorini himoya qilishdi, chunki boshqa "o'yin o'zgaruvchan" tanlov Djo Liberman anjumanda konservativ respublikachilar uchun siyosiy jihatdan nomaqbul bo'lgan bo'lar edi^[370] va yaxshi alternativalar mavjud bo'lmaganligi sababli.^[371] Makkeyndan foydalanish taqiqlanganligi to'g'risida Eremiyo Rayt munozarasi Obameykaga qarshi e'lonlarda, Makkeynning so'rovchilari bu mohiyat bo'yicha ham, siyosat bo'yicha ham to'g'ri qaror ekanligini aytishdi.^[372] Makkeynning o'zi ham Palin tanlovini, ham Rayt bahsiga hujum qilmaslik qarorini himoya qildi.^[373] Xodimlar moliyaviy inqiroz boshlanishida Makkeynning "bizning iqtisodiyotimiz asoslari kuchli" degan gapi xato bo'lganiga qo'shilishdi va kampaniyaning keyingi to'xtatilishi bu so'zlardan qutulish uchun qilingan harakat, ammo ayblovlarni keltirib chiqardi Makkeyn tartibsiz edi.^[370][371]

Umuman olganda, saylov kampaniyasi menejerining o'rinbosari: "Biz [uzoq vaqt] Makkeyn kampaniyasining strategiyasi haqida suhbatlashishimiz mumkin edi, chunki bizda ularning soni juda ko'p edi".^[370] Saylovoldi kampaniyasining asosiy so'rovchisidan, agar ular yana bir oz vaqt bo'lsa, saylovni olib tashlashlari mumkinmi, deb so'rashganda, u "Yo'q, biz yutqazdik. Bu tugaganidan xursand bo'ldik" deb javob berdi.^[371]

Saylovdan bir yil o'tgach, Makkeyn va Peynin lagerlari o'rtasida kampaniyani o'tkazish borasida davom etgan mojarolar davom etdi, natijada 2009 yil noyabr oyida Palin xotiralari nashr etildi. Roguega borish: Amerika hayoti.^[374] Palin Makkeyn kampaniyasi menejerini tanqid qildi Stiv Shmidt og'ir va Makkeyn kampaniyasi uning ommaviy axborot vositalarida chiqishlarini noto'g'ri boshqargan deb da'vo qildi.^[374] Shmidt, Peyninning so'zlari "hamma uydirma" va Makkeynning oldingi strategisti deb javob berdi John Weaver Palinni "mayda va ayanchli" tus olish urinishlari uchun qoraladi.^[374] Makkeynning o'zi shunchaki u kitobni o'qiganini, Peynin bilan juda yaxshi do'st ekanliklarini aytdi va shunday dedi: "Mana, men endi oldinga boraman. Men shunchaki davom etayapman va menda juda ko'p tashvishlanadigan narsalar bor Mening kampaniyamdan faxrlanaman deganimdan boshqa. "^[374] Makkeyn xodimlariga bir necha bor takrorlagan: "Jahl bilan orqaga qaramang".^[375]

2018 yilda Makkeyn o'zining xotiralarini nashr etdi Bezovta to'lqini: yaxshi vaqtlar, shunchaki sabablar, ajoyib janglar va boshqa minnatdorchiliklar unda u Palinni o'zining turmush o'rtog'i sifatida tanlaganidan pushaymon ekanligini va buning o'rniga Jo Libermanni tanlashini istaganini aytdi. Saylovoldi saylov kampaniyasining xodimlarining Libermanni tanlamaslik haqidagi maslahatiga izoh berishda Makkeyn "Men o'zim haqida mulohaza yuritishim mumkin bo'lgan to'g'ri maslahat edi, ammo mening ichaklarim buni e'tiborsiz qoldirishni buyurdi va men shunday qilganimda edi" deb yozgan.^[376]

Kampaniya fikri va prognozlari

Fikr so'rovi

29 oktyabr - 3 noyabr kunlari o'tkazilgan o'rtacha o'n besh milliy so'rov natijalari Makkeynning raqibi uchun o'rtacha 7,6% peshqadamlikni ko'rsatdi Barak Obama oldin saylov kuni. So'rovnomaning o'rtacha ko'rsatkichi 0,3 foizga kamaydi, aksincha, Obama Makkeynga qaraganda atigi 7,3 foiz ko'proq ovoz oldi. Prognoz qilingan Makkeynning o'rtacha so'rovi ommaviy ovozlarning 44,5 foizini oladi. U buni 1,1% ga erishdi, aslida 45,6% ovoz oldi.^[377]

Ovoz berishlar soni saylovdan bir kun oldin va saylov mavsumi davomida juda katta farq qildi. Bunga turli xil ovoz berish usullari, demografik ko'rsatkichlar va so'rovchilar o'rtasida namuna kattaligi va boshqa narsalar sabab bo'lishi mumkin. Yakuniy so'rovnomalar Obamaning 11% ustunligidan atigi 2% ustunligigacha bo'lgan. So'rovnomalarning eng aniq raqamlari Fox News, Ipsos/Makklatchiva CNN/ Obamaga 7% ustunligini bashorat qilgan Fikr tadqiqotlari. Rasmussenning ma'ruzalari va Pew Research kompaniyasi 6 foiz ustunlikni bashorat qildi.^[377]

Saylov mavsumi davomida Makkeynning o'rtacha milliy so'rovnomalar orasida eng yuqori qo'llab-quvvatlashi 8 sentyabr kuni, ya'ni saylovlar tugaganidan to'rt kun o'tib, 2,9 foizni tashkil etdi. 2008 yil respublikachilarning milliy anjumani. Shaxsiy so'rovnomalar orasida asosiy mavsum oldidan Makkeynning eng yuqori qo'llab-quvvatlashi 5-dekabrdan 6-dekabrgacha 19% peshqadamlik ko'rsatgan Fox News so'rovida qayd etildi. Praymerlardan so'ng Makkeynning eng yuqori qo'llab-quvvatlashi qayd etildi USA Today/Gallup 5 sentyabrdan 7 sentyabrgacha o'tkazilgan so'rovnoma 10% peshqadamlikni ko'rsatmoqda.^[377]

Gallup ro'yxatga olingan saylovchilar o'rtasida har hafta siyosiy mafkura bo'yicha nomzodlarning qo'llab-quvvatlanishini o'lchash uchun so'rov o'tkazdi. Saylov kunigacha 27 oktyabr va 2 noyabr kunlari o'tkazilgan so'nggi so'rovda 32 foiz sof mustaqillar Makkeynni qo'llab-quvvatlashdi, Obamaning 24 foiz qo'llab-quvvatlashi. Makkeynning Mustaqil qo'llab-quvvatlashi 15-21 sentyabr kunlari 38 foizga yetdi.^[378]

Saylovchilar kollejining prognozlari

2008 yil 3-noyabrgacha bo'lgan 2008 yilgi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlaridagi prezident saylovlari uchun shtat bo'ylab o'tkazilgan ijtimoiy so'rov.^[379]

Umumiy saylovlar oldidan bir kun oldin RealClearPolitics saylov xaritasi, o'rtacha shtat bo'ylab o'tkazilgan ijtimoiy so'rovlarda Makkeyn / Peyninga 132, muxoliflar Obama / Baydenga esa 278 ovoz ko'pchilik ovozi berilishi kutilmoqda. 128 saylovchilarning ovozlari bekor qilingan deb hisoblanadi.^[380] Ovoz berishlar etakchilariga tegishli bo'lgan ovozlarni tashlash bilan Makkeyn / Peynin 200 saylovchilar ovozini olishi va Obama / Bayden uchun 338 ovozni ortda qoldirishi kutilmoqda.^[381]

Makkeyn 173 saylovchining ovozini oldi va Obamaning 365 ovozini ortda qoldirdi. 2008 yil 19 noyabrga qadar barcha shtatlar saylovchilarning ovozlarini hal qilishdi. So'nggi qaror qabul qilgan shtat Missuri bo'lib, u erda Makkeyn umumiy ovozlarning 0,1 foizidan kamrog'ini egallagan.^[382] Saylov allaqachon qaror qilinganligi sababli Missuridagi yaqin natijalar bahslashmadi va Missuri Makkeynga chaqirildi.

Makkeyn pirovard natijada saylovchilarning ovozlarini sanab chiqishni bashorat qildi. Shimoliy Karolina, Indiana va Nebraskaning 2-kongress okrugi kabi otishmalar Obamaga to'g'ri keldi. Saylovdan oldin o'rtacha so'rov natijalari Makkeyn uchun berilgan ovozlarni taxmin qildi.

Qulaylik

31 oktyabr - 2 noyabr kunlari o'tkazilgan ijobiy / noqulay fikrlarni o'lchagan o'rtacha to'rtta milliy so'rov natijalariga ko'ra saylov kunidan oldin o'rtacha 52,3% ijobiy fikr va 41,5% Makkeynning yoqimsiz fikri mavjud. Makkeynning yoqimli va noxush fikrlari saylov mavsumi davomida turlicha bo'lib turdi, ammo uning ijobiy fikri saylov mavsumi davomida o'tkazilgan so'rov natijalariga ko'ra uning salbiy fikridan yuqori bo'lib qoldi. Makkeynning eng yuqori reytingi 13-iyul kuni 57,6% maqbul va 35,2% nojoiz bo'lgan.^[383]

Dunyo fikri

Fikrlari 2008 yil AQSh prezident saylovi va nomzodlar dunyo bo'ylab har xil edi. Fikr bildirganlar Makkeynning raqibiga yoqishdi. 2008 yil may oyidan oktyabr oyigacha dunyo bo'ylab o'tkazilgan Gallup so'rovlariga ko'ra, 73 mamlakatda qatnashganlarning 7 foizi Makkeynni, Obamani esa 24 foizi qo'llab-quvvatlagan. Ko'pchilik (so'ralganlarning taxminan 70%) hech qanday fikrga ega emas yoki umuman fikr bildirmagan.^[384]

Ommaviy axborot vositalarida yoritish

2007 yil 29 oktyabrda Jurnalistika mukammalligi uchun loyiha va Joan Shorenshteyn matbuot, siyosat va jamoat siyosati markazi 2007 yilning birinchi besh oyi davomida Makkeyn 2008 yilgi prezidentlikka nomzodlarning har qandayida ommaviy axborot vositalarida eng noqulay xabarlarni olganligini, shu bilan birga, 12 foiz hikoyalar unga, 48 foizga yoqimsiz ohangga ega bo'lganligi va muvozanat neytral.^[385] Maqolaning qamrovi bo'yicha Makkeyn barcha hikoyalarning 7 foiziga mavzu bo'lib, respublikachilar orasida ikkinchi, umuman to'rtinchi o'rinni egallagan.^[385] Makkeynning salbiy yoritilishi asosan pessimistik fikrlarni o'z ichiga olgan "ot poygasi"milliy saylov uchastkalarida saylov kampaniyasining siljishi va mablag 'yig'ish qiyinligiga qaratilgan hikoyalar;^[386] shuningdek, o'sha paytda mashhur bo'lmaganlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashni o'z ichiga olgan Iroq qo'shinlarining ko'payishi.^[386] Makkeynning saylovoldi kampaniyasi ushbu tadqiqot oynasidan ko'p o'tmay butunlay qulab tushdi; keyinchalik matbuot yoz davomida "Makkeyn o'ldi" hikoyasiga bag'ishlangan bo'lib, u asta-sekin o'zgarib turdi.^[387]

2008 yilgi boshlang'ich mavsumi boshlanganda, Makkeynning ommaviy axborot vositalari o'zgarib ketdi va u endi "qaytish" hikoyasi sifatida qaraldi. Bundan tashqari, Makkeyn ushbu avtobusda unga deyarli cheksiz ommaviy axborot vositalariga kirish huquqini berish bo'yicha o'zining uzoq yillik amaliyotiga qaytdi;^[388] bu shuningdek, uning siyosiy hisob-kitoblardan xoli "to'g'ri gaplashish" bilan shug'ullanishi haqidagi tushunchadir^[387] unga matbuotda ijobiy shaxsiy kayfiyatni berdi.^[387] Ushbu tuyg'uni aks ettirgan holda, MSNBC"s Djo Skarboro ommaviy axborot vositalari bilan hazillashdi: "O'ylaymanki, ularning har biri Massachusetsga ko'chib o'tib, agar iloji bo'lsa, Jon Makkeynga uylanishadi".^[389] Bo'yicha o'lchovlar Navarra universiteti 2008 yil yanvar oyi davomida Makkeyn global ommaviy axborot vositalarining e'tiborini Respublikachilar nomzodlari orasida uzoqdan uchinchi o'rinni egallab, Romni va Xakabining tengdoshlariga aylantirganligini ko'rsatdi.^[390]

2008 yil iyul oyida Makkeyn kampaniyasi matbuotga nisbatan cheklovli munosabatlarga o'tdi va ochiq savollar uchun avvalgi vaqtni deyarli tugatdi.^[391] Makkeynning matbuot anjumanlari kamdan-kam bo'lib qoldi va bitta muxbir aytganidek: "U endi o'zining saylov kampaniyasining matbuot bo'limiga muxbirlar bilan suhbatlashishga kirishmaydi".^[392]

Musiqadan foydalanish

Jon Rich saylov kampaniyasida o'zining "Mayiz 'Makkeyn" qo'shig'ini ijro etdi O'Fallon, Missuri, 2008 yil 31-avgust

Kampaniya tanqid qilindi va bitta holatda saylovoldi tashviqoti tadbirlarida va reklama paytida musiqadan foydalanganligi uchun sudga da'vo qo'zg'atildi. Kashshof rok-n-roll rassomi Chak Berri Makkeynning o'z qo'shig'idan foydalanishini ommaviy ravishda buzdi "Jonni B. Gud"Makkeyn tomonidan tanlangan kampaniyada" asosan unda "Go Johnny Go Go Go" xori borligi sababli. "Berri iyun oyida Obamani qo'llab-quvvatlashini ochiqchasiga aytganda, Makkeyn kampaniyasi ABBA"Mendan imkoniyat oling"o'rniga.^[393] 2008 yil avgust oyida qo'shiqchi Jekson Braun foydalanish uchun Makkeyn kampaniyasi, respublikachilar milliy qo'mitasi va Ogayo respublikachilar partiyasiga qarshi da'vo qo'zg'adi.Bo'sh ishlayapti"foydalanish buzilganligini ko'rsatuvchi tijorat mahsulotida Lanxem qonuni Braun tomonidan tasdiqlanganligini nazarda tutgan holda.^[394] Oktyabr oyida Foo Fighters kampaniyadan foydalanishni to'xtatishni so'radi "Mening qahramonim"qo'shig'idan foydalanish asl niyatiga" dog 'tushirgan ".^[395] Kampaniya, shuningdek, tanqidlarga sabab bo'ldi Yurak foydalanish uchun "Barrakuda"Sara Peylinning Respublikachilar Milliy Kongressida paydo bo'lishiga hamrohlik qilish uchun. Guruh" Sara Peylinning qarashlari va qadriyatlari bizni amerikalik ayol sifatida hech qanday ma'noga ega emas.^[396] A'zolari Van Halen "dan foydalanishga qarshi chiqdiHoziroq",^[397] qo'shiqning sobiq bosh qo'shiqchisi va hammuallifi bo'lishiga qaramay Sammi Hojar uning ishlatilishida hech qanday muammo yo'qligini aytdi: "Bu qo'shiqni ishlatgan Makkeyn bo'ladimi yoki Obama ushbu qo'shiqdan foydalanishni tanladimi, hozirgi siyosiy muhit bilan, so'zlar hali ham bir xil ma'noga ega".^[398]

Makkeyn-Peynning vakili kampaniya ushbu qo'shiqlarni ijro etish uchun ruxsat berib, ularga tegishli litsenziyalar berganligini aytdi.^[399] Xabarlarga ko'ra, musiqa adyol litsenziyasi ostida ishlatilgan, bunda rassomlarning ruxsati talab qilinmaydi, lekin hanuzgacha tegishli qonuniy kanallarni kuzatib boradi va royalti to'lovlarini o'z ichiga oladi.^[397]

Makkeynda muvaffaqiyat qozongan kantri musiqasi, qaerda mukofotga sazovor bo'lgan^[400] va mashhur^[401] qo'shiq muallifi Jon Rich 2008 yil avgust oyida "Mayiz 'Makkeyn" saylovoldi kampaniyasini yozgan.^[402] Boyda siyosiy tusga ega qo'shiqlar ishlab chiqarishga moyil bo'lgan The New York Times buni boshqa ba'zi harakatlariga qaraganda "xayoliy targ'ibot bo'lagi" deb atadi.^[403] U buni Respublikachilar milliy qurultoyining yopilish marosimida va saylovoldi mitinglarida ijro etdi.^[404][405]

2009 yil fevral oyida sudya yuridik guruh tomonidan Makkeyn va Respublika milliy qo'mitasi tomonidan mualliflik huquqini buzilishi, yolg'on tasdiqlash va Braunning oshkoralik huquqini buzish kabi ayblovlarni ilgari surgan Braun da'vosini rad etish to'g'risidagi takliflarini rad etdi. 2009 yil iyul oyida Makkeyn kampaniyasi, Ogayo shtatidagi Respublikachilar partiyasi va Respublikachilar milliy qo'mitasi qo'shiqdan foydalanganligi uchun qo'shma kechirim so'rab, sud tomonidan noma'lum summa bo'yicha hal qilindi.^[406] Ularning bayonotida Makkeynning o'zi undan foydalanish to'g'risida bexabar bo'lganligi va uni kechirmaganligi e'lon qilindi.^[406]

Mablag 'yig'ish va moliya

Birinchi chorakda mablag 'yig'ish jami aprel oyi boshida e'lon qilinganidan so'ng, jami Makkeynning poygadagi raqiblaridan 13,6 million dollar ortda qolayotganini ko'rsatdi.^{[iqtibos kerak]} U birinchi chorak davomida 8 million dollardan ko'proq saylov kampaniyasi mablag'larini sarfladi va bankda 5,2 million dollar va 1,8 million dollar qarz bilan qoldi.^[407] Makkeyn 51000 dona donordan oshib ketdi, raqiblari Giuliani, 28.356 bilan, Romni esa 36.538 bilan.^[407] Biroq, Makkeyn birinchi chorakda ishlatilgan pulning yuqori "kuyish tezligidan" xavotirda edi va hisobotlar qaytib kelgandan keyin butun moliyaviy operatsiyalarini qayta tikladi.^[408]

Makkeynning ikkinchi chorakda mablag 'yig'ish natijalari yomonroq bo'lib, mablag' 11,2 million dollarga tushdi va xarajatlar davom etaverdi, faqatgina 2 million dollar naqd pul qoldi. Makkeynning yordamchilarining ta'kidlashicha, kampaniyada jamoatchilikka mos keladigan mablag'ni olish masalasi ko'rib chiqilmoqda^[52] Kampaniyaning 2-choragining oxirida 2 million dollar naqd pulga ega bo'lishiga qaramay, 7 raqamli qarz pul ahvolini yanada dahshatli qilishiga olib keladigan ba'zi ko'rsatmalar mavjud.^[409]

2007 yil 30 sentyabr holatiga ko'ra, Makkeyn prezidentlik uchun saylovoldi kampaniyasi uchun 32 124 785 dollar yig'di. Xususiy donorlar uning kampaniyasi uchun 30 183 761 dollar, PAClar 458 307 dollar va 1 482 717 dollar boshqa manbalardan olingan. PAC hissalarining 70% ishbilarmon guruhlardan, 1% mehnat jamoalaridan va oxirgi 29% mafkuraviy tashkilotlardan olingan. Hozirga qadar uning 95,6% moliyaviy holati oshkor qilingan, 4,4% esa oshkor qilinmagan.^[410]

Makkeyn mablag'ni qabul qilgan birinchi nomzod edi Prezident saylovi kampaniyasi mablag'larini rasmiylashtirish.^[411][412]

Aksiya 2007 yil yozida yuz bergan moliyaviy muammolar paytida u bank kreditidan rozilik olish uchun donorlar ro'yxatidan garov sifatida foydalangan.^[413] Bu kampaniyaning maxfiylik siyosati bo'ladimi degan savolni tug'dirdi^[414] bunday foydalanish bilan buzilgan.^[413] Makkeyn vakili buni bajarmaganini aytdi, chunki kampaniyaning barcha mol-mulki o'sha paytda garov sifatida berilgan, nafaqat donorlar ro'yxati.^[413]

2007 yil dekabrga qadar Makkeyn 32 dan foydalangan lobbistlar boshqa nomzodlarga qaraganda ko'proq mablag 'yig'uvchi sifatida.^[415]

Makkeyn umumiy saylov kampaniyasi uchun davlat moliyalashtirishni va unga tegishli cheklovlarni qabul qilgan bo'lsa-da, uning raqibi buni qabul qilmadi va Makkeyn Obamani tarixda davlat moliyalashtirishdan bosh tortgan birinchi yirik partiya nomzodi bo'lganligi uchun tanqid qildi.^[416][417]

Makkeyn kampaniyasi Palinni vitse-prezidentlikka nomzod sifatida e'lon qilganidan keyin bir kun ichida 7 million AQSh dollar miqdorida badal oldi.^[241]

Shunga qaramay, umumiy saylov kampaniyasi davom etayotgan paytda, Makkeyn to'rtdan bittadan farq bilan Obamadan ustunlik qildi.^[359] Oxir-oqibat, 1 sentyabrdan kampaniyaning oxirigacha Makkeyn davlat moliyalashtirish qoidalari bilan unga ajratilgan 84 million dollarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri sarfladi, Obama esa ushbu tizimdan chiqib, shu davrda to'g'ridan-to'g'ri 315 million dollar sarfladi.^[418]

Tavsiyalar

Makkeyn respublika miqyosidagi ko'plab taniqli shaxslar va tashkilotlarning, shu jumladan Prezidentning ma'qullashiga sazovor bo'ldi Jorj V.Bush, Vitse prezident Dik Cheyni, sobiq prezident Jorj H. V. Bush, sobiq birinchi xonim Nensi Reygan, va Milliy miltiq uyushmasi.^[419]

Texas ruhoniysi tomonidan tasdiqlangan John Hagee tufayli tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ldi o'tmishdagi so'zlar, ba'zilari katolik va yahudiylarga qarshi deb da'vo qilgan.^{[420][421][422][423]} Makkeyn dastlab Xeygning tasdiqini izlagan va qabul qilgan, ammo 2008 yil 20 aprelda u tasdiqlashni qabul qilishni xato deb ta'riflagan.^[423] U Xeyning 1990-yillarda bergan va'zi haqidagi xabarlardan so'ng, 2008 yil 22-mayda tasdiqlashni rasmiy ravishda rad etdi. Adolf Gitler yahudiy xalqini Evropadan haydash "Xudoning irodasi" edi, chunki bu yahudiylarni Muqaddas erga to'plashning ilohiy rejasi edi. Makkeyn Xeygning va'zini "aqldan ozgan va qabul qilinishi mumkin emas" deb qoraladi.^[424]

Makkeyn ham qo'llab-quvvatladi Mustaqil demokrat Djo Liberman, "Mening fikrimcha, (Makkeyn) mamlakatni siyosiy yo'nalishlar bo'yicha birlashtiradigan barcha nomzodlarning eng yaxshisi, shuning uchun biz odamlar duch keladigan ba'zi muammolarni hal qilishni boshlashimiz mumkin".^[425]

Shuningdek qarang

• Jon Makkeyndan yoshroq 72 narsa
• Makkeyn Demokrat va Obama respublikachi
• Ayova elektron bozori 2008 yil AQSh prezident saylovlari bozori grafikalar
• Barak Obama 2008 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi

Bibliografiya

• Balz, Dan; Jonson, Xeyns (2009). Amerika uchun jang, 2008 yil: Favqulodda saylovlar haqida hikoya. Nyu York: Viking pengueni. ISBN 978-0-670-02111-6.
• Heilemann, Jon; Halperin, Mark (2010). O'yin o'zgarishi: Obama va Klintonlar, Makkeyn va Peylin va umr bo'yi poyga. Nyu York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-173363-5.
• Jons, Erik (tahr.); Vassallo, Salvatore (2009). 2008 yilgi Prezident saylovi: to'rt aktdagi voqea. Palgrave Makmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-61938-8.CS1 maint: qo'shimcha matn: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola)
• Kornblut, Anne E. (2009). Shiqillagan shiftdan eslatmalar: Xillari Klinton, Sara Peynin va ayol g'alaba qozonishi uchun nima kerak. Toj kitoblari. ISBN 978-0-307-46425-5.
• Palin, Sara (2009). Roguega borish: Amerika hayoti. HarperCollins va Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-06-193989-1.
• Plouffe, Devid (2009). G'alaba qozonish uchun jasorat: Ichki voqea va Barak Obamaning tarixiy g'alabasi darslari. Viking kattalar. ISBN 978-0-670-02133-8.
• Tomas, Evan (2009). "Uzoq vaqtlar": 2008 yilgi ilhomlantiruvchi, kurash kampaniyasi va Barak Obamaning tarixiy saylanishi. Nyu York: Jamoat ishlari. ISBN 978-1-58648-607-5.
• Todd, Chak; Gawiser, Sheldon (2009). Barak Obama qanday yutgan: Tarixiy 2008 yilgi Prezident saylovlari uchun shtatlar bo'yicha qo'llanma. Vintage Press. ISBN 978-0-307-47366-0.

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

• Prezident saylov kampaniyasi veb-sayti
• Jon Makkeyn 2008 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi da Curlie
• Akademiklar va Hillari Klinton yordamchilarining qarshi reaktsiyalari
• Sara Peylin tomonidan tasdiqlangan hujjatlar bilan vakolatni suiste'mol qilish to'g'risidagi hisobot, 2008 yil 10 oktyabr
• Nakkan-Garvard universiteti - Makkeynning xayriya tadbirlarida