WikiDer > Hillari Klintonning siyosiy pozitsiyalari

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Xillari Klinton Ayova shtatining Des Moines shahrida 2016 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi doirasida "Kavkadan chiqing" mitingida nutq so'zlamoqda

Ushbu maqola haqida ketma-ket qismidir Hillari Klinton
Siyosiy lavozimlar Saylov tarixi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining birinchi xonimi Rol Sog'liqni saqlash rejasi CHIP Oq suv va boshqa tekshiruvlar Levinskiy mojarosiga javob Nyu-Yorkdan AQSh senatori Egalik 2000 yilgi saylov 2006 yil qayta saylanish AQSh davlat kotibi Egalik Xorijiy sayohatlar Bingazi hujumi Obamaning tashqi siyosati QDDR Elektron pochta bilan bog'liq tortishuvlar Hillari doktrinasi Prezidentlik kampaniyalari 2008 Boshlang'ich saylovlar Konventsiya Tavsiyalar 2016 Boshlang'ich saylovlar Konventsiya Bahslar Saylov Vitse-prezident tanlovi Tavsiyalar siyosiy siyosiy bo'lmagan Tashkilotlar Klinton jamg'armasi Davlat departamentining ziddiyatlari Birgalikda oldinga Mukofotlar va sharaflar Bibliografiya
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Hillari Klinton, nomzodi Demokratik partiya uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari prezidenti yilda 2016, birinchi xonim bo'lib ishlagan paytida siyosiy masalalarda pozitsiyalarni egallagan Arkanzas (1979–81; 1983–92), Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining birinchi xonimi (1993-2001); kabi AQSh senatori dan Nyu York (2001-2009); va sifatida xizmat qiladi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari davlat kotibi (2009–2013).

Qadimgi odatlarga muvofiq, u davlat kotibi bo'lgan davrda aksariyat ichki siyosiy masalalarda pozitsiyadan voz kechgan.^[1][2] 2015 yilda u uni e'lon qildi prezidentlikka nomzod. Klinton g'alaba qozondi Demokratik ibtidoiy saylovlar va rasmiy ravishda partiyaning nomzodiga aylandi 2016 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya. U saylovchilar kollejini va 2016 yil AQSh prezidentlik saylovi milliarder ko'chmas mulk moguliga Donald Tramp.

O'zining faoliyati davomida Klinton "siyosat g'olib bo'ldi"tez-tez ekspert maslahatchilari bilan maslahatlashadigan va siyosiy takliflarning tafsilotlari bilan chuqur shug'ullanadigan.^[3][4][5] 2016 yil avgust oyiga qadar Klinton kampaniyasi 38 ta siyosiy taklif va 65 ta ma'lumot varaqalarini e'lon qildi, ularning soni 112 735 so'zni tashkil etdi.^[6]

Siyosiy falsafa

O'z so'zlari bilan aytganda

Uning 1996 yilgi kitobida Bu qishloqni oladi, Klinton shunday yozadi: "Ko'pchiligimiz o'zimizni" yo'lning o'rtasi "deb ta'riflaymiz - ba'zi sohalarda liberal, ayrim joylarda konservativ, ko'pchilikda mo''tadil, nafaqat hukumatni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi va na qarshi".^[7] Klinton "bu atamani afzal ko'rishini aytdi"progressiv"to"liberal", deya izoh berib," Afsuski, so'nggi 30, 40 yil ichida [liberal ”so'zi boshiga ko'tarilgan va bu xuddi katta hukumatni ta'riflaydigan so'zga o'xshaydi, go'yoki bu narsaga mutlaqo zid. uning ma'nosi 19 va 20 asr boshlarida bo'lgan. Men 20-asrning boshlarida Progressive Era-ga qaytib boradigan haqiqiy Amerika ma'nosini anglatuvchi "progressiv" so'zini afzal ko'raman. "^[8] Yel tarixchisi Beverli Geyj bunga Bill va Xillari milliy siyosatga aralashgan paytgacha "liberal" ning "opprobrium atamasi" deb qaralishi, "progressiv" atamasi esa taraqqiyotning noaniq ijobiy tushunchalariga doimiy ravishda ishora qilib kelgani sabab bo'lgan deb da'vo qilmoqda. , Respublikachilar va demokratlardan, ayniqsa, nisbatan Progressive Era.^[8]

2007 yil iyun oyida bo'lib o'tgan Demokratik partiyaning asosiy bahsida u o'zini liberal deb ta'riflay oladimi degan savolga javoban Klinton shunday dedi: "Men o'zimni zamonaviy taraqqiyparvar, shaxsiy huquq va erkinliklarga qattiq ishonadigan, biz ekanligimizga ishonadigan odam deb bilaman. Birgalikda ishlashda va hayotda barcha afzalliklarga ega bo'lmaganlarga o'zlari va oilalari uchun yanada samarali hayot kechirish uchun zarur vositalarni olishlariga yordam berish yo'llarini topishda jamiyat sifatida yaxshiroqdir, shuning uchun men o'zimni mag'rur deb bilaman zamonaviy amerikalik ilg'or, va menimcha, bu bizni Amerika siyosatiga qaytarishimiz kerak bo'lgan falsafa va amaliyotdir ".^[9]

2015 yil sentyabr oyida "Xillari uchun ayollar uchun" tadbirida Klinton "Bilasizmi, meni mo''tadil va markazparvarlikda ayblashadi. Men aybimni tan olaman" dedi.^[10]

Tomonidan so'ralganda Anderson Kuper 2015 yil oktyabr oyida u ham ilg'or, ham mo''tadil bo'lish bilan qanday yarashganligi haqida: "Siz siyosiy kimligingizni kim bilan suhbatlashayotganingizga qarab o'zgartirasizmi? Ma'lumot uchun, siz ilg'ormisiz yoki mo''tadilmisiz?", deya javob berdi Hillari. ilg'or, ammo men ishlarni bajarishni yaxshi ko'radigan ilg'or odamman va men qanday qilib umumiy til topishni bilaman va qanday qilib o'z pozitsiyamda turishni bilaman va men har qanday pozitsiyada, hatto muomalada ham buni isbotladim men haqimda hech qachon yaxshi so'z aytolmagan respublikachilar bilan, halol ".^[11]

Tarozilar va reytinglar

Klintonning 2015 yilgi Crowdpac reytingi chap-o'ng o'lchov bo'yicha -6,4 edi, bu erda -10 eng liberal va 10 eng konservativ hisoblanadi.^[12] Bu bal asosan saylovoldi tashviqotlari, shuningdek ovozlar va nutqlarning yig'indisidir.^[12] Bu uning 2008 yildagi 6.9 darajasidan biroz o'ngga siljishni anglatadi.^[12]

Klinton "qattiq-yadroli liberal" deb baholangan OnTheIssues.org uning ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy masalalar bo'yicha ochiq bayonotlariga asoslangan miqyos.^[13] Ga binoan FiveThirtyEight 'ushbu va boshqa tahlillarni qayta ko'rib chiqish, "Klinton Senatda bo'lgan davrida eng liberal a'zolardan biri bo'lgan",^[14] nisbatan bir oz ko'proq liberal Barak Obama, "kabi liberal Elizabeth Uorren va nisbatan deyarli o'rtacha Berni Sanders".^[14] New York Times gazetasining tahlili shuni ko'rsatdiki, Klinton va Berni Sanders Senatda qatnashgan ikki yil ichida (2007-2009) shu vaqtning 93 foizida ovoz berishgan, shuningdek, kelishmovchiliklarning asosiy yo'nalishlarini qayd etishgan. 2008 yilda prezidentlik saylovlariga tayyorgarlik ko'rayotgan Klinton "^[15]

Klinton "Senatning eng liberal a'zolari orasida 11-o'rinni egallagan" DW-NOMINATE, qonun chiqaruvchi ovozlarga asoslangan ko'p o'lchovli miqyoslash usuli.^[16]

Qiziqish guruhlari

Klintonning umr bo'yi reytingi Amerika konservativ ittifoqi (Senatning ovozi asosida) 8,13%, senatornikiga o'xshash Berni Sanders (I-VT) va senator Elizabeth Uorren (D-MA).^[17]

Iqtisodiy siyosat

Ga binoan Vox, Klinton iqtisodiy masalalarda sobiq prezidentga qaraganda ancha liberal edi Barak Obama va sobiq prezident Bill KlintonVa ikkalasi ham xizmat qilganida Obamaga qaraganda ko'proq liberal ovoz berish rekordiga ega edi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati.^[18]

Tomonidan berilgan xabarga ko'ra Moody's Analytics Klintonning 2016 yilgi iqtisodiy takliflari to'g'risida, "Kotib Klintonning iqtisodiy siyosati birlashganda deyarli har qanday stsenariy bo'yicha AQSh iqtisodiyoti kuchayishiga olib keladi."^[19] Klintonning takliflari, agar qabul qilinsa, to'rt yillik prezidentlik davrida 10,4 million ish o'rni yaratiladi (amaldagi qonunchilikda kutilganidan 3,2 million ko'proq).^[19] Yalpi ichki mahsulot o'sishi 2,7 foizni tashkil etadi, aksincha amaldagi qonunchilikda 2020 yilgacha kutilgan 2,3 foiz.^[19][20] Hisobotda ta'kidlanishicha, uning immigratsiya taklifi iqtisodiyotdagi malakali ishchilar sonini ko'paytiradi, infratuzilma xarajatlari biznes samaradorligini oshirishga yordam beradi va oilaviy ta'tilga taklif qilish ko'proq odamlarni ishchi kuchiga jalb qiladi.^[19][21]

A Financial Times Iqtisodchilar o'rtasida o'tkazilgan so'rovnoma, 28-29 iyul kunlari o'tkazilgan so'rovda qatnashgan iqtisodchilarning 70 foizga yaqini Klintonning g'alaba qozonishi AQSh iqtisodiy o'sishi uchun ijobiy bo'ladi (Tramp uchun 14 foizdan ozroq bo'lsa).^[22] So'rov natijalariga ko'ra Biznes iqtisodiyoti milliy assotsiatsiyasi (NABE) a'zolari, biznes-iqtisodchilarning 55 foizi Klinton AQSh iqtisodiyotini boshqarish bo'yicha prezident sifatida eng yaxshi ishni bajaradi deb o'ylaydi (15% Gari Jonsonni tanlagan, 15% o'zlarini bilmagan yoki fikr bildirmaganligini aytgan va 14 % Donald Trampni tanlash).^[23] Tomonidan o'tkazilgan so'rov natijalariga ko'ra Wall Street Journal, 13 ning 20 sobiq Demokratik a'zolaridan Oq uyning iqtisodiy maslahatchilar kengashi Klintonni ochiqchasiga qo'llab-quvvatlang va 20 kishidan hech kim unga qarshi emas.^[24] Iqtisodiyot bo'yicha o'n to'qqizta Nobel mukofoti sovrindori Klintonni qo'llab-quvvatlagan maktubni imzolab, "Hillari Klinton bizning iqtisodiyotimiz va mamlakatimiz uchun prezidentlikka eng yaxshi nomzod", deya ta'kidladi.^[25][26]

Klintonning "infratuzilma rejasi siyosiy spektrda iqtisodchilar tomonidan keng baholandi".^[27] Biroq, John H. Cochrane, konservatorning iqtisodchisi Hoover instituti, Klintonning infratuzilma xarajatlari rejasi iqtisodiy o'sishga cheklangan ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkinligini ta'kidlamoqda.^[28] Shuningdek, u "Prezident Tramp" yo'qotilgan ish o'rinlari uchun hammadan ko'proq javobgar bo'lishi mumkinligini "aytgan."^[29]

2016 yilgi Klinton kampaniyasining ichki iqtisodiy maslahatchilari qatoriga mos ravishda Milliy iqtisodiy kengash va Moliya vazirligida Obama ma'muriyatida iqtisodiy siyosat bo'yicha ishlagan Maykl Shapiro va Maykl Shmidtlar kiradi.^[30][31] Kampaniyaning tashqi maslahat guruhiga Prinston professori kiradi Alan Krueger, sobiq G'aznachilik xodimi va AQSh Iqtisodiy maslahatchilar kengashining sobiq raisi; Princeton professori Alan Blinder, a'zosi Iqtisodiy maslahatchilar kengashi va a Federal zaxira 1990-yillarda rasmiy; liberal Kolumbiya professori Jozef Stiglitz, Nobel mukofoti sovrindori, sobiq Jahon banki bosh iqtisodchi va Iqtisodiy maslahatchilar kengashining raisi, erkin bozor fundamentalizmi va globallashuvni boshqarish taniqli tanqidchisi; MIT professori Simon Jonson, sobiq bosh iqtisodchi XVF; Dyuk professori Aaron Chatterji; Berkli professori Kristina Romer, Obama ma'muriyatidagi Iqtisodiy maslahatchilar kengashining sobiq raisi; va Xizer Bushi, tengsizlik va pullik oilaviy ta'til bo'yicha mutaxassis, Vashingtonning teng o'sish markazining ijrochi direktori va bosh iqtisodchisi bo'lib ishlaydi.^{[31][32][33][34]}

Bankrotlik

2001 yilda Klinton a bankrotlik bankrotlik protsedurasi doirasida qarzdorlarning qarzlarini to'lashni qiyinlashtiradigan islohotlar to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi. Klinton qonunchilikka bergan ovozi, ayollarni himoya qilishga qaratilgan, shu jumladan, otasi bankrot deb e'lon qilganidan keyin ayollarga aliment to'lashga imkon beradigan qoidalarni kiritish bilan bog'liqligini ta'kidladi.^[35] Kredit karta kompaniyalari va banklari kapital ta'mirlashni qo'llab-quvvatladilar, shuningdek ayollar guruhlari, iste'molchilar guruhlari esa qonunchilikka qarshi chiqishdi. Ovoz berishini tushuntirar ekan, Klinton shunday dedi: "Agar ushbu islohot etishmayotgan bo'lsa, konferentsiyadan qaytib keladigan bo'lsa, men ushbu qonun loyihasini qabul qilish uchun ovoz bermayman ... Men ushbu qonunchilik uchun ovoz beraman, chunki bu ish olib borilmoqda va va islohotlar sari olg'a qadam tashlamoqda. " Qonun loyihasi ushbu qonun yig'ilishida yakuniy ovoz berish uchun chiqmadi. Qachon shunga o'xshash qonunchilik 2005 yilda yana paydo bo'ldi ammo Demokratlar tomonidan 2001 yilda qo'shilgan tuzatishlarsiz Klinton qonunchilikka qarshi chiqdi.^[35][36]

2006 va 2007 yillarda Senatda bo'lganida Klinton talaba qarz oluvchi huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini taqdim etdi. Qonunchilik "naqd puldan mahrum bo'lgan talaba qarz oluvchilarga kreditlarini to'lashni, kreditlarini qayta moliyalashtirishni va talablarga javob berishni osonlashtirgan bo'lar edi daromadga asoslangan kredit to'lovlariva bankrotlik paytida talaba qarzini to'lash."^[37] O'sha paytda qonunchilik qabul qilinmadi.^[37]

Aksiyani moliyalashtirish

Klinton, agar Prezident etib saylansa, prezidentlikdan keyingi dastlabki 30 kun ichida Konstitutsiyaga o'zgartish kiritib, uni bekor qilishini aytdi. Oliy sudning bahsli qarori Citizens United va FEC (2010),^[38] AQSh saylovlarida "cheksiz mablag 'yig'ishning yangi davrini boshlagan".^[39]

Klintonning aytishicha, u bekor qilinadigan Oliy sud sudyalarini tayinlayman Citizens United, bayonotida: "Men ovoz berish huquqini himoya qiladigan va milliarderlarning saylovlarni sotib olish huquqini himoya qilmaydigan Oliy sud sudyalarini tayinlash uchun qo'limdan kelgan barcha ishni qilaman".^[40] Shuningdek, Klinton saylangan taqdirda, siyosiy xarajatlarni tashqi guruhlar tomonidan yanada "samarali" oshkor etilishini talab qiladigan qonunchilikni qabul qilishga va agar Kongress harakat qilmasa, federal hukumat pudratchilaridan barcha siyosiy xarajatlarni oshkor qilishni talab qiladigan ijro buyrug'ini imzolashga va'da berdi.^[41][42][43]

2002 yilda Klinton ovoz berish uchun ovoz berdi Ikki partiyali kampaniyani isloh qilish to'g'risidagi qonun (Makkeyn-Fayngold qonuni), unga cheklovlar qo'ydi yumshoq pul va siyosiy kampaniyada reklama.^[44] 2007 yilda Klinton ayrim kampaniyalarni davlat tomonidan moliyalashtirish tarafdori edi: "Menimcha, biz oxir-oqibat o'z mamlakatimizda federal byudjetga nomzodlar uchun ishlaydigan davlat moliyalashtirish tizimiga o'tishimiz kerak. Men buni prezident sifatida qo'llab-quvvatlayman. "^[45] Shu bilan birga, o'zining mablag 'to'plashi unga prezidentlik saylovlari uchun 30 yillik davlat moliyalashtirish sxemasidan voz kechishga imkon berdi, bu esa demokratik nominatsiya uchun boshqa nomzodlar: Barak Obama va Jon Edvards tomonidan amalga oshirildi.^[45] 2016 yilda Klinton kichik badallarni ko'paytiradigan davlat moliyalashtirish tizimini taklif qildi.^[46]

Kapitalizm va iqtisodiy falsafa

1996 yilgi intervyusida Klinton hukumat va hukumat o'rtasidagi munosabatlarni izohladi xususiy sektorshunday dedi: "Men shunchaki jamiyatdagi barcha institutlar o'rtasida sog'lom tanglik bo'lishi kerakligiga ishonaman va bozor bizning farovonligimiz, erkinligimiz uchun ko'p jihatdan harakat qiluvchi kuch bo'lib, hayotimizni o'zimizga aylantirish uchun, lekin faqat odamlarning hayoti ustidan qo'pol mulohaza yuritishga yo'l qo'yib bo'lmaydi. "^[47]

2014 yil oktyabr oyida qilgan nutqida Klinton "Hech kim sizga ish o'rinlari yaratadigan korporatsiyalar va bizneslar deb aytishiga yo'l qo'ymang. Siz eski nazariya, aldanib qolgan iqtisodni bilasiz. Bu sinab ko'rilgan; bu muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi. Aksincha muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi ajoyib ".^[48]

2015 yil iyul oyida Nyu-York universiteti Stern biznes maktabi, Klinton u "qisqa muddatli" va "choraklik kapitalizm" deb nomlagan narsalarni - "Klinton iqtisodiyot uchun xavfli deb hisoblaydigan aktsiyalar bahosi va real qiymat yaratilishidan olingan choraklik daromad bilan obsesyonni" qoraladi.^[49][50] Klinton "kapitalizmni qutqarish uchun yangi, ijodiy, buzuvchi g'oyalar" ga chaqirdi^[50] va kapitalizmni "ixtiro qilish kerak, uni muvozanatga qaytarish kerak" deb aytgan.^[49]

Senator bilan 2015 yil oktyabr oyida bo'lib o'tgan Demokratik asosiy bahsda Berni Sanders, uning o'sha paytdagi asosiy raqibi Klinton shunday dedi: "Men o'ylaganimda kapitalizm Buning uchun imkoniyat va erkinlikka ega bo'lishlari, o'zlari va oilalari uchun yaxshi pul ishlashlari uchun boshlangan barcha bizneslar haqida o'ylayman ... Biz qurilgan narsadan yuz o'girganimizda katta xato qilgan bo'lardik. tarixdagi eng katta o'rta sinf."^[51] Sandersdan farqli o'laroq, Klinton uning tarafdori emas Shimoliy model, o'sha bahsda: "Biz Daniya emasmiz. Men Daniyani yaxshi ko'raman, lekin biz Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarimiz va bu bizning ishimiz kapitalizmning haddan tashqari jabhalarida jilovlash, shuning uchun u yomon".^[51][52] va "Amerikada tez-tez qilishimiz kerak bo'lgan narsa ... bu kapitalizmni o'zidan qutqarishdir."^[52]

Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan beri AQSh iqtisodiyoti Demokratik prezidentlar davrida Respublikachilarnikiga qaraganda yaxshiroq ishlaganini ta'kidlab, "Oq uyda demokrat bo'lganingizda, iqtisodiyot yaxshi bo'ladi va shuning uchun biz Oq uyda Demokrat bo'lamiz. 2017 yil yanvarida. " Maks Erenfreundning "Vashington Post" gazetasida o'tkazgan tahlilida ta'kidlanishicha, Klintonning bayonoti to'g'ri, ammo shu bilan birga Oq uy bunday iqtisodiy ko'tarilish uchun qancha kredit olishi mumkinligini aytish qiyin; yoki boshqa omillar iqtisodiyotni kuchaytirsa va demokratlar "shunchaki omadga ega bo'lishgan".^[53]

2016 yil mart oyida u batafsil iqtisodiy rejani tuzdi The New York Times "optimistik" va "keng ko'lamli" deb nomlangan.^[54] Uning iqtisodiy falsafasiga asoslanib inklyuziv kapitalizm, Klinton chet elda ish joyini ko'chiradigan kompaniyalar uchun soliq imtiyozlari va boshqa imtiyozlarni bekor qiladigan "tirnoq" ni taklif qildi; aksiyalar qiymatini oshirish va aksiyadorlarni mukofotlash uchun qisqa muddatli foydalarga e'tibor qaratish o'rniga, foyda, xodimlar, jamoalar va atrof-muhit bilan bo'lishadigan kompaniyalarga imtiyozlar berish; jamoaviy bitim huquqlarini oshirish; chet elda kamroq soliq stavkasini to'lash uchun shtab-kvartirasini Amerikadan ko'chiradigan kompaniyalarga "chiqish solig'i" ni to'lash.^[54]

Bolalarni parvarish qilish

2015 yilda Klinton uy xo'jaliklari sarf qiladigan xarajatlarni qoplashni taklif qildi bolalarni parvarish qilish uy daromadining 10 foiziga teng.^[55] Klinton 10 foizli marraga erishmoqchi edi soliq imtiyozlari va bolalarni parvarish qilishda imtiyozli yordam.^[55]

Moliyaviy tartibga solish va Uoll-stritdagi islohot

Klinton yanada kuchliroq bo'lishga chaqirdi moliyaviy tartibga solish erta 2007–08 yillardagi moliyaviy inqiroz. Klinton maxsus ravishda qat'iy choralar ko'rish uchun qoidalarga chaqirdi moliyaviy hosilalar va ikkilamchi ipoteka ustidan nazoratni kuchaytirish moliya institutlari va xususiy kapital bozorlar.^[56][57] 2007 yilgi nutqida Klinton "ikkilamchi kreditlar bozoriga katta federal aralashuvni taklif qildi va" biz hozirgi muammolarimizda, xususan, Uoll-Stritning muhim rol o'ynaganligini tan olishimiz kerak "deb ta'kidladi. uy-joy inqirozi.'"^[57] Klinton keyingisini qo'llab-quvvatladi Dodd - Frenk Uoll-stritni isloh qilish va iste'molchilar huquqlarini himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun 2010 yilga kelib, AQSh moliyaviy qoidalarini keyinchalik qayta ko'rib chiqilishi natijasida amalga oshirilgan Katta tanazzul.^[58][59] Dodd-Frank qonunining bir nechta asosiy me'morlari va qo'llab-quvvatlovchilari, shu jumladan Barni Frank va Gari Gensler, 2016 yilgi saylovoldi kampaniyasi davomida unga moliyaviy qoidalar bo'yicha maslahat beradigan Klinton tarafdorlari.^[59] Klinton turlari bo'yicha soliqqa tortishni taklif qildi yuqori chastotali savdo u "zararli" deb ta'riflagan. Uning rasmiy platformasida shunday deyilgan: "Xususan, soliq bizning buyurtmalarimizni haddan tashqari yuqori darajadagi bekor qilishni o'z ichiga olgan HFT strategiyasiga ta'sir qiladi, bu bizning bozorlarimizni kamroq barqaror va adolatsiz qiladi".^[60][61][62]

2015 yil 7 dekabrda, a Nyu-York Tayms op-ed, Klinton o'zining rejalarini bayon qildi Wall Street-ni tartibga solish.^[63] Klinton shunday deb yozgan edi: "Men prezident sifatida nafaqat moliyaviy islohotlarni susaytiradigan har qanday qonunchilikka veto qo'ygan bo'lardim, balki Dodd-Frankdan tashqarida bo'lgan qat'iy yangi qoidalar, kuchliroq ijro va javobgarlik uchun ham kurashaman".^[63] Klinton shuningdek kuchaytirishga chaqirdi Volker qoidasi bu "banklarga hali ham soliq to'lovchilar tomonidan ta'minlanadigan depozitlar bilan spekulyativ qimor o'ynashga imkon beradigan bo'shliqlarni" yopib qo'yadi.^[63] Klinton "qayta tiklash" ni qo'llab-quvvatlamaydi Shisha-Shtagal to'g'risidagi qonun, qonun (1999 yilda bekor qilingan) ajratishni talab qilgan tijorat va investitsiya banklari,^[64][65][66] Buning o'rniga kurashish uchun boshqa vositalarni afzal ko'rish tizimli xavfshu jumladan "aktivlari 50 milliard dollardan ortiq bo'lgan moliya institutlari uchun" tavakkal to'lovi ", qoidalarsoya banklari'sektori (ya'ni to'siq mablag'lari) va moliyaviy qonunbuzarliklarni ta'qib qilish bo'yicha ko'rsatmalar. "^[65]

Klinton Wall Street bilan aloqalari uchun tanqidlarga uchradi.^[67][68] Uning 2016 yil aprel oyida "Men Demokratik saylovlarda yagona nomzodman, yoki aslida har ikki tomonda ham, Wall Street moliyachilari va to'siq fondi menejerlari aslida kimga qarshi reklama e'lon qilyapman" degan da'vosi "Olovda shimlar" reytingini oldi PolitiFact. Faktlarni tekshirish xizmati barcha nomzodlar "Uoll-strit tomonidan moliyalashtirilgan guruhlar" tomonidan uyushtirilgan hujumlarning nishoniga aylanganini va Tramp prezidentlikka nomzodlarning barchasidan eng ko'p Uoll-Strit tomonidan moliyalashtirilgan hujumlarni olganini aniqladi. Shuningdek, Klintonga aloqador super PAC, Priorities USA Action moliya sanoatidan o'z hissalarining uchdan bir qismini oldi.^[69] Ga ko'ra Ta'sirchan siyosat markazi, Klinton 2016 yil mart oyida Uoll-Stritdan saylov kampaniyasining 53 foizini oldi, yanvar va fevral oylarida mos ravishda 32 va 33 foiz.^[70]

Fiskal siyosat va soliqqa tortish

2016 yil may oyidagi hisobotda Mas'uliyatli federal byudjet bo'yicha qo'mita (CRFB) Klintonning "takliflari foizlar bilan o'n yil ichida 1,80 trillion dollarga tushishini va ular 1,60 trillion dollarlik kompensatsiyalar hisobiga deyarli to'lab berilishini" taxmin qilishdi - bu asosan yuqori daromad keltiradiganlar soliqlaridan.^[71] Klinton tomonidan taklif qilingan asosiy tashabbuslar qatoriga "Yangi kollej shartnomasi" ni qabul qilish kiradi; ning kengayishi Arzon parvarishlash to'g'risidagi qonun; ning kengayishi erta bolalik ta'limi va oilaviy ta'til; bo'yicha xarajatlarni ko'paytirish infratuzilma, faxriylarni moliyalashtirishni ko'paytirish va tadqiqotlarni moliyalashtirishni kengaytirish.^[71] CRFB "Kotib Klintonning siyosati amaldagi qonunchilik qarzdorligini sezilarli darajada qo'shib qo'ymaydi" degan xulosaga keldi, ammo qarzni urushdan keyingi tarixiy darajada yuqori darajada ushlab turishi mumkin, ular hozirgi kunda 2015 yildagi YaIMning 74% dan 2026 yilda 86% gacha ko'tarilish yo'lida.^[71] 2015 yil dekabrdagi tahlil Makklatchi gazetalar xuddi shunday xulosaga kelishdi: "Klintonning takliflari" 10 yil ichida kamida 1,1 trillion dollarga tushadi, chunki u kollej xarajatlarini kamaytirish, giyohvandlikdan davolanishni ko'paytirish va ish beruvchilarga majburiy oilaviy va kasallik ta'tillari uchun to'lovlarni to'lashga yordam berish uchun milliardlab qo'shimcha dollar sarflamoqchi ". yangi daromad.^[72]

2016 yilgi prezidentlik saylovlari davomida Klinton ishlaganlik uchun soliqlarni oshirmaslikka va'da bergan o'rta sinf oilalar, yillik daromadi 250 000 AQSh dollaridan past bo'lganlar sifatida belgilangan. Klintonning va'dasi Demokratik partiyada bahsli bo'lgan.^[73][74] 2016 yil aprel oyida Klinton uni qo'llab-quvvatlashini bildirdi shakarli ichimliklarga soliqlar, bu kabi soliqlarga qarshi bo'lgan Klintonning asosiy raqibi va senator Berni Sandersning qarama-qarshi siyosati, Klintonning daromadlari 250 ming dollardan past bo'lgan oilalarning soliqlarini oshirmaslik haqidagi va'dasini buzishlarini ta'kidlamoqda.^[75] Keyinchalik Coca-Cola rahbariyati Klinton kampaniyasidan ular soda solig'i bo'yicha endi izoh bermasliklari haqida kafolat olganini aytdi.^[76]

Urban-Brukings tomonidan 2016 yil mart oyida o'tkazilgan tahlil Soliq siyosati markazi Klintonning soliq bo'yicha takliflarini quyidagicha umumlashtirdi: "Hillari Klinton yuqori daromadli soliq to'lovchilarga soliqlarni oshirishni, soliqqa tortishni o'zgartirishni taklif qilmoqda transmilliy korporatsiyalar, bekor qilish qazilma yoqilg'i soliq imtiyozlari, mulk va sovg'alar uchun soliqlarni ko'paytirish. Uning takliflari kelgusi o'n yil ichida daromadni 1,1 trln. Soliqlarning deyarli barcha o'sishi birinchi 1 foizga to'g'ri keladi; soliq to'lovchilarning pastki 95 foizi soliqlarida ozgina o'zgarishlarni ko'rgan yoki umuman o'zgartirmagan. Cheklangan soliq stavkalari o'sib borishi, ishlash, tejash va sarmoyalar uchun imtiyozlarni kamaytirishi va soliq kodeksi yanada murakkablashishi mumkin edi. Tahlil yaqin va o'rta va kam daromadli oilalar uchun soliqlarni kamaytirish bo'yicha yaqinlashib kelayotgan taklifga taalluqli emas. "^[77] Klinton, xususan, yiliga 5 million dollardan ko'proq maosh oladigan soliq to'lovchilarga 4 foiz qo'shimcha to'lovni taklif qildi; millionerlar uchun belgilangan 30% minimal soliq stavkasi tuzatilgan yalpi daromadlar 1 million dollardan yuqori ("Baffet qoidasi"), aksariyat ajratmalar uchun 28% chegirma va uzoq muddatli soliqlar oshdi kapitaldan olingan daromad. Ushbu taklif, shuningdek, bir nechta biznes soliqlarini ko'paytiradi va moliyaviy sohada haddan ziyod xavf-xatarni jazolashni va shu bilan birga ishbilarmonlarga va muammolarga duch keladigan jamoalarga yordam beradigan biznes dasturlari uchun imtiyozlar yaratishga qaratilgan.^[78][79] Soliq siyosati markazi Klintonning rejasi o'rtacha hisobda; bo'lardi: eng kambag'al daromad solig'ini o'zgarishsiz qoldirish; o'rtacha daromadli uy xo'jaliklari soliqlarini $ 44 ga oshirish (0,001% o'zgarish); eng yaxshi 1% soliqlarni 78000 dollarga oshirish; va eng yuqori 0,1% soliqlarni 520,000 dollarga oshirish.^[78]

Klinton bir qator yangi takliflarni ilgari surdi soliq imtiyozlari.^[80] Klinton yangi tarbiyachi taklif qildi soliq imtiyozi 1200 dollargacha.^[78][80] Shuningdek, Klinton sog'liqni saqlash xarajatlarini yillik daromadining 5 foizidan ko'prog'ini to'laydiganlarga har bir oila uchun 5000 AQSh dollarigacha soliq imtiyozini taklif qildi.^[81] va kollej uchun to'lovni to'laydigan oilalarga mo'ljallangan soliq imtiyozlari.^[80] Shuningdek, Klinton kichik biznes sub'ektlari uchun soliqlarni rasmiylashtirishni soddalashtirishni taklif qildi.^[82]

2015 yil dekabrda Klinton ulardan foydalanish bilan kurashish rejasini bayon qildi korporativ soliq inversiyalari.^[83][84] Klinton maxsus tanqid qilindi Pfizerziddiyatli soliqlardan qochish manevrasidan foydalanishni rejalashtirgan rejasi bilan birlashtirish Allergan.^[83][84] Richard Fillips, katta siyosatshunos Soliq odilligi uchun fuqarolar, Klintonni inversiyani cheklashni qo'llab-quvvatlaganligi uchun maqtagan (u buni "AQSh kompaniyalari soliqlardan qochish uchun chet ellik kabi ko'rsatadigan bo'shliq" deb ta'riflagan), ammo uning yangi daromadlarini korporativ soliqlarni kamaytirishga sarflash taklifini tanqid qilib, daromad davlat investitsiyalari yoki defitsitni kamaytirishga yo'naltirilishi kerak.^[85]

Klinton chet elda ish joylarini tashqi ta'minotga topshiradigan kompaniyalardan soliq imtiyozlarini olib tashlashni qo'llab-quvvatlashini bildirdi.^[86][87]

Xovard Glekman, katta ilmiy xodim Soliq siyosati markazi, Klintonning takliflari "soliq kodeksini, ayniqsa, yuqori daromadli uy xo'jaliklari uchun yanada murakkablashtiradi va ishlash, tejash va sarmoya kiritish uchun imtiyozlarni kamaytiradi" dedi.^[88]

Konservativ Soliq jamg'armasi 2016 yil yanvar oyida rejaga ko'ra uzoq muddatli istiqbolda iqtisodiy o'sish 1% ga, ish haqi 0,8% ga va ish o'rinlari 311 000 ga kamayadi.^[79][89] Soliq jamg'armasi daromadlarni 498 milliard dollarga ko'payishini taxmin qilmoqda, ammo amal qildi dinamik ball bu ko'rsatkichni tahlil qildi va zaif iqtisodiy o'sish tufayli uni 191 milliard dollarga tushirdi.^[79][89] Klinton kampaniyasi "Soliq jamg'armasining tahlili chalg'ituvchi ekanligini va uning korxonalar va jismoniy shaxslar uchun soliq imtiyozlarini hamda o'sishga yordam beradigan sarmoyalarini hisobga olmasligini aytdi".^[79]

2005 yilda San-Frantsiskoda mablag 'yig'ish bo'yicha nutqida u juda tanqidiy munosabatda bo'lgan Jorj V.Bush soliqlarni kamaytirish, "Sizning ko'pchiligingiz yaxshi ... soliq imtiyozlari sizga yordam bergan bo'lishi mumkin. Biz Amerika o'z yo'lidan qaytishi uchun, ehtimol biz bu qisqartiramiz va buni bermaymiz deb aytmoqdamiz Siz ... Biz umumiy manfaat uchun sizdan narsalarni olib qo'yamiz. "^[90] 2008 yil yanvar oyida Klinton Kongressni anjumandan o'tishga chaqirdi iqtisodiy rag'batlantirish Mumkin bo'lgan oqibatlarni bartaraf etish uchun umumiy qiymati 110 milliard dollarni tashkil etadigan to'plam turg'unlik. To'plam, ta'sirini engishga yordam beradigan mablag'lardan iborat bo'ladi ipoteka inqirozi, kam ta'minlangan oilalarga uyga sarflanadigan energiya xarajatlarini to'lashga yordam berish, ularni uzaytirish ishsizlik sug'urtasiva, ehtimol, soliqni qaytarib berishni ta'minlash.^[91]

Sog'liqni saqlash

2016 yil RAND korporatsiyasi hisobotda Klinton tomonidan ilgari surilgan to'rtta sog'liqni saqlash siyosati tahlil qilindi va ularning amaldagi qonunchilikka nisbatan umumiy ta'siri "sug'urtalanganlar sonini 9,1 millionga ko'paytirish va federal defitsitni 88,5 milliard dollarga oshirish" degan xulosaga keldi.^[92] Hisobotda Klintonning rejalari, asosan, kam va o'rtacha daromadli odamlar uchun xarajatlarni kamaytirishi aniqlandi;^[93] Klinton rejasiga binoan cho'ntak xarajatlarining eng katta pasayishi federal qashshoqlik darajasining 139 dan 250 foizigacha bo'lgan amerikaliklarga foyda keltirishi mumkin (ya'ni to'rt kishilik oila uchun 33,534 dan 60,750 dollargacha).^[92]

Medicaid

Uning 2016 yilgi rejasida davlatlarni kengayishni rag'batlantirish taklif qilingan Medicaid har bir imzolagan davlatga dastlabki uch yil davomida 100% mos kelish huquqini berish orqali.^[94] Uning 2016 yilgi rejasi Medicaid-ga layoqatli, ammo ro'yxatdan o'tmaganlarni rag'batlantirish uchun reklama uchun yiliga 500 million dollar sarmoya kiritishni taklif qiladi.^[94]

Medicare

Klintonning 2016 yilgi sog'liqni saqlash rejasiga binoan, 55 yoshdan oshgan insonlar o'zlari sotib olishlari mumkin edi Medicare agar xohlasalar.^[95][96][97] Hozirda 65 yoshdan katta bo'lganlargina Medicare tomonidan qamrab olingan.^[95] PolitiFact bilan maslahatlashgan mutaxassislarning fikriga ko'ra, Klintonning sog'liqni saqlash rejasida hech narsa Medicare-ga zarar etkazmaydi yoki hozirgi nafaqaxo'rlarga zarar etkazmaydi.^[95]

Klinton Medicare-ga dori-darmon narxlari bo'yicha muzokaralar olib borishga ruxsat berishini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.^[98][99]

Ruhiy salomatlik

Yoqilgan ruhiy salomatlik, Klinton sarmoya kiritishni taklif qildi miya va xulq-atvor haqidagi fan tadqiqot; talab qilinadigan amaldagi qonunlarning to'liq bajarilishini ta'minlash ruhiy salomatlik tibbiy sug'urta rejalarida muhim foyda bo'lishi uchun qoplanish; milliyni yaratish o'z joniga qasd qilishning oldini olish tashabbus; Medicare va Medicaid-da qoplash tuzilmalarini kengaytirish; vazifasi Medicare va Medicaid innovatsiyalar markazi yangi to'lov modellarini yaratish va joriy etish; ta'kidlash; ruhiy salomatligi bilan bog'liq bo'lgan past darajadagi jinoyatchilarni qamoqxonada davolash; ruhiy kasal amerikaliklar uchun yangi uy-joy va ish imkoniyatlarini yaratish.^{[100][101][102]} Klintonning rejasida "kelgusi avlod aqliy salomatlik umumiy sog'liqning asosiy tarkibiy qismi ekanligini va hech qanday uyat yo'qligini bilib o'sishi kerak, isnod, yoki yordam izlash uchun to'siqlar. "^[101]

Senator sifatida Klinton homiylik qildi "Ruhiy salomatlik tengligi va giyohvandlik tengligi to'g'risida" gi 2008 yildagi qonunruhiy salomatlik uchun imtiyozlar tibbiy sug'urta rejalari tomonidan taqdim etilgan tibbiy va jarrohlik imtiyozlari chegaralaridan past bo'lmasligini talab qiladi.^[102]

Boshqalar

Klinton 2007 yilda moliyalashtirishni ko'paytirish bo'yicha taklifni qo'llab-quvvatladi Bolalarni tibbiy sug'urtalash bo'yicha davlat dasturi besh yil ichida 35 milliard dollarga.^[103]

Reçeteli dorilar

Klinton boradigan subsidiyalarni qayta yo'naltirishni taklif qildi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri iste'molchilarga dori-darmon ishlab chiqaradigan kompaniya reklamasi dori vositalarini tadqiq qilish va ishlab chiqishga.^[97][99] Uning rejasiga ko'ra, tibbiy sug'urta rejalarida jismoniy shaxslar uchun cho'ntagidan chiqarilgan retsept bo'yicha dori-darmonlarga har oy 250 dollar miqdorida chegara qo'yish talab qilinadi.^[97][99] U "FDA-ning umumiy giyohvand moddalar idorasini ko'p yillik tozalash uchun to'liq moliyalashtirishni" taklif qiladi umumiy dori tasdiqlash bo'yicha orqaga qaytish. "^[97][99] U eksklyuzivlik muddatini pasaytirishni taklif qilmoqda "biologik"12 yoshdan 7 yoshgacha" katta raqobatni rivojlantirish "va davlat xarajatlarini tejash.^[97][99] Uning retsept bo'yicha buyurilgan dori rejasida u taqiqlashga intilishini aytadi "kechikish uchun to'lash" tadbirlariPatent egalari potentsial raqobatchilarga ularning umumiy dori vositalari bilan bozorga kirishini to'xtatish uchun to'lovlarni amalga oshiradigan kelishuvlarga murojaat qilishadi.^[97][99]

2015 yil iyun oyida, IES bilan muzokaralar olib borilayotganda, Klinton bitimdan foyda ko'rgan giyohvand firmalariga chegirmalar berish kerakligini aytdi.^[104] IES shartnomasining yakuniy versiyasiga qarshi chiqishining sabablaridan biri shundaki, u "dori ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniyalar manfaatlarini bemorlar va iste'molchilardan ustun qo'yadi".^[105]

Umumjahon sog'liqni saqlash va "Arzon tibbiy yordam to'g'risida" gi qonun

Uchun nutqda Garvard tibbiyot maktabi 1998 yil 4 iyunda Klinton amerikaliklar uchun federal universal tibbiy yordamni umumiy qo'llab-quvvatlashini bayon qildi. "Tibbiy sug'urtasiz 41 million kishi bor. Kelajakda bu odamlarga kim g'amxo'rlik qiladi? Biz ularni parvarishlash uchun qanday to'laymiz? Kimdir surunkali kasallikdan davolanmasa yoki davolanmasa, kelib chiqadigan qo'shimcha xarajatlarni qanday to'laymiz? Sog'liqni saqlash tizimini isloh qilish vazifasi, agar parvarish qilish imkoniyati terining rangiga yoki ular yashaydigan mahallaga yoki ularning hamyonidagi pul miqdoriga bog'liq bo'lsa, amalga oshirilmaydi ... Keling, universal arzon va sifatli tibbiy yordamga intilishni davom ettiraylik. "^[106]

Xabar qilinishicha, Klinton AQShda birinchi xonim bo'lganida bir martalik shaxsiy suhbatlar chog'ida bir martalik to'laydigan tibbiy yordamni qo'llab-quvvatlagan va ba'zida bunday yondashuv siyosiy jihatdan yaroqsiz bo'lishiga ishonishini bildirgan.^{[107][108][109]}

Keyinchalik Klinton 1993-1994 yillarda muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchragan yanada ambitsiyali, keng ko'lamli rejadan farqli o'laroq, sog'liqni saqlashni yaxshilashni bosqichma-bosqich amalga oshirish kerakligini aytdi.^[110]

2007 yil sentyabr oyida prezidentlik kampaniyasi doirasida Klinton o'zining sog'liqni saqlash tizimini isloh qilish rejasini taklif qildi ("Amerika sog'liqni saqlashni tanlash rejasi" deb nomlangan), bunda shaxslar sog'liqni saqlashni biron bir manbadan qamrab olishlarini talab qiladi. Klinton tushuntirishicha, qamrov imkoniyatlari xususiy sug'urta rejalariga yozilish orqali ".individual mandat"va" ish beruvchining vakolati "ish beruvchilardan sog'liqni saqlash uchun imtiyozlar berishni yoki Medicare dasturining kengaytirilgan versiyasi yoki federal xodimlarning sog'liqni saqlash rejalari orqali davlat dasturiga yozilishni talab qiladi.^[111][112] Rejaning taxminiy qiymati har yili 110 milliard dollarni tashkil etdi va barcha ish beruvchilardan o'z xodimlarining tibbiy sug'urtasini qoplashni yoki o'z xodimlarining tibbiy sug'urtasini qoplash xarajatlariga o'z hissalarini qo'shishni talab qiladi; xarajatlari qoplanishiga yordam berish uchun 25 kishidan kam ishchilari bo'lgan kompaniyalarga soliq imtiyozlari beriladi.^[111][113] Dasturning taxminiy yiliga 110 milliard dollar miqdoridagi xarajatlarini to'lash uchun Klinton 250 ming dollardan ko'proq maosh oladiganlar uchun Bush soliq imtiyozlarining bir qismini bekor qilishni ma'qul ko'rdi.^[113]

2016 yil yanvar oyida Klinton shunday dedi yagona pullik tibbiy yordam "hech qachon, hech qachon amalga oshmaydi."^[114] U bir martalik tibbiy yordam g'oyasi bilan (u ilgari ilgari ilgari surgan) rozi emas, buning o'rniga uni amaliy emas.^[114] U himoya qilishni taklif qiladi Arzon parvarishlash to'g'risidagi qonun uni bekor qilish harakatlaridan; u unga asos soladi.^[96][115] 2016 yil iyul oyida Klinton Affordable Care Act uchun mablag 'ajratishni taklif qildi Federal malakali sog'liqni saqlash markazlari (kabi jamoat salomatligi markazlari) kelgusi 10 yil ichida moliyalashtirishni 40 milliard dollarga kengaytiradi.^[116]

Klinton 2016 yil yanvar oyida bo'lib o'tgan munozaralar chog'ida "Biz (sog'liqni saqlash) xarajatlarini so'nggi 50 yil ichida eng past darajaga tushirdik", deb da'vo qildi.^[117] PolitiFact ushbu bayonotni "yolg'on" deb baholadi va "o'sish sur'atlari tarixiy eng past darajaga etgan bo'lsa-da, so'nggi yarim asrda sog'liqni saqlashning har bir kishiga to'g'ri keladigan xarajatlar barqaror ravishda oshib borishini" ta'kidladi.^[117]

Ommaviy tanlov

Klinton Medicare-ga o'xshash federal va davlat harakatlarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi "ommaviy variant"tibbiy sug'urta xususiy sug'urtalovchilarga qarshi raqobatlashishni rejalashtirmoqda.^[116] RAND korporatsiyasining tadqiqotiga ko'ra, Klintonning ochiq tanlovi qo'shimcha 400 ming amerikalikni sug'urta qilish va kamomadni 700 million dollarga kamaytirish edi.^[92][93]

Vaksinalar

Ga binoan Vox, 2016 yilgi prezidentlikka nomzodlarning to'rttaligidan (Klinton, Donald Tramp, Gari Jonsonva Jil Shteyn), Klinton "yagona nomzod emlashga qarshi harakat"va vaktsinalar bo'yicha fikriga mos keladigan yagona nomzod ilmiy konsensus.^[118] Saylovoldi tashviqoti davomida Klinton shunday deb yozgan edi: "Men emlashlar va emlash fanlari orqali men o'z millatimiz farzandlarini, shuningdek butun dunyo aholisini yuqumli kasalliklar tahdididan himoya qilishga sodiqman".^[119] Klintonning ta'kidlashicha, agar prezident etib saylansa, u dunyo bo'ylab emlash orqali oldini olish mumkin bo'lgan yuqumli kasalliklarni yo'q qilish bo'yicha ish olib boradi qizamiq, ko'k yo'talva difteriya va mamlakatimizda "ota-onalarga vaktsinalar to'g'risida ma'lumot berish, ularning hayotini saqlab qolish va bolalarimizga emlashning xavfliligini ko'rsatishda ularning favqulodda tajribasiga e'tibor qaratish".^[119] Klinton vaktsina fanini shubha ostiga qo'ygan respublikachilarni tanqid qilib, "Yer dumaloq, osmon ko'k va #vaksinalar ishi. Kelinglar, barcha bolalarimizni himoya qilaylik" deb yozmoqda.^[120][121]

2008 yilda nomzodlarning so'rovnomasida, "vaktsinalarni iloji boricha tekshirish kerakmi" degan savolga autizmning sababi? ", - deb yozgan Klinton:" Men autizm sabablarini, shu jumladan emlash kabi ekologik sabablarni topish uchun sarmoyalar kiritishga sodiqman. ... Biz vaktsinalar va autizm o'rtasida qanday bog'liqlik borligini bilamiz, agar mavjud bo'lsa, buni bilib olishimiz kerak. "^[120] Ushbu bayonot 2010 yildan ikki yil oldin, 1998 yilda chop etilgan tadqiqotda MMR vaktsinasi uning firibgarligi aniqlangandan so'ng autizmni qaytarib olishdi.^[120]

1993 yilda, birinchi xonim sifatida Klinton dasturning asosiy tarafdori edi Kasalliklarni nazorat qilish va oldini olish markazlari"Bolalar uchun emlashlar" dasturi bepul taqdim etadi emlashlar muvofiq bolalar uchun.^[120][122]

Ishlar, mehnat va bandlik

Ish joylarini yaratish

Tomonidan mustaqil hisobot Moody's Analytics 2016 yilda chiqarilgan Klintonning takliflari, agar qabul qilinsa, to'rt yillik prezidentlik muddati davomida 10,4 million ish o'rni yaratilishini aniqladi (amaldagi qonunchilikda kutilganidan 3,2 million ko'proq).^[19] Hisobotda a prognozlash modeli tomonidan ishlatiladiganlarga o'xshash Kongressning byudjet idorasi (CBO) va Federal zaxira.^[19]

Klinton erini qo'yishni taklif qildi Bill uning prezidentligi davrida iqtisodiy o'sishni ko'rsatgan holda (1993-2001) "ma'muriyatida" iqtisodiyotni tiklash uchun mas'ul ".^[87][123]

Infratuzilma

Her 2016 official platform claims that investments in "infrastructure, clean energy, and scientific and medical research" will create jobs during her administration.^[124] In November 2015, her five-year, $275-billion federal infrastructure program "aimed at creating middle-class jobs" was described by the Nyu-York Tayms as "the most sprawling — and costliest — government program of her campaign to date".^[125] She has proposed a $30 billion plan for coal-producing areas, which is partly intended to help displaced coal workers find new jobs.^[126]

Regulations and licensing

Uning kitobida Qattiq tanlov, Clinton wrote that there were regulatory hurdles for businesses to create jobs in America and India, saying, "There were still too many barriers and restrictions, but American companies were slowly gaining access to Indian markets, creating jobs and opportunities for people in both countries."^[127]

Clinton proposes to reduce unnecessary kasb-hunar faoliyatini litsenziyalash requirements to ease burdens on kichik biznes egalari.^[128][129] She argues that this will help small businesses, in particular, by reducing the time and costs associated with licensing.^[128][129] She has proposed to incentivize states and localities to make licensing cheaper, easier and streamlined by providing federal funding to support innovative programs and offset forgone licensing revenue.^[128][129] She says she will work with states to standardize licensing requirements and reduce barriers for Americans seeking to work across state borders.^[128][129]

Kasaba uyushmalari

While a U.S. senator, Clinton "was a reliable labor ally, co-sponsoring, for instance, the pro-labor Xodimlarni erkin tanlash to'g'risidagi qonun ('card check'), which cleared the House in 2007, 241-185, but was filibustered in the Senate."^[130] During her 2016 campaign, Clinton has pledged to "restore jamoaviy bitim rights for unions and defend against partisan attacks on workers' rights."^[131]

In August 2016, Clinton said that "strengthening unions doesn't just serve members – it leads to better pay, and benefits, and working conditions for all employees."^[82] Ga binoan Milliy radio, there is evidence to support that assertion.^[82]

Ishlab chiqarish

Clinton has stated that "manufacturing is critical to the U.S. economy."^[132] Clinton wants to create tax incentives to encourage investment in communities that face significant manufacturing job losses, and has proposed a tax penalty for companies that move jobs or production overseas.^[132][133] She has said that she will "aggressively [combat] trade violations" by other countries.^[132][134]

Clinton has pledged to build and expand upon President Obama's support for a Ishlab chiqarishni innovatsiya qilish bo'yicha milliy tarmoq, which focuses on developing and commercializing manufacturing technologies through davlat-xususiy sheriklik between U.S. industry, universities, and federal agencies.^[132][135]

Minimal ish haqi

During her 2016 campaign, Clinton proposed raising the federal minimum wage to $12 an hour.^[136] Clinton has expressed support for the "15 dollar uchun kurash" campaign for higher minimum wages in individual states and cities (such as Nyu York, Los Anjeles, Detroyt va Sent-Luis).^{[136][137][138]} At a Democratic primary debate in 2016, Clinton said that if Congress passes a bill for a $15 federal minimum wage, she would sign it.^[139] She explained her decision to support a $12 an hour federal minimum wage by invoking the research of Princeton professor Alan Krueger.^[140]

As a Senator, Clinton voted for an increase in the federal minimum wage.^[141] In 2014, Clinton said: "Don't let anyone tell you that raising the minimum wage will kill jobs – they always say that. I've been through this. My husband gave workers a raise in the 1990s. I voted to raise the minimum wage and guess what, millions of jobs were created or paid better and more families were secure." She followed that statement by saying "[a]nd don't let anybody tell you that it's corporations and businesses that create jobs. You know that old theory, pastga tushadigan iqtisodiyot. That has been tried, that has failed. It has failed rather spectacularly."^{[142][143][144][145]} She has described the current federal minimum wage of $7.25 as a "starvation wage".^{[iqtibos kerak][146]}

Pullik oilaviy ta'til

Clinton supports 12 weeks of paid oilaviy va tibbiy ta'til at a minimum two-thirds wage replacement rate.^[147][148] She would pay for this plan with increased taxes on the wealthy.^[148] She opposes pending similar legislation, called the Family Act, because it relies on a small increase to the ish haqi solig'i.^[148]

Ijtimoiy Havfsizlik

Clinton opposes cutting Social Security.^[149] She instead supports an expansion of Social Security: boosting survivor benefits and creating a caregiver benefit for those who left the paid workforce to care for children, parents or ailing family members.^[149] Her expansion of Social Security has been criticized by the Progresiv o'zgarishlar kampaniyasi qo'mitasi for not going far enough.^[149] Clinton opposes a raise in the retirement age.^[150]

In 2008, Clinton supporting retaining the cap on the Federal sug'urta badallari to'g'risidagi qonunga (FICA) soliq, ish haqi solig'i which funds Social Security and Medicare. Under the cap at that time, the FICA tax applied to income up to $102,000, with income in excess of this amount (earned by the top 6% of income-earners) not taxable. Clinton said that a repeal of the FICA tax cap would amount to a "tax increase on the middle class."^[151]

Talabalar uchun kreditlar

Clinton's plan for student debt relief is to allow those carrying existing student debt to refinance their student loans at current rates available to students taking out new loans.^[152] The Clinton campaign asserts that her plan "will cost around $350 billion over 10 years—and will be fully paid for by limiting certain tax expenditures for high-income taxpayers."^[152][153] The campaign estimates that 25 million borrowers will obtain relief, with the average borrower saving about $2,000 in total.^[152][153]

Clinton proposes to permit start-up founders and early employees to forgo payments on their federal student loans for up to three years.^[154] Those who launch businesses that provide social benefits would also be permitted to apply for forgiveness of up to $17,500 of their debt after five years.^[154]

Subprime mortgage crisis relief

On December 5, 2007, Clinton unveiled her plan to ameliorate the effects of the 2007 yildagi ipoteka kredit inqirozi on homeowners. She called for a 90-day moratorium on musodara qilish, in order that lenders and mortgage servicers have sufficient time to get through paperwork complications and an expected high volume of troubled borrowers without having to shut out the lights, and a five-year freeze on the interest rates of ipoteka kreditlarining sozlanishi, so that borrowers would not get slammed by expected 30, 40 or more percent increases in monthly payments due to the effects of the crisis and of unwise initial borrowing decisions.^[155]

In late 2008, Clinton voted for the Muammoli aktivlarni yo'qotish dasturi which provided $350 million to purchase toksik aktivlar and equity from financial institutions to strengthen the financial sector during the subprime mortgage crisis.^[156]

Clinton claimed during a nationally televised townhall meeting in February 2016 that "You are three times more likely to be able to get a mortgage if you're a white applicant than if you're black or Hispanic, even if you have the same credentials." PolitiFact rated this claim "false," noting "while there is evidence of disparities in mortgage acceptance rates by race ... Experts say the gaps are not as drastic as Clinton says once you equalize for other key factors, such as income and credit history."^[157]

Savdo

Clinton opposes the Trans-Tinch okeani sherikligi (TPP), supports the AQSh eksport-import banki, and holds that "any trade deal has to produce jobs and raise wages and increase prosperity and protect our security".^[158][159] As Senator (2001–2009), her record on trade was mixed, voting in favor of some trade agreements but not others.^[158] U qo'llab-quvvatlaydi Savdoni sozlash bo'yicha yordam, a measure that would help retrain and provide aid to workers displaced by globallashuv.^[160][161]

NAFTA

During the 1993 internal debate over the Shimoliy Amerika erkin savdo shartnomasi, Clinton made clear her feeling that its passage was getting higher priority within the administration than it should, especially compared to the Clinton health care reform plan.^{[162][163][164][165]} By most accounts, Clinton was also unenthusiastic about the merits of the agreement, believing it would cause a loss of American jobs and would be politically unpopular.^{[162][163][166][167]} Once her husband decided to proceed with NAFTA, Clinton as First Lady participated in at least five meetings at the White House aimed at securing Congressional passage of the agreement,^[168] which Gergen and former official Robert J. Shapiro felt showed she had been a "good soldier" in getting behind a settled decision,^[166][167] but which other attendees interpreted as showing Clinton was in fact behind the agreement.^[164] During later years of the administration and in her memoir, Clinton touted her husband's support for NAFTA.^[169]

Clinton has since 2008 repeatedly called for renegotiating the "core labor and environmental standards" of NAFTA.^[170] During her 2008 presidential campaign, Clinton repeatedly criticized the NAFTA agreement,^[168][171] despite it being one of the major achievements of her husband's administration.^[169] She said, "NAFTA did not do what many had hoped. NAFTA was a mistake to the extent that it did not deliver on what we had hoped it would."^[169] She did say that she believed in the underlying idea behind trade agreements such as NAFTA: "I believe in the general principles it represented. But what we have learned is that we have to drive a tougher bargain. Our market is the market that everybody wants to be in. We should quit giving it away so willy-nilly. I believe we need tougher enforcement of the trade agreements we already have."^[167] She promised that if elected, she would work to implement changes to it that would benefit American workers,^[168] saying "I want to be a president who focuses on smart, pro-American trade. I will review every trade agreement. I'm going to ask for revisions that I think will actually benefit our country, particularly our workers, our exporters ... And NAFTA will be part of that review, to try to reform and improve it."^[169]

Boshqalar

In 2005, while representing New York in the U.S. Senate, Clinton said: "During my tenure as senator, I have voted for every trade agreement that has come before the Senate, and I believe that properly negotiated trade agreements can increase living standards and foster openness and economic development for all parties."^[172] Later in 2005, Clinton voted against the Markaziy Amerika erkin savdo shartnomasi,^[173] believing that it did not provide adequate environmental or labor standards.^[174] As Secretary of State, Clinton adhered to the position of the Obama administration on the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari - Kolumbiya erkin savdo shartnomasi, supporting the agreement that she had opposed in the 2008 campaign given her "concerns about the history of violence towards trade unionists in Colombia".^{[175][176][177]}

Clinton, together with fellow New York Senator Charlz Shumer, welcomed a 2006 decision by the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Savdo vazirligi that called for a 108.3% duty on imports from Xitoy candlemakers, as the imports sought to circumvent an Anti-dumping Duty Order.^[178] Clinton stated, "This is a real victory for the Sirakuza candle-making industry."^[179]

Clinton supports the AQSh eksport-import banki, a decades-old trade promotion agency.^[158] She has asserted that "across our country, the Export-Import Bank supports up to 164,000 jobs."^[158]

In August 2016, Clinton promised to create a new position of trade prosecutor and to triple the number of enforcers.^[82] In the same speech, she said that "China and other countries have gamed the system for too long","Enforcement — especially during the Bush administration — has been too lax" and that "Investments at home that would make us more competitive have been blocked."^[82] She said, however, that "the answer is not to rant and rave – or to cut ourselves off from the world. That would kill even more jobs."^[82]

Trans-Tinch okeani sherikligi

Former top Obama adviser David Axelrod said on MSNBC that when Hillary Clinton was secretary of state from 2009 to 2013, she "owned" the 12-nation Trans-Tinch okeani sherikligi (IES).^[172] During her tenure as Secretary of State, she spoke of the TPP negotiations in glowing terms: "exciting," "innovative," "ambitious," "groundbreaking," "cutting-edge," "high-quality," "high-standard" and "gold standard."^[180] During a 2012 visit to Australia, Clinton referred to the TPP as "the gold standard in trade agreements."^[172] In February 2013, Clinton left her job with the general framework of TPP in place.^[172] Uning 2014 yilgi xotirasida Qattiq tanlov, u yozgan:

"Because TPP negotiations are still ongoing, it makes sense to reserve judgment until we can evaluate the final proposed agreement. It's safe to say the TPP won't be perfect -- no deal negotiated among a dozen countries ever will be -- but its higher standards, if implemented and enforced, should benefit American businesses and workers."

In an April 2015 presidential campaign stop in New Hampshire, Clinton said, "Any trade deal has to produce jobs and raise wages and increase prosperity and protect our security".^[172] Upon the completion of the TPP negotiations in October 2015, Clinton stated her opposition to the TPP, indicating that the final agreement did not meet the high standards she had set for such agreements.^{[181][182][183]} PolitiFact rules her shifting stance on TPP as a flip-flop.^[180] In August 2016, Clinton said, "I will stop any trade deal that kills jobs or holds down wages – including the Trans-Pacific Partnership. I oppose it now, I'll oppose it after the election, and I'll oppose it as president."^[82]

Clinton has named former Senator Ken Salazar, who is a prominent supporter of TPP, to chair her presidential transition team.^[184][185]

Energy and environment policy

Clinton supports energy conservation, releasing neft zaxiralari, increasing the number of hydrogen-powered vehicles, and ratification of the Kioto protokoli. She opposes drilling in the Arktika milliy yovvoyi tabiat qo'riqxonasi^[186] and the Bush administration's energy policy.^[186]

Clinton supports savdo-sotiq, which allows companies to trade uglerod krediti, seeks an 80% carbon cut by 2050, seeks a 10% national energy reduction by 2020, advocates a zero emission policy for federal buildings by 2030, calls for raising gas mileage standards to 35 mpg_-BIZ (6.7 L/100 km) within 10 years (having indicated a willingness to use administrative power if Congress fails to act on this), and opposes drilling in the Atlantic.^[187]

Clinton was endorsed by the Tabiatni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha saylovchilar ligasi 2015 yilda.^[188]

Climate change and renewable energy

Clinton accepts the iqlim o'zgarishi bo'yicha ilmiy konsensus va tanqid qiladi climate-change deniers "who still refuse to accept the settled science of climate change."^[189] Clinton called climate change "an urgent threat" and "the most consequential, urgent, sweeping collection of challenges we face as a nation and a world."^[190]

Clinton writes in her memoir Qattiq tanlov that during her tenure in the State Department she played an instrumental role in the push toward an enforceable international agreement to reduce uglerod chiqindilari.^[191] In December 2009, as secretary of state, Clinton endorsed a climate-change adaption plan, stating: "The United States is prepared to work with other countries toward a goal of jointly mobilizing $100 billion a year by 2020 to address the climate change needs of developing countries." The commitment was welcomed by German Chancellor Angela Merkel and others as a solid first step, although the European Union made a more ambitious proposal for 100 billion euros a year (44% higher than the value Clinton mentioned). Clinton did not say specifically how much the U.S. would contribute, but did say that U.S. funding of climate-change mitigation efforts would be conditional upon China and other nations agreeing to "transparency" and verification of cuts in issiqxona gazlari chiqindilari.^[192]

In July 2015, Clinton set forth two ambitious qayta tiklanadigan energiya goals for the United States: to generate enough clean renewable energy to power every U.S. home within ten years after taking office, and to install 500 million quyosh panellari within her first term.^[188][193] Clinton aims to generate one-third of America's electricity from renewable sources by 2027.^[194] Clinton said in February 2016 that these proposals aim to "move from fossil fuels to clean energy ... in a quick, but thoughtful way"^[188] and to "reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 30 percent in 2025 relative to 2005 levels and chart a path to cut emissions more than 80 percent by 2050."^[190] Clinton states: "I want more shamol, Ko'proq quyosh, Ko'proq rivojlangan bioyoqilg'i, Ko'proq energiya samaradorligi."^[193] Clinton supports the wind energy production tax credit and has called for making it permanent,^[188] and in the past has praised efforts to use vegetable oils as alternative energy.^[195]

Clinton has emphasized the jobs that renewable energy creates, saying in an April 2016 town-hall event broadcast on MSNBC that the U.S. must "use clean renewable energy to create more jobs."^[188] Clinton has said that "somebody is going to be the 21st century clean energy superpower. It's either going to be Xitoy, Germaniya or us. I want it to be us because there will be a lot of jobs, again, that have to be done right here in America."^[188] On one occasion in December 2015, Clinton stated that "we now have more jobs in solar than we do in oil"; PolitiFact found that this was not true, although the number of workers in the oil and gas industry has been declining while the number of workers employees in the solar industry has increased.^[196]

Clinton has praised the international Parij kelishuvi ga yetdi 2015 yilgi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining iqlim o'zgarishi bo'yicha konferentsiyasi, saying: "The Paris agreement is testament to America's ability to lead the world in building a clean energy future where no one is left out or left behind ... as president, I will make combating climate change a top priority from day one, and secure America's future as the clean energy superpower of the 21st century."^[190] Clinton has promised to implement the U.S. commitment to the Paris Agreement.^[190]

In her official 2016 presidential platform, Clinton proposes to:

• "Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 30 percent in 2025 relative to 2005 levels and put the country on a path to cut emissions more than 80 percent by 2050."
• "Reduce American oil consumption by a third through cleaner fuels and more efficient cars, boilers, ships and trucks."
• "Cut energy waste in American homes, schools, hospitals and offices by a third and make American manufacturing the cleanest and most efficient in the world."
• Qo'llab-quvvatlang Toza quvvat rejasi.
• "Launch a $60 billion Clean Energy Challenge to partner with states, cities, and rural communities and give them the tools and resources they need to go beyond federal standards in cutting carbon pollution and expanding clean energy."
• "End wasteful tax subsidies for oil and gas companies."
• "Cut emissions of metan, a powerful greenhouse gas, by 40-45 percent and put in place strong standards for reducing leaks from both new and existing sources."^{[197][198][199]}

While in the Senate, Clinton had long opposed ethanol subsidies before she introduced a bill in May 2006 to create a $50 billion fund to expand the use of ethanol and other alternative fuels.^[200] In 2007, Clinton expressed support for corn ethanol as a biofuel.^[201] In August 2015, the Clinton campaign said that she would "strengthen" the Qayta tiklanadigan yoqilg'i standarti to promote development of advanced biofuels and access to ethanol products.^[202]

Yoqilg'i moyi

Ko'mir

During a debate in March 2016, Clinton said that "we need" to implement "all of the president's executive actions" on the environment and that we need to "quickly move to make a bridge from coal to natural gas to clean energy."^[203]

Speaking at a CNN town hall forum in March 2016, Clinton said: "I'm the only candidate which has a policy about how to bring economic opportunity using clean renewable energy as the key into coal country. Because we're going to put a lot of ko'mir qazib oluvchilar and coal companies out of business, right? And we're going to make it clear that we don't want to forget those people. Those people labored in those mines for generations, losing their health, often losing their lives to turn on our lights and power our factories. Now we've got to move away from coal and all the other fossil fuels, but I don't want to move away from the people who did the best they could to produce the energy that we relied on."^[204]

When confronted about her "out of business" statement while campaigning in G'arbiy Virjiniya, Clinton stated "I don't know how to explain it other than what I said was totally out of context for what I meant because I have been talking about helping coal country for a very long time. It was a misstatement because what I was saying is the way things are going now, they will continue to lose jobs. It didn't mean that we were going to do it. What I said is that is going to happen unless we take action to help and prevent it."^[205][206]

She has a $30 billion plan intended to revitalize coal communities and aid them in the transition away from coal. The plan calls for increased job training, small-business development, and infrastructure investment, especially in Appalachia. The plan also seeks to safeguard miners' healthcare and pensions.^[207][208]

Fracking

Clinton supports allowing gidravlik sinish (fracking) but only when it meets her conditions regarding local choice, stronger environmental regulation and chemicals.^[209] In a March 2016 debate, Clinton outlined her position as follows: "I don't support it when any locality or any state is against it, No. 1. I don't support it when the release of methane or contamination of water is present. I don't support it — No. 3 — unless we can require that anybody who fracks has to tell us exactly what chemicals they are using. So by the time we get through all of my conditions, I do not think there will be many places in America where fracking will continue to take place. And I think that's the best approach, because right now, there are places where fracking is going on that are not sufficiently regulated."^[209] According to PolitiFact, the implementation of Clinton's three conditions "would uphold existing bans and add new ones to the mix."^[210] PolitiFact notes that there are 11 states with noted cases of spills (which could be covered under her second condition) and two fracking states where there are no rules on chemical disclosure on the books (which would be covered under her third condition).^[209][211]

As Secretary of State under President Obama, Clinton promoted fracking services by American companies to various countries as "part of a broader push to fight climate change, boost global energy supply, and undercut the power of adversaries such as Russia that use their energy resources as a cudgel."^[209][212]

Keystone XL quvur liniyasi

In 2010, Clinton stated that she was inclined to support the issuance by the State Department of a cross-border permit for the Northern leg of the Keystone XL quvur liniyasi.^[213] Through June 2015, she delayed announcing her position on the pipeline, noting that as Secretary of State, she had set in motion the review process a number of years previously to evaluate the pipeline, and preferred to allow time for her successor Jon Kerri, and President Obama to make the decision. "I will refrain from commenting because I had a leading role in getting that process started," Clinton had said, "and I think that we have to let it run its course."^[214] In September 2015, Clinton announced her opposition to Keystone.^[215] The Keystone XL pipeline was officially rejected by Secretary of State Kerry and President Obama in November 2015.^[216] PolitiFact found that Clinton had not flip-flopped on the issue.^[217]

Dakota kirish quvuri

A Los Anjeles Tayms op-ed in September 2016, Democratic platform member Bill MakKibben was critical of the disparity between the Democratic platform – which calls for recognition of the "right of all tribes to protect their lands, air, and waters" – and Clinton's silence on the issue.^[218] In October 2016, young Native American activists met outside of Clinton headquarters in Brooklyn to protest her lack of a position on continued pipeline construction and to give her a letter. Ga elektron pochta orqali Democracy now!, campaign spokesperson Tайрон Geyl said that everyone should be heard on federal infrastructure agreements, a position that Bill McKibben characterized as "say[ing] literally nothing".^[219]

Atom energiyasi

Clinton wants to renew permits for existing nuclear power plants that are safe to operate and increase public investment in advanced nuclear power.^[220][221]

At a February 2007 campaign rally in Kolumbiya, Janubiy Karolina, Clinton stated, "I think atom energiyasi has to be part of our energy solution ... We get about 20% of our energy from nuclear power in our country ... other countries like Frantsiya get much much more, so we do have to look at it because it doesn't put greenhouse gas emissions into the air."^[222] Subsequently, in a July 2007 Democratic debate, when asked about nuclear power as an alternative energy source, she said, "I'm agnostic about nuclear power. Until we figure out what we're going to do with the waste and the cost, it's very hard to see nuclear as a part of our future. But that's where American technology comes in. Let's figure out what we're going to do about the waste and the cost if we think nuclear should be a part of the solution."^[223]

In Democratic primary debates in 2016, Clinton said that she supported greater oversight of the Indian Point nuclear power plant, which had experienced calls for closure following leaks and other problems.^[224] Clinton said any action "needs to be done in a careful, thoughtful way" and that: "We also have to be realistic and say, 'You get 25% of the electricity in the greater New York City area from Indian Point.' I don't want middle-class taxpayers to see a huge rate increase."^[224]

Atrof muhit

Evaluating all her votes throughout Clinton's Senate career, Tabiatni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha saylovchilar ligasi (LCV) has given Clinton a lifetime 82 percent pro-environment action rating.^[225]

Clinton accepts the iqlim o'zgarishi bo'yicha ilmiy konsensus.^[226] In a December 2014 speech to the LCV, Clinton said, "The science of Iqlim o'zgarishi is unforgiving, no matter what the inkor qiluvchilar may say. Sea levels are rising; ice caps are melting; storms, droughts and wildfires are wreaking havoc. ... If we act decisively now we can still head off the most catastrophic consequences."^[226] Clinton has called climate change "the most consequential, urgent, sweeping collection of challenges we face as a nation and a world."^[227]

In 2007, Clinton co-sponsored the Climate Stewardship and Innovation Act (a greenhouse gas savdo-sotiq initiative proposed by Jon Makkeyn va Jozef Liberman which aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 60 percent from 2000 levels by 2050) and the Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act (a more ambitious plan propose by Berni Sanders va Barbara bokschi which sought to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent from 2000 levels by 2050).^[228] Clinton's then-colleague Barack Obama also cosponsored both bills.^[228]

Clinton is a supporter of the Toza quvvat rejasi (proposed by the Obama administration's EPA), which would regulate uglerod chiqindilari elektr stansiyalaridan.^[226] In her speech to the LCV, Clinton stated that "the unprecedented action that President Obama has taken must be protected at all costs."^[226]

Clinton has supported dengizda neft burg'ulash, and in 2006 voted for a bill to open new Gulf Coast areas to drilling.^[226]

Uchun nutqda AFL-CIO, Clinton stated that she supports a green building fund and green-collar job trening.^[229]

Clinton supports the protection of the Arktika milliy yovvoyi tabiat qo'riqxonasi, and would not allow drilling there. U homiylik qildi Roadless Area Conservation Act.^[230]

Some environmentalists have expressed concern about the millions of dollars of contributions from major fossil fuel companies accepted by the Klinton jamg'armasi.^[226][227]

Clinton opposes issuance by the State Department of a cross-border permit for the Northern leg of the Keystone XL quvur liniyasi.^[231]

Clinton was endorsed by the Syerra klubi in her 2000 Senate campaign.^[232]

Hayvonlarni himoya qilish

The Humane Society gave Senator Clinton scores of 100 in the 108th and 109th Congresses, and an 83 in the 110th Congress on her actions on legislation that would protect animals.^[233] The Humane Society endorsed Clinton in the 2016 Presidential Race, saying that she "has a clear, compelling record of support for animal protection".^[233]

Immigratsiya siyosati

The Clinton 2016 platform proposes to:^{[234][235][236][237]}

• "Fight for comprehensive immigration reform legislation with a path to full and equal citizenship."
• "Defend President Obama's DACA and DAPA executive actions."
• Promote the naturalization of the estimated nine million lawful permanent residents in the United States who are eligible to become U.S. citizens.
• Support immigrant integration through the creation of a national Office of Immigrant Affairs, $15 million in new grant funding for integration services, and an increase in federal resources for adult English language education and citizenship education.
• Conduct more humane and targeted immigration enforcement, by detaining and deporting those individuals who pose a violent threat to public safety; ending family detention and closing private immigrant detention centers.

Qonuniy huquqlar

Clinton's stance on noqonuniy immigratsiya has softened over time.^[238] In a 2003 radio appearance, Senator Clinton said: "We've got to do several things and I am, you know, adamantly against illegal immigrants. ... Certainly we've got to do more at our borders. And people have to stop employing illegal immigrants."^[238] However, also during her time in the Senate, Clinton cosponsored a bipartisan amnesty bill for many illegal workers in the agricultural industry; backed a bill by Senator Edvard M. Kennedi that would grant permanent resident status to some illegal immigrants who had been in the country for at least five years and worked for at least two years; and supported college tuition relief for young people who had entered the county illegally.^[239] In April 2006, speaking to the U.S. Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, Clinton said her work for her New York constituents could fall afoul of the Chegaralarni himoya qilish, terrorizmga qarshi kurash va noqonuniy immigratsiya nazorati to'g'risidagi 2005 y, since some of her constituents are illegal immigrants. "I realize I would be a criminal, too. My staff would be criminal. We help people with all kinds of problems."^[240] On March 8, 2006, she strongly criticized H.R. 4437, a bill passed by the House of Representatives in December 2005 and sent to the Senate, Clinton called the measure "a rebuke to what America stands for" and said it would be "an unworkable scheme to try to deport 11 million people, which you have to have a police state to try to do." She believed the solution to the illegal immigration problem was to make "a path to earned citizenship for those who are here, working hard, paying taxes, respecting the law, and willing to meet a high bar for becoming a citizen."^[241][242]

In May and June 2007, Clinton cast preliminary votes (in terms of amendments and kiyim) in support of the high-profile, compromise-based but very controversial, comprehensive immigration reform bill known as the Xavfsiz chegaralar, iqtisodiy imkoniyatlar va immigratsiyani isloh qilish to'g'risidagi 2007 y.^[243]When the bill was again brought forward, she continued to vote in favor of cloture motions to consider it.^[244]In October 2007, Clinton voted in favor of a small subset of the previous bill, the DREAM Act.^[245]

In 2007, Clinton called for an increase in the number of H-1B visas.^[246]

At a debate at Dreksel universiteti yilda Filadelfiya on October 30, 2007, Clinton committed to support of New York Governor Eliot Spitser's plan to give driver's licenses to illegal immigrants. Two minutes later, she recanted the position and blamed the Bush administration for not passing immigration reform.^[247] The following day, she clarified her position in a prepared statement by coming out in support of Spitzer's bill.^[248]Two weeks later, after Spitzer abandoned the plan due to widespread opposition, Clinton reversed her position on the issue once again, stating: "I support Governor Spitzer's decision today to withdraw his proposal. As president, I will not support driver's licenses for undocumented people and will press for comprehensive immigration reform that deals with all of the issues around illegal immigration, including border security and fixing our broken system."^[249] On November 16, when asked again if she supported granting driver's licenses to undocumented immigrants, she gave a one-word answer: "No."^[250]

In 2008, Clinton received a rating of "D-" from Americans for Better Immigration, an anti-immigration organization.^[251]

In 2014, Clinton stated that children from Central America who entered the United States illegally "should be sent back as soon as it can be determined who responsible adults in their families are, because there are concerns whether all of them should be sent back. But I think all of them who can be should be reunited with their families."^[252] She added: "We have to send a clear message. Just because your child gets across the border, that doesn't mean the child gets to stay. We don't want to send a message that is contrary to our laws or will encourage more children to make that dangerous journey."^[238][252]

On May 5, 2015, Clinton stated that allowing illegal immigrants to have a path to citizenship "is at its heart a family issue."^[253] Clinton also "sharply criticized Republican presidential candidates who favor granting legal status for some undocumented immigrants, but oppose citizenship," saying: "When they talk about 'legal status,' that is code for 'ikkinchi darajali status.'"^[253] Clinton said that she supported President Obama's Bolalikka kelish uchun kechiktirilgan harakat program, which grants hujjatsiz yoshlar (those who entered the U.S. as children) the chance to apply for a stay of deportation.^[253]

In 2015, Clinton said that she wanted the United States to accept 65,000 Syrian refugees, a significant increase to the 10,000 that the Obama administration pledged to accept.^[254]

On July 14, 2016, Clinton expressed support for Obama's Deferred Action for Parental Accountability (DAPA) program, which would allow up to five million undocumented immigrants to gain deferral of deportation and authorization to legally work in the United States, and she promised to expand it.^[255][256]

Chegara to'sig'i

In September 2006, Clinton voted for the Xavfsiz panjara to'g'risidagi qonunbo'ylab 700 milya (1100 km) to'siqlar qurishga ruxsat berildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari - Meksika chegarasi.^[257] In 2015, Clinton said, "I voted numerous times when I was a senator to spend money to build a barrier to try to prevent illegal immigrants from coming in. And I do think you have to control your borders".^[258]

Foreign and defense policy

Afrika

Liviya

Clinton reportedly played a key role in persuading Obama to militarily intervene in Libya davomida Liviya fuqarolar urushi,^[259] and deemed it worthwhile to intervene due to fears of further atrocities by Libyan dictator Muammar Qaddafiy; calls to action from Britain, France, and the Arab Ligasi; and a belief that the Libyan opposition could govern in the aftermath of an intervention.^[259] Xulosasidan keyin Liviya fuqarolar urushi and the demise of Gaddafi, there remained factional violence in Libya until it erupted into yangilangan fuqarolar urushi in 2014. Terrorist groups have taken refuge in Libya, and large numbers of refugees have fled to neighboring countries and across the Mediterranean.^[260] When asked to defend her record on Libya, Clinton called it "a classic case of a hard choice" and found that the overthrow of Gaddafi represented "smart power at its best."^[260] When told of news reports of Qaddafi's death by an aide in between formal interviews, Clinton laughed and replied with "We came, we saw, he died".^[261]

Clinton has said that history's judgment on the intervention, and her role in it, are not yet final. In November 2015, she said to the Xalqaro aloqalar bo'yicha kengash that "the Libyan people have voted twice in free and fair elections for the kind of leadership they want. They have not been able to figure out how to prevent the disruptions that they are confronted with because of internal divides and because of some of the external pressures that are coming from terrorist groups and others. So I think it's too soon to tell. Va menimcha, biz buni diqqat bilan ko'rib chiqishimiz kerak ".^[262]

Osiyo

Sharqiy Osiyo

Xitoy

Klinton AQSh-Xitoy munosabatlarini Qattiq tanlov "do'st yoki raqib kabi toifalarga" to'g'ri kelmaydigan biri sifatida.^[263] Ga ko'ra Xalqaro aloqalar bo'yicha kengash, "Klinton Obama ma'muriyatining strategik markaziy aktyori edi Osiyoga "burilish""uning davlat kotibi bo'lgan davrida.^[263] U Xitoyni tanqid qildi kiberhujumlar va sanoat josusligi AQShga qarshi va AQSh kabi ittifoqchilariga nisbatan tahdidli yo'l tutganligi uchun Filippinlar.^[264]

Klinton 2010 yilda buni ta'kidlagan raqobatchi dengiz da'volari ichida Janubiy Xitoy dengizi AQSh milliy manfaati edi: "Qo'shma Shtatlar milliy manfaatdor navigatsiya erkinligi, Osiyoning dengizdagi umumiy aloqalariga ochiq kirish va Janubiy Xitoy dengizidagi xalqaro huquqlarga hurmat. "^[265] Xitoy tashqi ishlar vaziri bunga javoban "so'zlar aslida Xitoyga qarshi hujum edi" deb aytdi.^[266][267]

Klinton bir necha bor tanqid qilgan Xitoy hukumatining inson huquqlari bo'yicha qaydlari.^[268] Masalan, 2011 yilda u Xitoy hukumatining inson huquqlari bilan bog'liq ahvolini "achinarli" deb ta'riflagan^[269] va uning norozilikni "ahmoqning ishi" sifatida bostirishi.^[268] Klinton Xitoy rahbarini tanqid qildi Si TszinpinXitoylik rejimni "feministlarni ta'qib qilishda" ayblab, gender tengsizligi to'g'risidagi yozuv, beshta xitoylik ayol ayollarning hibsga olinishiga ishora qilmoqda (Vey Tingting va yana to'rt kishi) jinsiy zo'ravonlikka qarshi kampaniya o'tkazgan.^[270][271] Birinchi xonim sifatida u Xitoyni tanqid qildi bitta bola siyosati.^[263] U tomonidan tanqid qilingan Xitoy davlat ommaviy axborot vositalari va "hukumatga qarashli fikr mualliflari", shuningdek, xitoylik ijtimoiy tarmoq sharhlovchilari inson huquqlarini qattiq tanqid qilgani va Xitoyning Janubiy Xitoy dengizidagi faoliyatiga qarshi bo'lganligi uchun.^[268] 2008 yilda u prezident Bushni boykot qilishga chaqirdi Pekin Olimpiadasining ochilish marosimi, Tibetdagi siyosiy zo'ravonlikni va Xitoyning Sudanga bosim o'tkazmasligi to'xtatish uchun Darfurda zo'ravonlik.^[263] Davlat kotibi sifatida Klinton Afrikadagi "yangi mustamlakachilik" dan ogohlantirdi Xitoyning Afrikadagi ishtiroki.^[272][273] 2011 yilda Afrikaga safari chog'ida Klinton Xitoy boshqaruv uchun namuna bo'lmasligini aytdi.^[272] Keyingi yil Afrikaga qilgan safarida Klinton AQShning "demokratiya va inson huquqlari" ga sodiqligini raqib kuchlarning "boshqa tomonga qarash va resurslarni ushlab turishni" istashiga zid qilib, safarni boshladi - bu keng sharhlangan sharh Xitoyga yopiq hujum.^[274]

Shimoliy Koreya

Klinton yadroviy qurol dasturini cheklash uchun Shimoliy Koreyaga qarshi sanksiyalarni oshirishni, Xitoyni Shimoliy Koreyani yadro quroli dasturini cheklash uchun bosim o'tkazishni va Yaponiya va Janubiy Koreyaning ittifoqchilari bilan ballistik raketa qalqonini kuchaytirishni istashini aytmoqda.^[275][276] U Obama ma'muriyatining Osiyodagi yo'nalishini qo'llab-quvvatladi, chunki qisman Qo'shma Shtatlar Shimoliy Koreyaning tahdidiga qarshi turish uchun mintaqada ko'proq harbiy ishtirokga muhtoj edi.^[276]

Janubiy Osiyo

Afg'oniston

Klinton prezident Barak Obamaning 2017 yil yanvar oyida vakolat muddati tugaguniga qadar AQShning 5500 askarini Afg'onistonda saqlash to'g'risidagi qarorini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.^[277] Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, ushbu kuchlarning asosiy maqsadi ularni qo'llab-quvvatlash va o'qitish bo'lishi kerak Afg'oniston milliy armiyasi "quruqlikdagi jang" bilan shug'ullanishdan ko'ra.^[277] 2014 yil iyun oyida AQShning Afg'onistondan chiqib ketishi to'g'risida berilgan savolga Klinton bu "erdagi sharoitga va nima so'ralishiga" bog'liqligini aytdi.^[277]

Obama davridagi davlat kotibi sifatida Klinton ma'muriyatning boshqa yuqori martabali mansabdorlariga qaraganda ko'proq shafqatsiz siyosatni ilgari surgan; "Klintonning yanada faol falsafasi" vaqti-vaqti bilan Obamaning "o'zini tutib turish instinkti" bilan to'qnashib turardi.^[278] Klinton qo'llab-quvvatladi 2009 yil AQShning Afg'onistondagi qo'shinlari sonining ko'payishi.^[277] Ma'muriyatning 2010 yildagi Afg'oniston urushi tekshiruvi paytida Klinton generalni ma'qulladi Stenli MakkristalAfg'onistonga yana 40 ming qo'shin uchun tavsiya, 30 ming qo'shin uchun (oxir-oqibat Obama tomonidan qabul qilingan) taklifni qo'llab-quvvatlashdan oldin.^[278]

2010 yil yanvar oyida Klinton NATO, Buyuk Britaniya va Afg'oniston hukumati tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan 500 million dollarlik rejani qo'llab-quvvatladi. Tolibon isyonchilari afg'on jamiyatiga. Ushbu reja "Tinchlik va Reintegratsiya Ishonch Jamg'armasi" tomonidan moliyalashtiriladi.^[279] Klinton qo'zg'olonchilarning har qanday reintegratsiyasi uchun uchta shartni qo'ydi: zo'ravonlikdan voz kechish, al-Qoida bilan tanaffus va Afg'oniston qonunlariga, shu jumladan, Afg'oniston konstitutsiyasi barcha shaxslarning huquqlarini kafolatlash, ayniqsa ayollar."^[279][280] Meri Akrami Afg'oniston Ayollar malakasini rivojlantirish markazining "dastlab Tolibon" ning qizlar va ayollarga tahdid qilgani va ularga hujum qilgani haqida "shubhali" edi.^[279] Mark Grossman (o'sha paytda AQShning Afg'oniston va Pokiston bo'yicha maxsus vakili bo'lib ishlagan) "isyonchilar bilan suhbatning axloqiy noaniqligi, biz gaplashishni boshlashdan oldin Kotib Klinton qo'ygan tamoyillarga sodiqligimiz bilan aniqlandi" deb ta'kidladi.^[280]

AQSh-Tolibon muzokaralari 2011 yil o'rtalaridan 2012 yil martigacha davom etdi va oxir-oqibat muvaffaqiyatsiz yakunlandi.^[280] 2011 yil oktyabr oyida Klinton toliblar uchun inklyuziv siyosiy jarayonning bir qismi sifatida muzokaralar olib borilgan tinchlik uchun eshik hali ham ochiq ekanligini va agar ular rad etsa, toliblar "to'xtovsiz" hujumlarga duch kelishini aytdi.^[280] Klinton o'sha paytda Pokiston hamkorligi Afg'oniston xavfsizligi uchun juda muhim ekanligini aytgan va Pokiston hukumatini "chegara bo'ylab boshpana berayotgan ekstremistlar uchun boshpana bermaslikka" chaqirgan.^[281] Klinton o'z xotirasida aytgan Qattiq tanlov"" Men ilgari ham ko'p marta bo'lganimdek, toliblar bilan muzokaralar eshigini ochish shuncha yil oldin ko'plab amerikaliklar uchun yutish qiyin bo'lishini tan olgan edim. Past darajadagi jangchilarni birlashtirish juda g'alati edi; to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yuqori qo'mondonlar bilan muzokaralar olib borildi. Agar biz faqat do'stlarimiz bilan gaplashsak, diplomatiya oson bo'lar edi. Shunday qilib tinchlik o'rnatilmaydi ".^[282]

2011-12 yillarda AQSh hukumatining ichki muzokaralari chog'ida Klinton juda shubhali edi almashish AQSh armiyasi serjanti uchun hibsga olingan besh tolibning. Bou Bergdal. Klinton har qanday kelishuvning bir qismi sifatida qattiqroq shartlarni ilgari surdi va "toliblarga yoki ularga ishonishni xohlamadi Haqqoniy tarmog'i Bergdalni asirlikda ushlab turgan Pokistonda ".^[283]

Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo

Birma

Klinton tasvirlab berdi Birmaning demokratiyaga o'tishi "Kotib bo'lganimning eng yuqori nuqtasi" sifatida.^[35] To'liq demokratiya yo'lidagi to'siqlar saqlanib qolayotganini ta'kidlar ekan, Klinton xalqni siyosiy islohotlarga undashdagi rolini ta'kidladi.^[284] Klinton diqqatga sazovor joyni maqtadi Birmada o'tkazilgan erkin saylovlar 2015 yilda ularni "mamlakatning demokratiyaga bo'lgan uzoq yo'lida muhim, ammo nomukammal bo'lsa ham, oldinga qadam" deb atab, ular "AQSh dunyoda tinchlik tarafdori va o'ynashi mumkin bo'lgan ajralmas rolining tasdig'ini" ifodalaganini aytdi. taraqqiyot. "^[284]

G'arbiy Osiyo

Eron

Klinton Eronni AQShga qarshi uzoq muddatli strategik muammo, deb ta'rifladi NATO ittifoqchilar va Isroil. 2006 yilda u Eronni yadro qurolidan qaytarish uchun sanktsiyalarni qo'llashni talab qildi^[285] va rad etishdan bosh tortdi a harbiy zarba, "Biz Eronga ularga yadroviy qurol olishga ruxsat berilmasligi to'g'risida aniq xabar yuborishda biron bir variantni olib tashlay olmaymiz."^[286] 2007 yilda u Eronni davlat homiyligidagi terrorizmda va uning surrogatlaridan foydalanib, Iroqdagi AQSh askarlarini o'ldiradigan portlovchi moddalarni etkazib berishda aybladi. U Bush ma'muriyatini Eron bilan yadro dasturi to'g'risida gaplashishdan bosh tortgani uchun tanqid qildi; bu orada Eron go'yoki yadroviy boyitish imkoniyatlarini oshirdi.^[287] 2007 yil 26 sentyabrda Klinton Eronga yorliq kiritish uchun ramziy majburiy bo'lmagan tuzatish uchun ovoz berdi Islom inqilobi soqchilari korpusi kabi "xorijiy terroristik tashkilot, "va AQShning Eronga va uning" ishonchli vakillariga "qarshi siyosatini amalga oshirish uchun diplomatik iqtisodiy, razvedka iqtisodiy va AQSh harbiy" vositalaridan "foydalanish. Iroq.^[288] Klinton Eron bilan kuchli diplomatiyani qo'llab-quvvatlashda davom etishini ta'kidlab, Senatning qarori qabul qilinganidan keyin Eronning Iroqqa qurol-yarog 'etkazib berish sustlashganini aytib, o'z ovozini himoya qildi. Ammo uning Demokratik raqiblari uni Bush ma'muriyatining Eronga qarshi shafqatsiz hujumi bo'lganiga hissa qo'shgani uchun tanqid qildilar.^[289] 2007 yil oktyabr oyida Klinton Eronda harbiy harakatlar uchun mablag'lardan "Kongressning aniq ruxsatisiz" foydalanishni taqiqlovchi qonun loyihasini qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[289] 2008 yil 22 aprelda Klinton Eronga, agar ular Isroilga yadro quroli bilan hujum qilsalar, yadrolarni yo'q qilish bilan tahdid qilib: "Agar Eron Isroilga qarshi yadroviy hujum uyushtirsa, bizning javobimiz qanday bo'lar edi? Men eronliklarning bilishini istayman, agar men bo'lsam Prezident, biz Eronga hujum qilamiz. Biz shunday qilamiz, xavfsiz joy yo'q. " U davom etdi: "Yaqin 10 yil ichida ular yadro quroli dasturining rivojlanish bosqichi qanday bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar, ular Isroilga hujum qilishni aqlsiz deb o'ylashlari mumkin, biz ularni butunlay yo'q qila olamiz."^[290]

Klintonning davlat kotibi bo'lgan davrida "ko'tarilgan Eronga qarshi sanktsiyalar aniq ustuvor vazifa edi. "^[291] AQSh Davlat departamentining boshqa davlatlarni, shu jumladan Rossiya va Xitoyni Eronga qarshi xalqaro sanktsiyalarni tez sur'atlarda kengaytirishga ishontirish bo'yicha Klinton shaxsan ishtirok etgan.^[291] Klinton shuningdek, o'tishni muvaffaqiyatli ta'minladi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Xavfsizlik Kengashining 1929 yildagi qarori 2010 yil iyun oyida Eronga qarshi qat'iy yangi sanktsiyalar, jumladan qurol embargosi ​​va mamlakatning moliyaviy va yuk tashish faoliyatidagi cheklovlarni qo'shdi.^[291][292] Klinton davrida AQSh tomonidan Eronga nisbatan qo'llanilgan sanksiyalar odatda Eronni yadro dasturi bo'yicha muzokaralar stoliga o'tirishga majbur qilgan bir necha omillardan biri sifatida qaraladi.^[291]

Mutaxassislarning fikriga ko'ra, "Klinton davrida" qabul qilingan sanktsiyalarda "Klintonning jamoasi ham rol o'ynagan", garchi "Kongress ma'muriyat istagidan ustun bo'lgan ba'zi sanktsiyalarni qabul qildi".^[291] Bunday choralardan biri, sanktsiyalarni qo'llash Eron markaziy banki, Kongress tomonidan qabul qilingan va Prezident Obama tomonidan Davlat departamenti rasmiylarining e'tirozlari yuzasidan qonun imzolangan.^[293] Davlat departamenti buni oxir-oqibat amalga oshirdi, garchi bir necha mamlakatlarga nisbatan sanktsiyalardan voz kechgan bo'lsa-da, ba'zi qonunchilar va targ'ibot guruhlarining tanqidiga sabab bo'ldi.^[293]

2008 yilgi saylov kampaniyasi paytida Klinton Obamani Eron bilan oldindan shartlarsiz muzokaralar olib borishga tayyorligi uchun tanqid qildi.^[294] Davlat kotibi sifatida Klinton 2012 va 2013 yillarda xalq bilan quyi darajadagi maxfiy muzokaralarni o'tkazishda yordam bergan.^[294] Davlat kotibi lavozimidan iste'foga chiqqandan so'ng, u muzokaralar AQShning mamlakatning yadro rivojlanishiga ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin bo'lgan usul ekanligini ta'kidladi.^[295]

2015 yil 2 aprelda Klinton uni qo'llab-quvvatlashini tasdiqladi kelishuv mamlakatning yadro dasturi bo'yicha cheklovlar evaziga Eronga qarshi iqtisodiy sanktsiyalarni bekor qilish va uni mamlakat xavfsizligini nazorat qilishdagi "muhim qadam" deb atash.^[296] 2016 yil yanvar oyida Klinton "Men Eron yadroviy kelishuvidan juda faxrlanaman. Prezident prezident lavozimiga kirishganida uni amalga oshirgan ishlarning bir qismi ekanligimdan juda mamnun edim. Men bosim o'tkazgan sanktsiyalarni qabul qilish uchun javobgar edim. Eron haqida. Bu ularni muzokara stoliga olib keldi va natijada ushbu kelishuvga erishildi. Ammo menimcha, biz hali ham ularni diqqat bilan kuzatib borishimiz kerak. "^[297]

Iroq

2002 yil 11 oktyabrda Klinton ovoz berish uchun ovoz berdi Iroqqa qarshi harbiy kuch ishlatish uchun ruxsatnoma, odatda Iroq urushi rezolyutsiyasi sifatida tanilgan, Prezident Bushga vakolat berish Iroq urushi.^[298] 2006 yil 18-dekabrdagi intervyusida u ovoz berganidan afsusda ekanligini bildirdi: "Shubhasiz, agar biz o'sha paytda hozir bilganimizni bilsak, ovoz berilmaydi va men, albatta, unga ovoz bermagan bo'lar edim."^[299] 2007 yil fevralga kelib, Klinton o'zining ovozi xato bo'lganligini aytolmadi yoki urushga qarshi demokratlar talab qilganidek, buning uchun uzr so'ramadi. "Agar sizning biron biringiz uchun eng muhimi, bu ovoz bermagan yoki bu ovoz berishni xato deb aytgan kishini tanlash bo'lsa, demak boshqalar orasida tanlov qilish kerak", dedi Klinton. Dover, Nyu-Xempshir.^[300]

2008 yilgi prezidentlik poygasining ikkinchi Demokratik munozarasida Klinton, Bush BMT inspektorlariga ommaviy qirg'in qurollarini topishga ko'proq vaqt berishiga imkon beradigan taassurot ostida qarorga ovoz berganini aytdi. Muxbir Karl Bernshteyn va boshqalar Klinton nima uchun prezident Bushdan BMTning qurol-yarog 'inspektorlariga ko'proq vaqt ajratishni talab qiladigan va shuningdek, agar Iroqqa bir tomonlama bosqin qilishga ruxsat berish uchun alohida Kongress vakolatini talab qiladigan Levin tuzatilishiga qarshi ovoz bergani haqida savol berishdi. ovoz berish shunchaki kuchli diplomatiya uchun ovoz berish edi.^{[301][302][303]}

2004 yil 20 apreldagi intervyu paytida Larri King jonli, Klintondan 2002 yil oktyabr oyida Iroq urushi rezolyutsiyasini yoqlab ovoz bergani haqida so'rashdi.

Shubhasiz, keyingi bir necha oy ichida bu haqda juda ko'p o'ylardim. Yo'q, men prezidentga vakolat berganimdan afsuslanmayman, chunki o'sha paytda bu ommaviy qirg'in qurollari, Qo'shma Shtatlar uchun jiddiy tahdidlar va Saddam Xuseyn xalqaro hamjamiyat uchun ko'proq muammo bo'lgan. o'n yil. ... Klinton ma'muriyatidan Bush ma'muriyatigacha bo'lgan kelishuv bir xil edi. Bu bizning dunyodagi ittifoqchilarimiz va do'stlarimiz baham ko'rgan xuddi shu razvedka e'tiqodi edi.

Ammo, uning so'zlariga ko'ra, Bush ma'muriyati "bunga chindan ham ishongan. Ular haqiqatan ham o'zlarini haq deb o'ylashgan, ammo jiddiy qaror qabul qilinganda yuzaga kelishi kerak bo'lgan munozaralarga o'xshash quyosh nurlarini o'zlarining fikrlash jarayoniga yo'l qo'ymaganlar. bu. "^[304]

Senator Klinton 2005 yil 29 noyabrda o'z saylovchilariga yo'llagan maktubida: "[Bush] ma'muriyati qo'zg'atgan uzoq va uzoq davom etgan mojaroga tez va oson echim topilmaydi ... Men bunga yo'l qo'yganimizga ishonmayman. Cheklovsiz va cheksiz ochiq majburiyat. Iroqdan zudlik bilan chiqib ketishimiz yoki olib chiqishimiz kerakligiga ishonmayman. "^[305]

2006 yil 8-iyun kuni Klinton AQSh havo hujumi natijasida halok bo'lganligi haqida gapirdi Abu Musab az-Zarqaviy: "Men Bill, Chelsi va men mehmonxonadagi bal zaliga tashrif buyurganimizda Zarqaviy terroristik tarmog'ining dahshatli oqibatlarini o'zim ko'rdim. Amman, Iordaniya o'tgan yilning noyabrida Zarqaviy izdoshlari bo'lgan to'yda bomba portlatdi, begunoh odamlarni o'ldirish va yaralash. Biz Zarqaviy va boshqa qo'zg'olonchilarga qarshi kurash olib borgan va bugungi muvaffaqiyat uchun javobgar bo'lgan Iroqdagi forma kiygan erkaklarimiz va ayollarimizga o'z minnatdorchiligimizni bildiramiz. "^[306]

2006 yil 13 iyunda qilgan nutqida Klinton Prezident Jorj Bushning bu bilan ishlashini keskin tanqid qildi Iroq urushi,^[307] Bush "urushga shoshildi" va "Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining inspektorlariga o'z vazifalarini bajarishi va bajarishiga ruxsat berishdan bosh tortdi ... Biz butun dunyo bo'ylab yakkalanish o'rniga ittifoq tuzishimiz kerak ... Bizning rejamizni amalga oshirishni boshlaydigan reja bo'lishi kerak. qo'shinlar uyga. "^[308] Xuddi shu nutqida Klinton AQShni tark etish muddatiga qarshi bo'lgan uzoq yillik qarshiligini takrorladi va shunday dedi: "Menimcha, prezident uchun ham o'z oldiga qo'yilgan majburiyatini davom ettirish aqlli strategiya deb o'ylamayman. Iroq hukumati ham, aniq bir kunni belgilash oqilona siyosat emas deb o'ylayman. "^[307][308]

2007 yil 17 fevralda u Iroq qo'shinlarini himoya qilish va qisqartirish to'g'risidagi 2007 yilgi qonunni e'lon qildi. Ushbu akt Prezident Bushni Iroqdan qo'shinlarni uzoq masofadan 90 kun ichida qaytarishni boshlashga majbur qiladi yoki Klintonga ko'ra Kongress ularning vakolatlarini bekor qilishi kerak edi. urush uchun. Qonun shuningdek, Iroq hukumatiga bo'sh tekshiruvni tugatadi va chegaralar buzilgan taqdirda ularni og'ir oqibatlarga olib keladi. Va nihoyat, Qonunda Mudofaa vaziridan barcha Iroq qo'shinlarining yuborilishidan oldin ularning ta'minoti va o'qitilishi jihatidan holati tekshirilishi talab qilinadi.^{[iqtibos kerak]}

2007 yil mart oyida u prezident Bushdan Iroqdan o'z qo'shinlarini ma'lum muddatlarda olib chiqishni boshlashi kerak bo'lgan urush xarajatlari to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini yoqlab ovoz berdi; u deyarli partiyalar safidan o'tgan, ammo keyinchalik Prezident Bush tomonidan veto qo'yilgan.^{[iqtibos kerak]}

2007 yil may oyida Klinton, o'sha paytdagi demokratik raqibi Obama va boshqa 12 senator bilan birgalikda urushni moliyalashtirish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasiga qarshi ovoz berdi, bu qaror qabul qilinishidan oldin veto qo'yilgan muddatlarni olib tashlagan, ammo mablag 'bilan bog'liq Iroq hukumati uchun taraqqiyot mezonlari. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, "Men o'z qo'shinlarimizni to'liq qo'llab-quvvatlayman [lekin bu chora] prezidentni bizning qo'shinlarimizga Iroqda yangi strategiya berishga majbur qila olmaydi".^[309]

Iroqdagi urushni tugatishga chaqirar ekan, Klinton 2007 yil iyul oyida "biz ushbu mintaqadagi o'zimizning haqiqiy strategik milliy manfaatlarimizni unutib bo'lmaydi" deb ta'kidlab, AQSh qo'shinlarining Iroqdagi sonini qisqartirish tarafdori ekanligini ta'kidladi.^[310] Nutqda u AQSh qurolli kuchlarini shimoldagi kurdlar mintaqasini himoya qilish va qarshi maqsadli operatsiyalarni o'tkazish uchun qayta joylashtirishni taklif qildi. Iroqdagi al-Qoidava Iroq kuchlarini tayyorlash va jihozlash.^[310] Klintonning pozitsiyasi xuddi shu pozitsiyaga o'xshaydi Iroqni o'rganish guruhi u Iroqda siyosiy yarashuv zarurligini ta'kidlaydi, AQShning jangovar brigadalarining chiqarilishini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi va harbiy xizmatchilarni o'qitish va qo'llab-quvvatlash vazifalarida xizmat qilish uchun kam sonli qo'shinlarni saqlashni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. AQSh elchixonasi.^[310]

2007 yil 22-avgustda Klinton qo'shinlarning ko'payishi va yangi taktikalarni ushbu mahsulotni ishlab chiqarishda yordam berganligi bilan izohladi Anbar uyg'onishi yilda Al Anbar viloyati,^[311] Ammo qo'shinlar sonining ko'payishi belgilangan maqsadlarga to'g'ri kelmaganligini aytdi: "Bu keskinlik Iroq hukumatiga vaziyatni siyosiy echimini ta'minlash uchun choralar ko'rish uchun vaqt berish maqsadida ishlab chiqilgan. Bunga erishilmadi. Oq uyning sentyabrdagi hisoboti Iroqdagi mazhablararo jangga harbiy yechim yo'qligi aniq. Biz urush hakamligini to'xtatib, hozir chiqib ketishni boshlashimiz kerak. "^[312] Bundan tashqari, Klinton Senatning Qurolli kuchlar qo'mitasi kafedra Karl Levin, deb nomlangan Iroq parlamenti almashtirish Nuriy al-Malikiy kabi Iroq Bosh vaziri Malikiy Iroq ichidagi dushman guruhlar o'rtasidagi kelishmovchiliklarni bartaraf etishda muvaffaqiyatga erisha olmaganligini "kamroq bo'linadigan va birlashtiruvchi raqam" bilan: "Iroq rahbarlari hokimiyatni bo'lishish, Baatsifikatsiya to'g'risidagi qonunlarga o'zgartirish kiritish uchun o'zlarining siyosiy ko'rsatkichlarini bajarmadilar. neft to'g'risidagi qonunni qabul qilish, viloyat saylovlarini tayinlash va ularning konstitutsiyasiga o'zgartirishlar kiritish. "^[313]

2007 yil noyabr oyi oxiriga kelib, dalgalanma va boshqa taktikalar va o'zgarishlar Iroqdagi fuqarolar zo'ravonligini sezilarli darajada pasayishiga olib kelganligini yana bir bor tasdiqlovchi dalillar bilan,^[314] Klinton yutuqlarni tan oldi, ammo asosiy tenglama o'zgarmaganini aytdi: "Bizning qo'shinlarimiz dunyodagi eng yaxshi kuchdir; agar siz ularning sonini ko'paytirsangiz, ular o'zgaradi. Bu erda asosiy nuqta shundaki, to'lqinning ko'tarilishidan maqsad siyosiy yarashish uchun joy yarating va bu sodir bo'lmadi va bu sodir bo'lishi yoki iroqliklar siyosiy mezonlarga javob berishiga ishora yo'q. Biz ularning fuqarolik urushi hakamligini to'xtatishimiz va undan chiqishni boshlashimiz kerak. "^[315]

2008 yil 16 yanvarda bo'lib o'tgan Demokratik bahs Las-Vegas, Klinton, senatorlar bilan birgalikda Barak Obama va Jon Edvards, davom etayotgan qo'llab-quvvatlash rollari tufayli birinchi prezidentlik muddatining oxiriga qadar barcha AQSh qo'shinlari chiqarilishini kafolatlay olmasliklarini ta'kidladilar. Uchalasi ham ish boshlaganidan keyin 60 kun ichida jangovar brigadalarni olib chiqishni boshlashga va'da berishdi. Bundan tashqari, Klinton fursatdan foydalanib, senator Obamadan prezident Bushning uzoq muddatli shartnomalar imzolashiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun qonunchilikda hammualliflik qilishini so'radi. Iroq hukumati Kongressning aniq roziligisiz: "Shuning uchun men prezident Bushning Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressiga kelishini aniq talab qiladigan qonunchilikni kiritdim. U aytganidek, Iroq parlamenti"lekin Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressiga u nima qilishni xohlasa, shu jumladan doimiy bazalar, qo'shinlar soni va boshqa barcha majburiyatlarni o'sha mintaqada sayohat qilish uchun olish uchun kelish."^[316]

Isroil

Klinton "uning tarafdori, qat'iyatli tarafdori" ekanligini ta'kidladi Isroilxavfsizlik va xavfsizlik. "^[317] CNN 2016 yilda ta'kidlaganidek, Klinton "Isroilni qo'llab-quvvatlash bo'yicha uzoq va batafsil ma'lumotlarga ega ikki holatli echim Senatdagi va davlat kotibi bo'lgan davrlarida. "^[318] Uning 2016 yilgi nutqida AIPAC Konferentsiyada Klinton muzokaralar olib borilgan ikki davlatli qarorni uzoq vaqtdan beri qo'llab-quvvatlashini tasdiqladi "Isroilning kuchli sifatida uzoq muddatli omon qolishining yagona yo'li" Yahudiy va demokratik davlat."^[319] 1998 yilda Klinton bunday kelishuv "Yaqin Sharqning uzoq muddatli manfaatlariga javob beradi" deb aytgan.^[320]

2010 yilda, davlat kotibi sifatida Klinton uchta yuzma-yuz yuzma-yuz muzokaralarga raislik qildi Isroil Bosh vaziri Benyamin Netanyaxu va Falastin milliy ma'muriyati prezidenti Mahmud Abbos.^[319] 2016 yilda AIPAC nutqida Klinton prezident etib saylansa, u to'g'ridan-to'g'ri harakat qilishda davom etishini aytdi Isroil-Falastin muzokaralari ammo "tashqi tomonlarning echimini taklif qilishga urinishlariga, shu jumladan BMT Xavfsizlik Kengashi."^[319]

Klinton buni qoraladi boykot, ajratish va sanktsiyalar (BDS) harakati va "Isroil va yahudiy xalqini yomonlash, izolyatsiya qilish va buzish uchun barcha harakatlar".^[319]

Klinton qarshi Isroil aholi punkti kengayish, kelishuvning muzlashi tinchlik muzokaralarining muvaffaqiyati uchun kalit ekanligini ta'kidlab.^{[321][322][323]}

2006 yil iyulda Klinton Isroilning bu boradagi sa'y-harakatlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashini bildirdi 2006 yil Isroil-Livan mojarosi: "Biz bu erga birdamlik va Isroilni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun keldik. Biz Isroil bilan birga bo'lamiz, chunki Isroil Amerika va Isroil qadriyatlari tarafdori."^[324]

2005 yil noyabr oyida Klinton ushbu tashkilotning yaratilishini qo'llab-quvvatlashini aytdi G'arbiy Sohil to'sig'i, bayonotida: "Bu Falastin xalqiga qarshi emas. Bu terrorchilarga qarshi".^[325]

Senator sifatida va butun faoliyati davomida Klinton hurmat qilishini aytdi Quddus "Isroilning abadiy va bo'linmas poytaxti" sifatida va Klinton AQSh hukumatidan talab qilinadigan qonunchilikni qo'llab-quvvatladi Isroilning poytaxti sifatida Quddusni aniqlang va harakatlantiring AQShning Isroildagi elchixonasi dan Tel-Aviv Quddusga ( Quddus elchixonasi to'g'risidagi qonun).^{[326][327][328]} 2011 yilda, Davlat kotibi sifatida Klinton AQSh Oliy sudi bo'lgan holatda Zivotofskiy va Klinton, o'z ichiga olgan Kongress akti Quddusda tug'ilganlar uchun AQSh pasportlarida tug'ilgan joyida "Quddus, Isroil" ("Quddus" o'rniga) yozilishini talab qilish.^[328] So'nggi 60 yil ichida AQShning Quddus ustidan hech qanday davlat suverenitetga ega emasligini tan olgan siyosatiga muvofiq,^[329] Klintonning qisqacha bayonotida "Amerikaning Quddusni Isroil poytaxti deb tan olishga qaratilgan har qanday xatti-harakatlari, hatto ramziy ma'noda" ta'sir qilishi mumkinligi ta'kidlandi. Isroil-Falastin tinchlik jarayoni.^[328] Keyinchalik Oliy sud pasport to'g'risidagi qonunni bekor qildi vakolatlarni ajratish asoslari, Kongress bunga tajovuz qilganligini o'tkazish prezidentning konstitutsiyaviy hokimiyati ga tan olish chet davlatlar.^[329]

Suhbat davomida 2014 yil Isroil - G'azo mojarosi davom etmoqda, dedi Klinton HAMAS ushbu mamlakatga raketa otish orqali Isroilni qasddan provokatsiya qilgan edi. Isroilning Xamasga qarshi munosabati mutanosib bo'lgan-bo'lmagani to'g'risida u shunday dedi: "Men harbiy rejalashtiruvchi emasman, lekin XAMAS o'z raketalarini - raketalarini tinch aholi punktlariga joylashtiradi. Uning bir qismi G'azo juda kichik va u juda zich joylashgan. Ular HAMAS harbiy rahbarlarini o'sha tinch aholi punktlarida boshqarish va nazoratini olib borishdi. Isroil, men bilaman, ogohlantirishlar yuborgan va odamlarni harakatga keltirishga harakat qilgan, ammo har qanday to'qnashuvda tinch aholi halok bo'lishi mumkin va biz bunga muhtojmiz. tezroq sulhga erishishga harakat qiling. "^[330]

kurka

Davomida 2016 yilgi Turkiya davlat to'ntarishiga urinish, Klinton shunday dedi: "Barchamiz tinchlik va qonunlar, muassasalar va insonning asosiy huquqlari va erkinliklariga hurmat bilan qarashimiz va demokratik yo'l bilan saylangan fuqarolik hukumatini qo'llab-quvvatlashimiz kerak".^[331]

Arman genotsidi

Senatda bo'lgan davrida Klinton homiysi bo'lgan Arman genotsidining rezolyutsiyasiSenator prezident Bushga ikki marta xat yozib, uni murojaat qilishga chaqirdi Arman genotsidi yillik esdalik bayonotida.^[332][333] ("" So'zining ishlatilishigenotsid"bilan bahslashmoqda Turkiya hukumati.)^[333] 2008 yilda (Klinton Demokratik partiyadan prezidentlikka nomzodini ilgari surgan yili muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi), Klinton "Men tomonidan sodir etilgan dahshatli voqealarga ishonaman Usmonli imperiyasi armanlarga qarshi aniq bir genotsid holatini tashkil etadi. "^[333]

Obama boshchiligidagi davlat kotibi sifatida Klinton vahshiylikka nisbatan pozitsiyasini o'zgartirdi; ma'muriyat siyosatiga muvofiq, na Klinton va na Davlat departamenti bu so'zni ishlatgan genotsid, bu armanlar va Amerikaning Armaniston milliy qo'mitasi.^[333][334] 2012 yil yanvar oyida bo'lib o'tgan Davlat departamentidagi tadbirda Klinton shafqatsizlarcha "har doimgidek qaralib kelgan va menimcha, bu" yuqori his-tuyg'ularni "keltirib chiqaradigan va" bu AQSh hukumati uchun to'g'ri holat "bo'lgan tarixiy munozara sifatida. "so'zini ishlatmaslik uchun.^[333]

Davlat kotibi lavozimidan ketganidan keyin Klinton ushbu atamani davom ettirdi genotsid. Klintonning yordamchisi aytdi Newsweek 2015 yil aprel oyida Klinton "bu genotsid bo'lganligi to'g'risida o'z nuqtai nazarini bayon etgan".^[333]

Evropa

Rossiya va Ukraina

Davlat kotibi sifatida Klinton yakunlanishini nazorat qildi Yangi START Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va o'rtasida yadro qurollarini nazorat qilish to'g'risidagi shartnoma Rossiyava uni tasdiqlash uchun muvaffaqiyatli surishtirdi.^[335][336] 2016 yil aprel oyida Klinton kampaniyasi shartnoma orqali "yadroviy qurollarning katta miqdorda kamaytirilishini ta'minlashda" Klinton uchun kredit talab qilingan reklama e'lon qildi. FactCheck.org Ushbu reklama Klintonning yadroviy yutug'ini oshirib yuborganligini aniqladi va New START tarqatilganlar sonini cheklashini ta'kidladi strategik yadroviy kallaklar ammo yadroviy qurollarni yo'q qilish yoki ularning yadro zaxiralarini kamaytirish uchun biron bir tomonni talab qilmasligi, shartnoma kuchga kirganda Rossiya chegaradan past bo'lganligi va shu vaqtdan beri mamlakat ularni ko'paytirganligi.^[337]

Yangi START shartnomasi Klintonning yanada kengroq rolining bir qismi edi 2009 yil AQSh-Rossiya munosabatlarining "tiklanishi". Klinton 2014 yilda "qayta tiklash" ni himoya qilib, Yangi START shartnomasi imzolanishi, Eronga nisbatan sanksiyalar kuchaytirilgani va Afg'onistondagi Amerika qo'shinlariga etkazib berish liniyalarining xavfsizligini ta'minlash bularning barchasi qayta tiklanish natijasida erishilganini aytdi.^[338]

2010 yilda rossiyalik jurnalistga bergan intervyusida Klinton "Men ruslardan eshitgan qo'rquvlardan biri shuki, AQSh Rossiyani kuchsiz bo'lishini xohlaydi. Bu haqiqatdan uzoqroq bo'lishi mumkin emas edi. Bizning maqsadimiz Rossiyani kuchaytirishga yordam berishdir. Biz Rossiyani 21-asrda etakchi sifatida kuchli madaniyatga, Rossiyada bo'lgan aqlga sig'maydigan kapitalga ega deb bilamiz. Va biz ba'zida sizning kelajagingizga ba'zan ruslarnikidan ko'ra ko'proq ishonganimizni his qilamiz. "^[339][340] Rossiyadagi 2011 yilgi saylovlardan so'ng Klinton ularning "na erkin va na adolatli" ekanligini aytdi, bu saylov kuzatuvchilarining da'volari va boshqa G'arb rahbarlarining bayonotlariga mos keladi.^[341]

Klinton tanqid qildi Rossiya prezidenti Vladimir Putin uning tajovuzkor xatti-harakati uchun bir qator hollarda, ayniqsa Rossiyadan keyin anneksiya qilingan Qrim va Ukrainaning sharqidagi bo'lginchilarni qo'llab-quvvatladi, bu G'arb bilan davom etayotgan keskinlikni keltirib chiqardi.^[342] 2014 yil iyul oyida Klinton Putin "xavfli bo'lishi mumkin" va "uning Ukrainadagi so'nggi tajovuziga G'arbning qo'shma reaktsiyasi bilan javob berish kerak" degan edi.^[343] 2015 yil yanvar oyida Klinton "Ukrainaga o'z chegaralarini himoya qilishda yordam berish" va Rossiya tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan ayirmachilarga qarshi kurashish uchun Ukrainaga moliyaviy yordamni, harbiy texnika va harbiy tayyorgarlikni oshirishni (hisobdorlikni ta'minlash choralariga bog'liq) chaqirdi.^[342]

Shimoliy Amerika

Kuba

Klinton qo'llab-quvvatladi Helms-Burton Act 1996 yil^[344] 2000 yilda Klinton Kubaga oziq-ovqat va dori-darmon eksportini ko'paytirish va Kubaga ko'proq sayohat qilish imkoniyatini qo'llab-quvvatlashini aytdi, ammo "olib tashlash uchun ovoz berishga tayyor emas". AQShning Kubaga qarshi embargosi, shuni talab qilib "Kastro AQSh embargoni bekor qilish uchun harakat qilishidan oldin "qatag'onni tugatish, siyosiy mahbuslarni ozod qilish va demokratlashtirish sari bir necha qadamlarni tashlashga harakat qilish to'g'risida" yaxshi niyat bilan ko'rsatishi kerak.^[344] Klinton 2008 yilda xuddi shu sabablarga ko'ra xuddi shunday fikrda bo'lgan.^[344]

Keyinchalik Klinton o'z qarashlarini o'zgartirib, 2014 yilgi kitobida yozgan Qattiq tanlov davlat kotibi lavozimida ishlash muddati tugaguniga qadar u Obamaga Kuba embargosini qayta ko'rib chiqishni tavsiya qildi, chunki bu maqsadlariga erishilmayapti va aksincha samarasiz bo'lishi mumkin.^[344] Klinton bu embargo "Lotin Amerikasi bo'ylab bizning yanada kengroq kun tartibimizni to'xtatib turishini" va "20 yil davomida AQSh-Kuba munosabatlarini kuzatganimiz va ular bilan muomala qilganimizdan so'ng, biz nima uchun ular demokratik bo'lmagan va haqoratli ".^[344]

2014 yil dekabrda, Prezident Obama ma'muriyat buning uchun choralar ko'rishini e'lon qilgandan so'ng, embargo bekor qilinishini qo'llab-quvvatlashini bildirgandan so'ng.^[344][345] Dedi Klinton Xalqaro aloqalar bo'yicha kengash 2014 yilda embargo "Kastroning eng yaxshi do'sti" bo'lganligi va keyingi yil "yaxshi niyatlarga qaramay, bizning o'nlab yillik izolyatsiya siyosati Kastro rejimining hokimiyatdagi ta'sirini yanada kuchaytirdi. Aytganimdek, olib kelishning eng yaxshi usuli Kubaga o'zgartirish - bu o'z xalqini tashqi dunyodagi qadriyatlarga, ma'lumotlarga va moddiy qulayliklarga ta'sir qilishdir. Kelgusi kunlarda va yillarda AQShning faolligini oshirish maqsadi Kuba xalqi uchun haqiqiy va uzoq muddatli islohotlarni rag'batlantirish bo'lishi kerak. "^[345]

Gaiti

Klinton jamg'armasi Gaitiga oldin ham, undan keyin ham muhim moliyaviy yordam ko'rsatishda qatnashgan 2010 yil Gaitida zilzila, Billni ham, Xillari Klintonni ham turli xil natijalarga ega bo'lgan Gaiti siyosatchilarining faol tarafdorlari bo'lishiga olib keldi.^{[346][347][348]} Ning yaratilishidagi Klinton jamg'armasining roli Karakul sanoat parki muhim tanqidlarning manbai bo'ldi.^[346][349]

Gonduras

Greg Grandin va boshqa ba'zi sharhlovchilar Klintonni prezidentning harbiylar tomonidan quvib chiqarilishini qonuniylashtirgani uchun tanqid qildilar Manuel Zelaya ichida 2009 yil Gonduras davlat to'ntarishio'rtasida sodir bo'lgan konstitutsiyaviy inqiroz o'sha mamlakatda.^{[350][351][352]} Grandin, shuningdek, Klintonni o'zini xarakterlagan narsani qo'llab-quvvatlashda aybladi neoliberal yilda xususiylashtirish kabi iqtisodiy siyosat Meksika, Salvadorva Lotin Amerikasining boshqa joylarida.^[350]

2016 yilda Gondurasdagi voqealar to'g'risida so'ralganda, Klinton prezident Zelayaning lavozimidan chetlatilishi qonuniy degan pozitsiyani egalladi, garchi "menga tashqi qiyofasi yoki ular qilgan ishlari yoqmadi".^[353] Klintonning ta'kidlashicha, agar AQSh hukumati davlat to'ntarishini e'lon qilgan bo'lsa, u barcha yordamlarni, shu jumladan zudlik bilan to'xtatishga majbur bo'lishi kerak edi gumanitar yordam, bu "faqat Gonduras xalqini jazolash bilan vaziyatni yanada og'irlashtiradi".^[353] Klinton u bilan ishlaganligini ta'kidladi Tinchlik bo'yicha Nobel mukofoti laureat Oskar Arias "qon to'kilmasdan, fuqarolar urushisiz, yangi saylovga olib kelgan juda qiyin vaziyatda" harakat qilish va shunday dedi: "Menimcha, bu Gonduras xalqi uchun yaxshiroq edi. Ammo biz yordam berish uchun juda ko'p ish qilishimiz kerak barqarorlashtirish va korruptsiya bilan kurashish, zo'ravonlik va to'dalar bilan kurashish va boshqa ko'p narsalar. "^[353]

Janubiy Amerika

Braziliya

2010 yilda Klinton Braziliya hukumatini tanqid qildi (o'shanda Prezident rahbarlik qilgan) Luis Inasio Lula da Silva) va Turkiya hukumati (Prezident boshchiligida) Rajab Toyyib Erdo'g'an) Eron bilan yoqilg'ini almashtirish shartnomasini tuzganligi uchun. Klinton kelishuvda "bir qator kamchiliklar" borligini va Eron tomonidan "shaffof hiyla" ekanligini ta'kidladi.^[354][355]

Klinton tashrif buyurdi Braziliya 2012 yilda AQSh delegatsiyasini uchinchi AQSh-Braziliya global sheriklik muloqotiga olib bordi. va Braziliya Prezidenti bilan ochilish so'zlarini aytdi Dilma Russeff ning birinchi yillik yuqori darajadagi birinchi yig'ilishida Ochiq hukumat bilan hamkorlik (OGP), korrupsiyaga qarshi kurashishga qaratilgan xalqaro tashabbus (Braziliya va AQSh hamraisi, shuningdek ko'plab mamlakatlar va fuqarolik jamiyati tashkilotlari).^[356] Shu munosabat bilan Klinton Russeffni "ochiqlik, shaffoflik, korrupsiyaga qarshi kurashga sodiqligi" uchun maqtadi; O'sha paytda Rousseff chempioni sifatida tanilgan korrupsiyaga qarshi kurashish sa'y-harakatlar, yillar o'tib (2016 yilda), Rousseff edi impichment e'lon qilindi nomuvofiqlik bo'yicha da'volar bo'yicha.^[357][358]

Venesuela

Davlat kotibi sifatida Klinton munozarali masalalarni tez-tez tanqid qilmoqda Venesuela prezidenti Ugo Chaves va uning hukumati, AQSh bu mamlakat bilan munosabatlarni yaxshilashga ochiq ekanligini, ammo "u istaganga o'xshamaydi" deb aytdi.^[359] 2010 yilda Chaves o'z nutqida shunday degan edi: "Menga Hillari Klinton yaxshi ko'rmaydi ... va men ham uni sevmayman".^[359] Klinton o'z kitobida Chavesni "haqiqiy tahdiddan ko'ra ko'proq avj oldirgan o'zini o'zi maqtagan diktator" deb ta'riflagan. Qattiq tanlov.^[360]

Terrorizmga qarshi kurash va vatan xavfsizligi

Suriya, Iroq va IShIDga qarshi kurash

Klinton kuchaytirishni taklif qildi joriy havo kampaniyasi IShIDning Iroq va Suriyadagi tayanch punktlariga qarshi.^[361] Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, u joylarda mahalliy kuchlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashni kuchaytiradi.^[361] 2014 yilda Klinton uni himoya qildi qurollantirish The mo''tadil isyonchilar ichida Suriya fuqarolar urushi, "Assadga qarshi norozilik namoyishlari boshlovchilari bo'lgan odamlarning ishonchli jangovar kuchini yaratishda yordam bermaslik ... jihodchilar hozir to'ldirgan katta bo'shliqni qoldirdi".^[362] U "Suriyadagi fuqarolar urushi va Iroqdagi mazhablararo mojaroni hal qilish uchun diplomatik strategiya" ni amalga oshirmoqchi.^[363] U Suriya yoki Iroqda jangovar qo'shinlarni erga qo'yishga qarshi, ammo kengaytirilgan joylashuvni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi AQSh maxsus operatsiyalar qo'shinlari mahalliy kuchlarga yordam berish uchun joylarda.^[361][364]

Ustida IShIDga qarshi Amerika boshchiligidagi harbiy harakatlar Suriyada Klinton Prezident Obamaning havo kampaniyasi va mahalliy kuchlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash borasida amalga oshirgan ishlaridan ko'ra ko'proq borishni yoqlaydi.^[364] Klinton shuningdek, a uchish taqiqlangan hudud Suriyaning shimolida, AQSh va ittifoqchilar tomonidan tatbiq etilgan, bu Assad rejimi va IShIDdan qochgan tinch aholini himoya qiladigan gumanitar bufer zonasini (yoki "xavfsiz joy") ta'minlaydi.^[364][365] Klinton shuningdek uni chaqirdi Fors ko'rfazidagi arab davlatlari terroristik guruhlarni moliyalashtirishni to'xtatish uchun: "Saudiyaliklar, qatarliklar va boshqalar o'z fuqarolarini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ekstremistik tashkilotlarni moliyalashtirishni to'xtatishlari kerak".^[364]

Prezident Obama ma'muriyatining boshida Suriya bilan munosabatlarni yaxshilashga intilgan. He returned the U.S. ambassador to the country (who had been withdrawn by the Bush administration following the assassination of the Lebanese prime minister) and a number of congressional delegations visited the country. Yoqmoqda Xalq bilan yuzlash on March 27, 2011, Secretary of State Clinton said "There's a different leader in Syria now. Many of the members of Congress of both parties who have gone to Syria in recent months have said they believe he's a reformer." After members of Congress and the media criticized her statement, she said "I referenced opinions of others. That was not speaking either for myself or for the administration." Upon investigation, Washington Post Fact Checker found no evidence that any Republicans has made statements to support Clinton's statement and concluded: "In fact, Clinton's remarks gave a highly misleading impression—that there was general consensus by experts on Syria in both parties that Assad was a reformer, even though Clinton's own State Department reports label him otherwise."^[366]

Keyingi 2016 yil Bryusseldagi portlashlar, Clinton said: "We need to work with the brightest minds of Silicon Valley to more effectively track and analyze ISIS' social media and map jihadists' networks online."^[367]

Arab ko'rfazi davlatlarini terrorizmni moliyalashtirish uchun tanqid qilish

Clinton criticized several Fors ko'rfazidagi arab davlatlari in June 2016 for their funding of terrorism, saying: "It is long past time for the Saudis, the Qataris and the Kuwaitis and others to stop their citizens from funding extremist organizations. And they should stop supporting radical schools and mosques around the world that have set too many young people on a path toward extremism."^[320] The Associated Press describes her rhetoric as "a window into how a President Clinton might approach the combustible, complex Middle East: polite but harsh truth-telling, with specifics, delivered as if among friends."^[320] It was reported in 2010 that Clinton in leaked diplomatic cables described donors in Saudi Arabia as the "most significant source of funding to Sunni terrorist groups worldwide".^[368]

Vatan xavfsizligi

On December 8, 2004, in a speech regarding the passage of the Razvedka tizimini isloh qilish va terrorizmning oldini olish to'g'risidagi qonun (IRTPA) of 2004, Senator Clinton delivered remarks on her approach to ichki xavfsizlik. "[This] legislation calls for dramatic improvements in the security of our nation's transportation infrastructure, including aviation security, air cargo security, and port security. Through this legislation, the security of the Northern Border will also be improved, a goal I have worked toward since 2001. Among many key provisions, the legislation calls for an increase of at least 10,000 border patrol agents from Fiscal Years 2006 through 2010, many of whom will be dedicated specifically to our Northern Border. There will also be an increase of at least 4,000 full-time immigration and customs enforcement officers in the next five years.^[369]

Later in the speech, Clinton described her satisfaction with the way in which IRTPA tackles what she views as the root causes of terrorizm by improving ta'lim around the world and establishing maktablar yilda Musulmon countries that will replace the current madrasalar.

I am also pleased that the legislation addresses the root causes of terrorism in a proactive manner. This is an issue that I have spent a good deal of time on in the past year because I believe so strongly that we are all more secure when children and adults around the world are taught math and science instead of hate. The bill we are voting on today includes authorization for an International Youth Opportunity Fund, which will provide resources to build schools in Muslim countries. The legislation also acknowledges that the U.S. has a vested interest in committing to a long-term, sustainable investment in education around the globe. Some of this language is modeled on legislation that I introduced in September, The Education for All Act of 2004, and I believe it takes us a small step towards eliminating madrassas and replacing them with schools that provide a real education to all children.^[369]

Clinton has sponsored and co-sponsored several bills relating to protecting Americans from acts of terrorism,^[370][371] as well as providing assistance to the victims of such acts.^[372]

In February 2006, then-Senator Clinton, along with Senator Robert Menendez of New Jersey, introduced legislation to bar companies controlled by foreign governments from buying U.S. port operations. Clinton and Menendez expressed concern about port security following the Dubay portlari dunyosidagi tortishuvlar.^[373]

Chet elda gumanitar aralashuv

As first lady, Clinton said, "I am very pleased that this president and administration have made democracy one of the centerpieces of our foreign policy." Clinton favored intervention in Haiti (1994), Bosniya urushi (1995), as well as in the Kosovo urushi (1999). Before the Kosovo war, she phoned Bill Clinton from Africa. As she recalled later, "I urged him to bomb", arguing that Bill Clinton could not let the massacres in Kosovo "go on at the end of a century that has seen the major holocaust of our time."^[374]

In a February 2005 speech at the annual Xavfsizlik siyosati bo'yicha Myunxen konferentsiyasi, Clinton expressed regret that the international community had failed to effectively intervene in the 1990s during the Ruanda genotsidi and early in the Bosnian War. She praised the United Nations and NATO interventions that did occur later in the Bosnian War (leading to the Deyton shartnomasi), Kosovo War, and Sharqiy Timor. Regarding the ongoing large-scale killing in the Darfur mojarosi, she then advocated "at least a limited NATO role in logistics, communication and transportation in Darfur in support of the African Union."^[375]

During the July 2007 CNN/YouTube Democratic debate in South Carolina, Clinton was characterized by The Chicago Tribune as against U.S. military intervention. Asked again whether U.S. troops should be sent to Darfur, Clinton focused on "...sanctions, divestment and UN peacekeepers." When pressed with the question, "How about American troops on the ground?" she said, "American ground troops I don't think belong in Darfur at this time."^[376]

NATO va AQShning ittifoqchilari bilan munosabatlari

Clinton has also criticized the "inflammatory rhetoric" of Ted Kruz va Donald Tramp, adding that Trump's proposal to build a wall ustida AQSh-Meksika chegarasi va uning proposed ban kuni Musulmonlar ga kirish Qo'shma Shtatlar would harm the security of the United States and the world as a whole. Clinton added that Trump's suggestion for the U.S. to withdraw from involvement in the Shimoliy Atlantika Shartnomasi Tashkiloti would benefit the Rossiya hukumati, saying in an address at Stenford universiteti that: "If Mr. Trump gets his way, it will be like Christmas in Kreml."^[377] Clinton added that "Qo'ymoq already hopes to divide Europe."^[378] Clinton has said that the U.S.'s partnerships through NATO have been one of the best security investments made by the United States.^[379]

Clinton has stressed the role of international alliances and coordination in terrorizmga qarshi kurash harakatlar,^[379] saying in March 2016 that "We need our allies as much as ever" and adding that these alliances provide the United States and Europe with a strategic advantage over nations such as Xitoy yoki Rossiya.^[380]

AQShning Angliya va boshqa Evropa ittifoqchilari bilan aloqalari

Clinton has affirmed "America's steadfast commitment to the maxsus munosabatlar with Britain and the transatlantic alliance with Europe."^[381] After the UK voted in a 2016 yil iyun oyidagi referendum ga withdraw from the European Union, Clinton issued a statement saying: "We respect the choice the people of the United Kingdom have made. Our first task has to be to make sure that the economic uncertainty created by these events does not hurt working families here in America. ... This time of uncertainty only underscores the need for calm, steady, experienced leadership in the White House to protect Americans' pocketbooks and livelihoods, to support our friends and allies, to stand up to our adversaries, and to defend our interests."^[381]

Clinton has expressed admiration for Germaniya kansleri Angela Merkel, referring to her in 2014 as "the greatest leader in Europe" and praising her role in navigating the Eurozone's sovereign debt crisis.^[382]

Xavfsizlik va inson huquqlari

On November 15, 2007, when asked "[is] national security more important than human rights?" Clinton responded, "I agree with that completely. The first obligation of the president of the United States is to protect and defend the United States of America. That doesn't mean that it is to the exclusion of other interests. And there's absolutely a connection between a democratic regime [in Pakistan] and heightened security for the United States."^[383]

Prior to assuming the role of Secretary of State, Clinton signed an agreement with the administration which precluded the Clinton Foundation from accepting new donations from foreign governments during her tenure in order to mitigate the potential for inappropriate influence of the State Department. 2015 yil fevral oyida Vashington Post reported that the foundation had accepted $500,000 from Algeria in 2010, in apparent violation of her agreement with the administration. The foundation indicated that the donation was to contribute to relief efforts in Haiti. The Xabar noted that the donation "coincided with a spike" in lobbying efforts by Algeria of the State Department regarding their human rights record.^[384]

Qiynoq

Clinton has pledged to "never condone or practice torture anywhere in the world" if elected President.^[363] Clinton has stated that "lots of empirical evidence" shows that torture does not work, a statement rated "true" by PolitiFact.^[385] Clinton believes that torture is counterproductive, stating that "It does put our own soldiers, and increasingly our own civilians, at risk."^[386]

Birlashgan Millatlar

On February 13, 2005, at the Munich Conference on Security Policy, Clinton outlined her support for a strong United Nations:

My first observation is simple but it must govern all that we do: The United Nations is an indispensable organization to all of us – despite its flaws and inefficiencies. This means quite simply, that everyone here today, and governments everywhere, must decide that our global interests are best served by strengthening the UN, by reforming it, by cleaning up its obvious bureaucratic and managerial shortcomings, and by improving its responsiveness to crises, from humanitarian to political. ... At its founding in San Francisco sixty years ago, fifty members signed the Charter. Today, the UN has 191 members, and, quite frankly, many of them sometimes act against the interests of a stronger UN, whether consciously or not, with alarming regularity. Since the UN is not, in the final analysis, an independent hierarchical organization, like for example a sports team or a corporation, but no more – or less – than a collection of its members, the UN becomes progressively weakened by such action. Ironically, 'the UN' – an abstraction that everyone from journalists to those of us in this room use in common discussions – is often blamed for the actions (or inactions) of its members.^[387]

While in the Senate, Clinton co-sponsored a resolution "expressing the sense of the Senate on the importance of membership of the United States on the Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Inson huquqlari bo'yicha komissiyasi."^[388]

Wikileaks

Bunga javoban WikiLeaks va 2010 yil U.S. diplomatic cables release, Clinton expressed her condemnation of any disclosure that puts lives at risk and threatens national security.^[389]

Demokratiya va hukumat tuzilishi

DC davlatchiligi

In May 2016 Clinton declared her support for DC davlatchiligi, saying that she would be a "vocal champion" on the issue if elected.^[390]

Saylov kolleji

In November 2000, Clinton called for a Constitutional amendment to abolish the Saylov kolleji, replacing it with a national popular vote, saying "we are a very different country than we were 200 years ago." "I believe strongly that in a democracy, we should respect the will of the people and to me, that means it's time to do away with the Electoral College and move to the popular election of our president. I hope no one is ever in doubt again about whether their vote counts."^[391] She promised to co-sponsor legislation that would abolish it resulting in the direct election of the president.^[392][393]

Ijro etuvchi hokimiyat

Clinton's advisors have said that she believes that the "president usually deserves the benefit of the doubt from Congress on matters of ijro etuvchi hokimiyat".^[394] In 2003, Clinton stated that she was "a strong believer in executive authority," wishing that when her husband was president, Congress had been more willing to recognize presidential authority.^[395]

Oliy sud

Tomonidan tahlil FiveThirtyEight shows that, under the assumption that Scalia's vacant seat on the Court will not be filled and taking account of the old age of three of the sitting justices, that under a Clinton presidency, "the court may quickly become the most liberal it's been in at least 80 years."^[396]

Fuqarolik erkinliklari va ichki siyosat

The Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi has given her a 75 percent lifetime rating through September 2007.^[397]

11 sentyabr voqealari

In 2006, Senator Clinton co-sponsored the Zadroga 9/11 Health Act which became law in 2011.^[398][399] The legislation funds and establishes a health program to provide medical treatment for responders and survivors who experienced or may experience health complications related to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Since leaving the Senate, Clinton has repeatedly urged Congress to reauthorize the legislation.^[400][401]

Abort qilish va tug'ilishni nazorat qilish

Clinton is pro-choice, stating that abortion should be safe and legal.^[402][403] Clinton has stated that "birth control is basic health care".^[404] Clinton favors legislation that would make it illegal for pharmacists to refuse to provide access to favqulodda kontratseptsiya.^[402][405] Clinton opposes the Hyde Amendment, which bars federal funds to pay for abort unless the pregnancy arises from qarindoshlar, zo'rlash, or to save the life of the mother.^[404]

NARAL Pro-Choice America consistently gave Clinton a 100 percent tanlov uchun tanlov rating from 2002 to 2006.^[406] Rejalashtirilgan ota-ona endorsed Clinton in 2016, stating that "no other presidential contender in our nation's history has demonstrated such a strong, proactive commitment to women or has such a clear and outspoken record on behalf of women's health and rights."^[407]

Clinton has stressed prevention, sexual education, and abstinence.^{[408][409][410]} In 2005 and 2006, Senators Clinton and Senator Patty Murray led the opposition towards the Bush administration's attempt to restrict over-the-counter sales of the B rejasi contraceptive.^[411][412] In April 2007 Clinton expressed dismay at the Supreme Court's Gonsales va Karxart qarorini qo'llab-quvvatladi Tug'ilishni qisman taqiqlash to'g'risidagi qonun.^[413]

Clinton opposed the 2014 Burvell va xobbi lobbi Supreme Court decision, stating, "It's the first time that our court has said that a closely held corporation has the rights of a person when it comes to religious freedom, which means the corporation's employers can impose their religious beliefs on their employees, and, of course, denying women the right to contraceptives as part of a health care plan is exactly that. I find it deeply disturbing that we are going in that direction."^[414] In June 2016, she hailed the Supreme Court decision to strike down an anti-abortion law in Texas as "a victory for women in Texas and across America."^[415]

Clinton stated in June 2016, "I will always stand with Planned Parenthood. It should be funded, supported and appreciated – not undermined, misrepresented, and demonized."^[404]

Nogiron amerikaliklar

Clinton supports the American with Disabilities Act, because "it opened educational opportunities to all Americans, expanded transportation, made sure everyone can enter buildings, and ensured that no one would be turned down for a job because of a disability".^[416] As Secretary of State, Clinton tried to get the United States to join the Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining nogironlar huquqlari to'g'risidagi konvensiyasi.^[416] Clinton supports the Disability Integration Act, which requires that states and insurance companies provide people with disabilities who need long term care the choice to receive care at home instead of solely in institutions and nursing facilities."^[417] The Disability Integration Act is supported by many disability rights groups.^[418] Clinton has called for closing a loophole that allows employers to gain an exemption from the minimum for workers with disabilities.^[419]

Terrorizmga qarshi kurash va ichki kuzatuv

Clinton voted for the AQSh PATRIOT qonuni in October 2001 when it was first enacted. In December 2005, when a political battle ensued over its renewal, Clinton supported a general muvozanatlash against it, on the grounds that the renewal legislation did not appropriate enough money to New York for anti-terrorism efforts.^[420] During the renewal debate she expressed some concerns with it regarding civil liberties.^[421] She then voted in favor of a compromise renewed act in March 2006 that passed by an 89–10 margin.^[422]

Regarding the December 2005 NSA-ning kuzatuvsiz qarama-qarshiliklari, Clinton stated that she was "troubled" by President Bush's 2002 actions. In a statement, she said: "The balance between the urgent goal of combating terrorism and the safeguarding of our most fundamental constitutional freedoms is not always an easy one to draw. However, they are not incompatible, and unbridled and unchecked executive power is not the answer."^[423]

Keyingi the 2016 mass shooting da Nabz, a geylar tungi klubi in Orlando, Clinton called for creating more "integrated intelligence use" among local, state and national law enforcement; "strengthening communication" with other countries; and working with Silicon Valley to "prevent online radicalization."^[424]

Edvard Snouden

Clinton has called for Edvard Snouden to face trial, saying "He broke the laws of the United States. He could have been a whistleblower, he could have gotten all the protections of a whistleblower. He chose not to do that. He stole very important information that has fallen into the wrong hands so I think he should not be brought home without facing the music."^[425] PolitiFact rated her statement that Snowden could have gotten the protections of a whistleblower as "mostly false", noting that "the protections that Clinton referenced do not seem to be as strong as she suggested, and most of the expert opinion suggests they would not apply to Snowden."^[426]

San'at va madaniyat

Clinton has frequently expressed support for the arts and gumanitar fanlar. Clinton served as honorary chairwoman of a committee that issued a report, Creative America, in February 1997, calling for an appropriation by $2 per citizen by the year 2000 for museums, libraries, the San'at uchun milliy fond, va Gumanitar fanlar uchun milliy fond, which would represent a modest increase in federal arts and humanities spending.^[427] Clinton's position was in contrast to that of congressional Republicans who called for an end to all federal funding of the National Endowment for the Arts.^[427] Clinton stated at the time that: "The arts and humanities can offer children safe and productive alternatives to crime, violence, gangs and drugs, transporting them beyond the bounds of their difficult circumstances."^[427]

While in the Senate, Clinton—along with fellow New York Senator Chak Shumer—unsuccessfully pushed for the inclusion of a $1 million appropriation for the Bethel-Vudsdagi muzey (a museum commemorating the Woodstock musiqa festivali of 1969) in a 2007 omnibus health and education spending bill. Republicans criticized the proposed expenditure as wasteful, while Schumer and Clinton said that the museum would "continue to promote education, the arts, culture and tourism in the region."^[428]

In January 2013, while secretary of state, Clinton published an article in Vanity Fair magazine, writing that "art is also a tool of diplomacy" and promoting the Department of State's longstanding Elchixonalardagi san'at dasturi.^[429]

On the campaign trail in 2015, Clinton has expressed support for badiiy ta'lim,^[430] and has said: "I believe that the arts and culture are important in their own right ... but they're also important drivers for economic growth, tourism, and attracting young people."^[431]

O'lim jazosi

Clinton is not in favor of abolishing capital punishment "because I do think there are certain egregious cases that still deserve the consideration of the death penalty, but I'd like to see those be very limited and rare, as opposed to what we've seen in most states."^[432] She has encouraged the federal government to rethink the use of capital punishment, citing concerns over the frequent and discriminatory application of the punishment.^[432]

Clinton sponsored the Beg'uborlikni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun, which requires DNK sinovi before administering federal executions.^[141] In regards to the Justice Department's decision to seek the death penalty for Dylann Roof, Clinton's spokesperson said "she respects the Justice Department decision."^[433]

Cherkov va davlat

In a 2005 speech, Clinton said that religious political officials should be able to "live out their faith in the public square."^[434]

Speaking at an event for candidates on faith and compassion in April 2008, Clinton said that "we want religion to be in the public square. If you are a person of faith, you have a right and even an obligation to speak from that wellspring of your faith."^[435]

Jinoyat

Clinton summarizes her key proposals on criminal justice reform as follows:^[436]

• "End the era of mass incarceration, reform mandatory minimum sentences, and end private prisons."
• "Encourage the use of smart strategies — like police body cameras — and end racial profiling to rebuild trust between law enforcement and communities."
• "Help formerly incarcerated individuals successfully re-enter society."

According to PolitiFact, Clinton "focuses more on what happens before prison (such as sentencing of people not currently incarcerated) and after prison (especially reintegrating ex-convicts into society after they are released) than actually releasing current inmates."^[436] As for releasing current inmates, Clinton focuses on nonviolent offenders.^[78]

In 2000, during a Senate debate in Manxetten, Clinton voiced her support for giyohvand moddalar sudlari to address drug abuse problems when she stated, "We need more treatment [for drug addicts]. It is unfair to urge people to get rid of their addiction and not have the treatment facilities when people finally make up their minds to get treatment."^[437]

In 2001, Clinton co-sponsored legislation that would create more tracking and harsher sentences for hate crimes.^[438]

In a speech in April 2015, Clinton said that body-worn cameras for police should be "the norm everywhere."^[439] During the same speech, she also urged an end to excessive prison sentences that burden black communities.^[439] She said that reform of mandatory sentencing laws are "long overdue" and criticized the militarization of police.^[438]

In March 2016, when asked about the Zo'ravonlik bilan jinoyatchilikka qarshi kurashish va huquqni muhofaza qilish to'g'risidagi qonun of 1994 signed into law by Bill Clinton that she supported at the time, she said that "there were some aspects that worked well" including violence against women provisions, but she noted that other portions related to increasing incarceration "were a mistake."^[440][441] In 1994, she referred to the bill as a "very well-thought-out crime bill that is both smart and tough,"^[438] and voiced support for three strikes laws when she stated "We need more police, we need more and tougher prison sentences for repeat offenders. The three strikes and you're out for violent offenders has to be part of the plan."^[442] According to the Marshall Project's reporting, Clinton's position on the 1994 crime bill started to shift in a 1998 column as she picked and chose "from the crime bill's legacy, emphasizing the gun-control measures, prevention programs for juveniles, and funding for more police officers, without mentioning the law's contributions to mass incarceration."^[438]

Giyohvandlik siyosati

During her 2016 presidential campaign, Clinton had proposed a $10 billion plan, much of which would have been funded by the federal government, intended to treat addicts, increase emergency responders' access to a life-saving rescue drug targeting overdoses, and curb incarceration for nonviolent drug offenses.^[443]

Clinton supports diversion programs such as treatment-focused giyohvand moddalar sudlari,^[444] saying in 2007: "Non-violent offenders should not be serving hard time in our prisons. They need to be diverted from our prison system."^[445]

Hukmlarning farqlari

While in the Senate, Clinton has supported reducing the sentencing disparity that currently punishes crack кокаин crimes more harshly than powder cocaine crimes, and in 2015, Clinton called for eliminating the disparity, saying: "We're talking about two forms of the same drug. It makes no sense to continue treating them differently."^[446][447] (A 1986 federal law created a 100:1 power-crack disparity; the 2010 yilgi adolatli jazo qonuni reduced this to an 18:1 disparity).^[446][447] While campaigning in 2007, Clinton did not support making the elimination of the sentencing disparity retroactive, but in 2015 she expressed support for making change retroactively as well as prospectively.^[446]

Marixuana

Clinton supports rescheduling marijuana, legalizing medical marijuana, and the right of states to legalize recreational marijuana. She has called for greater research on the subject. Her views on marijuana were described in 2015 as similar to the "cautious, leave-it-to-the-states strategy" of the Obama administration.^[448]

In May 2007, Clinton suggested the federal government was being "excessive" in its approach to patients who used medical marijuana. The following month, while campaigning in New Hampshire, Clinton has said she would end federal raids against such patients in states where the use of marixuana for medical purposes is legal.^[449] In June 2014, Clinton said that on tibbiy marixuana, "I don't think we've done enough research yet. Although I think for people who are in extreme medical conditions and have anecdotal evidence that it works, there should be availability under appropriate circumstances. But I do think we need more research, because we don't know how it interacts with other drugs."^[448] On recreational marijuana, which has been legalized in Colorado and a few other states, Clinton said: "states are the laboratories of democracy. We have at least two states that are experimenting with that right now. I want to wait and see what the evidence is."^[448]

In April 2016, Clinton stated that she favored the marixuanani "Nazorat qilinadigan moddalar to'g'risida" gi Qonunning I-jadvalidan olib tashlash, which would make scientific studies of the substance significantly easier.^[450] Clinton also stated: "We have enough anecdotal evidence ... about what marijuana can do for medical conditions, easing pain. And we need to be doing research on it because I am 100 percent in favor of medical uses for marijuana. But I want to know what the evidence is."^[450] In her 2016 policy position on marijuana, Clinton says that she supports rescheduling marijuana to Schedule II; "allowing states that have enacted marijuana laws to act as laboratories of democracy, as long as they adhere to certain federal priorities such as not selling to minors, preventing intoxicated driving, and keeping organized crime out of the industry"; and "focus[ing] federal enforcement resources on violent crime, not simple marijuana possession."^[451]

Opioid inqirozi

While campaigning for the presidency, Clinton has hosted forums on the opioidga qaramlik crisis in the United States,^[452] listing it as a top concern.^[453] Clinton has pledged to make substance-abuse treatment, including medication-assisted treatment, available to more addicts.^[453][454] Clinton also has pledged to make nalokson (Narcan), an antidote to opioidning haddan tashqari dozasi, available to all police departments.^[453]

Ta'lim

Clinton voted for President Bush's Hech qanday bolani tashlab qo'ymaslik to'g'risidagi qonun in 2001, but subsequently criticized the program because of the government's failure to fully fund it.^[455] In June 2007, with the Act up for renewal by Congress,^[456] Clinton criticized the program, saying that its emphasis on testing has caused American children to narrow their studies and lose their creative edge.^[457] In 2007, Clinton stated "No Child Left Behind has been a terrible imposition on teachers and school districts and families and students."^[458] Clinton said that she believed in accountability and acknowledged "a place for testing," but said that the U.S. had "gone overboard" with too much emphasis on testing.^[458] In 2008, Clinton called for extensive changes to the act, saying that she would put an end to the mablag'siz vakolat called No Child Left Behind."^[455] In 2008, Clinton said: "I will work to reduce the sinovga o'rgatish and bring back a well-rounded curriculum and change the one-size-fits-all approach to addressing the challenges facing struggling schools.^[455]

In 2015, Clinton praised an Obama administration initiative to reduce unnecessary standartlashtirilgan sinov. Clinton stated: "While testing can provide communities with full information about how our students are doing and help us determine whether we have yutuqlar bo'yicha bo'shliqlar, we can and must do better. We should be ruthless in looking at tests and eliminating them if they do not actually help us move our kids forward. I embrace the principles laid out today by the Obama administration because they move us in the right direction. Standardized tests must be worth taking, high quality, time-limited, fair, fully transparent to students and parents, just one of multiple measures, and tied to improving learning."^[458]

Clinton has been a longtime supporter of erta bolalik ta'limi.^[455] During her 2008 campaign for the Democratic nomination for president, Clinton has proposed a $10 billion matching grant program for the states to provide universal access to voluntary bolalar bog'chasi dasturlar.^[455][459] In 2015, in one of her first policy speeches during the 2016 campaign, Clinton again pledged to work for affordable access to prekindergarten for every American four-year-olds if elected president.^[460][461] Clinton has specifically proposed giving incentives to states "to provide public preschool to children whose family incomes are below 200 percent of the federal poverty line."^[460]

Clinton has often emphasized the importance of Qo'shma Shtatlardagi jamoat kollejlari, and on the campaign trail met with community college students and called for more community-college funding.^[462][463] Clinton has also emphasized the importance of kasb-hunarga oid va texnik ta'lim,^[462] saying that one of the U.S.'s "biggest errors was getting rid of all technical and vocational education in most of our high schools."^[464] Clinton has proposed an expansion of apprenticeships in the United States, proposed new tax credits for businesses that hire and train apprentices (a $1,500 tax credit for each apprentice under 25 years old and a $1,000 tax credit for each older apprentice).^[465]

Clinton is against ta'lim vaucherlari da foydalanish uchun xususiy maktablar. On September 13, 2000, she said, "I do not support vouchers. And the reason I don't is because I don't think we can afford to siphon dollars away from our underfunded public schools."^[466] Outlining a different objection, on February 21, 2006, she said: "First family that comes and says 'I want to send my daughter to St. Peter's Roman Catholic School' and you say 'Great, wonderful school, here's your voucher.' Next parent that comes and says, 'I want to send my child to the school of the Church of the White Supremacist ... ' The parent says, 'The way that I read Genesis, Cain was marked, therefore I believe in white supremacy. ... You gave it to a Catholic parent, you gave it to a Jewish parent, under the Constitution, you can't discriminate against me.' So what if the next parent comes and says, 'I want to send my child to the School of the Jihad'? ... I won't stand for it."^[467]

Clinton supports the Umumiy asosiy davlat standartlari.^[468] She said this about Common Core: "The really unfortunate argument that's been going on around Common Core, it's very painful because the Common Core started off as a bipartisan effort. It was actually nonpartisan. It wasn't politicized. ... Iowa has had a testing system based on a core curriculum for a really long time. And [speaking to Iowans] you see the value of it, you understand why that helps you organize your whole education system. And a lot of states unfortunately haven't had that, and so don't understand the value of a core, in this sense a Common Core."^[469]

Clinton has supported charter maktablari as early as the 1990s.^[470][471] During her campaign for the presidency in 2015, Clinton expressed support for charter schools as long as they are high quality, and expressed support for federal funding to expand "high-quality charter schools."^[470] Clinton said that she did not support requiring school districts to tie teacher pay to student test scores.^[470]

At a town-hall meeting in November 2015, Clinton said that she had for thirty years "supported the idea of charter schools, ... not as a substitute for the public schools, but as a supplement for the public schools" and said that "there are good charter schools and there are bad charter schools, just like there are good public schools and bad public schools."^[472] Clinton stated that "Most charter schools—I don't want to say every one—but most charter schools, they don't take the hardest-to-teach kids, or, if they do, they don't keep them."^{[470][472][473]} FactCheck.org found that Clinton's "broad claim" on charter schools and the hardest-to-teach students was "not supported by the evidence", noting that a GAO report found that information on "why enrollment levels of students with disabilities in charter schools and traditional public schools differ" is anecdotal, and that while some charter schools had high rates of haydab chiqarish, the evidence did not show that "most" charter schools had high rates of expulsion.^[474]

E'tiqodga asoslangan tashabbuslar

Clinton supports faith-based programs that address social issues and provide social services, saying that "there is no contradiction between support for faith-based initiatives and upholding our constitutional principles."^[141][475]

Qurolni boshqarish

Clinton was the "first candidate to produce an extensive position paper on guns and gun violence" during the 2016 campaign.^[476] Her plan calls for strengthening background checks for firearm purchases and closing loopholes in the current system by requiring, for example, background checks on purchases at gun shows;^[477] barring firearm sales to suspected terrorists, as well as "domestic abusers, other violent criminals, and the severely mentally ill";^[477] and reinstating the now-expired Federal hujumga qarshi qurollarni taqiqlash, which Clinton voted for in the Senate.^{[478][479][480]}

Clinton's opponent in the 2016 presidential election, Donald Trump, has repeatedly and falsely claimed that Clinton has advocated "abolishing" the Ikkinchi o'zgartirish. PolitiFact found "no evidence that Clinton has ever advocated for repealing or abolishing the Second Amendment,"^[481] va FactCheck.org found Trump's statement to be a distortion of Clinton's actual views.^[482]

Clinton supports the Brady to'pponchasida zo'ravonlikning oldini olish to'g'risidagi qonun of 1993 (the "Brady Bill"), which mandates federal background checks on firearm purchasers and imposes a five-day waiting period on purchases.^[483] During the 2016 Democratic presidential primaries, Clinton criticized her opponent, Senator Bernie Sanders, for voting against the Brady Bill five times.^[483][484]

Clinton opposes what she calls the "Charleston loophole," which allows gun sales to go through without a background after the three-day waiting period for the government to perform a background check runs out.^[485] Clinton also opposes the Qurol-yarog 'qonuniy savdoni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun of 2005, which protects firearms manufacturers and dealers from being held liable when crimes have been committed with their products,^[486] She has called for the act's repeal,^[476] saying: "the industry's sweeping legal protection for illegal and irresponsible actions ... makes it almost impossible for people to hold them accountable."^[477]

Clinton disagrees with the Supreme Court's decision in Kolumbiya okrugi va Heller, in which a divided Court struck down, by 5-4 vote, a handgun ban in Washington D.C. and found an individual right to qurol tuting va ushlang in the Second Amendment (as opposed to a right to keep and bear arms only as part of a "well-regulated militia").^[481] A Clinton spokesman said that Clinton "believes Heller was wrongly decided in that cities and states should have the power to craft common sense laws to keep their residents safe."^[482]

Clinton suggested on one occasion in 2015 that Avstraliya"s qurol sotib olish dasturi was "worth looking at" and "worth looking into," although such a program is not part of her gun policy proposals. Although the Australian program was compulsory, Clinton referenced it alongside voluntary gun buyback programs conducted in U.S. communities, comparing them to President Obama's Clunkers uchun naqd pul dastur.^[481][482]

Clinton made gun licensing and registration a part of her 2000 Senate campaign.^[487]

Clinton was taught to shoot and hunt by her father. Yoqilgan ov qilish va otish, Clinton said in 2008: "It's part of culture. It's part of a way of life. People enjoy hunting and shooting because it's an important part of who they are."^[488] In the 1999 Proposition B in Missouri campaign, which would have allowed concealed carry of firearms in the state, Clinton's voice was used in a robocall message aimed at women, saying "It's just too dangerous for Missouri families."^[489] She made gun rights a part of her 2008 Presidential campaign, after highlighting the importance of passing "gun-safety laws" during her 2000 campaign for the Senate, although according to Politico her messages were not directly contradictory.^{[490][491][492]}

2016 yilda Qurol zo'ravonligining oldini olish uchun Brady kampaniyasi endorses Clinton for president, saying that she "has been a national leader on gun violence prevention for decades" and "has the experience, record, and demonstrated commitment to help reach the Brady Campaign's goal of cutting gun deaths in half by 2025."^[483] She has received an "F" rating from the Milliy miltiq uyushmasi;^[493] the NRA, which endorsed Trump,^[494] has been a longtime Clinton adversary.^[476]

Habeas korpusi

Clinton "vigorously opposed" and voted against the 2006 yilgi Harbiy komissiyalar to'g'risidagi qonun, qonunni o'zgartirishni aniq taqiqlash uchun o'zgartirdi Jeneva konvensiyalari bajarayotganda yozuv habeas corpus yoki boshqa fuqarolik harakatlarida. Klinton bu qilmishni "chuqur tashvishga soluvchi" deb atab: "Bizning millatimiz bizni to'g'ri odamni ushlab turishimiz uchun hech kimni kafolatsiz hibsga olmasligi kerak. Bu bizning Konstitutsiyamizda mustahkamlangan asosiy tamoyillardan biri; bu bizning asoschilarimiz biz ishongan yo'l. Hukumat vakolatlarini suiiste'mol qilganlarga qarshi xavfsizlikni ta'minlash mumkin edi. Menimcha, biz terrorizmga qarshi kurash yo'lida amerikaliklar sifatida konstitutsiyaviy tamoyillarimiz yoki qadriyatlarimizdan voz kechmasligimiz kerak. "^[495][496]

Klinton homiysi bo'lgan Habeas korpusini tiklash to'g'risidagi qonun 2007 yilda.^[497]

Daromadlarning tengsizligi

Klinton bunga ishonadi daromadlarning tengsizligi teng imkoniyat uchun to'siqdir.^[498][499] U tobora kuchayib borayotgan tengsizlik qaroqchi baronlarning zarhal davrini eslatadi, degan fikrni ilgari surdi: "iqtisodchilar daromadlar va boyliklarning ulushi nafaqat yuqori 1%, balki yuqori .1% yoki O'tgan avlod davomida aholining .01% keskin ko'tarildi. Ba'zilar buni qaroqchi baronlarning zarhal davriga qaytish deb atashmoqda. "^[500][501]

Bo'shliq

Klintonning ta'kidlashicha, kosmik dasturga kiritilgan sarmoyalar "Amerikaning ilm-fan va texnologiyalar sohasidagi etakchiligini uzoq vaqt talab qildi va innovatorlar avlodiga turtki berdi".^[119] U "ilhomlantiruvchi, erishish mumkin va arzon kosmik tashabbuslarni ilgari surishni istaydi. Biz ilm-fan, texnologiya va razvedka ishlarini muvozanatlashtiradigan dastur bilan kosmosda o'z millatimiz etakchisini saqlab qolishimiz kerak; xalqaro hamkorlik va Yer tizimining monitoringi orqali o'z xavfsizligimiz va sayyoramiz kelajagini himoya qilishimiz kerak; bizning robot tizimimizdagi Quyosh tizimidagi mavjudligimizni kengaytirish; va federal agentliklar o'rtasida muvofiqlashtirishni kuchaytirish va sanoat bilan hamkorlikni rivojlantirish orqali ilmiy-tadqiqot va boshqa kosmik dastur investitsiyalarimiz ta'sirini maksimal darajada oshirish. "^[119]

Texnologiya siyosati

Sof betaraflik

Klinton qat'iy qo'llab-quvvatlaydi aniq betaraflik.^[502][503] Senator Klinton homiysi edi Internet erkinligini saqlash to'g'risidagi qonun, shuningdek, Snoude-Dorgan qonun loyihasi sifatida tanilgan, unga tuzatish sifatida 1996 yilgi telekommunikatsiyalar to'g'risidagi qonun, bu himoya qiladi Qo'shma Shtatlardagi tarmoq betarafligi. Qonun loyihasi Internet-iste'molchilarni va kichik korxonalarni Internet-provayderlardan himoya qilishga qaratilgan bo'lib, yirik kompaniyalar Internetga kirish uchun kichikroq mijozlarga qaraganda har xil miqdordagi haq oladilar. Klintonning ta'kidlashicha, Internet "tsenzuradan yoki repressiyadan qo'rqmasdan ochiq forumda fikrlar muhokama qilinadigan va munozara qilinadigan" forum sifatida ishlatilishi uchun "ochiq va kamsitilmas ramka" dan foydalanishda davom etishi kerak.^[504] 2007 yilda u shunday dedi: "Men aniq betaraflikni qo'llab-quvvatlayman ... [Internet] uning bozoriga kim kirishi mumkinligi to'g'risida qaror qabul qilmaydi va qaysi fikrlarni eshitish va qaysi fikrlarni o'chirish kerakligini tanlamaydi. Bu asosiy demokratik printsiplarning mujassamidir. millatimiz yuzlab yillar davomida rivojlanib kelgan ".^[504] Davlat kotibi bo'lganida, Klinton 2010 yil yanvar oyida katta ma'ruza qildi ("Internet erkinligi eslatmalari" deb nomlangan) va "Biz butun insoniyat bilim va g'oyalarga teng ravishda ega bo'lgan yagona Internet tarafdorimiz" deb e'lon qildi.^[505] Klinton o'zining 2016 yilgi platformasida "Obamaning ma'muriyati tomonidan FCC qarorini" Aloqa to'g'risidagi qonunning II sarlavhasi bo'yicha internet-provayderlarni umumiy tashuvchi deb hisoblaydigan kuchli tarmoq neytrallik qoidalarini qabul qilish to'g'risida "qarorini himoya qilishni va bajarishni taklif qildi.^[502][503]

Keng polosali raqobat va kirish

Klinton keng polosali raqobatning yo'qligini tanqid qilib, monopoliyalar "narxlarni ko'tarish, iste'molchilar tanlovini cheklash, ishchilarning ish haqini pasaytirish va startaplar va kichik korxonalar raqobatini ushlab turish uchun o'z kuchlaridan [foydalanadi]".^[506] Uning 2016 yildagi platformasi "keng polosali xizmatlarni ko'rsatishda to'siqlarni kamaytirish", "keng polosali infratuzilmani rivojlantirishni boshqa shahar xizmatlari bilan muvofiqlashtirish" va "keng polosali aloqa uchun davlat-xususiy sheriklikni rivojlantirish" ni taklif qiladi.^{[502][507][508]} U mahalliy boshqaruv organlarini xususiy sarmoyalardagi tartibga soluvchi to'siqlarni kamaytirishga undovchi grant dasturini yaratishni taklif qiladi; yo'l qurilishi loyihalari davomida tola yoki tolali quvurlarni o'rnatadigan "bir marta qazish" dasturlarini targ'ib qilish; va davlat-xususiy sheriklik aloqalarini rivojlantirish.^[509]

2016 yil iyun oyida Klinton keng qamrovli texnologik rejani e'lon qildi.^[510] Rejada har bir amerikalik oilaga 2020 yilgacha yuqori tezlikdagi Internetdan foydalanish imkoniyati berilishi kerak,^[510] uning 275 milliard dollarlik infratuzilma dasturi doirasida.^[511] Reja, shuningdek, bepul kengaytirishni taklif qiladi Wi-fi dam olish markazlari, aeroportlar va temir yo'l stantsiyalari kabi jamoat joylarida.^[510][511] Klinton "kelajak avlodning rivojlanishini tezlashtirishga intilishini" aytdi 5G mobil texnologiyalar va ulangan qurilmalarga yo'l ochish uchun spektrni bo'shatish. "^[510] U Connect America jamg'armasiga, Qishloq kommunal xizmatlari dasturiga, Keng polosali texnologiya imkoniyatlari dasturiga (BTOP) va Lifeline-ga investitsiyalarni davom ettirishni taklif qildi.^[509] U "dam olish markazlariga, bir martalik martaba markazlari kabi jamoat binolariga va temir yo'l stantsiyalari, aeroportlar va ommaviy tranzit tizimlari kabi transport infratuzilmasiga" bepul Wi-Fi va yuqori tezlikdagi Internetni olib kelish uchun federal mablag'larni kengaytirmoqchi.^[509] U shtat va mahalliy hokimiyat organlarini amaldagi rahbarlarni yangi raqobatchilardan himoya qiladigan qoidalarni yumshatishga da'vat qilishni taklif qildi, masalan, "qo'shimcha tolalar va kichik uyali keng polosali ulanishni cheklaydigan kommunal-qutbga kirishni tartibga soluvchi mahalliy qoidalar".^[509] U federal agentliklarni raqobatbardosh amaliyotni "bog'lash tartibi, narxlarni belgilash va istisno xatti-harakatlar" ni aniqlashga undashni taklif qiladi va antitrest qonunchiligining buzilishini Adliya vazirligi va Federal savdo komissiyasiga yuboradi.^[509]

Patent islohoti

Klinton "Obama ma'muriyatining engil sud jarayonlarini davom ettirish bo'yicha harakatlarini davom ettirishga va'da berdi patent trollari, jilovlaydigan qonunlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash forum xaridlari."^[511] U patent da'volari bo'yicha talabnoma xatlarida va da'volarda aniq ayblovlarni talab qilishni va patent sud da'vogarlari haqiqiy tomonni manfaatdorligini oshkor qilish orqali mulk huquqining oshkoraligini oshirishni talab qilmoqchi.^[512]

U patentga bo'lgan talabnomalarni tezroq ko'rib chiqishga va investitsiyalarga sarmoya kiritishga chaqirdi AQSh Patent va savdo markasi idorasi uni tezroq harakatga keltirish va faqat tegishli patentlarning berilishini ta'minlash.^[512]

Boshqalar

Klinton bunga qarshi Onlayn qaroqchilik to'g'risidagi qonunni to'xtatish (SOPA), qonun loyihasi "ma'lumotlarning onlayn ravishda erkin oqimini keraksiz ravishda cheklashini" ta'kidladi.^[502][503]

Ovoz berish huquqi

2015 yil iyun oyida Klinton saylovchilarga ruxsat berish to'g'risidagi milliy qonunchilikdagi keng qamrovli o'zgarishlarni, shu jumladan avtomatik ravishda kiritishga chaqirdi ro'yxatdan o'tish Amerika fuqarolari 18 yoshida va 20 kundan boshlab ovoz berish huquqiga ega muddatidan oldin ovoz berish barcha shtatlarda.^{[513][514][515]}

Klinton Respublikachilar nazorati ostidagi shtat qonun chiqaruvchi organlari tomonidan qabul qilingan, saylov uchastkalarida talabalar guvohnomalariga ruxsat bermaydigan, muddatidan oldin ovoz berishga chek qo'yadigan va bir kunlik saylovchilarni ro'yxatdan o'tkazishni bekor qiladigan qonunlarni tanqid qildi.^{[515][516][517][518]} Klinton: “Bugun respublikachilar shunday muntazam ravishda va qasddan millionlab Amerika fuqarolarini ovoz berishni to'xtatishga urinmoqda. Ular demokratiyaning qaysi qismidan qo'rqishadi? "^[513] Klintonning ta'kidlashicha, respublikachilarning saylovchilarni ro'yxatdan o'tkazishni cheklash bo'yicha harakatlari "rang-barang odamlar, kambag'al odamlar va yoshlarga" nomutanosib ta'sir ko'rsatadi.^[513] 2013 yilda Klinton nutq so'zladi Amerika advokatlar assotsiatsiyasi, unda u "Oliy sudni qattiq tanqid qildi Shelbi okrugi o'sha yilgi hukmni zaiflashtirmoqda Ovoz berish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun (VRA), Kongressni muhim qonunni tuzatishga chaqirdi va Obama ma'muriyatini ovoz berish huquqi bo'yicha ishlarning bajarilishini kuchaytirishga chaqirdi. "^[519]

Kennet Starr tergovi

Birinchi xonim sifatida u Levinskiy janjal siyosiy motivatsiyaning bir qismi sifatida "keng o'ng fitna"Prezident Bill Klintonga qarshi.^[520] Keyinchalik Klinton 2003 yilgi tarjimai holida "Men o'z fikrimni badiiyroq ifoda etgan bo'lishim mumkin edi, lekin men uning tavsifiga tayanaman [Kennet] Starrniki tergov ".^[521]

LGBT huquqlari

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining birinchi xonimi

1999 yil 9-dekabrda Klinton bir xil gomoseksuallar ishtirokchilariga shunday dedi LGBT odamlarga Qo'shma Shtatlar harbiy xizmatida ochiq xizmat qilishga ruxsat berilishi kerak.^[522] O'sha kuni ham Klintonning vakili Xovard Volfson uni qo'llab-quvvatlashini aytdi Nikohni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun va "bir jinsli uyushmalar tan olinishi va bir jinsli uyushmalar har bir boshqa amerikalik oladigan barcha huquq va imtiyozlarga ega bo'lishi kerak".^[522] 2000 yil 10 yanvarda Klinton bir jinsli nikohni qonuniylashtirishga qarshi ekanligini bildirdi.^[523]

107-AQSh Kongressi

2001 yil 1 fevralda Klinton qarshi ovoz berdi Jorj V.Bushnominatsiyasi Jon Ashkroft kabi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Bosh prokurori.^[524] 2001 yil 27 martda Klinton homiylik qildi Mahalliy huquqni muhofaza qilishni takomillashtirish to'g'risidagi 2001 yilgi qonun.^[525] 2001 yil 14 iyunda Klinton S.Amdt.803 ni S.Amdt.562 ga (bu S.Amdt.358-ga o'zgartirish kiritgan) ovoz berdi, bu "Talabalar va o'qituvchilar uchun yaxshiroq ta'lim to'g'risida" gi qonuni o'zgartiradi.^[526] va S.Amdt.648 ga qarshi S.Amdt.574 ga qarshi ovoz berdi (bu S.Amdt.358-ni o'zgartiradi), bu "Talabalar va o'qituvchilar uchun yaxshiroq ta'lim to'g'risida" gi qonunni o'zgartirdi.^[527] 2001 yil 31 iyulda Klinton S. Resga homiylik qildi. 294.^[528] va 2002 yildagi ish bilan kamsitmaslik to'g'risidagi qonun.^[529] 2001 yil 7 noyabrda Klinton S.Amdtni yoqlab ovoz berdi. 2107, Kolumbiya okrugidagi mablag 'ajratish to'g'risidagi qonunga tuzatish, 2002 y.^[530] 2002 yil 11 iyunda Klinton uni yoqlab ovoz berdi kiyim 2001 yilgi mahalliy qonunlar ijrosini takomillashtirish to'g'risidagi qonun.^[525] Klinton 100% ball oldi Inson huquqlari aksiyasi 107-Kongress natijalari jadvali.^[531]

108-AQSh Kongressi

2003 yil 1 mayda Xilari homiylik qildi 2003 yil mahalliy qonunlar ijrosini takomillashtirish to'g'risidagi qonun.^[532] 2003 yil 12 iyundan birida Klinton 2003 yilda qabul qilingan "Ichki sheriklik uchun imtiyozlar va majburiyatlar to'g'risida" gi qonunni qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[533] 2003 yil 2 oktyabrda Klinton homiylik qildi 2003 yilda qabul qilingan "Ishni kamsitmaslik to'g'risida" gi qonun.^[534] 2004 yil 15 iyunda Klinton S.Amdt.3183 ni 2005 moliyaviy yil uchun Ronald V. Reyganning milliy mudofaasiga avtorizatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonuniga ovoz berdi.^[535] 2004 yil 23 iyunda Klinton 2005 moliyaviy yil uchun Ronald V. Reyganning milliy mudofaasini avtorizatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonunni qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[536] 2004 yil 14-iyulda Klinton ovoz berish taklifiga qarshi ovoz berdi kiyim ustida Federal nikohni o'zgartirish.^[537] Klinton Inson huquqlari kampaniyasining 108-Kongressi natijalari bo'yicha hisobotida 88% ball oldi.^[538]

109-AQSh Kongressi

2005 yil 8 fevralda Klinton 2005 yilgi OIVni erta davolash to'g'risidagi qonunga homiylik qildi.^[539] 2005 yil 26 mayda Klinton homiylik qildi 2005 yilgi mahalliy qonunchilikni takomillashtirish to'g'risidagi qonun.^[540] 2005 yil 9 iyunda Klinton Jorj Bushning nomzodiga qarshi ovoz berdi Kichik Uilyam X. Pryor bo'yicha federal sudya bo'lish Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Apellyatsiya sudi o'n birinchi davra bo'yicha.^[541] 2006 yil 31 yanvarda Klinton Jorj Bushning nomzodiga qarshi ovoz berdi Samuel Alito bo'lish Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Oliy sudi sudyasi.^[541] 2006 yil 26 iyunda Klinton S.Amdtni yoqlab ovoz berdi. Bolaning abort qilish to'g'risidagi davlatlararo qonunchiligiga 4689.^[542] 2006 yil 7-iyulda Klinton Federal Nikoh O'zgarishlariga kloteratsiya taklifiga qarshi ovoz berdi.^[543] 2006 yil 25 oktyabrda Klinton bir guruh gomoseksuallar tomonidan saylangan mansabdorlarga Nyu-Yorkda bir jinsli nikohni qonuniylashtirishga qarshi chiqmasligini aytdi, agar bo'lajak gubernator va shtat qonun chiqaruvchisi buni tanlasa. Klinton, shuningdek, "Nikohni himoya qilish to'g'risida" gi qonunni qo'llab-quvvatlash, bir jinsli nikohni taqiqlovchi konstitutsiyaviy tuzatishdan voz kechishga yordam beradigan strategik qaror ekanligini va gomoseksual sherikning adolatli emasligini ta'kidladi. Gerri Studs uning nafaqalarini olmagan.^[544] Klinton Inson huquqlari kampaniyasining 109-Kongressi hisobotida 89% ball oldi.^[541]

110-Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi

2007 yil 13 martda Klinton 2007 yilgi OIVni erta davolash to'g'risidagi qonunga homiylik qildi.^[545] 2007 yil 12 aprelda Klinton homiylik qildi Metyu Shepard 2007 yilgi mahalliy huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari jinoyatlardan nafratlanishning oldini olish to'g'risidagi qonun. 2007 yil 17 aprelda Klinton "Ichki sherik va sog'liqni saqlash rejasi bo'yicha foyda oluvchilar uchun soliq tengligi to'g'risida" gi qonunni qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[546] 2007 yil may oyida Inson huquqlari aksiyasi Anketada Klinton federal hukumatga bir xil jinsiy nikohni tan oladigan davlatlarga imtiyozlar berishni taqiqlashi mumkin bo'lgan Nikohni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonunni bekor qilishni qo'llab-quvvatlashini aytdi.^[547] 2008 yil 16 iyulda Klinton Tom Lantos va Genri J. Xaydning Qo'shma Shtatlarning 2008 yilgi OIV / OITS, sil va bezgakka qarshi avtorizatsiya qonuni bo'yicha global etakchiligini qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[548] 2007 yil 27 sentyabrda Klinton S.Amdtni yoqlab ovoz berdi. Ga o'zgartiradigan 3035 2008 moliyaviy yil uchun milliy mudofaani avtorizatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun.^[549] 2007 yil 1 oktyabrda Klinton 2008 moliyaviy yil uchun Milliy mudofaani avtorizatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonunni qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[550] 2007 yil 27 oktyabrda Klinton Jorj Bushning nomzodiga qarshi ovoz berdi Lesli Sautvik federal sudya sifatida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Beshinchi davri bo'yicha apellyatsiya sudi.^[551] Klinton "Inson huquqlari kampaniyasi 110-Kongress" hisobotida 95% ball oldi.^[551]

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari davlat kotibi

2011 yil 27-iyun kuni Klinton ushbu qarorni ma'qulladi Nikoh tengligi to'g'risidagi qonun.^[552]

Post AQSh Davlat kotibi

2013 yil 18 martda Klinton bir jinsli nikohni yoqladi.^[553] 2013 yil 26-iyun kuni Xillari va Bill Klinton qo'shma bayonot chiqarib, ish bo'yicha qaror qabul qilish tarafdori Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Vindzorga qarshi.^[554]

2016 yil Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari prezidentlik kampaniyasi

Klintonning 2016 yilgi saylovoldi kampaniyasi logotipining kamalak rangidagi muqobil versiyasi Twitter va boshqalar Facebook nomzodning 2015 yil 28 apreldagi bayonoti e'lon qilinganidan so'ng, saylov kampaniyasi tomonidan bir jinsli nikoh

2016 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi davomida Klinton jinsiy orientatsiya va jinsning o'ziga xosligini qamrab oluvchi kamsitishga qarshi qonunlarning muhimligini ta'kidlab, "siz shanba kuni turmush qurishingiz va dushanba kuni ishdan bo'shatishingiz mumkin, chunki biz hali ham ish joylarida va jamoat joylarida kamsitishga yo'l qo'yamiz" deb ta'kidladi.^[555]

2015 yil 26 martda Klinton Diniy erkinlikni tiklash to'g'risidagi qonun.^[556] 2015 yil 15 aprelda Adrienne Elrod, matbuot kotibi Hillari Amerika uchun, Klinton Qo'shma Shtatlar Oliy sudi bir jinsli juftliklar uchun butun mamlakat bo'ylab nikoh qurishi uchun konstitutsiyaviy huquqni topishiga umid bildirdi. Obergefell va Xodjes.^[557] 2015 yil 26 iyunda Klinton ish bo'yicha sud qarorini maqtadi Obergefell va Xodjes.^[558] 2015 yil 23-iyulda Klinton ma'qulladi 2015 yilgi tenglik to'g'risidagi qonun.^[559] 2015 yil 4 oktyabrda Klinton transgenderlarga AQSh armiyasida ochiqchasiga xizmat qilishlariga ruxsat berish tarafdori edi.^[560] 2015 yil 14 oktyabrda Klinton senatorni tanqid qildi Rand PolLGBT huquqlari haqida sharhlar.^[561] 2015 yil 23-oktabr kuni Rachel Maddow shousi, Klintonning aytishicha, u erining qonunni qabul qilish sababiga ishongan Nikohni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun tuzatishga siyosiy turtki bermaslik uchun mudofaa harakati bo'ldi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Konstitutsiyasi bir jinsli nikohni taqiqlash.^[562] 2015 yil 29 oktyabrda Xillari Klinton ma'qulladi Taklif 1.^[563]

2015 yil 2-noyabrda Klinton a Twitter gubernator bilan kurashish Greg Abbott 1-taklif bo'yicha.^[564] 2015 yil 6-noyabrda Janubdagi birinchi nomzodlar forumida Klinton 1-taklif nima uchun muvaffaqiyatsiz tugaganligi haqidagi savolga " juda to'g'ri juda muvaffaqiyatli, albatta, juda ko'p qo'rquv va katta tashvish tug'diradi va ushbu farmonga qarshi reaktsiyani keltirib chiqaradi. Va ular hammom masalasini ishlatishdi. Va shunga qaramay, siz Texasning San-Antonio singari boshqa bir shahriga borishingiz mumkin edi va bu umuman befoyda ekanligini, buning uchun asos yo'qligini bilasiz. O'ylaymanki, bu siz teng huquqlar tarafdori bo'lsangiz, kamsitishga qarshi tursangiz, buni faqat bir marta qilmaysiz va ishingiz tugaydi "va" Siz buning uchun kurashishni davom ettirishingiz kerak, siz buning uchun turishda davom etish kerak, oldinga siljish kerak ".^[565] 2015 yil 17 dekabrda Klinton buning uchun keng rejasini ochib berdi LGBT huquqlarishu jumladan federalni tasdiqlash voyaga etmaganlar uchun LGBT konversion terapiyasini taqiqlash.^[566] 2016 yil 20 yanvarda Klinton senatorni tanqid qildi Berni Sanders inson huquqlari kampaniyasi "tashkilotning bir qismi" bo'lganligi haqidagi sharhlari uchun.^[567][568] 2016 yil 9 fevralda Klinton Florida shtatining raqobatdosh ishchi kuchlari to'g'risidagi qonunini ma'qulladi.^[569] 2016 yil 11 martda, bilan suhbatda MSNBC da Nensi Reygandafn marosimi, Klinton Reyganning milliy suhbatni boshlashiga ishongan OITS. Klintonning izohlari LGBT guruhlari va ommaviy axborot vositalarining qattiq tanqidiga sabab bo'ldi, ular shunday deyishdi Reaganlar bu masalani e'tiborsiz qoldirishgan, Klintonning kechirim so'rashiga va o'z bayonotidan voz kechishiga sabab bo'ldi.^[570] 2016 yil 24 martda Klinton Davlat ob'ektlarining maxfiyligi va xavfsizligi to'g'risidagi qonun va Senat Bill 175.^[571] 2016 yil 6 aprelda Klinton ushbu qarorni qoraladi Diniy erkinlik uchun turar joy to'g'risidagi qonun.^[572] 2016 yil 2 iyulda Klinton faxrlanishini aytdi PentagonAmerika Qo'shma Shtatlari harbiy xizmatida ochiq transgender bo'lganlarga taqiqni bekor qilish to'g'risidagi qaror.^[573] 2016 yil 6-oktabrda u LGBT gazetasiga op-nashr yozgan birinchi partiyaviy prezidentlikka nomzod edi (Filadelfiya gey yangiliklari).^[574] 2016 yil 11 oktyabrda uning Twitter-dagi akkauntida aytilgan konversion terapiya voyaga etmaganlar uchun tugatish kerak.^{[iqtibos kerak]}

Mahalliy Amerika muammolari

Klinton Hindistondagi sog'liqni saqlash tizimini takomillashtirish to'g'risidagi qonunga 2007 yildagi o'zgartirishlarni qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[575]

2008 va 2016 yilgi prezidentlik saylovlarida ham Klinton uchrashgan Tug'ma amerikalik rahbarlari va tadbirlarni o'tkazdilar Hindistonning rezervasyonlari.^[576]

2008 yildagi faoliyati davomida Klinton tub Amerika masalalari bo'yicha pozitsiya bayonotini e'lon qildi va hayotiy xizmatlar va qo'llab-quvvatlash zarurligini ta'kidladi qabila suvereniteti.^[575] Klinton, boshqa narsalar qatori, "o'zgacha ma'nolarni oshirishga" sodiq qoldi Hindiston sog'liqni saqlash xizmati byudjet "; tub amerikaliklar uchun sog'liqni saqlashni yaxshilash (salomatligi jihatidan katta tafovutlarga duchor bo'lganlar);" tub amerikaliklarni bir qator federal idoralar va idoralarda muhim lavozimlarga tayinlash "; amerikalik hindlarning bosh dasturini moliyalashtirishni ko'paytirish; takomillashtirish uy-joy va huquqni muhofaza qilish Hindiston mamlakati; va qo'llab-quvvatlashni oshirish qabila kollejlari va universitetlari.^[575]

Qashshoqlik

2008 yil aprel oyida nomzodlarning imon va rahm-shafqat forumida Klinton "Xudo bizga qo'yadigan va payg'ambarlar bizdan talab qiladigan ajoyib talablarni va Masih bizni kambag'allar nomidan javob berishga chaqirdi muqarrar. "^[141][577]

2008 yilda Klinton prezident etib saylansa, "biz bilganimizcha qashshoqlikka barham berishga" yo'naltirilgan "kabinet darajasidagi qashshoqlik chorasini" tayinlashini aytdi.^[578] U liberal guruhlar tomonidan farovonlik uchun ish talabining oshishini qo'llab-quvvatlashi uchun tanqid qilindi.^[141][579]

Irqiy muammolar

Klintonning so'zlariga ko'ra, "bizning jinoiy adliya tizimimizda tizimli irqchilik" mavjud.^[580] U "politsiya xodimlarini qayta tayyorlash" va "irqiy profilaktikani tugatish yo'llarini ko'rib chiqish" ni qo'llab-quvvatlashini bildirdi.^[580] 2015 va 2016 yillarda saylovoldi tashviqoti yo'lidagi olomonga murojaat qilib, Klinton ikkalasini ham "Ha, qora hayot muhim"^[581] va "barcha hayot muhim".^[582] Klinton bilan uchrashdi Qora hayot masalasi faollik ko'rsatadigan etakchilik DeRay Mckesson "Biz barcha masalalar bo'yicha bir fikrga kelmadik, lekin oxir-oqibat biz o'zimizni eshitgandek his qildik deb o'ylayman." Uchrashuvda Klinton xususiy qamoqxonalar va muhojirlarni saqlash markazlari tugatilishini qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[583]

Klinton murojaat qildi Afrika metodistlari episkopal cherkovi 2016 yil iyul oyida Filadelfiyada, politsiya zobitlari tomonidan ikki qora tanli erkak o'ldirilganidan va keyinchalik Dallasda qora tanli kishi tomonidan beshta politsiyachi o'ldirilganidan keyin. CNN ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, u "jamiyatdagi va ayrim politsiya idoralaridagi" ochiq tarafkashlikni "tan olish va ayniqsa, oq tanli amerikaliklarni afroamerikaliklarga hamdard bo'lishga chaqirish kerak", deb ta'kidladi.^[584]

Ilmiy tadqiqotlar

Fanni moliyalashtirish

Klintonning platformasiga ko'ra, u "Milliy Sog'liqni Saqlash Institutlari (NIH) va Milliy Ilmiy Jamg'arma singari agentliklarda ilmiy tadqiqotlarni moliyalashtirishni ko'paytiradi", NIH xarajatlarini yiliga qariyb 600 million dollardan 2 milliard dollarga ko'taradi va mablag'larni ko'paytiradi. autizm tadqiqotlari uchun.^[585]

Ildiz hujayralarini tadqiq qilish

Klinton 2005 yildagi Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act-ga homiylik qildi ildiz hujayralarini tadqiq qilish tashlab yuborilgan inson embrionlaridan olingan ildiz hujayralari chiziqlariga asoslangan. Qonun loyihasiga prezident Bush veto qo'ydi. Shuningdek, u 2007 yilda Kongressda qabul qilingan shu nomdagi qonun loyihasiga ovoz berdi.^[141][586]

Veteranlar

Klinton boshqaruvni tubdan o'zgartirish tarafdori Veteranlar bilan ishlash bo'limi (VA) va isloh qilish faxriylarni sog'liqni saqlash.^[587][588] U VA-dagi muammolarni "jiddiy, tizimli va qabul qilinmaydigan" deb ta'riflagan.^[589] Klinton federal hukumatga ba'zi bir faxriylarning sog'liqni saqlash xizmatlarini ko'rsatish uchun xususiy kompaniyalar bilan shartnoma tuzishga ruxsat berishni ma'qullaydi, ammo VAni xususiylashtirishga qarshi.^[589][590]

Yoqilgan MSNBC"s Reychel Maddou shousi 2015 yil 23 oktyabrda, Maddov Klintondan bu haqda so'radi VA kasallari haqida tortishuvlar Belgilangan vaqtni kutish paytida orqaga qaytarilgan va yashirin kutish ro'yxatlariga kiritilgan.^[587] (2014 yilda VA Bosh inspektori tomonidan o'tkazilgan tekshiruv natijalariga ko'ra 57 ming nafar faxriylar rejalashtirilgan uchrashuvlarini 90 kundan ko'proq kutishgan va VA muassasalarining taxminan 70 foizi bemorlarning kutilmagan ro'yxatlarini yashirin, kitobdan tashqari saqlashgan.)^[591] Maddov Klintondan VAni bekor qilish yoki VAni xususiylashtirish bo'yicha respublikachilar g'oyalari haqidagi fikrlari va VA dagi muammolarni hal qilish uchun nima qilishini so'radi.^[587] Bunga javoban Klinton muammolar borligini tan oldi, "ammo bu keng tarqalgani kabi keng tarqalmagan. Bir qator faxriylarni so'rovlari o'tkazildi va umuman olganda davolanayotgan faxriylar ularning davolanishidan mamnun. .. Hech kim siz ko'rgan reportaj va respublikachilardan kelib chiqadigan "VA" ning doimiy g'azablanishidan qisman o'zlarining ushbu mafkuraviy kun tartibiga intilishlariga ishonmaydi. "^[587] Klintonning ta'kidlashicha, so'nggi paytlarda faxriylarni davolashni tezlashtirishga qaratilgan harakatlarda ishlash uchun imkoniyat berilishi kerak, ammo VA sog'liqni saqlash sohasidagi islohotlar kerak bo'lishi mumkin "SWAT jamoasi"javobgarligini ta'minlash uchun.^[587][592]

Video o'yinlarni tartibga solish

Klinton tergov o'tkazishga undaydi "Issiq kofe" modasi video o'yin Katta o'g'irlik avtoulovi: San Andreas, bu yashirin jinsiy grafik tasvirlarni ochdi.^[593] Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, agar o'yin ishlab chiqaruvchisi o'yinni o'zgartirmasa ESRB M (17 yoshdan kattalar) dan AO (18 yoshdan kattalar) gacha bo'lgan reyting, u video o'yinlarni tartibga solish bo'yicha federal qonunchilikni joriy qiladi. 2005 yil 20-iyulda ESRB reytingni o'zgartirdi va natijada o'yin Wal-Mart javonlaridan olib tashlandi, Maqsad, Eng yaxshi xaridva boshqa do'konlar.^[594][595]

Besh oy o'tgach, Klinton baribir qonunchilikni joriy qildi. 2005 yil 16 dekabrda Klinton Oilaviy o'yin-kulgini himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun, S.2126,^[596] jinsiy yoki zo'ravonlik bilan sotishni taqiqlovchi qonun loyihasi video O'yinlar 18 yoshga to'lmaganlarga.

Ayollarning huquqlari

2015 yilda Klinton o'zini "mutlaqo" deb bilishini aytdi feministik.^[597] 2014 yilda Klinton "feministik" bo'lishni ayollar uchun teng huquqlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash deb ta'riflab, "men bu borada hech qanday tortishuvli narsa ko'rmayapman" dedi. Shuningdek, u feminizmni eskirgan deb o'ylaydiganlarga "Menimcha, siz etarlicha uzoq yashamadingiz" deb aytdi.^[598] "[Olamlar va qizlar ... tashqi siyosatimizda asosiy o'rin tutadi", deya qo'shimcha qildi ayollarni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan davlatlar barqarorroq va "ekstremizmni kamroq tug'diradi".^[598]

Klinton ko'tarildi teng ish uchun teng ish haqi va yopish uchun harakatlarni taklif qiladi ish haqi bo'yicha farq. U qo'llab-quvvatlaydi Ish haqini to'lash to'g'risidagi qonun. Senator sifatida Klinton homiylik qildi Lilly Ledbetter 2009 yilgi adolatli to'lov to'g'risidagi qonun; 2016 yilgi saylovoldi kampaniyasi davomida Klinton Qonunning ism-familiyasini tasdiqladi, Lilly Ledbetter.^{[147][599][600]}

2014 yilda Klinton Oregon shtatini qo'llab-quvvatladi davlatga teng huquqli o'zgartirish, bu qarshi huquqiy himoyani ta'minlaydi jinsiy aloqaga asoslangan kamsitish.^[601][602]

Klinton AQShni ratifikatsiya qilishga chaqirdi Ayollarga nisbatan kamsitilishning barcha turlarini yo'q qilish to'g'risidagi konventsiyaPrezident tomonidan imzolangan Jimmi Karter 1980 yilda lekin hech qachon Senat tomonidan ratifikatsiya qilinmagan.^[603]

Klinton 2016 yilda prezident etib saylansa, uning yarmini to'ldirishini aytgan Kabinet ayollar bilan, bu Qo'shma Shtatlarda tarixiy bo'lgan harakat.^[604] Jinsga teng shkaflar dunyo bo'ylab kamdan-kam uchraydi.^[605]

Klinton "ta'sirli nutq so'zladiAyollarning huquqlari - bu inson huquqlari"1995 yil 5 sentyabrda Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotida Ayollar bo'yicha to'rtinchi Butunjahon konferentsiyasi yilda Pekin.^{[606][607][608]} 2013 yilda u bilan hamkorlikni boshladi Bill, Hillari va Chelsi Klinton jamg'armasi va Bill va Melinda Geyts fondi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotidan beri butun dunyo bo'ylab ayollar va qizlarning taraqqiyoti to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni to'plash va o'rganish Ayollar bo'yicha to'rtinchi Butunjahon konferentsiyasi 1995 yilda Pekinda.^[609][610] Bu "Shift yo'q: to'liq ishtirok etish loyihasi" deb nomlanadi.^[609][610] Davlat kotibi sifatida Klinton lavozimini yaratdi Ayollarning global muammolari bo'yicha maxsus topshiriqlar bo'yicha elchisi.^[611]

Zika

Klinton Kongressning ushbu masalani ko'rib chiqishini tanqid qilmoqda Zika epidemiyasi Florida shtatida.^[612] 2016 yil avgustida u "Kongress ushbu kurashda qanday resurslarni jalb qilish kerakligi to'g'risida kelishib olishdan oldin tanaffusga chiqqanidan juda xafsalasi pir bo'lganini" aytdi.^[612] Uning ta'kidlashicha, "biz chivinlarga qarshi kurashni va yo'q qilishni kuchaytirishimiz, oilalarga muhim tibbiy xizmatlarni, shu jumladan kontratseptsiya vositalaridan foydalanish imkoniyatini berishimiz, emlash va davolashni rivojlantirishimiz, odamlarning o'zlarini va bolalarini qanday himoya qilishni bilishlari kerak".^[613]

Adabiyotlar