WikiDer > Barak Obama ma'muriyatining tashqi siyosati

Ushbu maqola qismidir haqida bir qator Barak Obama
Siyosiy lavozimlar Saylov tarixi Dastlabki hayot va martaba Oila Ommaviy imidj Prezidentlikka qadar Illinoys shtati senatori 2004 yil DNC asosiy manzili Illinoys shtatidan AQSh senatori Homiylik loyihalari Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti Prezidentlik Xronologiya Siyosatlar Iqtisodiyot Energiya Tashqi siyosat Obama doktrinasi Xorijiy sayohatlar Kechirasiz Ijtimoiy Bo'shliq Uchrashuvlar Kabinet Sudyalar Birinchi davr Prezidentlik uchun saylovoldi tashviqoti 2008 yilgi umumiy saylov Boshlang'ich saylovlar O'tish 1-inauguratsiya Birinchi 100 kun Rossiya yadroviy shartnomasi Arzon parvarishlash to'g'risidagi qonun Iroqdan chiqish Usama bin Ladinning o'limi Liviya urushiga aralashish Afg'onistonni olib qo'yish Bingazi hujumi Xronologiya '09 '10 '11 '12 Ikkinchi muddat Qayta tanlash kampaniyasi 2012 yilgi umumiy saylov Reaksiyalar 2-inauguratsiya Immigratsiya ijroiya harakati IShIDga qarshi aksiya Iroq Suriya Eron bitimi Kubalik eritish Rossiyaga qarshi sanktsiyalar Selma 50 yilligi Bir jinsli nikohni butun mamlakat bo'ylab qonuniylashtirish Parij kelishuvi Xirosima nutqi Qunduz kasalxonasining havo hujumi Merrick Garlandning muvaffaqiyatsiz nominatsiyasi Xronologiya '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 Prezidentlikdan keyingi lavozim Rejalashtirilgan kutubxona Obama fondi One America Appeal Otamdan tushlar Umidning jasorati Va'da qilingan er Tinchlik bo'yicha Nobel mukofoti
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The Barak Obama ma'muriyatining tashqi siyosati edi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining tashqi siyosati 2009 yildan 2017 yilgacha, davomida Barak Obamaning prezidentligi. Atama Obama doktrinasi Obama ma'muriyatining tashqi siyosati tamoyillarini tavsiflash uchun tez-tez ishlatiladi.

Obama meros qilib oldi Iroq urushi, Afg'oniston urushi, va turli jihatlari Terrorizmga qarshi urush, bularning barchasi davomida boshlangan Bush ma'muriyati. U bosqichma-bosqich raislik qildi AQSh askarlarini pastga tushirish Iroqda, 2011 yil dekabrida Iroqdan amerikalik askarlarning deyarli butunlay olib chiqib ketilishi bilan yakunlandi. Birinchi muddat davomida Afg'onistondagi AQSh harbiy kuchini ko'paytirgandan so'ng, Obama ikkinchi muddat davomida Afg'onistondan taxminan 8400 askaridan boshqa barcha askarlarni olib chiqib ketdi.^[1] 2011 yilda Obama o'limga olib kelgan missiyani boshqargan Usama bin Laden, tashkilotchisi 11 sentyabr hujumlari. Mahbuslar soni Guantanamo qamoqxonasi Obamaning davrida keskin tushib ketdi, ammo Obamaning hibsga olish lagerini yopish umidida bo'lishiga qaramay, Obama lavozimini tark etguniga qadar 41 mahbus Guantanamoda qoldi.^[2] Obama ma'muriyati undan ko'proq foydalangan uchuvchisiz samolyotlar, xususan Pokiston, nishonga olish Al-Qoida kabi rahbarlar Anvar al-Avlaki. 2013 yilda, Edvard Snouden mavjudligini ochib berdi sifatida tanilgan keng qamrovli hukumat nazorati dasturining PRISM, Obama buni "xalqimizni himoya qilishga qodir bo'lgan sunnat qilingan, tor tizim" deb himoya qildi.^[3]

2010 yilda Shimoliy Afrika va Yaqin Sharq bo'ylab bir qator norozilik namoyishlari Arab bahori oxir-oqibat bir nechta mamlakatlarda notinchlikning og'irroq shakllariga aylanib ketdi. Obama NATO boshchiligidagi tashkilotni tashkil etishga yordam berdi aralashuv Liviyada, oxir-oqibat qulashga olib keladi Muammar Qaddafiyrejimi. Obama uzoq, ko'p partiyali bo'lgan Suriyaga chuqur aralashishdan bosh tortdi Fuqarolar urushi hukumati o'rtasida Bashar al-Assad, Suriya muxolifati, va Salafiy jihodchi sifatida tanilgan guruh IShID AQSh fuqarolik urushi davomida muxolifatni qo'llab-quvvatladi va vaqti-vaqti bilan IShIDga qarshi zarbalarni amalga oshirdi. 2014 yilda, Rossiyadan keyin anneksiya qilingan Qrim va aralashdi Ukrainada Obama va boshqa G'arb rahbarlari a-ga hissa qo'shgan sanktsiyalarni qo'llashdi Rossiya moliyaviy inqirozi. Rossiya keyinroq aralashdi Suriyadagi fuqarolar urushida va ayblangan aralashish ichida 2016 yil AQSh prezident saylovi, Obama ma'muriyati tomonidan qoralangan.

AQSh tashqi siyosatining asosiy yo'nalishini Sharqiy Osiyoga yo'naltirishga intilib, Obama ko'p millatni tashkil qildi erkin savdo shartnomasi nomi bilan tanilgan Trans-Tinch okeani sherikligi (IES), ammo IES Kongress tomonidan tasdiqlanmagan. Janubiy Koreya, Kolumbiya va Panama bilan kichik savdo shartnomalari Kongress tomonidan ma'qullandi va kuchga kirdi. Obama tashabbusi bilan Kubalik eritish, 1960-yillardan beri birinchi marta Kubaga diplomatik e'tirofni taqdim etdi. Uning ma'muriyati ham muzokaralar olib bordi Birgalikdagi Harakat Rejasi, Eron yadro dasturini cheklashga rozi bo'lgan kelishuv.

Tarix

Fon

Xalqaro sayohatlar Prezident Barak Obama o'z lavozimida bo'lgan vaqtida qilgan

Obama o'zining saylovoldi kampaniyasidagi birinchi yirik tashqi siyosiy nutqini 2007 yil 23 aprelda qildi Chikagodagi global ishlar bo'yicha kengashunda u o'zining tashqi siyosiy maqsadlarini bayon qilib, beshta muhim bandni ta'kidlab o'tdi:

1. "bunga mas'uliyatli yakun yasash Iroqdagi urush va keng mintaqadagi muhim muammolarga e'tibor qaratish ".
2. "birinchi 21-asrning birinchi harbiy kuchlarini qurish va uni qanday joylashtirishimizga donolik ko'rsatish orqali"
3. "shoshilinch ravishda boshqalardan ustun bo'lgan tahdidni - ommaviy qirg'in qurollarini himoya qilish, yo'q qilish va tarqatishni to'xtatish uchun global sa'y-harakatlarni to'xtatish orqali"
4. "umumiy muammolarga javob berish va umumiy tahdidlarga qarshi turish uchun zarur bo'lgan ittifoq va sherikliklarni tiklash va qurish" va
5. "Amerika boshqalarga xavfsizroq jamiyatlarni qurishda yordam berishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, biz ularni faqat shu davlatlarning fuqarolari qo'llab-quvvatlashi mumkinligini hech qachon unutmasligimiz kerak."

Saylangan prezident Obama sobiq raqibi senator nomzodini ilgari surdi Hillari Klinton 2008 yil 1 dekabrda uning davlat kotibi lavozimida ishlashni va mudofaa vazirligini davom ettirishni tanladi Robert Geyts uning mudofaa vaziri sifatida. U generalni tayinladi Jeyms L. Jons unga xizmat qilish Milliy xavfsizlik bo'yicha maslahatchi va hokim nomzodini ko'rsatdi Janet Napolitano kabi Milliy xavfsizlik kotibi.

Klinton tasdiqlash tinglovlari chog'ida "global tahdidlarni kamaytirish va global imkoniyatlardan foydalanishda Amerikaning manfaatlarini ilgari surishning eng yaxshi usuli bu global echimlarni ishlab chiqish va amalga oshirishdir" deb ishonishini aytdi. U shunday dedi: "Biz chaqirilgan narsadan foydalanishimiz kerak"aqlli quvvat", bizning ixtiyorimizdagi barcha vositalar - diplomatik, iqtisodiy, harbiy, siyosiy, huquqiy va madaniy - har bir vaziyat uchun mos vositani yoki vositalarni birlashtirishni tanlash. Aqlli kuch bilan diplomatiya tashqi siyosatimizning avangardi bo'ladi."^[4]

Undan oldingi so'nggi haftalarda inauguratsiya, dunyodagi bir necha yirik mojarolardan tashqari, bilan bog'liq kurash Isroil-Falastin to'qnashuvi yangidan otilib chiqdi, xususan G'azo, Isroil va HAMAShukumat. The 2008–2009 yillarda Isroil va G'azo mojarosi 2009 yil 18 yanvarda, Obamaning inauguratsiyasidan ikki kun oldin tinch-totuv sulh bilan yakunlandi.

Dastlabki mavzular

Vikipediya ushbu maqola bilan bog'liq asl matnga ega: Barak Obamaning ochilish marosimi

O'zining ochilish marosimidagi nutqida Obama o'zining tashqi siyosati haqida batafsil to'xtalib, u jarayonni boshlashga umid qilishini taklif qildi Iroqdan chiqib ketish va diqqatni jamlashni davom ettirish Afg'onistondagi mojaro. Shuningdek, u "eski do'stlar va sobiq dushmanlar bilan tinimsiz ishlash" orqali yadroviy tahdidni kamaytirishni eslatib o'tdi. U Amerikaning ruhi "kuchliroq va uni sindirib bo'lmaydi - siz bizdan ustun turolmaysiz va biz sizni mag'lub qilamiz" deb e'lon qilib, terrorizmga qarshi kurashda Amerikaning qat'iyati haqida gapirdi. Musulmon olamiga Obama "o'zaro manfaatdorlik va o'zaro hurmatga asoslangan yangi oldinga siljish" ga taklif qildi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, Qo'shma Shtatlar korruptsiya va hiyla-nayrang bilan hokimiyatga yopishib olganlarga "agar ular mushtlarini" ochishga tayyor bo'lsa "ularga" qo'l uzatishga "tayyor.^[5]

Prezident sifatida birinchi to'liq kunida Obama Isroilni chegaralarini ochishga chaqirdi G'azo, uning ma'muriyatining tinchlik rejalari bo'yicha dastlabki rejalarini batafsil bayon qildi Isroil-Falastin to'qnashuvi.^[6] Obama va davlat kotibi Klinton nomlari Jorj Mitchell Yaqin Sharq tinchligi bo'yicha maxsus vakili sifatida Richard Xolbruk 2009 yil 23 yanvarda Pokiston va Afg'onistondagi maxsus vakil sifatida.^[7] Mitchelni tayinlash Klinton to'g'ridan-to'g'ri kotib darajasidagi muzokaralardan o'zidan avvalgi prezident, Kondoliza Rays, oldingi ikki yil davomida ko'p kuch sarflagan.^[8]

Davlat kotibi Klinton yangi lavozimida bir haftadan kam vaqt ichida deyarli 40 ta chet el rahbarlari yoki tashqi ishlar vazirlarini chaqirdi.^[9] Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, dunyo Amerikaning yangi tashqi siyosatini ko'rishni juda istamoqda va "Dunyo bo'ylab katta nafas chiqarish jarayoni sodir bo'lmoqda. Biz ta'mirlash uchun juda ko'p zarar ko'rdik".^[9] U har bir o'tgan siyosat rad etilmasligini ko'rsatdi va bu juda muhim ekanligini ta'kidladi olti tomonlama muzokaralar ustidan Shimoliy Koreyaning yadro quroli dasturi davom eting.^[10]

Davlat kotibi Xillari Klinton Davlat departamentiga birinchi kunida kutib turgan xonada kutib olindi, faqatgina departament xodimlarining ko'pligi.

Daniyaga qilgan safari, bunga ishontira olmadi Xalqaro Olimpiya qo'mitasi mukofotlash 2016 Yozgi Olimpiada Chikagoga, Daniyani Prezident bo'lganidan beri 2009 yil 20-yanvarda tashrif buyurgan o'n oltinchi mamlakatga aylantirdi. Bu prezidentlar Jerald Ford va Jorj X. Bush (ikkalasi ham birinchi yillarida 15 marta tashrif buyurgan), Obamani eng ko'p sayohat qilgan birinchi yil prezidentiga aylantirish uchun.^[11]

Uchrashuvlar

Obamaning 2013 yilgi tashqi siyosiy jamoasi

Jo Bayden

Jon Brennan

Syuzan Rays

Jeyms Klapper

Jon Kerri

Ma'muriyat 2465 nafar elchini tayinlagan yoki o'z lavozimida qolishiga ruxsat bergan. Ularning aksariyati martaba diplomatlari edi. 805 kishi siyosiy tayinlovchilar edi. 150 elchixonadan 110 tasi Karib dengizida siyosiy edi; G'arbiy Evropada tayinlangan 358 kishidan 259 nafari siyosiy edi. Ishga qabul qilish bo'yicha diplomatlar boshqa barcha sohalarda, jumladan: Shimoliy va Markaziy Amerika, Janubiy Amerika, Afrika, Sharqiy Evropa, Yaqin Sharq, Sharqiy Osiyo, Janubiy Osiyo va Okeaniya ustidan hukmronlik qildilar. O'rta Osiyoda tayinlanganlarning barchasi mansab edi.^[12]

Afrika

Tanzaniyalik Prezident Jakaya Kikwete Obama bilan uchrashgan birinchi Afrika Davlat rahbari edi

2008 yilgi kampaniya davomida Obama Afrika siyosatini ishlab chiqishdagi ustuvor yo'nalishlarini aytib o'tdi, shu jumladan "AQSh rasmiylari Darfurda genotsid deb atagan narsalarni to'xtatish, qashshoqlikka qarshi kurash va farovonlikni kengaytirish".^[13] Ba'zi tahlilchilar Obamaning tayinlanishiga ishonishdi Syuzan Rays kim sobiq edi davlat kotibining yordamchisi uchun Afrika ishlari, kabi AQShning BMTdagi elchisi uning ma'muriyati qit'aga ustuvor ahamiyat berishidan dalolat edi.^[13]

Keyin Belgilangan davlat kotibi Hillari Klinton, 13 yanvar kuni bo'lib o'tgan tinglovda Senatning tashqi aloqalar qo'mitasi, ma'muriyatning ustuvor vazifalariga "Afrika Shoxidagi muvaffaqiyatsiz davlatlarda xavfsiz joylarni qidirishda Al-Qoidaning harakatlariga qarshi kurash; Afrika davlatlariga tabiiy boyliklarini saqlash va ulardan adolatli foyda olishda yordam berish; Kongoda urushni to'xtatish; [va] Zimbabvedagi avtokratiyaga va Darfurda insonlar halokatiga barham berish. "^[14]

Darfur, Sharqiy Kongo, Gana va Zimbabve ularning barchasi AQShning Afrika siyosatida muhim rol o'ynagan. Ba'zi tashqi siyosatshunoslar "Sudan, Somali va Kongoning sharqidagi" mojarolar "boshqa har qanday siyosiy rejalarni qamrab olishiga" ishonishdi.^{[13][o'lik havola]}

Prezident Obama tashrif buyurdi Qohira, Misr, u erda 4 iyun kuni "musulmon olami" ga murojaat qildi^[15] va bu safarni birinchi tashrifi bilan kuzatib bordi Saxaradan Afrikaga, Prezident sifatida 2009 yil 11 iyulda u murojaat qilgan Gana parlamenti.^[16]

Uning orqasidan ergashdi Davlat kotibi Xillari Klinton avgust oyida Afrikaga ettita davlat safari bilan tashrif buyurdi, shu jumladan to'xtash joylari Angola, Kabo-Verde, Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi, Keniya, Liberiya, Nigeriya va Janubiy Afrika. Ba'zi tashqi siyosatshunoslar bu "AQSh ma'muriyatida ham prezident ham, davlat kotibi ham Afrikaga tashrif buyurgan eng erta" deb da'vo qilishmoqda.

Sharqiy Afrika

Qaroqchilik

Obama ma'muriyatining birinchi harakatlaridan biri Keniya bilan Keniya qirg'oqlaridan qo'lga olingan qaroqchilarning Keniya sudlarida sud qilinishiga ruxsat berish to'g'risida anglashuv memorandumini imzolash edi.^[17][18]

Somali qaroqchilar olib ketishdi Richard Fillips, Amerika yuk kemasi kapitani, 2009 yil 8 aprelda uni egallab olishga muvaffaqiyatsiz urinish paytida garovga olingan Maersk Alabama.^[19] Prezident Obama AQSh harbiylariga besh kun garovgirlar garovida bo'lgan Fillipsni ozod qilish uchun qutqaruv missiyasini o'tkazishni buyurdi. U 2009 yil 12 aprelda qutqarilgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining dengiz kuchlari SEALlari uchta qaroqchini o'ldirgan va to'rtinchisining taslim bo'lishiga erishgan Abduvali Muse.^{[20][21][22][23][24]}

Obama ma'muriyatining Fillipsning o'g'irlanishiga bo'lgan munosabati va munosabati maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi, shuningdek tanqid qilindi, boshqalari uning Richard Fillipsni qutqarishdagi rolini pasaytirmoqda.^[25][26][27] 2014 yilda Obama Keniyadagi Westgate savdo markazining hujumiga javoban Horn mintaqasida operatsiyalarni oshirishga intildi. Xorn yarim oroli uchun maxsus guruh qaroqchilar va al-Qoida sheriklariga qarshi uchuvchisiz samolyotlar hujumlarini boshladi.^[28]

Somali

Ma'muriyat bu ishni davom ettirishdan manfaatdor edi O'tish davri milliy hukumati yilda Mogadishu. Shu maqsadda, shuningdek, mintaqadagi terroristik harakatlar va qaroqchilikni kamaytirishga yordam berish uchun Qo'shma Shtatlar maxsus operatsiya kuchlari, uchuvchisiz uchish apparatlari, havo hujumlari va ba'zi harbiy maslahatchilarni doimiy ravishda ta'sir o'tkazish uchun joylashtirdi. Somali fuqarolar urushi va taniqli odamlarni zararsizlantirish Ash-Shabab a'zolar.^{[29][30][31][32]}

Zimbabve

Obama kuchli tanqidchi edi Zimbabve hukumati boshchiligidagi Prezident Robert Mugabe.^{[iqtibos kerak]} Obama uzoq yillik muxolifat rahbarini tabriklagan bo'lsa-da Morgan Tsvangiray bo'lish to'g'risida Zimbabve Bosh vaziri ostida quvvatni taqsimlash to'g'risidagi bitim, AQSh Davlat departamenti matbuot kotibi Robert Vud: "Biz har qanday majburiyatni olishimizdan oldin biz yaxshi boshqaruvning dalillarini va ayniqsa, Robert Mugabening haqiqiy, haqiqiy kuch taqsimotini ko'rishimiz kerak" deb ogohlantirdi. iqtisodiy sanktsiyalar qashshoqlarga Janubiy Afrika dan Mugabe tomonidan boshqarilgan mamlakat mustaqillik 1980 yildan 2017 yilgacha.^[33]

Bosh vazirning rafiqasi Syuzan Tsvangiray vafotidan keyin avtomobil to'qnashuvi markazda Zimbabve 2009 yil 6 martda AQSh Davlat departamenti Tsvangirayga hamdardlik bildirdi, u ham halokat paytida engil jarohatlar oldi.^[34]

Bosh vazir Tsvangiray 2009 yil 12 iyunda Oq uyda Prezident Obama bilan uchrashdi.^[35]

Tsvangiray 2009 yil iyun oyida Oq uyda Obama bilan uchrashgan

Keyin Morgan Tsvangiray, Mugabening raqibi va rahbari Demokratik o'zgarishlar uchun harakat, bo'ldi Zimbabve Bosh vaziri hokimiyatni taqsimlash to'g'risidagi kelishuvga binoan Obama ma'muriyat Tsvangirayga o'z tabrigini etkazdi, ammo AQSh o'zining sanktsiyalarini bekor qilish to'g'risida o'ylamasdan oldin Mugabening MDH bilan hamkorlik qilishiga oid dalillarni kutishini aytdi.^[33] 2009 yil mart oyining boshlarida Obama AQSh sanksiyalari vaqtincha yana bir yilga uzaytirilishini e'lon qildi, chunki Zimbabvedagi siyosiy inqiroz hali hal etilmagan.^[36]

O'rta Afrika

Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi

Obama ma'muriyatining Afrikadagi tashqi siyosati asosan Davlat departamentining byurokratik apparati orqali amalga oshirildi, ikkala Davlat kotibi Klinton va Kerri Afrika ishlarida taniqli va yaxshi tanilgan rollarni ijro etishdi.^[37] 2009 yilda davlat kotibi Klinton Afrikaning etti davlati, jumladan Angola, Kabo-Verde, Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi, Keniya, Liberiya, Nigeriya va Janubiy Afrikada gastrol safari o'tkazdi. Kotib Klinton DRCga tashrifi davomida zo'rlashdan omon qolganlar bilan uchrashdi va keyinchalik 17 million dollarlik jinsiy zo'ravonlik bilan kurashish rejasini e'lon qildi. Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi (DRC).^[38] Davlat kotibi Klinton butun faoliyati davomida butun dunyo bo'ylab ayollar va qizlarning mavqeini yaxshilash maqsadiga muvofiq, KXDRda genderga asoslangan zo'ravonlik va boshqa inson huquqlari buzilishlariga qarshi ko'plab bayonotlar berdi.

2013 yilda o'sha paytdagi davlat kotibi Jon Kerri DRC va uning atrofidagi mamlakatlardagi mojaro va gumanitar inqirozga ko'proq e'tibor qaratishga intilib, sobiq senator Rassel Fayngoldni Buyuk ko'llar mintaqasi bo'yicha maxsus vakili lavozimiga tayinlashga olib keldi.^[39] Kongo Sharqiy Tashabbusining asoschisi Ben Afflek 2014 yilda Kongressga Faynoldning o'z hamkasbi va boshqa xalqaro aktyorlar bilan hamkorligi KXDRdagi gumanitar inqirozga qarshi ilgari nomuvofiq xalqaro munosabatlarni bartaraf eta boshlaganligi to'g'risida guvohlik berdi.^[40] Feingoldning da'vati bilan, Obama ma'muriyati Ruandaga 23 martdagi militsiyani (M23) qo'llab-quvvatlaganligi uchun sanktsiyalar qo'llash uchun "Bolalar askarlarini oldini olish to'g'risida" gi qonunni qabul qildi.^[41] Ushbu harakatlar M23 tomonidan shafqatsiz zo'ravonlik va beqarorlashtiruvchi ikki yillik qo'zg'olon kampaniyasini tugatishda vositachilik qilishda hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega edi.^[42]

Obama ma'muriyati Ruandaga qarshi bolalar askarlarini oldini olish to'g'risidagi qonunni chaqirgani uchun ijobiy fikrlar bildirgan bo'lsa-da, Kongo hukumati bolalar askarlaridan ham keng foydalanganligi haqidagi dalillarni e'tiborsiz qoldirgani tanqid qilindi.^[43]

Dodd-Frenk Uoll-stritni isloh qilish va iste'molchilar huquqlarini himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun

The Dodd-Frenk Uoll-stritni isloh qilish va iste'molchilar huquqlarini himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun 2010 yilda qonun bilan imzolangan. Qonunning 1502-bo'limiga binoan, tantal, volfram, qalay va oltindan foydalanadigan barcha korporatsiyalar ushbu potentsial "ziddiyatli minerallar" ni manbalariga qarab izlashi va agar ular DRCda paydo bo'lganligini ochiq e'lon qilishlari shart bo'lsa, maqsad sifatida DRCdagi mojaroni keltirib chiqaradigan korporativ faoliyatni to'xtatish.^[44] Inson huquqlarini himoya qilish va resurslarni davomli kurashlardan chalg'itishga qaratilgan ushbu qonun amerika kompaniyalari tomonidan tanqid qilindi, ular materiallarni kuzatib borish va sertifikatlash xarajatlari va qiyinchiliklarini amalga oshirishda to'siqlar sifatida ko'rsatmoqdalar. Tanqidchilar, shuningdek, 1502-bo'lim foydali qazilmalarning to'qnashuvdagi rolini noto'g'ri tushunadi va noto'g'ri tasvirlaydi, natijada qonunchilik nizo darajalarida sezilarli o'zgarishlarga olib kelmaydi. Buning o'rniga 5 dan 12 million kongolik konchilarni ishsizlik va chuqur qashshoqlikka olib kelgan "amalda" embargo boshlandi.^[45]

Shimoliy Afrika

Misr

Obama "mavzusida gaplashmoqdaYangi boshlanish" da Qohira universiteti 2009 yil 4-iyunda

Namoyishlarni avj oldirgandan so'ng, Misr prezidentining uzoq yillik kuchli boshqaruviga qarshi chiqdi Husni Muborak, Obama va ko'plab Evropa rahbarlari uni iste'foga chiqishga chaqirdilar va u bu vazifani 2011 yilda amalga oshirdi. Misrliklar yangi hukumatni sayladilar. Musulmon birodarlar. Biroq, yangi Prezident Muhammad Mursiy edi harbiylar tomonidan 2013 yilda ag'darilgan. Prezident Obama Misrdagi inqiroz ayanchli va fojiali ekanligini ta'kidladi; 2013 yil oxiridagi vaziyat juda keskin bo'lib qoldi.^[46]

Liviya

Oldini olish uchun xalqaro ishtirok etishning dastlabki shubhalaridan keyin Liviya rahbar Muammar Qaddafiy bostirish uchun zo'ravonlik ishlatishdan mashhur namoyishlar uning mamlakatida,^[47] Obama ma'muriyati juda muhim qo'llab-quvvatladi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Xavfsizlik Kengashining 1973 yildagi qarori yaratish Liviyaning uchish taqiqlangan zonasi, bilan Qo'shma Shtatlarning BMTdagi elchisi Syuzan Rays Liviyaning tinch aholiga tahdid solayotgan nishonlariga havo hujumlarini uyushtirish vakolatiga ega bo'lgan BMT vakolatiga ega bo'lgan tilni kiritishga muvaffaq bo'lmoqdamiz.^[48]

2011 yil mart oyida Obama 110 kishini otib tashlashga ruxsat berdi Tomahawk qanotli raketalari Liviyadagi nishonlarga qarshi, rejimning isyonchi kuchlarga qarshi harakatlariga javoban, BMTning uchish taqiqlangan zonasini amalga oshirish.^[49]

G'arbiy Afrika

Mali

Obama davrida AQSh hukumati Mali hukumatini qo'llab-quvvatladi Shimoliy Mali mojarosi, qarshi kurashda Maliga yordam berish Tuareg isyonchilar va ularning islomiy ekstremistik ittifoqchilari, shu jumladan Ansar DineAQSh tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan xorijiy terroristik tashkilot 2013 yilda.^[50] AQSh frantsuz armiyasiga qarshi terrorizm, razvedka ma'lumotlari va boshqa yordamlarni taqdim etdi, bu esa "qo'zg'olonchilarni quvib chiqarish va Mali fuqarolik hukumatini himoya qilish uchun" harakatlarni amalga oshirdi.^[50] AQSh shuningdek, moddiy-texnik yordam ko'rsatdi,^[50] xususan ta'minlash orqali havo orqali yonilg'i quyish uchun Frantsiya havo kuchlari.^[50]

Obama ma'muriyati Malida "botinkalarni" qo'ymaslikka va'da bergan edi, ammo 2013 yil aprel oyida AQSh Mudofaa vazirligi AQShning 22 harbiy xizmatchisini mamlakatga joylashtirganligini oshkor qildi.^[51][52] Ulardan o'ntasi Frantsiya va Afrika kuchlariga aloqador yordamchi xodimlar, qolganlari AQShdagi elchixonaga tayinlangan Bamako; AQSh qo'shinlari Malida jangovar operatsiyalarda qatnashmagan.^[51]

Arktika

Obamaning prezidentligi davrida Arktikaga, mintaqada mavjud muammolar va imkoniyatlarga ko'proq e'tibor qaratildi. Obama ma'muriyati bunga javoban Arktika va Arktika muammolariga Bush ma'muriyatiga qaraganda ko'proq e'tibor qaratdi va 2015 yil sentyabr oyida Arktika doirasiga tashrif buyurgan birinchi o'tirgan Prezident bo'lish bilan muhim natijalarga erishdi.

Arktika 8 ning doimiy a'zolari sifatida xizmat qiladigan Arktika davlatlari orasida bo'linadi Arktika kengashi. Obama ma'muriyatining mintaqadagi asosiy siyosati ushbu davlatlar o'rtasida mintaqaviy masalalarda hamkorlikni rivojlantirishga qaratilgan edi.^[53] O'z lavozimiga kirishganidan so'ng, Obama Rossiya bilan munosabatlarni kengash bo'ylab qayta tiklashga intildi; ammo AQSh-Rossiya munosabatlari boshqa tomonlarni qiziqtirgan masalalarda yomonlashgani sababli, Arktika ikki davlatning hamkorlik joyi bo'lib qoldi.

2011 yilda Arktika davlatlari Arktikani qidirish va qutqarish bo'yicha kelishuv, bu Arktika davlatlarini qidirish parametrlarini o'rnatdi. Qidiruv va qutqaruv bo'yicha davlatlar o'rtasidagi hamkorlik 2015 yilda Sohil Xavfsizlik Forumini yaratish bilan yanada mustahkamlandi.

Obamaning prezidentligi davrida Qo'shma Shtatlar 2015-2017 yillarda Arktika Kengashiga raislikni boshladi va ushbu idorada bo'lganida katta hamkorlikdagi loyihalarni boshlashga intildi.^[54] AQSh boshchiligida Arktika Kengashi Arktika jamoalari uchun iqtisodiy va turmush sharoitlarini yaxshilashga e'tibor qaratdi; Shimoliy Muz okeanining xavfsizligi, xavfsizligi va boshqaruvi yaxshilanishi; shuningdek, iqlim o'zgarishi ta'sirini hal qilish. Obama prezidentligining Arktika kengashining so'nggi yig'ilishi 2016 yilning 4-6 oktyabr kunlari Meynda bo'lib, kun tartibida Arktikaning barqaror rivojlanishi va iqlim masalalari muhokama qilingan edi.

Ob-havoning o'zgarishiga qarshi mintaqaviy ta'sirga qarshi kurash Obama prezidentligining Arktika siyosatining asosiy yo'nalishi bo'lgan, ayniqsa, uning oxirgi ikki yillik faoliyati davomida. Obama 2016 yil mart oyida Kanadaning Bosh vaziri Tryudo bilan qo'shma tadbir davomida Arktika hududining kamida 17 foizini rivojlanishdan himoya qilishga kelishib olgan edi.

Arktika kengashi tarkibida 2015 yilda qora uglerodning mintaqaga tahdidini o'rganadigan ekspert guruhi tashkil etilgan bo'lib, u 2016 yilda o'z xulosalari va tavsiyalarini yakunladi. Ma'muriyat, shuningdek, ma'lumotni almashishni ko'paytirishga intildi - bu birinchi ochilish marosimi bo'lib o'tgan Oq Uy. Arktika fanlari bo'yicha vazir 2016 yil sentyabr oyida.^[55]

Qo'shma muammolarga qarshi mintaqaviy hamkorlik Obama ma'muriyatining asosiy majburiyati bo'lgan bo'lsa, Obama davrida AQShning Arktikadagi harbiy salohiyati ham oshdi. 2016 yilda ICEX mashqlari amalga oshirildi va katta muvaffaqiyat deb keng tan olindi. Prezident Obama, shuningdek, 2015 yilda AQShning ikkita yangi muz muzlatuvchi kemasini foydalanishga topshirgan edi.

Osiyo

Davlat kotibi Xillari Klinton 2011 yilda Osiyo mintaqasiga ko'proq ahamiyat berish uchun tashqi siyosatni qayta muvozanatlashini e'lon qildi, ayniqsa bu mintaqadagi Xitoyning tez sur'atlarda o'sib borayotgan roliga javoban. U "Osiyo-Tinch okeani mintaqasida investitsiyalarni sezilarli darajada oshirishga - diplomatik, iqtisodiy, strategik va boshqalarga" chaqirdi.^[56] 2014 yilga kelib, ko'plab tahlilchilar sezilarli o'zgarishlarni topmadilar va ba'zilari AQSh yana mintaqani e'tiborsiz qoldirmoqda, deb ta'kidladilar.^[57] Obamaning qo'llab-quvvatlashi Trans-Tinch okeani sherikligi ko'p jihatdan AQShni Sharqiy Osiyoga "yo'naltirish" maqsadidan kelib chiqqan.^[58]

Sharqiy Osiyo

Prezident Barak Obama birinchi AQSh-Xitoy strategik va iqtisodiy muloqotining ochilish sessiyasida so'zga chiqdi.

Prezident Obama Vimean Santepheapda (Tinchlik saroyi) Pnompen, Kambodja.

Davlat kotibi Hillari Klinton o'zining birinchi tashqi siyosiy safarida (Osiyoga) 2009 yil 15 fevralda Yaponiya, Xitoy, Janubiy Koreya, Filippin va Indoneziyada to'xtadi.^[59] Kotib mintaqaga juda ko'p sayohat qilgan, shu jumladan mintaqaning turli mamlakatlariga 2009, 2010 va 2011 yillarda kamida uchta sayohat^[60] 2012 yil iyul oyida davlat kotibi Klinton Mo'g'uliston, Vetnam, Laos va Kambodja bo'ylab sayohat qildi.^[61] Laosga tashrif davlat kotibining 57 yil ichidagi birinchi tashrifi bo'ldi.^[62]

2009 yil 1 aprelda Obama va Xu Tszintao yuqori darajadagi tashkil etilganligini e'lon qildi AQSh-Xitoy strategik va iqtisodiy muloqoti hamraislik qilgan Hillari Klinton va Timoti Geytner AQSh tomonida va Dai Bingguo va Vang Qishan Xitoy tomonida va 2009 yil 16 mayda Obamaning nomzodini shaxsan o'zi e'lon qildi Jon Xantsman, kichik, Respublika Yuta gubernatori o'rnini to'ldirish Xitoydagi elchi. Xantsman Prezident tomonidan shaxsan e'lon qilingan ma'muriyatdagi yagona elchi edi^[63] marta. O'sha yilning oxirida Prezident Obama va Kotib Klinton 2009 yil 15-18 noyabr kunlari Xitoyga yuqori martabali tashrif buyurishdi, Obamaning Xitoyga birinchi tashrifi. Bu Obamaning saylovga qo'yilgandan buyon birinchi prezidentlik Osiyo safari edi. U Yaponiya, Singapurga ham bordi APEC sammiti va Janubiy Koreya birinchi AQSh-ASEAN sammiti uchun. The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Tinch okeani qo'mondonligi mintaqadagi harbiy munosabatlarni mustahkamlash bo'yicha ishlarning boshida ham bo'lgan.^[64] Qo'shma Shtatlar va Xitoy ko'pincha Xitoyga qarshi to'qnash kelishdi da'volar ichida Janubiy Xitoy dengizi, ularning qismlari ham da'vo qilingan Vetnam, Filippin va Malayziya tomonidan.^[65]

2014 yilda Prezident Obama Qo'shma Shtatlar deb ta'kidlagan edi Tibetni Xitoyning bir qismi sifatida tan oldi shuningdek, Xitoy hukumatini Tibet xalqining noyob madaniy, diniy va lingvistik o'ziga xosligini saqlab qolish uchun choralar ko'rishga undaydi.^[66]

2016 yilda Obama tashrif buyurgan birinchi Amerika prezidenti bo'ldi Laospaytida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari tomonidan bombardimon qilingan Vetnam urushi.^[67] Obama tozalash uchun mablag'ni ham oshirdi portlamagan o'q-dorilar Laosda.^[67]

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti Barak Obama va Li yig'ilishdan keyin yurishdi Moviy uy 2010 yil noyabr oyida Seulda.

Hillari Klinton Kambodja tashqi ishlar vaziri bilan Hor Namhong.

Shimoliy Koreya

Shimoliy Koreya, ayniqsa, yadroviy qurol va harbiy harakatlar tahdidlari bilan bog'liq muammolarning asosiy zonasidir.^[68] Obamaning ish boshlagandan ko'p o'tmay, Shimoliy Koreya bir muncha sokinlikdan keyin xalqaro sahnaga qaytib bordi.^[69] yangi uzoq muddatli istiqbolni rejalashtirishda ayblash qit'alararo ballistik raketa Obama qasamyod qilganidan bir necha hafta o'tgach^[70][71] va e'lon qilinmagan holda ijro etish yadro kallagi va raketa 2009 yil may oyining oxirida o'tkazilgan test sinovlari Davlat departamentining noroziligiga sabab bo'ldi.^[72] Bilan aloqalar yanada keskinlashdi amerikalik jurnalistlar Euna Li va Laura Lingning qamoqqa olinishi media tashkilotiga topshiriq bilan Shimoliy Koreya hududiga noqonuniy kirganliklari uchun.^[73] garchi keyinchalik ikkala ayol ham 2009 yil 5 avgustda ozod qilingan.^[74] O'sha yilning oxirida Pxenyan 1953 yilni tugatish niyatini e'lon qildi sulh da jangovar harakatlarni tugatish Koreya urushi 2009 yil 28 mayda deyarli 60 yildan beri davom etib kelayotgan mojaroni samarali ravishda qayta boshlagan va shunga undagan Janubiy Koreya-Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari birlashgan kuchlari qo'mondonligi ga Watchcon II, ikkinchi darajali ogohlantirish darajasi mumkin.^[75] 2010 yilda Shimoliy Koreya bilan yana ikkita katta voqea yuz berdi: Janubiy Koreyaning dengiz flotining cho'kib ketishi cho'kish uchun to'g'ridan-to'g'ri harbiy javob sifatida Janubiy Koreya bilan yangi turdagi harbiy mashqlarni o'tkazdi^[76] va Yeonpxenni bombardimon qilish undaydi BIZ samolyot tashuvchisi USSJorj Vashington bilan Sariq dengizda qo'shma mashqlarga jo'nab ketish Koreya Respublikasi Dengiz kuchlari, Shimoliy Koreyaning keyingi harbiy harakatlarini to'xtatish uchun.^[77][78] Obama ma'muriyati Shimoliy Koreya bilan bo'lgan geosiyosiy o'zgarishlarni hisobga olgan holda AQSh-Janubiy Koreya ittifoqi "Tinch okeani mintaqasida AQSh xavfsizligining asosi" sifatida.^[75] Obamaning prezidentligi davrida Shimoliy Koreyaning yadro quroli va raketa dasturi "tobora ko'proq qo'rqinchli" bo'lib qoldi, chunki uni bo'g'ib ololmaslik "porlash" deb ta'riflandi.^[79]

Yaponiya

Qo'shma Shtatlarning yirik ittifoqchisi bo'lgan Yaponiya Xitoy bilan Janubiy Xitoy dengizini nazorat qilish bo'yicha diplomatik mojaroga kirishdi. O'sha paytdagi davlat kotibida Hillari KlintonSharqiy Osiyoga birinchi safari, u Yaponiya rasmiylarini Amerika ittifoqlari tarmog'ida Yaponiyaning markaziyligiga ishontirdi.^[80] Ga javoban 2011 Txoku zilzilasi va tsunami, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari tashabbusi bilan chiqdi Tomodachi operatsiyasi Yaponiyani qo'llab-quvvatlash tabiiy ofatlarni bartaraf etish quyidagilarga rioya qilish 2011 Txoku zilzilasi va tsunami^[81] Yaponiya mudofaa vaziridan minnatdorchilik bildirish, Toshimi Kitazava kim tashrif buyurganida Ronald Reygan, "Tomodachi" operatsiyasi doirasida ko'rsatgan yordami uchun o'z ekipajiga minnatdorchilik bildirdi: "Men hech qachon Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari bizning ittifoqdoshimiz ekanligidan rag'batlanmagan va faxrlanmaganman".^[82]

Janubiy Osiyo

Osif Ali Zardari, Barak Obama va Hamid Karzay AQSh-Afg'oniston-Pokiston uch tomonlama uchrashuvi davomida

Obama ma'muriyati Janubiy Osiyo tashqi siyosati "Obama ma'muriyatining Janubiy Osiyo bo'yicha siyosati" da bayon etilgan Robert O. Bleyk, kichik, Davlat kotibining yordamchisi uchun Janubiy va Markaziy Osiyo ishlari byurosi"Maqsad suveren, barqaror, demokratik davlatlarning rivojlanishiga ko'mak berish edi, va jahon iqtisodiyotiga integratsiyalashgan va bir-biri bilan hamkorlik qilgan AQSh va sheriklarimiz mintaqaviy xavfsizlik va barqarorlikni ta'minlash uchun.

Obama ma'muriyatining boshida bir nechta mintaqaviy mavjud edi issiq joylar ichida Janubiy Osiyo, shu jumladan Afg'oniston, Hindiston va Pokiston. Mintaqada bir nechta to'qnashuvlar mavjud, shu jumladan davom etmoqda Afg'onistondagi urush va davom etayotgan Shimoliy-G'arbiy Pokistondagi mojaro.

Prezident Obama Hindiston Bosh vaziri bilan Manmoxan Singx tomonidan uyushtirilgan birinchi kechki ovqat paytida Obama ma'muriyati.

2009 yil 18 fevralda Obama AQSh harbiy kuchlari mavjudligini e'lon qildi Afg'oniston yozga qadar 17000 yangi qo'shin tomonidan quvvatlanadi.^[83] Obama shuningdek, havo hujumlarini tashkil qilishni o'z ichiga olgan holda kengaytirishni buyurdi Baytulloh Mehsud, xabarlarga ko'ra, jangari boshlig'i 2007 yil ortida suiqasd ning Benazir Bhutto,^[84] ustuvor maqsadlar sifatida.^[85]

AQSh Pokistonda uchuvchisiz samolyot hujumlariPrezident Jorj V. Bush tomonidan boshlangan mablag'lar sezilarli darajada oshdi^[85] chunki hujumlarning kengayishiga 2009 yilda Prezident Barak Obama ruxsat bergan.^[86] Uchuvchisiz samolyotlar fuqarolarning qurbon bo'lishiga olib keldi va qasddan qutqaruvchilarni, dafn marosimlarini va bitta AQSh fuqarosini nishonga oldi.^[87][88] BMT hisobotlarda AQShning uchuvchisiz urushlari tasvirlangan sudsiz o'ldirish^[89] va qisqacha qatllar.^[90]

Ikkalasi ham egallab olgan Hindiston va Pokiston o'rtasida ziddiyat bor edi yadro qurollari. Ushbu mojaro 1947 yil avgustidan beri davom etmoqda Hindistonning bo'linishi. Obamaning ma'muriyati AQShning Hindiston bilan tashqi siyosatiga erta munosabat bildirmagani uchun tanqid qilindi. Bush ma'muriyatidagi Milliy xavfsizlik kengashidagi Janubiy Osiyo bo'yicha sobiq direktor, Kseniya Dormandiy Hindiston Amerikaning mintaqadagi ajralmas ittifoqchisi va Obama ma'muriyati Hindiston bilan munosabatlarni yaxshilash uchun choralar ko'rishi kerak, deb da'vo qilmoqda.^{[91][92][93][94][95]}

Yaqin Sharq

Prezident Barak Obama milliy xavfsizlik jamoasi a'zolari bilan bir qatorda yangilanishlarni oladi "Neptun nayzasi" operatsiyasi, ichida Oq uy ahvoli xonasi, 2011 yil 1-may. Shuningdek qarang: Vaziyat xonasi

Iroqdagi urush

Prezidentlikka saylovoldi tashviqoti paytida, Barak Obama qo'shinlarni bosqichma-bosqich qayta joylashtirish tarafdori Iroq prezident sifatida qasamyod qilganidan keyin 16 oy ichida.^[96] Buni amalga oshirish uchun Obama, erdagi sharoitlardan kelib chiqib, birdan ikkitagacha qayta joylashishini aytdi batalyonlar bir oy.^[97] Kuchlarning bir qismi AQShga qaytib keldi, boshqalari esa kengroq mintaqaga e'tiborni jalb qilish uchun qayta joylashtirildi Afg'oniston va Pokiston terrorizmga qarshi turish.^[98]

Obama Iroq urushidagi 3 yil davomida o'z lavozimida bo'lgan. 2011 yil dekabrida AQSh harbiy xizmatchilarini olib chiqib ketishni yakunladi. 2009 yil fevral oyi oxirida AQShning yangi saylangan prezidenti Barak Obama jangovar kuchlar uchun 18 oylik chiqib ketish oynasini e'lon qildi va mamlakatda taxminan 50 ming askar qoldi. 2013 yil noyabrda Obama Iroq bosh vaziri Nuri Malikiy bilan uchrashdi. U doimiy sheriklik qilishga va'da berdi, ammo jamoat yordami bo'lmasligini aytdi va bosh vazirni, ayniqsa sunniy aholiga nisbatan ko'proq inklyuziv bo'lishga chaqirdi. Obama, shuningdek, keng siyosiy ishtirok etishga va saylov to'g'risidagi qonunni qabul qilishga da'vat etdi. Ular qayta tiklangan al-Qoidani qanday qilib jilovlash va mamlakatda demokratiyani qanday qilib chuqurroq joriy etish masalalarini muhokama qildilar.^[99] Prezident Obama saylovda belgilanganidek 16 oy ichida Iroqdan qo'shinlarni olib chiqish muddatini lavozimga kelganidan keyin 19 oyga o'zgartirdi.

Obama bir nechtasini tayinladi Maxsus elchilar shu jumladan Yaqin Sharq tinchligi bo'yicha maxsus vakil (Jorj Mitchell) va Afg'oniston va Pokistondagi maxsus vakil (Richard C. Xolbruk). 2013 yilda Obama Yaqin Sharq rahbarlarini sunniy-shia nizolari Yaqin sharqda, shu jumladan Bahrayn, Suriya va Iroqda sodir bo'layotgan ko'plab joylarni to'xtatish yoki hal qilish uchun ko'proq harakat qilishni talab qildi.^[100]

2014 yilgi aralashuv

Iroq harbiylarining parchalanishi ortidan 2014 yil Shimoliy Iroq hujumi Obama minglab amerikalik dengiz piyoda askarlari, maxsus kuchlar qo'shinlari va harbiy maslahatchilarini Iroqning qolgan kuchlarini mustahkamlash uchun safarbar etdi.^{[101][102][103][104]} Ushbu qo'shinlarga, shuningdek, Bag'doddagi Amerika elchixonasi atrofini xavfsizligini ta'minlash hamda Xalqaro aeroportni nazorat qilishni o'z zimmalariga olishgan. Obamaning aytishicha, bu odamlarning harakatlari "maqsadli va aniq" bo'ladi.^[101]

Ma'muriyat, shuningdek, tashuvchi jangovar guruhni Fors ko'rfaziga ko'chirdi. Amerikaliklar uchuvchi va uchuvchisiz keng razvedka parvozlarini amalga oshirmoqdalar.^[102] Amerika F-18 yoz oyining o'rtalaridan beri Iroq osmonida hujum samolyotlari ham kuzatilmoqda.^[101]

Avgust oyining boshlarida ma'muriyat Iroqning shimolida sunniy jangarilarga qarshi keng ko'lamli havo kampaniyasini e'lon qildi, shu bilan birga Iroqning kambag'al ozchiliklariga qarshi gumanitar harakatlarni amalga oshirdi.^[105]

Eron

Tortishgandan keyin 2009 yil iyun oyida Eronda prezident saylovlari, Obama Eron hukumatining bunga qarshi tazyiqlarini qoraladi Eron Yashil Harakati oppozitsiya, demokratiya tarafdorlari guruhi.^[106] Obamaning ta'kidlashicha: "biz Eron suverenitetini hurmat qilamiz va Eron ichkarisida Qo'shma Shtatlar muammo bo'lishidan saqlanishni istaymiz, lekin" men televizor orqali ko'rgan zo'ravonligimdan qattiq tashvishlanaman. Menimcha, demokratik jarayon - so'z erkinligi, odamlarning tinch yo'l bilan norozilik qobiliyati - bularning barchasi umuminsoniy qadriyatlar va ularni hurmat qilish kerak ".^[107] Namoyishchilarga nisbatan ko'proq zo'ravonlik ko'rsatilgandan so'ng, Obama shunday dedi: "Qo'shma Shtatlar va xalqaro hamjamiyat so'nggi bir necha kungi tahdidlar, kaltaklashlar va qamoqxonalardan dahshatga tushdi va g'azablandi" va "bu adolatsiz harakatlar" ni qattiq qoraladi.^[107] Ba'zi tanqidchilar, shu jumladan uning 2012 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasidagi raqibi Mitt Romni, Obamani aybdor deb topib, Yashil harakatni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun ko'proq harakat qilish kerakligini aytdi.^{[107][108][109][110][111]} Boshqalar esa, "Yashillar harakati" to'g'ridan-to'g'ri xorijiy yordamga muhtoj emasligini yoki xohlamasligini ta'kidlab, AQShning Eron oppozitsiyasini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri qo'llab-quvvatlashi, ehtimol "uning ishonchini pasaytiradi va hatto hukumatning ushbu harakatni chet ellik ekanligi haqidagi da'volariga ishonch bildiradi", deb ta'kidlaydilar. Eronni mustaqilligini yo'qotadigan ilhom fitnasi. "^[106]

Obama imzoladi 2010 yilgi Eronga oid keng qamrovli sanktsiyalar, javobgarlik va ajratish to'g'risidagi qonun 2010 yil 1 iyulda Eronga qarshi sanktsiyalarni kengaytirish. Yangi qonunning cheklovlari shunchalik qattiqki, uchinchi davlatlar o'zlarining savdo-sotiqlariga aralashish to'g'risida ogohlantirdilar.^[112] Ammo Obamaning davrida Eronning neft eksporti ikki baravarga qisqardi.^[113]

Keyin saylov mo''tadil markazchi Hasan Ruhoniy 2013 yilda Prezident sifatida Eron g'arb bilan munosabatlarni yaxshilash uchun tashqi aloqalarida yangi dialog bosqichini boshladi. Ruhanida rasmiy tashrif ga Nyu-York shahri ishtirok etish Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Bosh assambleyasi, Obama Ruhoniga ko'ra vaqt cheklanganligi sababli bo'lib o'tmagan Ruhoniy bilan ikki tomonlama uchrashuv o'tkazishni iltimos qildi. Ruhonining ta'kidlashicha, ikki mamlakat rahbarlari o'rtasida to'g'ri uchrashuvni tashkil qilish uchun ko'proq vaqt kerak, chunki bu ikki xalqning o'tmishdagi munosabatlaridan kelib chiqqan. 2013 yil 27 sentyabrda Eron tashqi ishlar vaziri Muhammad Javad Zarif va davlat kotibi Jon Kerri avlodlar davomida AQSh va Eron o'rtasidagi birinchi uchrashuv bo'lib o'tdi. Eronlik tahlilchilarga ko'ra, kamdan-kam uchraydigan uchrashuv poydevor yaratgan. Bir kun o'tgach, Obama va Ruhani o'zaro telefonda gaplashdilar, bu ikki davlat rahbarlari o'rtasidagi aloqalarning eng yuqori darajasi Eron inqilobi 1979 yil^[114]

Isroil

Obama Isroil Prezidenti bilan uchrashuv Shimon Peres, 2009 yil may

AQSh va Isroil o'rtasidagi munosabatlar ostida ancha yomonlashdi Barak Obama ma'muriyati.^{[iqtibos kerak]} Umumiy ittifoq buzilmagan bo'lsa-da, Barak Obama va Isroilning hozirgi Bosh vaziri o'rtasidagi ziddiyat, Benyamin Netanyaxu, ikki xalq o'rtasidagi ikki tomonlama aloqalarni buzgan edi. Isroil yahudiylar hududida 1600 ta yangi uy qurish bilan oldinga intilayotganini e'lon qildi Sharqiy Quddus 2010 yil mart oyida vitse-prezident sifatida Jo Bayden tashrif buyurgan edi. Bu "so'nggi o'n yilliklarda ikki ittifoqdosh o'rtasidagi eng jiddiy qatorlardan biri" deb ta'riflandi.^[115] Davlat kotibi Hillari Klinton Isroilning bu harakati AQSh-Isroil aloqalari uchun "juda salbiy" ekanligini aytdi.^[116] Ammo Obama Qo'shma Shtatlarning birinchi prezidenti bo'lib, Isroilni zamonaviy bunker bomba bilan ta'minladi.^[117] Va Obama davrida, Qo'shma Shtatlar tashqi harbiy moliyalashtirish chunki Isroil tarixda birinchi marta 3 milliard dollarga o'sdi.^[118] Obama had pledged support for Israeli military superiority in the region and had described his allegiance with Israel as being "sacrosanct".^[119] Under President Obama, the United States increased aid for Israel's Temir gumbaz.^[120]

On September 20, 2011, President Obama declared that the U.S. would veto a Palestinian application for statehood at the United Nations, asserting that "there can be no shortcut to peace".^[121] Furthermore, in February, the administration had vetoed a U.N. resolution declaring Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal.^[122]

In 2014 Obama said that only a ikki holatli echim could ensure Israel's future as a Jewish-majority democracy.^[123] Ehud Barak described Obama's support for Israel as being unparalleled and the most supportive in history, stating that Obama had done "more than anything that I can remember in the past" and that Obama's support is "extremely deep and profound".^[124][125]

On December 23, 2016, the United States, under the Obama Administration, abstained from Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Xavfsizlik Kengashining 2334-sonli qarori, effectively allowing it to pass.^[126] On December 28, U.S. Secretary of State Jon Kerri strongly criticized Israel and its hisob-kitob siyosati nutqda.^[127] Isroil Bosh vaziri Benyamin Netanyaxu strongly criticized the Administration's actions,^[128][129] and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization, which totaled $6 million in AQSh dollari, on January 6, 2017.^[130] 2017 yil 5-yanvar kuni Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Vakillar palatasi voted 342-80 to condemn the UN Resolution.^[131][132]

Suriya

President Obama meets with Russian President Vladimir Putin to discuss Syria and ISIL, September 29, 2015

In 2012, Obama, who had previously demanded the resignation of Syria's president Bashar al-Assad, said that the use of chemical weapons by the Assad government would be crossing a red line and would entail U.S. military action.^[133] After reports on 21 August 2013 about the usage of chemical weapons in Syria, the Obama administration formally blamed the incident on the Syrian government and sought Congressional approval for military action in Syria. Besides, Obama sought support from Britain and France for an attack in Syria.^[134] The Defense Secretary Chak Xeygl approved plans for a barrage of Tomahawk cruise missile strikes to have those called off by Obama in September.^[135] On 11 September 2013, Obama put a military strike or combat operations on hold and achieved an agreement with Russia and the Syrian government to destroy all chemical weapons in Syria.^[136]

Obama's decision to allow the violation of a red line he himself had drawn to go unpunished is widely criticised by the U.S. political establishment, as well as the allies,^[137] as detrimental to America's international credibility.^[133] However, in early 2016, Obama said he was "proud" of his decision, which repudiated what he referred to as the "Washington playbook" and avoided entangling the US in yet another "unfixable" situation in the Middle East.^[133][138] More broadly, regarding Obama's lack of meaningful support to the Syrian anti-government rebels, in 2015, Iqtisodchi opined, "Rarely has an American president so abjectly abandoned his global responsibility",^[139] adding in 2016, "The agony of Syria is the biggest moral stain on Barack Obama's presidency. And the chaos rippling from Syria—where many now turn to al-Qaeda, not the West, for salvation—is his greatest geopolitical failure."^[140] 2016 yilda, Nikolas Kristof described inaction in Syria as "Obama's worst mistake",^[141] esa Jonathan Shanzer said "the White House Syria policy has been an unmitigated dumpster fire."^[142] Maykl Mullen, former chairman of the joint chiefs of staff, described the conflict in Syria as "Obama's Ruanda".^[143] This is in lieu of the Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi-backed operation Yog'och Sycamore, which provide weapons and trainings to anti-government rebels, but proved to be ineffective by the end of the Obama presidency.

In comments published on 1 December 2016, about the U.S. becoming increasingly sidelined by Moscow and Ankara, Emile Hokayem of the Xalqaro strategik tadqiqotlar instituti, blamed the marginalisation of the U.S. in the Suriya fuqarolar urushi and the region at large on Barack Obama, "The American approach to this conflict guaranteed the US less and less relevance, not just in the Syrian conflict but also the broader regional dynamics. There has been a loss of face and a loss of leverage. The politics of the region are being transformed and this happened under Obama, whether by design or by failure."^[144]

In 2017, as Russia on the back of its successful military campaign in Syria forged closer ties with Turkey and Saudi Arabia, analysts and politicians in the Middle East concurred that Russia's clout in the region had grown “because Obama allowed it to’’ by failing to intervene robustly in Syria.^[145]

The "Red Line" ultimatum

The Obama "Red Line" remark was intended as an ultimatum to the Syrian president and the Syrian army to cease the use of chemical weapons. It appeared in a Presidential statement on 20 August 2012. Obama's red line was enforced by means of threat of massive military force in September 2013 and resulted in the substantial destruction of the Syrian stockpile of chemical weapons by June 2014.

Obama stated, "We have been very clear to the Assad regime, but also to other players on the ground, that a red line for us is we start seeing a whole bunch of chemical weapons moving around or being utilized. That would change my calculus. That would change my equation."^[146]

One year later, in the early hours of 21 August 2013, two opposition-controlled areas in the suburbs around Damashq, Syria were struck by rockets containing the chemical agent zarin. The attack was the deadliest use of chemical weapons since the Iran–Iraq War.^[147]

A U.S.-led military attack to punish Syria for using chemical weapons was anticipated by the end of August 2013 in which American forces and their allies launched more than 100 missiles into Syria.^[148]

The U.S. Navy brought four destroyers into position in the eastern O'rta er dengizi to reach targets inside Syria. The USS Nimitz carrier group was rerouted to Syria in early September 2013.^[149]

Russia and Great Britain among other nations began evacuating their citizens in anticipation of the bombardment.^[150]

Davomida G20 summit on 6 September, Vladimir Putin and Obama discussed the idea of putting Syria's chemical weapons under international control. On 9 September 2013, Kerry stated in response to a question from a journalist that the air strikes could be averted if Syria turned over "every single bit" of its chemical weapons stockpiles within a week, but Syria "isn't about to do it and it can't be done." State Department officials stressed that Kerry's statement and its one-week deadline were rhetorical in light of the unlikelihood of Syria turning over its chemical weapons. Hours after Kerry's statement, Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov announced that Russia had suggested to Syria that it relinquish its chemical weapons, and Syrian foreign minister Walid al-Moallem immediately welcomed the proposal.^[151]

U.S.–Russian negotiations led to the 14 September 2013 "Framework for Elimination of Syrian Chemical Weapons," which called for the elimination of Suriya"s kimyoviy qurol stockpiles by mid-2014. Following the agreement, Syria acceded to the Kimyoviy qurollar to'g'risidagi konventsiya and agreed to apply that convention provisionally until its entry into force on 14 October 2013. On 21 September, Syria ostensibly provided an inventory of its chemical weapons to the Kimyoviy qurollarni taqiqlash tashkiloti (OPCW), before the deadline set by the framework.

The destruction of Syria's chemical weapons began on the basis of international agreements with Syria that stipulated an initial destruction deadline of 30 June 2014. UN Security Council Resolution 2118 of 27 September 2013 required Syria to assume responsibility for and follow a timeline for the destruction of its chemical weapons and its chemical weapon production facilities. The Security Council resolution bound Syria to the implementation plan presented in a decision of the OPCW. On 23 June 2014, the last declared chemical weapons left Syria. The destruction of the most dangerous chemical weapons was performed at sea aboard the Cape Ray, a vessel of the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz ma'muriyati"s Tayyor zaxira kuchlari, crewed with US civilian merchant mariners. The actual destruction operations, performed by a team of U.S. Army civilians and contractors, destroyed 600 metric tons of chemical agents in 42 days.

Bahrain protests

Some in the media questioned Obama's decision to welcome Bahrain in Prince Salman bin Hamad al-Khalifa in June 2011 because of the fierce crackdown on protesters in the country. The collaboration of Saudi Arabia and the other Gulf states with Bahrains royalty, had carried out mass repression since the middle of March. This included detaining, beating and torture of thousands.^[152] In June 2013, Obama urged meaningful reform in Bahrain.^[153] Bahraini officials rejected Obama's claims about sectarianism between Sunnis and Shias.^[100] Nevertheless, the Obama administration resumed providing arms and maintenance to the regime during its crackdown on pro-democracy groups, including ammunition, combat vehicle parts, communications equipment, Blackhawk helicopters, and an unidentified missile system.^[154][155] Accordingly, the administration's larger policy on dealing with the "Arab bahori" is to continue propping up longtime client regimes while fostering "regime alteration."^[156]

Saudiya Arabistoni

The United States and Saudi Arabia continued their post-war alliance during the Obama presidency, and the Obama Administration supported the Yamanga Saudiya Arabistoni boshchiligidagi aralashuv davomida Yaman fuqarolar urushi.^[157] However, tensions between the Saudis and the United States arose following the Iranian nuclear deal, as Saudi Arabia and Iran have keskin munosabatlar va bor competed for influence Yaqin Sharqda.^[157] The Obama administration attempted to defuse tensions between the two countries, as it hoped for cooperation with both countries in regards to the Suriya fuqarolar urushi and military operations against ISIS.^[158] Obama also criticized the human rights record of Saudi Arabia, particularly in regards to the imprisonment of Raif Badaviy.^[159] When once asked whether Saudi Arabia was America's friend, Obama replied with "It's complicated."^[160][161] Ga binoan Iqtisodchi, opining in April 2016, thanks in large part to Obama, America's relationship with Saudi Arabia had become "deeply strained" under his tenure.^[162]

Despite fierce opposition on the part of the Saudi government,^[163][164] the U.S. Congress passed and then overrode Obama's veto of the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act.

Evropa

Prezident Barak Obama Bosh vazir bilan muzokaralar olib boradi Arseniy Yatsenyuk ning Ukraina o'zaro uchrashuv yakunida Oval ofis, 2014 yil 12 mart.

Fabbrini in 2011 identified a cycle in anti-Americanism in Europe: modest in the 1990s, it grew explosively between 2003–2008, then declined after 2008. He sees the current version as related to images of American foreign policy-making as unrestrained by international institutions or world opinion. Thus it is the unilateral policy process and the arrogance of policy makers, not the specific policy decisions, that are decisive.^[165]

Sharqiy Evropa

Rossiya

Tensions remained as Russia pushed back against attempts at further eastward NATOning kengayishi va Yevropa Ittifoqi into areas that had previously been part of the Rossiya imperiyasi va SSSR. Gruziya va Ukraina were the major flash points. Early on, Obama called for a "reset" of relations with Russia, and in 2009 the policy became known as the Rus tilini tiklash; but critics debated whether or not it could improve bilateral relations or was about to concede too much to Russia.^[166]

At the end of March 2014, president Obama dismissed Russia as a "regional power" that did not pose a major security threat to the U.S.^[167] The statement was later sharply criticised by Putin as "disrespectful" and an attempt to prove America's istisnoizm^[168][169] as well as by the president of the Evropa komissiyasi Jan-Klod Yunker who in November 2016 said, "We have a lot to learn about the depths of Russia, we are very ignorant about it at the moment. ... Russia is not, as President Obama said, 'a regional power'. This was a big error in assessment."^[170]

After Russia's harbiy aralashuv yilda Suriya in 2015 and the alleged interference^[171] 2016 yilda election campaign in the U.S., relations between the Russian government and Obama administration became more strained. In September 2016, the U.S. government publicly accused Russia of "flagrant violations of international law" in Syria.^[172] Tomas Fridman opined, "Obama believed that a combination of pressure and engagement would moderate Putin's behavior. That is the right approach, in theory, but it's now clear that we have underestimated the pressure needed to produce effective engagement, and we're going to have to step it up. This is not just about the politics of Syria and Ukraine anymore. It's now also about America, Europe, basic civilized norms and the integrity of our democratic institutions."^[173] Jorj Robertson, a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said that Obama had "allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West", adding that the legacy of this disaster would last.^[137]

In mid-November 2016, the Kremlin accused president Obama's administration of trying to damage the U.S.' relationship with Russia to a degree that would render normalisation thereof impossible for the incoming administration of Donald Tramp.^[174]

2017 yil dekabr oyida, Mayk Rojers, who was Chairman of the Vakillar palatasi' Razvedka bo'yicha doimiy tanlangan qo'mita in 2011–2015, said that Obama and his inner circle had a habit of rejecting the idea that Russia under Putin was a resurgent and perilous adversary; and this dismissiveness on Russia "filter[ed] its way down".^[175]

Ukraina

Izidan Evromaydan protests the Obama administration had embraced the new government of Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk. After Russia began to occupy the Crimean peninsula Obama warned Russia of "severe consequences" if Russia annexes the region and attempted to negotiate a withdraw of Russian troops. To date, all negotiations have been unsuccessful.^[176] On December 18, 2014 Obama signed into law Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014.^[177]

Shimoliy Amerika

Kanada

Bosh Vazir Jastin Tryudo (chapda) va Prezident Barak Obama (right) meet in Vashington 2016 yil mart oyida

Keyin Obama's presidential election victory in 2008, it was announced that Mr. Obama's first international trip would be to Canada, which took place on February 19, 2009.^[178]

Aside from Canadian lobbying against "Buy American" provisions in the US rag'batlantirish to'plami, relations between the two administrations had been smooth up to 2011. On February 4, 2011, Harper and Obama issued a "Declaration on a Shared Vision for Perimeter Security and Economic Competitiveness".^[179][180]

Bosh Vazir Jastin Tryudo, kim edi elected in October 2015, tashrif buyurgan oq uy for an official visit and davlat kechki ovqat 2016 yil 10 martda.^[181] Trudeau and Obama were reported to have shared warm personal relations during the visit, making humorous remarks about which country was better at xokkey and which country had better pivo.^[182] Obama complimented Trudeau's 2015 election campaign for its "message of hope and change" and "positive and optimistic vision". Obama and Trudeau also held "productive" discussions on Iqlim o'zgarishi and relations between the two countries, and Trudeau invited Obama to speak in the Canadian parliament in Ottawa later in the year.^[183]

Kuba

Meeting between President Obama and Cuban President Raul Kastro in Panama, April 2015

Uning paytida prezidentlik kampaniyasi in 2008, Obama asserted that his policy toward Kuba would be based on "libertad", promising that as President of the United States, he would push the Kuba hukumati to embrace democratic reforms and free siyosiy mahbuslar.^[184] After his election, former Kuba prezidenti Fidel Kastro said he was "open" to the idea of meeting with the saylangan prezident.^[185] However most of his policies towards Cuba before 2014 were little changed from the Bush policies.^[186]

After Obama announced the intended closure of the Guantanamo ko'rfazi hibsxonasi undan ko'p o'tmay inauguratsiya, Cuban President Raul Kastro dedi Gavana would continue to push for the U.S. to "liquidate" the entire Guantanamo dengiz bazasi and return the land to Cuba.^[187] He was joined by his brother Fidel, who abandoned his magnanimity toward the new U.S. president and demanded that the base be retroceded to Cuba.^[188]

Da Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Vakillar palatasi passed legislation, backed by Obama, to ease certain travel and cash transactions imposed against Cuba by the U.S., on February 25, 2009, sanctions which were further eased by Obama unilaterally in April 2009,^[189] the president was initially coy about lifting the embargo against Cuba.^[190] Obama professed to view the embargo as a useful tool for leverage on pushing for reform in Cuba.^[191] This is in contrast to what Obama stated in 2004 when he said that it was time "to end the embargo with Cuba" because it had "utterly failed in the effort to overthrow Castro."^[192] Obama's stance had met criticism from both Fidel Castro^[193] and members of the U.S. government, including ranking member of the Senatning tashqi aloqalar qo'mitasi Richard Lugar.^[194] A panel with the Vashingtonasoslangan Brukings instituti released a report in late February 2009 urging Obama to normalize relations with Cuba.^[195]

On June 2, leading a delegation to Gonduras uchun Amerika davlatlari tashkiloti General Assembly, Clinton affirmed that Cuba needed to reach a certain political and democratic standard to rejoin the organization.^[196] On 10 December 2013, Obama shook hands with Raul Castro at the state funeral of Nelson Mandela.^[197]

In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with Papa Frensis as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Kuba, more than a half-century after diplomatic ties were broken in 1961.^[198] Popularly dubbed the Kubalik eritish, Yangi respublika deemed the Cuban Thaw to be "Obama's finest foreign policy achievement."^[199] On July 1, 2015, Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington and Havana.^[200] The countries' respective "interests sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.^[201]

Obama visited Gavana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. President to arrive since Kalvin Kulidj 1928 yilda.^[202]

Gonduras

On June 28, 2009, President Manuel Zelaya was arrested and exiled from the country. Obama condemned the action and described the event as a coup. On July 7, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton met with Zelaya and agreed upon a U.S.-backed proposal for negotiations with the Micheletti government, mediated by President Oskar Arias ning Kosta-Rika.^[203] At the conclusion of the meeting, Clinton announced the suspension of economic and military aid to the Honduran government.^[204] However, the U.S. led a group of Western Hempishere countries supporting the outcome of November 2009 presidential election ning Porfirio Lobo as a way forward to resolve the situation.^[205]

Okeaniya

Yangi Zelandiya

The Obama administration continued to develop closer relations with Yangi Zelandiya, particularly in the area of defense and intelligence cooperation. Bilan aloqalar Milliy hukumat boshchiligidagi Bosh Vazir Jon Key have been smooth and friendly. This process had already begun under the previous George W. Bush administration in 2007, which culminated in a state visit by the-then Mehnat Bosh Vazir Xelen Klark to the United States in July 2008. While the United States and New Zealand had been close allies since Ikkinchi jahon urushi and were members of the tripartite ANZUS security alliance with Avstraliya, US-NZ bilateral relations had deteriorated under the Ronald Reagan Administration in February 1985 due to New Zealand's anti-nuclear policy which banned visits by nuclear-capable or nuclear-powered warships.^[206] As a result, no bilateral military exercises had taken place until April 2012 and New Zealand warships were barred from visiting US ports and participating in joint naval exercises until May 2013.^[207][208]

On 4 November 2010, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and her New Zealand counterpart Tashqi ishlar vaziri Myurrey Makkulli signed the Wellington Declaration which committed the two countries to a closer bilateral relationship with an increased emphasis on strategic partnership. This strategic partnership had two fundamental elements: "a new focus on practical cooperation in the Pacific region; and enhanced political and subject-matter dialogue—including regular Foreign Ministers' meetings and political-military discussions."^[209] The agreement also stressed the continued need for New Zealand and the United States to work together on global issues like nuclear proliferation, climate change and terrorism.^[209]

Keyingi 2011 yil Xristichdagi zilzila, President Obama expressed his condolences to Prime Minister Key. The US government also contributed $1 million in relief funds while the AQSh Xalqaro taraqqiyot agentligi (USAID) va Los-Anjeles okrugining yong'in xizmati contributed rescue teams.^[206] On 23 July 2011, Prime Minister John Key also visited President Obama at the White House.^[210] The John Key National government also continued to contribute military forces to support the US-led Afg'onistondagi urush, including the elite Yangi Zelandiya maxsus havo xizmati. The previous Labour government had also contributed military forces to Afg'oniston since October 2001.^[206] In April 2013, the last remaining NZ troops withdrew from Afghanistan.^[211]

On 19 June 2012, Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta and his New Zealand counterpart Mudofaa vaziri Jonathan Coleman signed the Washington Declaration which committed the US and New Zealand to a closer defense cooperation arrangement.^[212] It sought to restore defense cooperation between the two countries which had been curtailed by the ANZUS Split. Two key areas of this Declaration included the resumption of regular senior-level dialogues between the US Department of Defense and the New Zealand Ministry of Defence va Yangi Zelandiya mudofaa kuchlari; and security cooperation.^[213] As a result of the Washington Declaration, New Zealand warships were allowed to visit US ports even though New Zealand's anti-nuclear policy remained intact.^[208] The Washington Declaration was also part of the Obama administration's pivot into the Asia-Pacific to counter the emerging influence of China.^[214]

Janubiy Amerika

Argentina

President Obama made a state visit to Argentina on March 23–24, 2016 to improve the Argentina - Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari munosabatlari under the administration of newly elected Argentine president, Maurisio Makri. This followed strained relations under predecessors Kristina Fernandes de Kirchner va Néstor Kirchner regarding investments.^[215] Obama va Makri targ'ib qilishda hamkorlikni kuchaytirish yo'llarini muhokama qildilar "umuminsoniy qadriyatlar and interests," such as in the areas of security, energy, health and human rights, where the two presidents have agreed for American help to assist Argentinaning terrorizmga qarshi harakatlari, hissa qo'shish tinchlikni saqlash vazifalar, jangovar harakatlar noqonuniy giyohvand moddalar savdosi va uyushgan jinoyatchilik, kasalliklarga javob bering va epidemiyalar kabi Zika virusi, va resurslarni rivojlantirish va qayta tiklanadigan energiya strategiyalar.^[216]

Obama declared a "fresh era" of relations to help Argentina's credibility in the Latin American region and the world, and announced trade and economic initiatives to reset the countries' relations after years of tension.^[217]

Kolumbiya

Obama continued Kolumbiyani rejalashtirish, a diplomatic aid initiative launched by President Bill Klinton to aid Colombia's economy. Partially as a result of Plan Colombia, Colombian President Xuan Manuel Santos negotiated an agreement with the guerrilla organization FARC.^[218] Though Colombia remained a major producer of drugs, it saw remarkable progress in the reduction of kidnappings, homicides, and unemployment.^[218] In addition to continuing Plan Colombia, Obama appointed Bernard Aronson kabi maxsus vakil uchun tinchlik jarayoni between the Colombian government and FARC in order to facilitate negotiations.^[218] However, Congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen and others criticized Obama for engaging with FARC, an organization that appears on the State Department's list of terrorist organizations.^[218] Obama promised a continuation of its policy of financial aid to Colombia in the aftermath of the proposed peace deal.^[219]

Venesuela

The Obama administration approved $5 million annual budget for backing opposition activities against the Venezuelan government.^[220]

While Obama set a conciliatory tone for his relations with Venesuela during his candidacy, saying he would be willing to meet with Venesuela prezidenti Ugo Chaves without preconditions at a July 23, 2007, presidential debate,^[221] the Venezuelan leader had been fickle in his opinion of Obama. Even during the election he varied from liking Obama to saying that nothing would change with the US.

In January 2009 Chávez derided Obama as taking the same stance toward Venezuela as Bush, but the next month, as the price of oil fell, Chavez communicated openness to discussions with the Obama administration.^[222] On February 15, 2009, Chávez said, "Any day is propitious for talking with President Barack Obama,"^[223] but said later that month that he "couldn't care less" about meeting the new U.S. president^[224] ahead of an impending confrontation between the two leaders at the Amerika qit'asining sammiti yilda Ispaniya porti, Trinidad, in mid-April.^[225]

However, as recently as the first week of March, Chávez called upon Obama to follow the path to socialism, which he termed as the "only" way out of the global retsessiya. "Come with us, align yourself, come with us on the road to socialism. This is the only path. Imagine a socialist revolution in the United States", Chávez told a group of workers in the southern Venezuelan state of Bolivar. He said that people were calling Obama a "socialist" for the measures of state intervention he is taking to counter the crisis, so it would not be too far-fetched to suggest that he might join the project of "21st century socialism" that the Venezuelan leader is heading.

Later in March he referred to Obama as a "poor ignoramus" for not knowing the situation in Latin America and even implied that Brazil's President Lula was not completely happy with his meeting with Obama. However the Brazilian Foreign Ministry denied that this was the case.^[226]

In Tokyo in early April, where he attended meetings to discuss trade deals with the Japanese, Chávez said he was not biased against the Obama administration and he fully supported the idea of a 21st-century free from conflict.

Yilda Trinidad on April 17, 2009, Obama and Chávez met for the first time, with the former asking in Spanish, "Come estás?" Later, Chávez walked over to Obama during the summit, and handed him a copy of The Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent tomonidan Urugvay muallif Eduardo Galeano, an essay about U.S. and European economic and political interference in the region. During the summit, Obama is reported to have said, to much applause, "We have at times been disengaged, and at times we sought to dictate our terms, but I pledge to you that we seek an equal partnership. There is no senior partner and junior partner in our relations".^{[iqtibos kerak]}

Boshqa masalalar

NSA spying scandal

2013 yil boshida Edvard Snouden leaked to the media a trove of documents on the Obama administration's controversial mass surveillance campaign. These revelations have strained relationships between Obama and the foreign leaders that his administration is spying on.^{[227][228][229][230]} Fears of American spy software have also cost several American companies contracts for export work.^{[231][232][233]}

Muslim relations

On January 26, 2009, Obama gave his first formal interview as president to the Arab tilida television news channel Al Arabiya.^[234][235] Obama said that, "My job to the Muslim world is to communicate that the Americans are not your enemy."^[234] Obama mentioned that he had spent several years growing up in the world's most populous Muslim nation, Indonesia, and called for resumed negotiations between Israel and Palestinians.^[234] Obama's gesture in reaching out to the Muslim world was unprecedented for a U.S. president.^[235]

Prezident Obamaning a Musulmonlar ko'pchilik bo'lgan mamlakat occurred on April 6–7, 2009 when he visited Turkey and spoke to the Buyuk Milliy Majlis.^[236]

President Obama addressed the Muslim world in a speech in Qohira, Misr 2009 yil 4-iyunda.^[15] In that speech President Obama issued a call for "a new beginning" in the relationship between the United States and Muslims around the world. He outlined his ideas about "engaging the Muslim world" and how to create "a new beginning."

Farah Pandith was appointed as the State Department's "first ever Special Representative to Muslim Communities" and was sworn in on September 15, 2009.^[237]

She describes her responsibilities as including actively listening and responding to "the concerns of Muslims in Europe, Africa, and Asia."^[237]

Raketaga qarshi mudofaa

In 2012 Obama promised more flexibility on missile defense after his reelection,^[238] this flexibility was demonstrated the next year when Kerry offered to reduce American defenses against Chinese missiles.^[239]

World Conference against racism

  No information.

  Switzerland (host country).

  Members of the conference's Bureau of the Preparatory Committee (who attended the conference).

  States (that are not part of the Preparatory Committee) that attended.

  States that boycotted the Durban Review Conference.

Barack Obama boycotted both Irqchilikka qarshi Butunjahon konferentsiyasi during his term, the Durban Review Konferentsiyasi 2009 yilda va Durban III Conference in 2011.

On 27 February 2009, the United States announced it would boycott the Durban Review Konferentsiyasi.^[240] The American delegation in attendance at the conference's preparatory talks concluded that "the anti-Israel and anti-Western tendencies were too deeply entrenched to excise."^[241][242] Prezident Barak Obama said "I would love to be involved in a useful conference that addressed continuing issues of racism and discrimination around the globe," but stressed that the language of the U.N.'s draft declaration "raised a whole set of objectionable provisions" and risked a reprise Durban, "which became a session through which folks expressed antagonism toward Israel in ways that were oftentimes completely hypocritical and counterproductive."^[243] The United States had withdrawn from the 2001 Durban Conference,^{[244][245][246]} and did not attend the 1978 and 1985 World Conferences Against Racism.^[247]

On 1 June 2011, the Obama administration confirmed that it would boycott the Durban III conference held in New York City. Joseph E. Macmanus, acting U.S. assistant secretary of state for legislative affairs, answered Senator Gillibrand's 17 December 2010 letter, saying the US would not participate because the Durban process "included ugly displays of intolerance and anti-Semitism."^[248] Later that month, New Jersey Senator Frank Lautenberg applauded the decision of the administration.^[249]

Shuningdek qarang

• Yaman modeli
• Hillari Klintonning davlat kotibi lavozimidagi faoliyati
• Barak Obama amalga oshirgan prezident sayohatlari ro'yxati
• Terrorizmga qarshi global urush
  • Vazifa: Urushdagi kotibning xotiralari, tomonidan Robert M. Geyts
• Bou Bergdal, U.S. soldier released in 2014 in exchange for the "Taliban Five".

Adabiyotlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Bentli, Mishel va Jek Holland, nashrlar. Obama doktrinasi: AQSh tashqi siyosatida davomiylik merosi? (Routledge, 2016).
• Bentli, Mishel va Jek Holland, nashrlar. Obamaning tashqi siyosati: Terrorizmga qarshi urushni tugatish (AQSh tashqi siyosatidagi Routledge Studies) (2013) parcha va matn qidirish
• Bose, Meena. "Obama prezidentligining tashqi siyosiy merosini baholash". Wilbur C. Rich, ed., Prezident Barak Obamaning merosiga nazar tashlash (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019) 93–113 betlar.
• Bush, Richard C. "AQShning Shimoliy-Sharqiy Osiyoga nisbatan siyosati" SERI har chorakda (2013) 6#2 onlayn yana Xitoy va Koreya
• Kalkuli, Marina. "Ishdan bo'shatish zarbasi: Obama va Suriya mojarosi." Marko Klementi va boshqalarda. eds., Qiyin dunyoda AQSh tashqi siyosati (Springer, 2017) 279–296 betlar.
• Klark, Maykl va Entoni Rikkets. "Respublikani qalqon qilish: Barak Obama va Amerika tashqi siyosatining Jeffersonian an'anasi." Diplomatiya & Statecraft 28.3 (2017): 494-517. onlayn
• Devis, Jon. Trump's World: Obamadan keyingi AQSh tashqi siyosatidagi xavf va imkoniyat (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019).
• Dolan, Kris J. Obama va ko'p qutbli dunyo tartibining paydo bo'lishi: AQSh tashqi siyosatini qayta belgilash (Rowman & Littlefield, 2018).
• Yashil, Maykl J. 1783 yildan buyon katta strategiya va Osiyo-Tinch okeanidagi Amerika kuchi (2017) yirik ilmiy tadqiqot parcha 518-40 betlar.
• Gerlen, Per. "Obamaning tashqi siyosati:" aqlli kuch ", realizm va kinizm". Jamiyat 51 # 5 (2014), p. 482+. onlayn, Parijdan ko'rinish
• Inbar, Efraim va Jonathan Rynhold, tahrir. AQShning tashqi siyosati va XXI asrdagi global mavqei: haqiqatlar va hislar (Routledge, 2016).
  • Gilboa, Eytan. "Jamoatchilik fikri va Obamaning tashqi siyosati." Efrayim Inbar va Jonatan Raynxold, tahr., AQSh tashqi siyosati va XXI asrdagi global mavqei: haqiqatlar va tasavvurlar (2016): 63-88. * Indurti, Ratnam. "Obama ma'muriyatining Afg'onistondagi strategiyasi" Jahon tinchligi bo'yicha xalqaro jurnal (2011 yil sentyabr) 28 №3 7-52 bet.
• Indik, Martin S., Kennet G. Libertal va Maykl E. O'Hanlon. Bükme tarixi: Barak Obamaning tashqi siyosati (Brookings FOCUS Book) (2012) parcha va matn qidirish
• Koffler, Keyt Obamaning tashqi siyosatda muvaffaqiyati bormi? (2014), [1] mamlakatlar bo'yicha umumiy baho
• Krig, Andreas. "Urush yukini tashqi tomondan chiqarish: Obama doktrinasi va AQShning Yaqin Sharqdagi tashqi siyosati". Xalqaro ishlar 92.1 (2016): 97-113. Onlayn
• Laydi, Zaki. Cheklangan yutuqlar: Obamaning tashqi siyosati (2012), Parijdan ko'rinish
• Lofflman, Georg. "Obama doktrinasi va harbiy aralashuvi". Qabul qilish 25 # 1 (2019), p. 59+. onlayn
• Maass, Matias ed. Obama davrining dunyo qarashlari: Umiddan umidsizlikka (2017) parcha
• Mann, Jeyms. Obamiyaliklar: Amerika qudratini qayta aniqlash uchun Oq uy ichidagi kurash (2012)
• Moran, Endryu. "Barak Obama va" Declinizm "ning qaytishi: Amerika tashqi siyosatini ko'p kutupluluk davrida muvozanatlashtirish." yilda Obama prezidentligi va o'zgarish siyosati (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2017) 265-287 betlar.
• Nau, Genri R. "Obamaning tashqi siyosati". Siyosatni ko'rib chiqish, yo'q. 160, 2010, p. 27+. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A225252069/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=e1291494 onlayn dan Heritage Foundation
• O'Hanlon, Maykl E. va boshq. Bükme tarixi: Barak Obamaning tashqi siyosati (Brookings FOCUS Book) (2012)
• Rasul-Ronning, Zubaida. Ixtilofli kuch: Obamaning AQSh o'zgaruvchan dunyo tartibidagi tashqi va strategik siyosati (2012) parcha va matn qidirish
• Sanger, Devid E. Qarama-qarshilik va yashirish: Obamaning yashirin urushlari va Amerika kuchidan hayratlanarli tarzda foydalanish (2012)
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• Singx, Robert, Barak Obamaning Amerikadan keyingi tashqi siyosati: ishtirok etish chegaralari (2012) parcha va matn qidirish
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• Watson, Robert P., ed. Obama prezidentligi: dastlabki baholash (Nyu-York shtati universiteti Press; 2012) 443 bet; olimlarning insholari

Birlamchi manbalar

• Devis, Jon, ed. Obamaning tashqi siyosiy chiqishlari (2011)

Tashqi havolalar

• Obama lahzasi: Evropa va Amerika istiqbollari Evropa Ittifoqi Xavfsizlikni o'rganish instituti
• Obama prezidentligining sayohatlari - slayd-shou ABC News
• Dunyo Barak Obamani qanday ko'rmoqda - slayd-shou Hayot