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Tanzaniya Birlashgan Respublikasi Jamhuri ya Muungano va Tanzaniya  (Suaxili)
Bayroq Gerb
Shiori:"Uhuru na Umoja"  (Suaxili) "Ozodlik va birlik"
Madhiya:"Mungu ibariki Afrika" ("Xudo Afrikani barakali qilsin")
Poytaxt	Dodoma
Eng katta shahar	Dar es Salom
Rasmiy til	Yo'q (de-yure); Suaxili va Ingliz tili (amalda)[1] Arabcha (Zanzibar)
Milliy til	Suaxili[1]
Din	61.4% Nasroniylik 35.2% Islom 2.0% An'anaviy e'tiqodlar 1.4% Boshqalar / Yo'q[2]
Demonim (lar)	Tanzaniyalik
Hukumat	Unitar hukmron partiya prezidentlik konstitutsiyaviy respublika[3][4][5]
• Prezident	Jon Magufuli
• Vitse prezident	Samiya Xasan Suluhu
• Bosh Vazir	Kassim Majaliva
• Spiker	Ish Ndugai
• Bosh sudya	Ibrohim Hamis Juma
Qonunchilik palatasi	Milliy assambleya
Mustaqillik dan Birlashgan Qirollik
• Tanganika	9 dekabr 1961 yil
• Unguja va Pemba	1963 yil 10-dekabr
• Birlashish	1964 yil 26 aprel
• Amaldagi konstitutsiya	1977 yil 25 aprel
Maydon
• Jami	947,303 km2 (365,756 kvadrat milya) (31-chi)
• Suv (%)	6.4[6]
Aholisi
• 2018 yildagi taxmin	56,313,438[7][8] (25-chi)
• 2012 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish	44,928,923[9]
• zichlik	47,5 / km2 (123.0 / sqm mil)
YaIM (PPP)	2019 yilgi taxmin
• Jami	200,144 milliard dollar
• Aholi jon boshiga	$3,574[10]
YaIM (nominal)	2019 yilgi taxmin
• Jami	65,632 milliard dollar
• Aholi jon boshiga	$1,172[10]
Jini (2012)	37.8[11] o'rta
HDI (2018)	0.528[12] past · 159-chi
Valyuta	Tanzaniyalik shiling (So‘m)
Vaqt zonasi	UTC+3 (YEMOQ)
Haydash tomoni	chap
Qo'ng'iroq kodi	+255[eslatma 1]
ISO 3166 kodi	TZ
Internet TLD	.tz
41,33 milliard dollarga qayta ko'rib chiqilgan[13] Suahili va ingliz tillari amalda rasmiy tillardir

Tanzaniya (/ˌtænzəˈniːə/,^{[14][15][2-eslatma]} Suaxili:[tanzaˈni.a]), rasmiy ravishda Tanzaniya Birlashgan Respublikasi (Suaxili: Jamhuri ya Muungano va Tanzaniya), bu mamlakat Sharqiy Afrika ichida Afrikadagi Buyuk ko'llar mintaqa. U chegaradosh Uganda shimolga; Keniya shimoli-sharqqa; Komoro orollari va Hind okeani sharqqa; Mozambik va Malavi janubga; Zambiya janubi-g'arbga; va Ruanda, Burundi, va Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi g'arbda. Kilimanjaro tog'iAfrikaning eng baland tog'i, Tanzaniyaning shimoli-sharqida joylashgan.

Juda muhim hominid Tanzaniyada 6 million yillik tosh kabi qoldiqlar topilgan Plyotsen hominid qoldiqlari. Jins Avstralopitek 4 - 2 million yil oldin butun Afrikada tarqalgan; va turning eng qadimgi qoldiqlari Homo yaqinida joylashgan Olduvay ko‘li. Ko'tarilishidan keyin Homo erectus 1,8 million yil oldin insoniyat butun dunyo bo'ylab tarqalib, keyinchalik Yangi dunyo va Avstraliyada turlar ostida tarqaldi Homo sapiens. H. sapiens Afrikadan ham o'tib ketdi va insoniyatning qadimgi arxaik turlari va pastki turlarini o'zlashtirdi. Hali ham mavjud bo'lgan eng qadimgi etnik guruhlardan biri Xadzaba, Tanzaniyada paydo bo'lgan ko'rinadi va ularning og'zaki tarixi baland bo'yli va olov, dorilarni birinchi bo'lib ishlatgan va g'orlarda yashagan ajdodlarni esga soladi, xuddi shunga o'xshash Homo erectus yoki Homo heidelbergensis ulardan oldin bir mintaqada yashagan.

Keyinchalik tosh va bronza asrida Tanzaniyaga tarixgacha ko'chib o'tish kiradi Janubiy kushit hozirgi Efiopiyadan janubga ko'chgan ma'ruzachilar;^[16] Shimoldan Tanzaniyaga ko'chib kelgan Sharqiy Kushit xalqi Turkana ko‘li taxminan 2000 va 4000 yil oldin;^[16] va Janubiy Nilotlarshu jumladan Datoog2900 dan 2400 yil oldin hozirgi Janubiy Sudan - Efiopiya chegara mintaqasidan kelib chiqqan.^{[16]:sahifa 18} Ushbu harakatlar, taxminan, bir vaqtning o'zida sodir bo'lgan Mashariki Bantu G'arbiy Afrikadan Viktoriya ko'li va Tanganyika ko'li maydonlar. Keyinchalik ular Tanzaniya bo'ylab 2300 dan 1700 yil oldin ko'chib ketishgan.^[16][17]

Germaniya hukmronligi Tanzaniyada materikda 19-asr oxirida Germaniya tashkil topganida boshlandi Germaniya Sharqiy Afrika. Buning ortidan Britaniya hukmronligi kuzatildi Birinchi jahon urushi. Materik sifatida boshqarilgan Tanganika, bilan Zanzibar arxipelagi alohida mustamlakachilik yurisdiksiyasini saqlab qolish. 1961 va 1963 yillarda o'zlarining mustaqilliklaridan so'ng, ikkala tashkilot 1964 yilda birlashib, Tanzaniya Birlashgan Respublikasini tashkil etdi.^[18] Mamlakatlar inglizlarga qo'shilishgan Hamdo'stlik 1961 yilda va Tanzaniya hali ham bitta respublika sifatida Hamdo'stlikning a'zosi.^[19]

Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Tanzaniyaning 2018 yilgi aholisini 56,31 million deb taxmin qildi, bu esa Janubiy Afrikadan bir oz kichikroq bo'lib, uni ekvatordan butunlay janubda joylashgan aholi soni bo'yicha ikkinchi davlatga aylantirdi.^[7][8] Aholisi 120 ga yaqin kishidan iborat etnik,^[20] lingvistikva diniy guruhlar. The suveren davlat Tanzaniya a prezidentlik konstitutsiyaviy respublika va 1996 yildan beri rasmiy poytaxti bo'lib kelgan Dodoma qaerda prezident devoni, Milliy assambleyava ba'zi hukumat vazirliklari joylashgan.^[21] Dar es Salom, sobiq poytaxt, aksariyat hukumat idoralarini saqlab qoladi va mamlakatning eng yirik shahri, asosiy porti va etakchi savdo markazidir.^[18][22][23] Tanzaniya a amalda bir partiyali davlat bilan demokratik sotsialistik Chama Cha Mapinduzi hokimiyatdagi partiya.

Tanzaniya tog'li va shimoliy-sharqda zich o'rmon bilan qoplangan Kilimanjaro tog'i joylashgan. Uchtasi Afrikaning Buyuk ko'llari qisman Tanzaniya tarkibida. Shimol va g'arbda yotadi Viktoriya ko'li, Afrikaning eng katta ko'llari va Tanganyika ko'li, noyob baliq turlari bilan mashhur qit'aning eng chuqur ko'lidir. Janubda yotadi Malavi ko'li. Sharqiy sohili issiq va nam, bilan Zanzibar arxipelagi faqat offshor. The Menai ko'rfazidagi tabiatni muhofaza qilish zonasi Zanzibarning eng katta dengiz muhofaza qilinadigan hududidir. The Kalambo sharsharasi, joylashgan Kalambo daryosi Zambiya chegarasida, ikkinchi darajali uzluksiz sharshara Afrikada.^[24]

Nasroniylik eng kattasi Tanzaniyadagi din, ammo u erda ham sezilarli Musulmon va Animist ozchiliklar.^[25] 100 dan ortiq turli xil Tanzaniyada tillar gapiriladi, uni Sharqiy Afrikadagi lingvistik jihatdan eng xilma-xil mamlakatga aylantirdi.^[26] Mamlakatda yo'q de-yure rasmiy til,^[27] milliy til bo'lsa-da Suaxili.^[28] Suaxili tilida ishlatiladi parlament munozara, quyi sudlarda va boshlang'ich maktabda o'qitish vositasi sifatida. Ingliz tili tashqi savdoda, diplomatiyada, yuqori sudlarda va o'rta va oliy o'quv yurtlarida o'qitish vositasi sifatida ishlatiladi,^[26] Tanzaniya hukumati ingliz tilini asosiy o'qitish tili sifatida to'xtatishni rejalashtirayotgan bo'lsa-da, lekin bu ixtiyoriy kurs sifatida mavjud bo'ladi.^[29] Tanzaniyaliklarning 10 foizga yaqini tili sifatida suahili tilida, 90 foizigacha esa bu tilda gaplashadi ikkinchi til.^[26]

Etimologiya

"Tanzaniya" nomi a sifatida yaratilgan kesilgan birikma mamlakatni yaratish uchun birlashgan ikki davlat nomlaridan: Tanganika va Zanzibar.^[30] U ikki davlat nomlarining birinchi uchta harfidan ("Tan" va "Zan") va Tanzaniyani tashkil etish uchun "ia" qo'shimchasidan iborat.

"Tanganyika" nomi Suaxili so'zlar tanga ("yelkan") va nyika ("yashamaydigan tekislik", "cho'l"), "sahroda suzib yurish" iborasini yaratish. Ba'zan uni havola sifatida tushunishadi Tanganyika ko'li.^[31]

Nomi Zanzibar dan keladi "zenji", mahalliy xalq nomi (" qora "degan ma'noni anglatadi) va arabcha" barr "so'zi, qirg'oq yoki qirg'oqni anglatadi.^[32]

Tarix

1.8 million yillik toshni maydalash uchun asbob topildi Olduvay darasi va displeyda Britaniya muzeyi.

Qadimgi

Sharqiy Afrikaning mahalliy aholisi deb o'ylashadi lingvistik jihatdan ajratilgan Xadza va Sandawe Tanzaniya ovchilari.^{[16]:sahifa 17}

Migratsiya birinchi to'lqini tomonidan edi Janubiy kushit Efiopiya va Somalidan janubga Tanzaniyaga ko'chib kelgan ma'ruzachilar. Ular ajdodlar Iroq, Gorova shtativa Burunge.^{[16]:sahifa 17} Tilshunoslik dalillariga asoslanib, taxminan 4000 va 2000 yil oldin Sharqiy Kushit xalqining Tanzaniyasida shimoldan kelib chiqqan ikkita harakat bo'lishi mumkin edi. Turkana ko‘li.^{[16]:17–18-betlar}

Arxeologik dalillar ushbu xulosani tasdiqlaydi Janubiy Nilotlarshu jumladan Datoog, 2900-2400 yil oldin hozirgi Janubiy Sudan / Efiopiya chegara mintaqasidan janubga, Tanzaniyaning shimoliy markaziga ko'chib o'tdi.^{[16]:sahifa 18}

Ushbu harakatlar temir ishlab chiqarishni o'rnatish bilan bir vaqtda sodir bo'lgan Mashariki Bantu G'arbiy Afrikadan Viktoriya ko'li va Tanganyika ko'li maydonlar. Ular o'zlari bilan g'arbiy Afrikada ekish an'anasini va asosiy mahsulotni olib kelishdi yams. Keyinchalik ular ushbu hududlardan Tanzaniyaning qolgan qismi bo'ylab 2300 dan 1700 yil oldin ko'chib ketishgan.^[16][17]

Sharqiy Nilotik xalqlar, shu jumladan Maasai, so'nggi 500 dan 1500 yilgacha hozirgi Janubiy Sudandan so'nggi migratsiyani anglatadi.^[16][33]

Tanzaniya xalqi temir va po'lat ishlab chiqarish bilan bog'liq. The Pare odamlar shimoliy-sharqiy Tanzaniyaning tog'li hududlarini egallagan xalqlar uchun juda talab qilinadigan temirning asosiy ishlab chiqaruvchilari bo'lgan.^[34] The Xaya xalqi ning g'arbiy sohillarida Viktoriya ko'li yuqori issiqlik turini ixtiro qildi yuqori o'choq, bu ularni soxtalashtirishga imkon berdi uglerod po'latdir 1500 yildan ko'proq oldin 1820 ° C dan yuqori haroratda (3310 ° F).^[35]

Dan sayohatchilar va savdogarlar Fors ko'rfazi va Hindiston milodiy birinchi ming yillik boshidan sharqiy Afrika qirg'og'iga tashrif buyurgan.^[36] Islom ba'zilari tomonidan mashq qilingan Suahili qirg'og'i milodiy VIII-IX asrlarda.^[37]

O'rta asrlar

Bantu tilida so'zlashuvchilar birinchi ming yillikning boshidanoq Tanzaniya sohillari bo'ylab dehqonchilik va savdo qishloqlarini qurdilar. Zanzibarning shimoli-g'arbiy qirg'og'idagi Fukuchanidan topilgan arxeologik topilmalar, bizning eramizning VI asridan boshlab, eng kechqurun qishloq xo'jaligi va baliq ovlash jamoalari joylashganligini ko'rsatadi. Topilgan dubning katta miqdori yog'ochdan yasalgan binolarni ko'rsatadi va bu erda qobiq munchoqlar, munchoq maydalagichlar va temir shlaklari topilgan. Uzoq masofadagi savdo-sotiq bilan cheklangan shug'ullanish uchun dalillar mavjud: oz miqdordagi import qilingan sopol idishlar topilgan, asosan Fors ko'rfazidan topilgan va V-VIII asrlarga tegishli bo'lgan sopol buyumlarning umumiy hajmining 1 foizidan kamrog'i. Mkokotoni va Dar es Salam kabi zamonaviy joylarga o'xshashlik qirg'oq dengiz madaniyatining birinchi markaziga aylangan jamoalarning birlashgan guruhidan dalolat beradi. Sohil bo'yidagi shaharlar ushbu dastlabki davrda Hind okeani va ichki Afrika savdosi bilan shug'ullangan ko'rinadi. Savdo 8-asrning o'rtalaridan boshlab va 10-asrning oxiriga kelib Zanzibar markaziy suvaxili savdo shaharlaridan biri bo'lgan.^[38]

Misr va Fors dengizining Qizil dengiz va Fors ko'rfazidan yuk tashishdagi o'sishi, ayniqsa Fotimidlar xalifaligi Fustatga (Qohira) ko'chib ketganidan keyin Hind okeanidagi savdoni jonlantirdi. Suaxiliy dehqonlari savdo-sotiqni rivojlantirish uchun tobora zich aholi punktlarini qurishdi, ular eng qadimgi suaxili shahar-davlatlarini tashkil etishdi. Venda-Shona qirolliklari Mapungubwe va Janubiy Afrikadagi Zimbabve va Zimbabve, xuddi shu davrda oltin ishlab chiqaruvchisi bo'ldi. Iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy va diniy hokimiyat tobora ko'proq Tanzaniyaning o'rta asrlardagi yirik shahar-davlati Kilvaga berildi. Kilva zamonaviy Mozambikgacha cho'zilgan bir qancha kichik portlarni boshqargan. Sofala yirik oltin emporiumga aylandi va Kilva savdo-sotiq tufayli boyib ketdi va Hind okeanidagi musonlarning janubiy qismida joylashgan edi. Kilvaning asosiy raqiblari shimol tomonda, hozirgi Keniyada, ya'ni Mombasa va Malindi shaharlarida joylashgan. XV asrning oxiriga kelib portugaliyaliklar kelguniga qadar Kilva Sharqiy Afrikadagi asosiy kuch bo'lib qoldi.^[39]

Mustamlaka

1572 yilda shahar tasvirlangan Kilva, YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxatiga kiritilgan.

Qirg'oq chizig'ini talab qilib, Ummon Sulton Said bin Sulton poytaxtiga ko'chib o'tdi Zanzibar shahri 1840 yilda. Bu vaqt ichida Zanzibar shahar markaziga aylandi Arablarning qul savdosi.^[40] Arablarning 65 dan 90 foizigachaSuaxili aholisi Zanzibar qulga aylantirildi.^[41] Sharqiy Afrika qirg'og'idagi eng taniqli qul savdogarlaridan biri edi Tippu maslahati, qul bo'lgan Afrikaning nabirasi bo'lgan. The Nyamvezi rahbarlari ostida qul savdogarlari faoliyat yuritgan Msiri va Mirambo.^[42] Ga binoan Timoti Inoll, "Raqamlar 19-asrda Suaxili qirg'og'idan 718 ming qulni eksport qilgani va 769 ming kishining qirg'oqda saqlanib qolganligini qayd etadi."^[43] 1890-yillarda qullik bekor qilindi.^[44]

The Maji Maji isyoni qarshi Nemis 1905 yilda mustamlakachilik hukmronligi.

19-asrning oxirida Germaniya hozirgi Tanzaniya (minus Zanzibar) hududlarini bosib oldi va ularni tarkibiga qo'shib qo'ydi. Germaniya Sharqiy Afrika (GEA).^[45] Oliy Kengashi 1919 yil Parijdagi tinchlik konferentsiyasi 1919 yil 7-mayda Belgiyaning keskin e'tirozlari tufayli Buyuk Britaniyaga GEA-ni mukofotladi.^[46]:240 Inglizlar mustamlakachi kotib, Alfred Milnerva Belgiya vaziri vakolatli konferentsiyaga, Per Orts [fr], keyin 1919 yil 30-mayda Angliya-Belgiya kelishuvi bo'yicha muzokaralar olib bordi^[47]:618–9 bu erda Buyuk Britaniya shimoliy-g'arbiy GEA viloyatlarini topshirdi Ruanda va Urundi Belgiyaga.^[46]:246 Konferentsiyaning mandatlar bo'yicha komissiyasi ushbu shartnomani 1919 yil 16-iyulda ratifikatsiya qildi.^[46]:246–7 Oliy Kengash ushbu shartnomani 1919 yil 7-avgustda qabul qildi.^[47]:612–3 1919 yil 12-iyulda mandatlar bo'yicha komissiya kichik deb kelishib oldi Kionga uchburchagi janubida Rovuma daryosi berilishi kerak edi Portugaliyaning Mozambik,^[46]:243 oxir-oqibat mustaqil Mozambikning bir qismiga aylandi. Komissiya 1894 yilda Germaniya deyarli Portugaliyani uchburchakdan voz kechishga majbur qilgan deb hisoblaydi.^[46]:243 The Versal shartnomasi 1919 yil 28-iyulda imzolandi, garchi bu shartnoma 1920 yil 10-yanvargacha kuchga kirmagan bo'lsa-da. O'sha kuni GEA rasmiy ravishda Buyuk Britaniya, Belgiya va Portugaliyaga o'tkazildi. Shuningdek, o'sha sanada "Tanganyika" Buyuk Britaniya hududining nomiga aylandi.

Davomida Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Tanganikadan taxminan 100,000 kishi qo'shildi Ittifoq kuchlari^[48] va ushbu kuchlar bilan jang qilgan 375,000 afrikaliklar orasida edi.^[49] Tanganyikanlar Qirolning Afrika miltiqlari davomida Sharqiy Afrika kampaniyasi Somalida va Habashiston italiyaliklarga qarshi, Madagaskarda Vichi frantsuzcha davomida Madagaskar kampaniyasi, va Birmada qarshi Yapon davomida Birma kampaniyasi.^[49] Tanganyika ushbu urush paytida oziq-ovqatning muhim manbai bo'lgan va uning eksport daromadi urushgacha bo'lgan yillarga nisbatan ancha ko'paygan. Katta depressiya^[48] Biroq urush davri talabi tovar narxlarining oshishiga va koloniyada katta inflyatsiyaga olib keldi.^[50]

1954 yilda, Julius Nyerere tashkilotni siyosiy yo'naltirilganga aylantirdi Tanganika Afrika milliy ittifoqi (TANU). TANUning asosiy maqsadi milliy darajaga erishish edi suverenitet Tanganika uchun. Yangi a'zolarni ro'yxatdan o'tkazish kampaniyasi boshlandi va bir yil ichida TANU mamlakatdagi etakchi siyosiy tashkilotga aylandi. Nyerere 1960 yilda Britaniya tomonidan boshqariladigan Tanganika vaziri bo'ldi va 1961 yilda Tanganika mustaqil bo'lganida bosh vazir bo'lib qoldi.^[51]

Zamonaviy

Angliya hukmronligi 1961 yil 9-dekabrda tugadi, ammo mustaqillikning birinchi yilida Tanganikada a general-gubernator Britaniya monarxining vakili bo'lgan.^{[52]:sahifa 6} Tanganika ham qo'shildi Britaniya Hamdo'stligi 1961 yilda.^[19] 1962 yil 9-dekabrda Tanganika ijro etuvchi prezident boshqaruvidagi demokratik respublikaga aylandi.^{[52]:sahifa 6}

Keyin Zanzibar inqilobi qo'shnidagi arab sulolasini ag'darib tashladi Zanzibar, minglab arab zanzibariyaliklarning qirilishi bilan birga,^[53] 1963 yilda mustaqil bo'lgan arxipelag 1964 yil 26 aprelda Tanganika materik bilan birlashdi.^[54] Keyinchalik yangi mamlakat nomlandi Birlashgan Tanganika va Zanzibar Respublikasi.^[55][56] O'sha yilning 29 oktyabrida mamlakat Tanzaniya Birlashgan Respublikasi deb o'zgartirildi ("Tan" Tanganikadan va "Zan" Zanzibardan keladi).^[18] Hozirgacha ikkala mintaqaning birlashishi ko'plab zanzibariyaliklar orasida (hatto inqilobga xayrixoh bo'lganlar) ziddiyatli edi, ammo ikkalasi ham qabul qildi Nyerere umumiy siyosiy qadriyatlar va maqsadlar tufayli hukumat va Zanzibar inqilobiy hukumati.

Tanganikaning mustaqilligi va Tanzaniya davlatiga olib boradigan Zanzibar bilan birlashgandan so'ng, Prezident Nyerere yangi mamlakat fuqarolari uchun milliy o'ziga xoslikni yaratish zarurligini ta'kidladi. Bunga erishish uchun Nyerere Afrikada etnik repressiya va shaxsiyatni o'zgartirishning eng muvaffaqiyatli holatlaridan biri sifatida qaraladigan narsani taqdim etdi.^[57] O'z hududida 130 dan ortiq tillarda so'zlashadigan Tanzaniya Afrikadagi etnik jihatdan eng xilma-xil mamlakatlardan biridir. Ushbu to'siqga qaramay, Tanzaniyada qit'aning qolgan qismi, xususan uning yaqin qo'shnisi Keniya bilan taqqoslaganda etnik bo'linishlar kam bo'lib qoldi. Bundan tashqari, mustaqillikdan beri Tanzaniya aksariyat Afrika mamlakatlariga qaraganda ko'proq siyosiy barqarorlikni namoyish etdi, ayniqsa Nyererening etnik repressiya usullari tufayli.^[58]

The Arusha deklaratsiyasi yodgorligi

1967 yilda Nyererening birinchi prezidentligi burilish davriga aylandi chap keyin Arusha deklaratsiyasi, shuningdek, sotsializmga sodiqlikni kodlashtirgan Pan-afrikalik. Deklaratsiyadan keyin banklar va ko'plab yirik sanoat korxonalari milliylashtirildi.

Tanzaniya, shuningdek, 1970 yildan 1975 yilgacha 1860 kilometr uzunlikdagi (1160 milya) moliyalashtirgan va qurishda yordam bergan Xitoy bilan hamohang edi. TAZARA temir yo'li Dar es Salamdan Zambiyaga.^[59] Shunga qaramay, 1970-yillarning oxiridan boshlab, rivojlangan va rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarga ta'sir ko'rsatadigan xalqaro iqtisodiy inqiroz sharoitida Tanzaniya iqtisodiyoti yomon tomonga burildi.

1980-yillarning o'rtalaridan boshlab rejim o'zini qarz olish yo'li bilan moliyalashtirdi Xalqaro valyuta fondi va ba'zi islohotlarni o'tkazdi. O'shandan beri Tanzaniyaning jon boshiga to'g'ri keladigan yalpi ichki mahsuloti o'sdi va qashshoqlik kamaydi, deyiladi Jahon banki hisobotida.^[60]

1992 yilda Tanzaniya konstitutsiyasi ko'plab siyosiy partiyalarga ruxsat berish uchun o'zgartirildi.^[61] Tanzaniyada 1995 yilda bo'lib o'tgan birinchi ko'p partiyali saylovlarda hukm chiqarildi Chama Cha Mapinduzi Milliy Majlisda saylangan 232 o'rindan 186 tasini qo'lga kiritdi va Benjamin Mkapa prezident etib saylandi.^[62]

Geografiya

Qor bilan qoplangan fil yonidan o'tib ketmoqda Kilimanjaro tog'i.

Ngorongoro krateri, dunyodagi eng katta harakatsiz va buzilmagan vulqon kaldera.

947,303 kvadrat kilometr (365,756 sqm),^[6] Tanzaniya Afrikadagi eng katta 13-o'rinda turadi va dunyodagi eng katta 31-o'rinda turadi, bu Misr va kichikroq Nigeriya o'rtasida joylashgan.^[63] Shimoldan Keniya va Uganda bilan chegaradosh; G'arbda Ruanda, Burundi va Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi; va janubda Zambiya, Malavi va Mozambik. Tanzaniya Afrikaning sharqiy qirg'og'ida joylashgan va taxminan 1424 kilometr (885 milya) uzunlikdagi Hind okeanining qirg'og'iga ega.^[64] Shuningdek, u bir nechta offshor orollarni, shu jumladan Unguja (Zanzibar), Pembava Mafiya.^{[65]:1245-bet} Mamlakat Afrikaning eng baland va eng past nuqtalari joylashgan: Kilimanjaro tog'i, dengiz sathidan 5.895 metr (19.341 fut) balandlikda va Tanganyika ko'li, mos ravishda dengiz sathidan 1471 metr (4826 fut) pastda.^{[65]:1245-bet}

Yovvoyi qushlarning ko'chishi Serengeti

Tanzaniya tog'li va Kilimanjaro tog'i joylashgan shimoli-sharqda zich o'rmon bilan qoplangan. Uchtasi Afrikaning Buyuk ko'llari qisman Tanzaniya tarkibida. Shimol va g'arbda yotadi Viktoriya ko'li, Afrikadagi eng katta ko'l va noyob baliq turlari bilan tanilgan qit'adagi eng chuqur ko'l Tanganyika ko'li. Janubi-g'arbda yotadi Nyasa ko'li. Markaziy Tanzaniya - katta tekislik, tekisliklar va haydaladigan erlar mavjud. Sharqiy sohili issiq va nam, bilan Zanzibar arxipelagi faqat offshor.

Kalambo sharsharasi janubi-g'arbiy mintaqasida Rukva Afrikadagi ikkinchi eng baland uzluksiz palapartishlikdir va Tanganyika ko'li janubi-sharqiy qirg'og'ida, Zambiya bilan chegarada joylashgan.^[24] The Menai ko'rfazidagi tabiatni muhofaza qilish zonasi Zanzibarning eng yirik dengiz muhofaza qilinadigan hududidir.

Iqlim

Köppen iqlim tasnifi bo'yicha Tanzaniya xaritasi

Ushbu xatboshi uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Ma'lumot manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. Manbalarni toping: "Tanzaniya" – Yangiliklar · gazetalar · kitoblar · olim · JSTOR (2015 yil fevral) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Tanzaniyada iqlim juda katta farq qiladi. Baland tog'larda harorat sovuq va issiq mavsumda mos ravishda 10 dan 20 ° C gacha (50 va 68 ° F). Mamlakatning qolgan qismida kamdan-kam hollarda harorat 20 ° C (68 ° F) dan pastroq bo'ladi. Eng issiq davr noyabr va fevral oylarida (25-31 ° C yoki 77.0-87.8 ° F), eng sovuq davr esa may va avgustda (15-20 ° C yoki 59-68 ° F) orasida bo'ladi. Yillik harorat 20 ° C (68.0 ° F). Baland tog'li hududlarda iqlim salqin.

Tanzaniyada ikkita asosiy yog'ingarchilik davri bor: biri yagona modali (Oktyabr-aprel), ikkinchisi esa ikki modali (oktyabr-dekabr va mart-may).^[66] Birinchisi mamlakatning janubiy, markaziy va g'arbiy qismlarida, ikkinchisi shimolda joylashgan Viktoriya ko'li sharqdan qirg'oqqa cho'zilgan.^[66] Ikki modali yog'ingarchilik mavsumiy ko'chishi tufayli yuzaga keladi Intertropik konvergentsiya zonasi.^[66]

Tanzaniyada iqlim o'zgarishi kuchli yog'ingarchilik hodisalari (suv toshqiniga olib keladi) va quruq spelllar (qurg'oqchilikka olib keladi) ehtimoli yuqori bo'lgan haroratning ko'tarilishiga olib keladi.^[67][68] Iqlim o'zgarishi allaqachon Tanzaniyadagi qishloq xo'jaligi, suv resurslari, sog'liqni saqlash va energetika sohalariga ta'sir ko'rsatmoqda. Dengiz sathi ko'tarilishi va suv sifatidagi o'zgarishlar baliqchilik va akvakulturaga ta'sir qilishi kutilmoqda.^[69]

Tanzaniya a ishlab chiqargan Milliy moslashuv dasturlari (NAPA) tomonidan 2007 yilda Iqlim o'zgarishi bo'yicha Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Asosiy Konvensiyasi. 2012 yilda Tanzaniya mamlakatning ijtimoiy, iqtisodiy va jismoniy muhitiga iqlim o'zgarishi va iqlim o'zgaruvchanligining salbiy ta'sirining kuchayib borayotgan xavotiriga javoban Iqlim o'zgarishi bo'yicha milliy strategiyani ishlab chiqdi.^[70]

Yovvoyi tabiat va tabiatni muhofaza qilish

Jirafalar minorasi Arusha milliy bog'i. Jirafa bu milliy hayvon.

Tanzaniyaning er maydonlarining taxminan 38 foizini muhofaza qilish uchun qo'riqlanadigan hududlarda ajratilgan.^[71] Tanzaniya 16 ta milliy bog'ga ega,^[72] plus turli xil o'yin va o'rmon qo'riqxonalari, shu jumladan Ngorongoro tabiatni muhofaza qilish zonasi. G'arbiy Tanzaniyada, Gombe oqimi milliy bog'i ning sayti Jeyn Gudollning doimiy o'rganilishi shimpanze 1960 yilda boshlangan xatti-harakatlar.^[73][74]

Tanzaniya juda yuqori biologik xilma-xillik va hayvonlarning turli xil yashash joylarini o'z ichiga oladi.^[75] Tanzaniyada Serengeti oddiy, oq soqolli yovvoyi hayvon (Connochaetes taurinus mearnsi), boshqa bovidlar va zopak^[76] keng ko'lamli yillik migratsiyada ishtirok etish. Tanzaniyada taxminan 130 kishi yashaydi amfibiya va 275 dan ortiq sudralib yuruvchi turlari, ularning ko'plari qat'iyan endemik va ichiga kiritilgan Tabiatni muhofaza qilish xalqaro ittifoqiMamlakatlarning qizil ro'yxatlari.^[77] Tanzaniya eng kattasi sher dunyoda aholi.^[78]

Siyosat

Hukumat

Tanzaniya a bitta partiyaning hukmron davlati bilan Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) hokimiyatdagi partiya. Tashkil topganidan 1992 yilgacha mamlakatdagi yagona qonuniy ruxsat berilgan partiya edi. Bu konstitutsiya o'zgartirilgan 1992 yil 1 iyulda o'zgargan.^{[79]:§ 3}

Jon Magufuli 2015 yil oktyabr oyida bo'lib o'tgan prezidentlik saylovlarida g'olib chiqdi va parlamentda uchdan ikki qism ko'pchilik ovozini qo'lga kiritdi.^[80] Tanzaniyadagi asosiy muxolifat partiyasi chaqiriladi Chama cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (Chadema) (Suaxili "Demokratiya va taraqqiyot tarafi" uchun). Zanzibarda mamlakatning yarim avtonom davlati Fuqarolik birlashgan jabhasi (CUF) asosiy muxolifat siyosiy partiya hisoblanadi.^{[iqtibos kerak]}

2020 yil noyabr oyida Magufuli yana bir bor prezident sifatida ikkinchi muddat g'olibi deb e'lon qilindi. Saylovdagi firibgarliklar gumon qilingan. Milliy saylov komissiyasi Magufuli 84% yoki 12,5 millionga yaqin ovoz olgani va muxolifatning asosiy nomzodi, Tundu Lissu 13%, 1,9 millionga yaqin ovoz olgan.

Ijro etuvchi

Prezident Jon Magufuli

Bosh vazir Kassim Majaliva

The Tanzaniya prezidenti va Milliy assambleya a'zolari bir vaqtning o'zida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri xalq ovozi bilan besh yillik muddatga saylanadi.^{[79]:§ 42(2)} The vitse prezident prezident bilan bir vaqtda va bir xil chiptada besh yillik muddatga saylanadi.^{[79]:§§ 47(2), 50(1)} Na prezident va na vitse-prezident Milliy Assambleya a'zosi bo'lishi mumkin emas.^{[79]:§ 66(2)} Prezident tayinlaydi a Bosh Vazir, Assambleya tomonidan tasdiqlanishi sharti bilan, hukumatning assambleyadagi etakchisi sifatida xizmat qilish.^{[79]:§§ 51(1)-(2), 52(2)} Prezident uni tanlaydi kabinet yig'ilish a'zolaridan.^{[79]:§ 55}

Qonunchilik palatasi

Hammasi qonun chiqaruvchi Tanzaniya materiki va kasaba uyushma masalalari bilan bog'liq hokimiyat Milliy assambleya,^{[79]:§ 64(1)} bu bir palatali va maksimal 357 a'zodan iborat.^[81] Bularga okruglar vakili sifatida saylangan a'zolar, bosh prokuror, tomonidan saylangan beshta a'zo kiradi Zanzibar o'z a'zolari orasidan vakillar uyi, har qanday partiyaning assambleyadagi o'rindiqlarining kamida 30 foizini tashkil etadigan maxsus ayollar o'rindiqlari, assambleya spikeri (agar aks holda assambleya a'zosi bo'lmasa) va shaxslar ( prezident tomonidan tayinlanadigan o'ndan ko'p bo'lmagan).^{[79]:§ 66(1)} Tanzaniya saylov komissiyasi prezidentning roziligi bilan komissiya tomonidan belgilanadigan miqdordagi materikni okruglarga ajratadi.^{[79]:§ 75}

Sud hokimiyati

Tanzaniya huquqiy tizimi ingliz tiliga asoslangan umumiy Qonun.^[82]

Tanzaniya to'rt darajali sud tizimiga ega.^[82] Tanzaniya materikidagi eng past darajadagi sudlar - Boshlang'ich sudlar.^[82] Zanzibarda eng past darajadagi sudlar Kadhining islomiy oilaviy ishlar bo'yicha sudlari va boshqa barcha ishlar bo'yicha boshlang'ich sudlari hisoblanadi.^[82] Materikda tuman sudlariga yoki doimiy sudlar sudlariga murojaat qilinadi.^[82] Zanzibarda murojaat qilish Kadhining islomiy oilaviy ishlar bo'yicha apellyatsiya sudlariga va boshqa barcha ishlar bo'yicha sudlar sudiga murojaat qilishdir.^[82] U erdan, murojaat Tanzaniya yoki Zanzibarning Xalq sudi.^[82] Zanzibar Oliy sudidan islomiy oilaviy masalalar bo'yicha hech qanday shikoyat qilish mumkin emas.^{[82][83]:§ 99(1)} Aks holda, oxirgi shikoyat Tanzaniyaning Apellyatsiya sudiga yuboriladi.^[82]

Tanzaniya materik Oliy sudi uchta bo'limga ega - savdo, ishchi va er^[82] - va 15 ta geografik zonalar.^[84] Zanzibar Oliy sudida sanoat bo'linmasi mavjud bo'lib, u faqat mehnatga oid nizolarni ko'rib chiqadi.^[85]

Xalq va kasaba uyushma sudyalari tomonidan tayinlanadi Tanzaniyaning bosh sudyasi,^[86] ulardan tashqari Apellyatsiya sudi va Tanzaniya prezidenti tomonidan tayinlanadigan Oliy sud.^{[79]:§§ 109(1), 118(2)–(3)}

Tanzaniya tarafdoridir Xalqaro jinoiy sudning Rim to'g'risidagi nizomi.^[87]

Zanzibar

Yarim avtonom Zanzibar arxipelagi

Zanzibardagi barcha kasaba uyushma masalalari bo'yicha qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyat Vakillar palatasi (Tanzaniya konstitutsiyasiga muvofiq)^{[79]:§ 106(3)} yoki Qonunchilik Kengashi (Zanzibar konstitutsiyasiga muvofiq).

Qonunchilik kengashi ikki qismdan iborat: Zanzibar prezidenti va Vakillar palatasi.^{[79]:§ 107(1)-(2)[83]:§ 63(1)} Prezident Zanzibarning hukumat boshlig'i va Zanzibarning ijroiya hokimiyati sarmoyalangan Inqilobiy Kengashning raisi.^{[83]:§§ 5A (2), 26 (1)} Zanzibarda ikkita vitse-prezident bor, birinchisi uydagi asosiy muxolif partiyadan.^[88][89] Ikkinchisi hokimiyatdagi partiyadan va Palatadagi hukumat biznesining etakchisi.^[89]

Vakillar palatasi prezidenti va a'zolari besh yillik muddatga ega va ular ikkinchi muddatga saylanishi mumkin.^{[83]:§ 28(2)}

Prezident Vakillar Palatasi a'zolaridan vazirlarni tanlaydi,^{[83]:§ 42(2)} siyosiy partiyalar qo'lga kiritgan palatadagi o'rindiqlar soniga qarab ajratilgan vazirlar bilan.^[88] Inqilobiy Kengash prezidentdan, ikkala vitse-prezidentlardan, barcha vazirlardan va bosh prokuror prezident tomonidan munosib deb topilgan Zanzibar va boshqa uy a'zolari.^[88]

Vakillar palatasi saylangan a'zolardan, prezident tomonidan tayinlanadigan o'n kishidan, Zanzibarning barcha mintaqaviy komissarlaridan, bosh prokurordan va tayinlangan ayol a'zolardan iborat bo'lib, ularning soni saylangan a'zolarning 30 foiziga teng bo'lishi kerak.^{[83]:§§ 55(3), 64, 67(1)} Palata saylangan a'zolar sonini belgilaydi^{[83]:§ 120(2)} Zanzibar saylov komissiyasi bilan har bir saylov okrugining chegaralarini belgilaydi.^{[83]:§ 120(1)} 2013 yilda palataning 81 a'zosi bor edi: ellik saylangan a'zolar, beshta mintaqaviy komissarlar, bosh prokuror, prezident tomonidan tayinlangan o'n nafar a'zo va o'n besh nafar ayol a'zolar.^[81]

Ma'muriy bo'linmalar

Tanzaniya mintaqalari

1972 yilda materikdagi mahalliy boshqaruv bekor qilindi va uning o'rniga markaziy hukumatning bevosita boshqaruvi o'rnatildi. Biroq, mahalliy hokimiyat 1980-yillarning boshlarida, qishloq kengashlari va qishloq hokimiyati qayta tiklanganda qayta tiklandi. Mahalliy hokimiyat uchun saylov 1983 yilda bo'lib o'tdi va kengashlar 1984 yilda ish boshladi. 1999 yilda mahalliy hokimiyatni isloh qilish dasturi qabul qilindi. Milliy assambleya, "keng qamrovli va ambitsiyali kun tartibini ... [o'z ichiga olgan] to'rt yo'nalishni: siyosiy markazsizlashtirish, moliyaviy markazsizlashtirish, ma'muriy markazsizlashtirish va o'zgargan markaziy-mahalliy munosabatlar, materik hukumati Konstitutsiya doirasida ustunliklarga ega."^[90]

2016 yildan boshlab Tanzaniya o'ttiz birga bo'lingan mintaqalar (mkoa),^[91][92] materikda yigirma oltita va beshta Zanzibar (uchta Unguja, ikkitasida Pemba).^[93] 2012 yilda o'ttizta sobiq mintaqalar 169 ga bo'lingan tumanlar (wilaya), mahalliy hokimiyat organlari deb ham ataladi. Ushbu tumanlardan 34 tasi shahar bo'linmalari bo'lib, ular yana uchta shahar kengashiga tasniflangan (Arusha, Mbeyava Mwanza), o'n to'qqizta shahar kengashlari va o'n ikkita shahar kengashlari.^[9]

Shahar bo'linmalari avtonom shahar, shahar yoki shahar kengashiga ega va palatalarga va bo'linmalarga bo'linadi mtaa. Shahar bo'lmagan birliklar avtonom tuman kengashiga ega, ammo qishloq kengashlariga yoki shahar hokimiyatiga (birinchi darajali), keyin esa bo'linadi. vitongoji.^[90]

Dar es Salam shahri noyobdir, chunki uning yurisdiksiyasi uchta shahar kengashiga to'g'ri keladigan shahar kengashiga ega. Shahar kengashining meri shu kengash tomonidan saylanadi. Yigirma kishilik shahar kengashi munitsipal kengashlar tomonidan saylangan o'n bir kishidan, Milliy Assambleyaning etti a'zosidan va "Ayollar uchun" maxsus o'rindiqlar "nomzodi bilan parlament a'zolaridan" iborat. Har bir shahar kengashida ham shahar hokimi bor. "Shahar Kengashi muvofiqlashtiruvchi rolni bajaradi va uchta munitsipalitetga tegishli masalalarda ishtirok etadi", shu jumladan xavfsizlik va favqulodda xizmatlar.^[94][95] Mvanza shahrida shahar kengashi mavjud bo'lib, uning yurisdiksiyasi ikkita munitsipal kengashga to'g'ri keladi.

Tashqi aloqalar

Ikki tomonlama munosabatlar

Tanzaniyaning Rossiyadagi elchisi, Jaka Mvambi Rossiya Prezidentiga ishonch yorliqlarini topshirish Dmitriy Medvedev

Tanzaniya elchixonasi yilda West End, Vashington, DC, AQSh

Malavi bilan chegara mojarosidan tashqari, Tanzaniya 2012 yilda qo'shnilari bilan yaxshi munosabatda bo'lgan.^[96]

Tanzaniya va Malavi o'rtasidagi munosabatlar a tufayli keskin bo'lgan nizo mamlakatlar ustidan Nyasa ko'li (Malavi ko'li) chegarasi. Ushbu masala bo'yicha muvaffaqiyatsiz vositachilik 2014 yil mart oyida bo'lib o'tdi.^{[65]:1250-bet[96][97]} Ikki mamlakat 2013 yilda so'rashga kelishib oldilar Xalqaro sud (ICJ) nizoni hal qilish uchun vositachilik muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lishi kerak.^[98] Tanzaniya emas, Malavi ICJning majburiy yurisdiktsiyasini qabul qildi.^[99]

Tanzaniya va Ruanda o'rtasidagi munosabatlar Tanzaniya prezidenti 2013 yilda yomonlashgan Jakaya Kikwete agar Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi (DRC) ba'zi dushmanlari bilan muzokara olib borishi mumkin bo'lsa, Ruanda ham bunga qodir bo'lishi kerak.^[100] Ruanda Prezidenti Pol Kagame keyin Kikvetening bayonoti uchun "nafrat" bildirdi.^[101] Tanglik 2014 yil may oyida Tanzaniyada nutq so'zlaganida yangilangan edi Milliy assambleya, Tashqi ishlar vaziri Bernard Membe Ruandalar DRCda beqarorlikni keltirib chiqarmoqda degan da'vosini yangiladi. Ruanda tashqi ishlar vaziri Luiza Mushikiwabo "Tanzaniya tashqi ishlar vazirining parlamentda Ruandaga qarshi chiqishlarini eshitganimga kelsak, u mintaqa tarixidagi saboqdan foyda ko'radi" deb javob berdi.^[102]

Tanzaniya kuchli bo'lib qoldi munosabatlar mustaqillikdan beri Buyuk Britaniya bilan; Britaniya Tanzaniya choyining Afrikadan tashqari eng yirik importchisi bo'lib qolmoqda^[103] va boshqa xom ashyo almashtiriladi. Britaniya Tanzaniyaga sayyohlarning katta hissasini qo'shmoqda. Ikkalasi ham Millatlar Hamdo'stligi mudofaa, xavfsizlik va marosimlarda strategik birlashma bilan shug'ullanish; tanzaniyalik Oliy komissiya Londonda va inglizlar a Oliy komissiya Dar es Salomda.

Tanzaniya-Xitoy munosabatlari so'nggi yillarda ikki mamlakat o'rtasidagi savdo-sotiq va Tanzaniya infratuzilmasiga Xitoy sarmoyasi tez sur'atlar bilan o'sganligi sababli kuchaygan.^{[65]:1250-bet[104]}

Qo'shma Shtatlar bilan aloqalar Prezident bilan iliq Barak Obama Tanzaniyaga tashrif buyurish 2013 yilda.^[105][106]

Tanzaniyaning boshqa donor davlatlar, jumladan Yaponiya va uning a'zolari bilan munosabatlari Yevropa Ittifoqidonorlar Tanzaniyaning hukumatdagi korruptsiyani kamaytirish bo'yicha majburiyatlaridan xavotirda bo'lishsa-da, odatda yaxshi.^{[65]:1250-bet[96]}

Ko'p tomonlama munosabatlar

Tanzaniya Sharqiy Afrika hamjamiyati (EAC), Uganda, Keniya, Ruanda, Burundi va Janubiy Sudan bilan birgalikda.^[107] 2010 yilgi Sharqiy Afrikaning umumiy bozor protokoliga binoan, odamlarning erkin savdosi va erkin harakatlanishi, shu jumladan ish bilan ta'minlash maqsadida boshqa a'zo davlatda yashash huquqi kafolatlangan.^{[65]:1250[108][109]} Ammo ushbu protokol ishlashga ruxsat va boshqa byurokratik, huquqiy va moliyaviy to'siqlar tufayli amalga oshirilmadi.^[110]

Tanzaniya ham a'zosi Janubiy Afrikaning rivojlanish jamiyati (SADC).^[111] EAC, SADC va Sharqiy va Janubiy Afrika uchun umumiy bozor muzokaralarning birinchi bosqichini 36 oy ichida yakunlash maqsadida 2011 yil iyun oyida Afrikaning 26 davlatini qamrab oluvchi Uch tomonlama erkin savdo zonasini yaratish bo'yicha muzokaralar olib borishga kelishib oldi.^[112]

2014 yil 31 oktyabr holatiga ko'ra, Tanzaniya 2253 nafar askar va boshqa xodimlarni Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining turli xil tinchlikparvarlik operatsiyalariga qo'shgan.^[113] The Tanzaniya harbiylari Janubiy Afrika va Malaviya harbiylari bilan birga qatnashmoqda Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining majburiy aralashuv brigadasi (MONUSCO) Kongo Demokratik Respublikasida (DRC). The Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Xavfsizlik Kengashi 2013 yil 28 martda kuchga DRCda tinchlikka tahdid soluvchi guruhlarni zararsizlantirish bo'yicha maqsadli hujum operatsiyalarini o'tkazishga vakolat berdi.^[114] Tanzaniya ham tinchlikparvarlik missiyalarida qatnashgan Darfur Sudan viloyati (UNAMID); Abyei, Janubiy Sudan va Sudan o'rtasida nazorat qilinadigan (UNISFA); Markaziy Afrika Respublikasi (MINUSCA); Livan (Yagona); va Janubiy Sudan (UNMISS).^[115]

2019 yilda Tanzaniya BMTni imzoladi yadro qurolini taqiqlash to'g'risidagi shartnoma.^[116]

Harbiy

The Tanzaniya xalq mudofaa kuchlari (TPDF) (Kisuaxili: Jeshi la Wananchi va Tanzaniya (JWTZ)) - fuqarolik nazorati ostida xalq kuchi sifatida faoliyat yuritadigan Tanzaniya qurolli kuchlari. U uchta filial yoki buyruqlardan iborat: quruqlik kuchlari (armiya), havo kuchlari, dengiz qo'mondonligi. Tanzaniya fuqarolari 15 yoshdan boshlab, 18 yoshida esa o'rta maktabni tugatgandan so'ng majburiy harbiy xizmatga ko'ngilli ravishda borishlari mumkin. Muddatli harbiy xizmatga majburiyat 2004 yilga kelib 2 yilni tashkil etdi.

Inson huquqlari

Tanzaniya bo'ylab, jinsiy aloqa erkaklar o'rtasida harakat qiladi noqonuniy va umrbod ozodlikdan mahrum qilishning eng yuqori jazosiga ega.^[117] 2007 yilga ko'ra Pyu tadqiqot markazi So'rov natijalariga ko'ra tanzaniyaliklarning 95 foizi gomoseksualizmni jamiyat qabul qilmasligi kerak, deb hisoblashdi.^[118]

Odamlar albinizm Tanzaniyada yashovchi qora sehrli amaliyot bilan bog'liq xurofotlar tufayli ko'pincha hujumga uchraydi, o'ldiriladi yoki buziladi. muti albinoslarning tana qismlari sehrli xususiyatlarga ega deyishadi.^[119]

Tanzaniya ushbu inson huquqlari buzilishining 27 ta Afrika mamlakatlari orasida eng yuqori ko'rsatkichga ega muti amalda bo'lganligi ma'lum.^[120]

2019 yil dekabrda, Xalqaro Amnistiya Tanzaniya hukumati Arushada joylashgan Inson va xalq huquqlari bo'yicha Afrika sudida nodavlat notijorat tashkilotlari hamda shaxslarning unga qarshi har qanday ishni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ochish huquqini bekor qilganligini xabar qildi.^[121]

Iqtisodiyot va infratuzilma

Tanzaniya banki Egizak minoralar

2018 yildan boshlab^[yangilash], XVJ ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, Tanzaniyaning yalpi ichki mahsuloti (YaIM) taxminan 56,7 milliard dollarni (nominal) tashkil etdi yoki 176,5 milliard dollarni tashkil etdi sotib olish qobiliyati pariteti (PPP) asosi. Aholi jon boshiga YaIM (PPP) 3457 dollarni tashkil etdi.^[122]

2009 yildan 2013 yilgacha Tanzaniyaning jon boshiga YaIM (doimiy mahalliy valyuta asosida) yiliga o'rtacha 3,5 foizga o'sdi, bu boshqa barcha a'zolarga nisbatan yuqori Sharqiy Afrika hamjamiyati (EAC) va Afrikaning Saxarodan to'qqizta mamlakati: Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi, Efiopiya, Gana, Lesoto, Liberiya, Mozambik, Syerra-Leone, Zambiya va Zimbabve.^[123]

Tanzaniya 2017 yilda 5,3 milliard AQSh dollari miqdorida eksport qilgan eng yirik savdo sheriklari Hindiston, Vetnam, Janubiy Afrika, Shveytsariya va Xitoy bo'lgan.^[124] Uning importi 8,17 milliard AQSh dollarini tashkil etdi, Hindiston, Shveytsariya, Saudiya Arabistoni, Xitoy va Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari eng katta sheriklardir.^[124]

The Kariakoo Dar es Salamdagi bozor

Tanzaniya ob-havoni buzdi Katta tanazzul, 2008 yil oxiri yoki 2009 yil boshida boshlangan, nisbatan yaxshi. Oltinning kuchli narxi, mamlakatni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi kon sanoati, va Tanzaniyaning global bozorlarga yomon integratsiyasi mamlakatni tanazzuldan yakkalashga yordam berdi.^{[65]:1250-bet} Turg'unlik tugaganidan beri Tanzaniya iqtisodiyoti kuchli turizm, telekommunikatsiya va bank sohalari tufayli tez sur'atlar bilan kengayib bordi.^{[65]:1250-bet}

Ga ko'ra Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Taraqqiyot Dasturiammo, so'nggi paytlarda milliy iqtisodiyotdagi o'sish aholining aksariyat qismini chetda qoldirib, "juda oz sonli" larga foyda keltirdi.^[125] Tanzaniya 2013 yil Global ochlik indeksi Burundidan tashqari EAKdagi boshqa davlatlardan ko'ra yomonroq edi.^{[126]:sahifa 15} 2010–12 yillarda to'yib ovqatlanmaganlarning ulushi, Burundidan tashqari, boshqa EAK mamlakatlaridan ham yomonroq edi.^{[126]:sahifa 51}

2020 yilda, Jahon banki Tanzaniya iqtisodiyotining past daromaddan past darajaga ko'tarilishini e'lon qildi o'rtacha daromadli mamlakat, YaIM (YaIM) 1006 AQSh dollaridan 3955 AQSh dollarigacha baholangan.^[127][128]

Ochlik va qashshoqlik

Tanzaniya haddan tashqari ochlik va to'yib ovqatlanmaslik darajasini pasaytirish borasida biroz yutuqlarga erishdi. Global Hunger Index 2000 yilda 42 ball bilan vaziyatni "tashvishli" deb baholadi; shundan beri GHI 29,5 ga pasaygan.^[129] Qishloq joylaridagi bolalar to'yib ovqatlanmaslik va surunkali ochlikdan ancha yuqori darajada aziyat chekmoqdalar, ammo shahar va qishloqlar o'rtasidagi tafovutlar ham qoloqlik, ham vaznning pastligi nuqtai nazaridan toraygan.^[130] Qishloq sektorining unumdorligi asosan infratuzilma mablag'larining etarli emasligidan kelib chiqadi; fermer xo'jaliklari ma'lumotlari, kengaytirilgan xizmatlar va kreditlardan foydalanishning cheklanganligi; cheklangan texnologiya, shuningdek savdo va marketingni qo'llab-quvvatlash; va yomg'irli qishloq xo'jaligi va tabiiy resurslarga katta bog'liqlik.^[130]

Tanzaniyaning 44,9 million fuqarosining taxminan 68 foizi qashshoqlik darajasidan kuniga 1,25 dollar miqdorida yashaydi. Aholining 32 foizi to'yib ovqatlanmaydi.^[129] Tanzaniya qashshoqlikni kamaytirishda duch keladigan eng muhim muammolar - bu tabiiy resurslarni barqaror ravishda yig'ib olish, tekshirilmagan holda etishtirish, iqlim o'zgarishi va suv manbalariga tajovuz qilish, Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Taraqqiyot Dasturiga (BMTRD) ko'ra.^[131]

Tanzaniyaliklar uchun kredit xizmatlari, infratuzilma yoki rivojlangan qishloq xo'jaligi texnologiyalaridan foydalanish imkoniyatlari juda kam, bu esa mamlakatda ochlik va qashshoqlikni yanada kuchaytiradi. BMTTD.^[131] Tanzaniya Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Inson taraqqiyoti indeksiga (2014) muvofiq 187 mamlakat ichida 159-o'rinni egalladi.^[131]

2019 yil Jahon banki Hisobot shuni ko'rsatdiki, so'nggi 10 yil ichida qashshoqlik 8 foizga kamaydi, 2007 yildagi 34,4 foizdan 2018 yilda 26,4 foizgacha.^[132]

Qishloq xo'jaligi

Tukuyu shahridagi choy dalalari

Tanzaniya iqtisodiyoti asosan qishloq xo'jaligiga asoslangan bo'lib, u 2013 yilda yalpi ichki mahsulotning 24,5 foizini tashkil etdi,^{[52]:sahifa 37} eksportning 85 foizini ta'minlaydi,^[18] va ish bilan band bo'lgan ishchilarning yarmini tashkil etdi;^{[52]:sahifa 56} Qishloq xo'jaligi sektori 2012 yilda 4,3 foizga o'sdi, bu uning yarmidan kamiga teng emas Ming yillik rivojlanish maqsadi maqsadli 10,8%.^[133] Erning 16,4 foizi haydaladigan,^[134] bilan ekilgan erlarning 2,4 foiziga doimiy ekinlar.^[135] Tanzaniya iqtisodiyoti dehqonchilikka tayanadi, ammo iqlim o'zgarishi ularning dehqonchiligiga ta'sir ko'rsatdi.

Makkajo'xori 2013 yilda Tanzaniya materikidagi eng yirik oziq-ovqat ekinlari bo'lgan (5,17 million tonna), undan keyin kassava (1,94 million tonna), shirin kartoshka (1,88 million tonna), loviya (1,64 million tonna), banan (1,31 million tonna), guruch (1,31 million tonna) va tariq (1,04 million tonna).^{[52]:sahifa 58} Shakar eng kattasi edi naqd hosil 2013 yilda materikda (296,679 tonna), undan keyin paxta (241,198 tonna), kaju yong'og'i (126,000 tonna), tamaki (86,877 tonna), kofe (48,000 tonna), sisal (37,368 tonna) va choy (32,422 tonna).^{[52]:sahifa 58} Sigir 2013 yilda materikdagi eng yirik go'sht mahsuloti (299 581 tonna), undan keyin qo'zichoq / qo'y go'shti (115,652 tonna), tovuq go'shti (87,408 tonna) va cho'chqa go'shti (50,814 tonna).^{[52]:sahifa 60}

2002 yil milliy sug'orish bosh rejasiga ko'ra Tanzaniyada 29,4 million gektar yer sug'orish uchun qulay; ammo, 2011 yil iyun oyida haqiqatan ham atigi 310745 gektar maydon sug'orilgan edi.^[136]

Sanoat, energetika va qurilish

Uilyamson olmos koni

Songo Songo Gaz zavodi

Industry and construction is a major and growing component of the Tanzanian economy, contributing 22.2 per cent of GDP in 2013.^{[52]:page 37} This component includes mining and quarrying, manufacturing, electricity and natural gas, water supply, and construction.^{[52]:page 37} Mining contributed 3.3 per cent of GDP in 2013.^{[52]:sahifa 33} The vast majority of the country's mineral export revenue comes from gold, accounting for 89 per cent of the value of those exports in 2013.^{[52]:sahifa 71} It also exports sizeable quantities of gemstones, including olmos va tanzanit.^{[65]:sahifa 1251} All of Tanzania's coal production, which totalled 106,000 short tons in 2012, is used domestically.^[137]

Only 15 per cent of Tanzanians had access to electric power in 2011.^[138] Hukumatga tegishli Tanzaniya elektr ta'minoti kompaniyasi cheklangan (TANESCO) Tanzaniyada elektr ta'minoti sohasida hukmronlik qilmoqda.^[139] Mamlakat 6,013 milliard ishlab chiqargan kilovatt soat (kWh) of electricity in 2013, a 4.2 per cent increase over the 5.771 billion kWh generated in 2012.^{[140]:page 4} Generation increased by 63 per cent between 2005 and 2012;^[141][142] Almost 18 per cent of the electricity generated in 2012 was lost because of theft and transmission and distribution problems.^[141] The electrical supply varies, particularly when droughts disrupt hydropower electric generation; rolling blackouts are implemented as necessary.^{[65]:sahifa 1251[139]} The unreliability of the electrical supply has hindered the development of Tanzanian industry.^{[65]:sahifa 1251} In 2013, 49.7 per cent of Tanzania's electricity generation came from natural gas, 28.9 per cent from hydroelectric sources, 20.4 per cent from thermal sources, and 1.0 per cent from outside the country.^{[140]:sahifa 5} The government has built a 532 kilometres (331 mi) gas pipeline from Mnazi Bay Dar es Salomga.^[143] This pipeline was expected to allow the country to double its electricity generation capacity to 3,000 megawatts by 2016.^[144] Hukumatning maqsadi 2025 yilga qadar quvvatni kamida 10 000 megavattga etkazishdir.^[145]

Nyerere Bridge in Kigamboni, Dar es Salaam, is Tanzania's (and East Africa's) only suspension bridge.

Ga binoan PFC Energy, 25 to 30 trillion cubic feet of recoverable natural gas resources have been discovered in Tanzania since 2010,^[137] bringing the total reserves to over 43 trillion cubic feet by the end of 2013.^[146] The value of natural gas actually produced in 2013 was US$52.2 million, a 42.7 per cent increase over 2012.^{[52]:sahifa 73}

Hind okeanidagi Songo Songo oroli konidan gazni tijorat yo'li bilan qazib olish 2004 yilda, u erda topilganidan o'ttiz yil o'tgach boshlangan.^[147][148] 2013 yilda ushbu kondan 35 milliard kub futdan ortiq gaz qazib olindi,^[52]:72-bet 1,1 trillion kub futni tashkil etgan tasdiqlangan, mumkin bo'lgan va mumkin bo'lgan zaxiralari bilan.^[148] Gaz quvuri orqali Darüs Salamga etkaziladi.^[147] As of 27 August 2014, TANESCO owed the operator of this field, Orca Exploration Group Inc.^[149]

2013 yilda Mnazi ko'rfazidagi yangi tabiiy gaz koni Songo Songo oroli yaqinida qazib olingan miqdorning ettidan bir qismini ishlab chiqardi.^{[52]:sahifa 73} ammo 2,2 trillion kub futni isbotlangan, ehtimoliy va mumkin bo'lgan zaxiralari mavjud.^[148] Ushbu gazning deyarli barchasi elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarish uchun sarflanmoqda Mtvara.^[147]

The Ruvuma and Nyuna regions of Tanzania have been explored mostly by the discovery company that holds a 75 per cent interest, Aminex, and has shown to hold in excess of 3.5 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. A pipeline connecting offshore natural gas fields to Tanzania's commercial capital Dar es Salaam was completed at the end of April 2015.^[150]

Turizm

The snowcapped Uhuru Peak

Travel and tourism contributed 17.5 per cent of Tanzania's gross domestic product in 2016^[151] and employed 11.0 per cent of the country's labour force (1,189,300 jobs) in 2013.^[152] Overall receipts rose from US$1.74 billion in 2004 to US$4.48 billion in 2013,^[152] and receipts from international tourists rose from US$1.255 billion in 2010 to US$2 billion in 2016.^[151][153] 2016 yilda Tanzaniya chegaralariga 1 284 279 sayyoh kelgan, 2005 yildagi 590 ming kishi.^[124] The vast majority of tourists visit Zanzibar or a "northern circuit" of Serengeti milliy bog'i, Ngorongoro tabiatni muhofaza qilish zonasi, Tarangire milliy bog'i, Manyara ko'li milliy bog'iva Kilimanjaro tog'i.^{[65]:sahifa 1252} In 2013, the most visited national park was Serengeti (452,485 tourists), followed by Manyara (187,773) and Tarangire (165,949).^{[52]:page xx}

Bank faoliyati

The Tanzaniya banki bo'ladi markaziy bank of Tanzania and is primarily responsible for maintaining price stability, with a subsidiary responsibility for issuing Tanzaniyalik shiling notalar va tangalar.^[154] At the end of 2013, the total assets of the Tanzanian banking industry were 19.5 trillion Tanzanian shillings, a 15 per cent increase over 2012.^[155]

Transport

One of the main trunk roads

Most transport in Tanzania is by road, with road transport constituting over 75 per cent of the country's freight traffic and 80 per cent of its passenger traffic.^{[65]:sahifa 1252} The 86,500 kilometres (53,700 mi) road system is in generally poor condition.^{[65]:sahifa 1252} Tanzania has two railway companies: TAZARA, which provides service between Dar es Salaam and Kapiri Mposhi (in a copper-mining district in Zambia), and Tanzania Railways Limited, which connects Dar es Salaam with central and northern Tanzania.^{[65]:sahifa 1252} Rail travel in Tanzania often entails slow journeys with frequent cancellations or delays, and the railways have a deficient safety record.^{[65]:sahifa 1252}

In Dar es Salaam, there is a huge project of rapid buses, Dar Rapid Transit (DART) which connects suburbs of Dar es Salom shahar. The development of the DART system consists of six phases and is funded by the African Development Bank, the World Bank and the Government of Tanzania. The first phase began in April 2012, and it was completed in December 2015 and launched operations in May 2016.^[156]

Tanzania has four international airports, along with over 120 small airports or landing strips. Airport infrastructure tends to be in poor condition.^{[65]:page 1253} Airlines in Tanzania include Tanzaniya havo, Precision Air, Fastjet, Sohil aviatsiyasiva ZanAir.^{[65]:page 1253}

Aloqa

In 2013, the communications sector was the fastest growing in Tanzania, expanding 22.8 per cent; however, the sector accounted for only 2.4 per cent of gross domestic product that year.^[140]:2-bet

As of 2011, Tanzania had 56 mobile telephone subscribers per 100 inhabitants, a rate slightly above the sub-Saharan average.^{[65]:page 1253} Very few Tanzanians have fixed-line telephones.^{[65]:page 1253} Approximately 12 per cent of Tanzanians used the internet as of 2011^[yangilash], though this number is growing rapidly.^{[65]:page 1253} The country has a fibre-optic cable network that replaced unreliable satellite service, but internet bandwidth remains very low.^{[65]:page 1253}

Suv ta'minoti va kanalizatsiya

Janubiy Afrikadagi tadqiqotlarga ichki xarajatlar YaIM, 2012 yildagi yoki eng yaqin yildagi foizga nisbatan. Manba: YuNESKOning Ilmiy hisoboti: 2030 yilgacha (2015), 20.3-rasm

Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania has been characterised by decreasing access to improved water sources in the 2000s (especially in urban areas), steady access to some form of sanitation (around 93 per cent since the 1990s), intermittent water supplies, and generally low quality of service.^[157] Many utilities are barely able to cover their operation and maintenance costs through revenues because of low tariffs and poor efficiency. Muhim ahamiyatga ega mintaqaviy differences, with the best performing utilities being Arusha, Moshiva Tanga.^[158]

The government of Tanzania has embarked on a major sector reform process since 2002. An ambitious National Water Sector Development Strategy that promotes Suv resurslarini kompleks boshqarish Shahar va qishloq suv ta'minotini rivojlantirish 2006 yilda qabul qilingan. Markazsizlashtirish shuni anglatadiki, suv ta'minoti va kanalizatsiya xizmatlari uchun mas'uliyat mahalliy hokimiyat organlari zimmasiga yuklanib, uni 20 ta shahar kommunal xo'jaligi va 100 ga yaqin tuman kommunal xizmatlari, shuningdek, Jamiyat amalga oshirmoqda. Qishloq joylarda suv ta'minoti tashkilotlari.^[157]

These reforms have been backed by a significant increase of the budget starting in 2006, when the water sector was included among the priority sectors of the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty . The Tanzanian water sector remains heavily dependent on external donors, with 88 per cent of the available funds being provided by external donor organisations.^[159] Natijalar aralashgan. Masalan, tomonidan hisobot Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit noted that "despite heavy investments brought in by the Jahon banki va Yevropa Ittifoqi, (xizmat ko'rsatuvchi dastur) Dar es Salom) has remained one of the worst performing water entities in Tanzania."^[160]

Economics Statistics Controversy

Two articles in the Iqtisodchi in July 2020 raised doubts about official claims of economic growth: "If Tanzania’s economy grew by almost 7% in the fiscal year to the end of June 2019, why did tax revenue fall by 1%? And why has bank lending to companies slumped? Private data are bad, too. In 2019 sales at the biggest brewer fell by 5%. Sales of cement by the two biggest producers were almost flat. None of these things is likely if growth is storming ahead. The discrepancies are so large that it is hard to avoid the conclusion that the government is lying."^[161][162]

Tim Staermose, a proponent of African investment, took issue with these data: "Some of these statements by Iqtisodchi, based on the evidence I have gathered from primary sources – namely, the statutory financial reports that listed companies in Tanzania are legally obligated to release – are simply not true. Bank lending to companies as far as I can see has not, 'slumped.' The two biggest banks in Tanzania, which between them account for approximately 40% of the banking sector, both reported strong loan growth in 2019. ... As for cement sales being 'almost flat,' again, this is total nonsense. ... In 2019 Twiga sold 6% more cement by volume than it did in 2018. In the first six months of 2020, Twiga already sold 8% more cement than it had done by the same stage in 2019. Again, these numbers are very consistent with an economy that’s reported to be growing at around 7% per annum. ... [On] the 5% fall in beer sales in 2019 ... the published 2019 annual report by Tanzania Breweries Limited (TBL) will tell you there were one-off circumstances that largely drove the decline ... [which] resulted in sales falling. But TBL’s profits actually rose in 2019."^[163]

A blogger at KenyaTalk with the handle "mbakuthesupreme" wrote that "the economist has been engaging in an anti-Magufuli [president of Tanzania] war for 5 years now, printing lies after lies which they cant prove", citing the two July 2020 articles as the latest of a series of 13 Iqtisodchi articles critical of Magufuli since 2016.^[164]

Oziq-ovqat va ovqatlanish

A Tanzanian woman cooks Pilau rice dish wearing traditional Kanga.

Poor nutrition remains a persistent problem within Tanzania and varies hugely throughout the country's regions. USAID reports that 16% of children are underweight and 34% experience stunted growth as a result of malnutrition.^[165] 10 regions house 58% of children suffering from stunted growth while 50% of acutely malnourished children can be found in 5 regions.^[166] Over a 5-year period, the Mara district of Tanzania saw a 15% reduction in stunting in children under 5 years old, falling from 46% to 31% in 2005 and 2010 respectively. Dodoma, on the other hand saw a 7% increase in the prevalence of stunting in this age group, rising from 50% in 2005 to 57% in 2010.^[167] Overall availability of food does not necessarily contribute to overall stunting figures. Iringa, Mbeya va Rukva regions, where overall availability of food is considered acceptable still experience stunting incidences in excess of 50%. In some areas where food shortages are common such as in the Tabora va Singida regions, stunting incidences remain comparatively less than those seen in Iringa, Mbeya and Rukwa.^[167] The Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre attributes these discrepancies to variance in maternal malnutrition, poor infant feeding practices, hygiene practices and poor healthcare services.^[167] Periods of drought can have significant impacts on the production of crops in Tanzania. Drought in East Africa has resulted in massive increases in the prices of food staples such as maize and jo'xori, crops crucial to the nutrition of the majority of Tanzania's population. From 2015 to 2017 the price of maize when bought wholesale more than tripled, from 400 Shilinglar per kilogram to 1253 Shillings per kilogram.^[168]

Farmers in Igunga District, Tanzania

Tanzania remains heavily agricultural, with 80% of the total population engaging in subsistence farming.^[169] Rural areas are subjected to increased food shortages in comparison to urbanised areas, with a survey carried out within the country in 2017 finding 84% of people in rural areas suffering food shortages over a 3-month period compared to 64% of residents in cities.^[169] This disparity between rural and city nutrition can be attributed to various factors; increased nutritional needs due to manual labour, more limited access to food as a result of poor infrastructure, high-susceptibility to the damaging effects of nature and the "Agricultural Productivity Gap".^[170] The Agricultural Productivity Gap postulates that "value added per worker" is often much lower within the agricultural sector than that found within non-agricultural sectors. Furthermore, allocation of labour within the agricultural sector is largely allocated ineffectively.^[171]

Programmes targeting hunger

USAID programmes focussing on nutrition operate within the Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Mbeya, Manyara, Songwe va Zanzibar regions of Tanzania. Bular "Kelajakni boqing" programmes heavily invest in nutrition, infrastructure, policy, capacity of institutions and agriculture which is identified by the organisation as a key area of economic growth in the country.^[165] A Tanzanian government led initiative "Kilimo Kwanza" or "Agriculture First" aims to encourage investment into agriculture within the private sector and hopes to improve agricultural processes and development within the country by seeking the knowledge of young people and the innovation that they can potentially provide.^[172] During the 1990s, around 25% of Tanzania's population were provided access to iodized oil aimed to target iodine deficiency within expecting mothers, as result of studies showing the negative effects of in-utero iodine deficiency on cognitive development in children. Research showed that children of mothers with access to the supplement achieved on average greater than a third of a year more education than those who did not.^[172]

Example of a World Food Programme parcel

Programmes led by the Butunjahon oziq-ovqat dasturi operate within Tanzania. The Supplementary Feeding Programme (SFP) aims to target acute malnutrition by supplying blended food fortified with vitamins to pregnant women and mothers to children under 5 on a monthly basis.^[173] Pregnant women and mothers to children under 2 have access to the Mother and Child Health and Nutrition Programme's "Super Cereal" which is supplied with the intent of reducing stunting in children.^[173] World Food Programme supplementation remains the main food source for Tanzania's refugees. Super Cereal, Vegetable Oil, Pulses and Salt are supplied as part of the Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation to meet the average persons minimum daily caloric requirement of 2,100 kcal.^[173] UNICEF state that continued investment in nutrition within Tanzania is of the utmost importance: Estimates predict that Tanzania stands to lose $20 billion by 2025 if nutrition within the country remains at its current level, however improvements in nutrition could produce a gain of around $4.7 billion^[166]

Save the Children, with the help of UNICEF and Irlandiyalik yordam funding created the Partnership for Nutrition in Tanzania (PANITA), in 2011. PANITA aims to use civil society organisations to target nutrition within the country. Alongside this, various sectors associated with nutrition are targeted such as agriculture, water, sanitation, education, economic development and social progress. PANITA is responsible for ensuring significant attention is given to nutrition in development plans and budgets created on national and regional levels within Tanzania. Since its conception, PANITA has grown from 94 to 306 participating civil society organisations nationwide.^[174] Agriculture within Tanzania is targeted by the Irish Aid led initiative Harnessing Agriculture for Nutrition Outcomes (HANO), which aims to merge nutrition initiatives with agriculture in the Lindi District of the country. The project aims to reduce stunting by 10% in children aged 0 to 23 months.^[174]

Ilm-fan va texnologiya

Janubiy Afrikadagi tadqiqotchilar (HC) million aholiga, 2013 yil yoki eng yaqin yil

Tanzania's first "National Science and Technology Policy" was adopted in 1996. The objective of the government's "Vision 2025" (1998) document was to "transform the economy into a strong, resilient and competitive one, buttressed by science and technology".

Under the umbrella of the One UN Initiative, UNESCO and Tanzanian government departments and agencies formulated a series of proposals in 2008 for revising the "National Science and Technology Policy". The total reform budget of US$10 million was financed from the One UN fund and other sources. UNESCO provided support for mainstreaming science, technology, and innovation into the new "National Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy" for the mainland and Zanzibar namely, Mkukuta II and Mkuza II, including in the field of tourism.

Tanzania's revised science policy was published in 2010. Entitled "National Research and Development Policy", it recognises the need to improve the process of prioritisation of research capacities, develop international co-operation in strategic areas of research and development, and improve planning for human resources. It also makes provisions for the establishment of a National Research Fund. Ushbu siyosat, o'z navbatida, 2012 va 2013 yillarda qayta ko'rib chiqilgan.^[175]

2014 yilda SADC mamlakatlarida million aholiga to'g'ri keladigan ilmiy nashrlar. Manba: YuNESKOning Ilmiy ma'ruzasi (2015), Thomson Reuters ning Internet of Science, Science Citation Index kengaytirilgan

In 2010, Tanzania devoted 0.38 per cent of GDP to research and development. The global average in 2013 was 1.7 per cent of GDP. Tanzania had 69 researchers (in head counts) per million population in 2010. In 2014, Tanzania counted 15 publications per million inhabitants in internationally catalogued journals, according to Thomson Reuters' Web of Science (Science Citation Index Expanded). The average for sub-Saharan Africa was 20 publications per million inhabitants and the global average 176 publications per million inhabitants.

Demografiya

According to the 2012 census, the total population was 44,928,923.^[9] The under-15 age group represented 44.1 per cent of the population.^[176]

The population distribution in Tanzania is uneven. Aksariyat odamlar shimoliy chegarada yoki sharqiy sohilda yashaydilar, mamlakatning aksariyat qismi aholisi kam bo'lgan.^{[65]:sahifa 1252} Density varies from 12 per square kilometre (31/sq mi) in the Katavi mintaqasi to 3,133 per square kilometre (8,110/sq mi) in the Dar es Salom viloyati.^{[9]:sahifa 6}

Approximately 70 per cent of the population is rural, although this percentage has been declining since at least 1967.^[177] Dar es Salaam (population 4,364,541)^[178] is the largest city and commercial capital. Dodoma (population 410,956)^[178] is located in the centre of Tanzania, is the capital of the country, and hosts the Milliy assambleya.

At the time of the foundation of the United Republic of Tanzania in 1964 the child mortality rate was 335 deaths per 1,000 live births. Since independence the rate of child deaths declined to 62 per 1000 births.^[179]

v t e Largest cities or towns in Tanzania 2012 Census General Report, March 2013 Combined Final for Printing
	Rank	Ism	Mintaqa	Pop.
Dar es Salom Mwanza	1	Dar es Salom	Dar es Salom	4,364,541	Arusha Dodoma
	2	Mwanza	Mwanza	706,543
	3	Arusha	Arusha	416,442
	4	Dodoma	Dodoma	410,956
	5	Mbeya	Mbeya	385,279
	6	Morogoro	Morogoro	315,866
	7	Tanga	Tanga	273,332
	8	Kahama	Shinyanga	242,208
	9	Tabora	Tabora	226,999
	10	Zanzibar shahri	Zanzibar G'arbiy	223,033

The Xadza kabi yashash ovchilarni yig'uvchilar.

Aholisi quyidagilardan iborat 125 ga yaqin etnik guruhlar.^[180] The Sukuma, Nyamvezi, Chaggava Xaya peoples each have a population exceeding 1 million.^{[181]:page 4} Approximately 99 per cent of Tanzanians are of native Afrika descent, with small numbers of Arab, European, and Asian descent.^[180] The majority of Tanzanians, including the Sukuma and the Nyamwezi, are Bantu.^[182]

The population also includes people of Arab, Persian, and Hind origin, and small European and Xitoy jamoalar.^[183] Many also identify as Shiraziylar. Thousands of Arabs, Persians, and Indians were massacred during the Zanzibar inqilobi 1964 yil.^[53] As of 1994, the Asian community numbered 50,000 on the mainland and 4,000 on Zanzibar. An estimated 70,000 Arabs and 10,000 Europeans lived in Tanzania.^[184]

Biroz albinos in Tanzania have been the victims of violence in recent years.^{[185][186][187][188]} Attacks are often to hack off the limbs of albinos in the perverse superstitious belief that possessing the bones of albinos will bring wealth. The country has banned witch doctors to try to prevent the practice, but it has continued and albinos remain targets.^[189]

According to 2010 Tanzanian government statistics, the tug'ilishning umumiy darajasi in Tanzania was 5.4 children born per woman, with 3.7 in urban mainland areas, 6.1 in rural mainland areas, and 5.1 in Zanzibar.^{[190]:sahifa 55} For all women aged 45–49, 37.3 per cent had given birth to eight or more children, and for currently married women in that age group, 45.0 per cent had given birth to that many children.^{[190]:page 61}

Din

Official statistics on religion are unavailable because religious surveys were eliminated from government census reports after 1967.^[191] Tanzania's religious field is dominated by Christianity and Islam as well as of different African Traditional Religions connected to ethnic customs. The word for religion in Swahili, dini, generally apply to the world religions of Nasroniylik va Islom meaning that followers of African Traditional Religions are consider to be of "no religion". Religious belonging is often ambiguous, with some people adhering to multiple religious identities at the same time (for instance being Christian but also following African Traditional rituals) something which point to that religious boundaries are flexible and contextual.^[192]

According to a 2014 estimate by the CIA World Factbook, 61.4% of the population was Christian, 35.2% was Muslim, 1.8% practiced traditional African religions, 1.4% were unaffiliated with any religion, and 0.2% followed other religions. Nearly the entire population of Zanzibar is Muslim.^[18] Of Muslims, 16% are Ahmadiya, 20% mazhabsiz musulmonlar, 40% are Sunniy, 20 per cent are Shia, and 4% are So'fiy.^[193]

Within the Christian community the Rim-katolik cherkovi is the largest denomination (51% all Christians).^[194] Among the Protestants, the large number of Lyuteranlar va Moraviyaliklar points to the German colonial and missionary past of the country, while the number of Anglikanlar point to the British colonial and missionary history of Tanganyika. A growing number have adopted Pentekostalizmva Adventistlar likewise have an increasing presence because of external missionary activities from Scandinavia and the United States, especially during the first part of the 20th century.^[195] All of them have had some influence in varying degrees from the Walokole movement (East African Revival), which has also been fertile ground for the spread of xarizmatik and Pentecostal groups.^[196]

There are also active communities of other religious groups, primarily on the mainland, such as Buddistlar, Hindularva Baxaylar.^[197]

Tillar

A carved door with Arabic calligraphy in Zanzibar

100 dan ortiq Tanzaniyada tillar gapiriladi, uni Sharqiy Afrikadagi lingvistik jihatdan eng xilma-xil mamlakatga aylantirdi.^[26] Among the languages spoken are all four of Africa's language families: Bantu, Kushitik, Nilotikva Xoysan.^[26] Yo'q de-yure official languages in Tanzania.^[28]

Swahili is used in parliamentary debate, in the lower courts, and as a medium of instruction in primary school. English is used in foreign trade, in diplomacy, in higher courts, and as a medium of instruction in secondary and higher education,^[26] The Tanzanian government, however, has plans to discontinue English as a language of instruction.^[29] In connection with his Ujamaa social policies, President Nyerere encouraged the use of Swahili to help unify the country's many ethnic groups.^[198] Approximately 10 per cent of Tanzanians speak Swahili as a first language, and up to 90 per cent speak it as a second language.^[26] Many educated Tanzanians are trilingual, also speaking English.^{[199][200][201]} The widespread use and promotion of Swahili is contributing to the decline of smaller languages in the country.^[26][202] Young children increasingly speak Swahili as a first language, particularly in urban areas.^[203] Ethnic community languages (ECL) other than Kiswahili are not allowed as a language of instruction. Nor are they taught as a subject, though they might be used unofficially in some cases in initial education. Television and radio programmes in an ECL are prohibited, and it is nearly impossible to get permission to publish a newspaper in an ECL. There is no department of local or regional African Languages and Literatures at the University of Dar es Salaam.^[204]

Arabcha is co-official in Zanzibar.

The Sandavlar bilan bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan tilda gapirish Til tillari tillari esa Botsvana va Namibiya Xadzab xalqi, shunga o'xshash bo'lsa-da undoshlarni bosing, deb aytish mumkin a tilni ajratish.^[205] Tili Iroq xalqi Kushit.^[206]

Ta'lim

Nkrumah Hall at the Dar es Salam universiteti

In 2012, the literacy rate in Tanzania for persons aged 15 and over was estimated to be 67.8 per cent.^[207] Education is compulsory until children reach age 15.^[208] In 2010, 74.1 per cent of children age 5 to 14 years were attending school.^[208] The primary school completion rate was 80.8 per cent in 2012.^[208]

Sog'liqni saqlash

2012 yildan boshlab^[yangilash], life expectancy at birth was 61 years.^[209] The under-five mortality rate in 2012 was 54 per 1,000 live births.^[209] The onalar o'limi rate in 2013 was estimated at 410 per 100,000 live births.^[209] Erta tug'ilish va bezgak were tied in 2010 as the leading cause of death in children under 5 years old.^[210] The other leading causes of death for these children were, in decreasing order, bezgak, diareya, HIV, and qizamiq.^[210]

Malaria in Tanzania causes death and disease and has a "huge economic impact".^{[211]:sahifa 13} There were approximately 11.5 million cases of clinical malaria in 2008.^{[211]:sahifa 12} In 2007–08, malaria prevalence among children aged 6 months to 5 years was highest in the Kagera viloyati (41.1 per cent) on the western shore of Lake Victoria and lowest in the Arusha viloyati (0.1 per cent).^{[211]:sahifa 12}

2010 yilga ko'ra Tanzaniya Demografik va sog'liqni saqlash tadqiqotlari 2010 yil, 15 per cent of Tanzanian women had undergone ayollarning jinsiy a'zolarini buzish (FGM)^{[190]:sahifa 295} and 72 per cent of Tanzanian men had been circumcised.^{[190]:sahifa 230} FGM is most common in the Manyara, Dodoma, Arushava Singida regions and nonexistent in Zanzibar.^{[190]:sahifa 296} The prevalence of male circumcision was above 90 per cent in the eastern ([ref>"Albino teen attacked for her body parts – CNN Video".Dar es Salom, Pvaniva Morogoro regions), northern (Kilimanjaro, Tanga, Arusha, and Manyara regions), and central areas (Dodoma and Singida regions) and below 50 per cent only in the southern highlands zone (Mbeya, Iringava Rukva mintaqalar).^{[190]:pages 6, 230}

2012 data showed that 53 per cent of the population used improved drinking water sources (defined as a source that "by nature of its construction and design, is likely to protect the source from outside contamination, in particular from faecal matter") and 12 per cent used improved sanitation facilities (defined as facilities that "likely hygienically separates human excreta from human contact" but not including facilities shared with other households or open to public use).^[212]

Ayollar

Women and men have equality before the law.^[213]The government signed the Ayollarga nisbatan kamsitilishning barcha turlarini yo'q qilish to'g'risidagi konventsiya (CEDAW) in 1985.^[213]Nearly 3 out of ten females reported having experienced jinsiy zo'ravonlik before the age of 18.^[213] Ning tarqalishi ayollarning jinsiy a'zolarini buzish kamaydi.^[213]School girls are reinstated back to school after delivery.^[213]The Police Force administration strives to separate the Gender Desks from normal police operations to enhance confidentiality of the processing of women victims of abuse.^[213]Most of the abuses and violence against women and children occurs at the family level.^[213]The Tanzaniya konstitutsiyasi ayollarning barcha saylangan a'zolarning kamida 30 foizini tashkil etishini talab qiladi Milliy assambleya.^[213] Ta'lim va tarbiya sohasidagi gender farqlari, keyinchalik ushbu ayollar va qizlarning hayotiga ta'sir qiladi.^[213]Ayollar uchun ishsizlik erkaklarga qaraganda yuqori.^[213] Ayol xodimning huquqi Homiladorlik va tug'ish ta'tillari mehnat qonunchiligida kafolatlangan.^[213]

Madaniyat

Judit Vambura (Leydi Jeydi) mashhurdir Bongo flava yozuvchi qo'shiqchi.

Adabiyot

Tanzaniya adabiy madaniyati asosan og'zaki.^{[181]:sahifa 68} Asosiy og'zaki adabiy shakllarga folklor, she'rlar, topishmoqlar, maqollar va qo'shiqlar kiradi.^[181]:69-bet Tanzaniyaning yozib olingan og'zaki adabiyotining eng katta qismi suaxiliydir, garchi mamlakat tillarining har biri o'ziga xos og'zaki an'analariga ega bo'lsa ham.^{[181]:68-9 betlar} Mamlakat og'zaki adabiyoti ko'p avlodli ijtimoiy tuzum buzilganligi, og'zaki adabiyotni uzatishni qiyinlashtirganligi va tobora ko'payib borayotgan modernizatsiya og'zaki adabiyotning qadrsizlanishi bilan birga kelganligi sababli pasayib bormoqda.^[181]:69-bet

Tanzaniyadagi kitoblar ko'pincha qimmatga tushadi va ularni olish qiyin.^{[181]:sahifa 75[214]:sahifa 16} Tanzaniya adabiyotining aksariyati suaxili yoki ingliz tilida.^{[181]:sahifa 75} Tanzaniya yozma adabiyotining yirik namoyandalari kiradi Shaaban Robert (suahili adabiyotining otasi hisoblangan), Muhammed Saley Farsi, Faraji Katalambulla, Adam Shafi Adam, Muhammed Said Abdalla, Said Ahmed Muhammad Xamis, Muhammad Sulaymon Muhammad, Evfraziya Kezilahabi, Gabriel Ruhumbika, Ibrohim Husayn, May Materru Balisidya, Fady Mtanga, Abdulrazak Gurnahva Penina O. Mlama.^{[181]:76–8 betlar}

Rassomlik va haykaltaroshlik

A Tingatinga rasm

Tanzaniyaning ikkita san'at uslubi xalqaro miqyosda tan olingan.^{[214]:p. 17} The Tingatinga tomonidan tashkil etilgan rassomlik maktabi Edvard Said Tingatinga, odatda odamlar, hayvonlar yoki kundalik hayotni tasvirlaydigan, tuvaldagi yorqin rangli emalli rasmlardan iborat.^{[181]:p. 113[214]:p. 17} 1972 yilda Tingatinga vafotidan so'ng, boshqa rassomlar uning uslubini qabul qildilar va rivojlantirdilar, janr endi Sharqiy Afrikadagi eng muhim turistik yo'naltirilgan uslubga aylandi.^{[181]:p. 113[214]:p. 17}

Tarixiy jihatdan Tanzaniyada Evropada rasmiy san'at ta'limi uchun imkoniyatlar cheklangan edi va ko'plab tanzaniyalik rassomlar o'z kasblarini o'rganish uchun mamlakatni tark etishgan.^{[214]:p. 17}

Sport

Milliy stadion yilda Dar es Salom.

Futbol butun mamlakat bo'ylab juda mashhur.^[215] Eng mashhur professional futbol klublari Dar es Salomda Yosh afrikaliklar F.C. va Simba S.C.^[216] The Tanzaniya futbol federatsiyasi mamlakatda futbolni boshqarish organi hisoblanadi.

Boshqa mashhur sport turlari basketbol, netbol, boks, voleybol, yengil atletikava regbi.^[215][217] Baraza la Michezo la Taifa nomi bilan ham tanilgan Milliy sport kengashi, Axborot, Yoshlar, Sport va Madaniyat vazirligi huzuridagi mamlakatda sportni boshqarish organidir.^[218]

Onlayn garovlar veb-sayti PariMatch 2017 yilda Tanzaniyada ishga tushirilgan.^[219]

Kino

Tanzaniya "Bongo filmi" nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan mashhur kino sanoatiga ega. Musiqa sanoati "Bongo Flava" nomi bilan mashhur bo'lib, u o'z o'rnini egallaydi janr Tanzaniyadagi musiqa.

Shuningdek qarang

• Tanzaniya bilan bog'liq maqolalar indeksi
• Tanzaniya
• Tanzaniya, afrikaliklar sakrash o'rgimchaklar^[220]

Izohlar

Manbalar

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Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

• Rasmiy veb-sayt
• Tanzaniya Vikimedia atlasi
• Ga tegishli geografik ma'lumotlar Tanzaniya da OpenStreetMap
• Tanzaniya da Curlie
• Tanzaniyaning asosiy statistikasi sifatida nashr etilgan Ma'lumotlarni oching Milliy statistika byurosi tomonidan
• Tanzaniya turizm portali.