WikiDer > Tramp ma'muriyatining oilani ajratish siyosati
 | Ushbu maqola qo'rg'oshin bo'limi maqola uzunligi uchun juda uzun bo'lishi mumkin. (2020 yil dekabr) |
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Amaldagi prezident
Rossiya bilan o'zaro aloqalar Ish va shaxsiy
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The Tramp ma'muriyatining oilani ajratish siyosati ning jihati AQSh prezidenti Donald Trampning immigratsiya siyosati. Ushbu siyosat jamoatchilikka "nol bardoshlik"noqonuniy immigratsiyani to'xtatish va qonunchilikni kuchaytirishni rag'batlantirishga qaratilgan yondashuv.[1] Bu butun rasmiy ravishda qabul qilingan AQSh-Meksika chegarasi 2018 yil apreldan 2018 yil iyungacha.[2] Keyinchalik olib borilgan tekshiruvlar natijasida oilalarni ajratish amaliyoti jamoatchilikka e'lon qilinishidan bir yil oldin boshlangan.[3] Siyosat asosida federal hokimiyat bolalar va chaqaloqlarni AQShga kirib kelgan ota-onalari yoki vasiylaridan ajratib qo'ydi.[4][5][6] Kattalar jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilgan va federal qamoqxonalarda saqlangan yoki deportatsiya qilingan, bolalar esa ularning nazorati ostida bo'lgan AQSh Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish vazirligi.[4] 2020 yil yanvar oyida SPLC ota-onalaridan yoki vasiylaridan ajratilgan bolalarning rasmiy hukumat soni siyosat bo'yicha 4368 kishini tashkil etganligini xabar qildi.[7] Shuningdek, yanvar oyida Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi 2018 yil iyun oyidan buyon 1100 dan ortiq oila ajralib chiqqanligi, ma'muriyat endi bolalarni ota-onalaridan ajratmasligini aytganligi haqida xabar berdi.[8]
2018 yil iyun oyi boshiga kelib, siyosatda ajralgan oilalarni birlashtirish bo'yicha choralar mavjud emasligi ma'lum bo'ldi.[9][10] Bu bolani yaratdi migratsiya inqirozi.[11][12] Milliy va xalqaro tanqidlardan so'ng,[13] 2018 yil 20-iyun kuni Tramp imzoladi ijro buyrug'i chegaradagi oilaviy ajralishlarga barham berish.[14] 2018 yil 26 iyun kuni AQSh okrug sudyasi Dana Sabraw butun mamlakat bo'ylab chiqarildi dastlabki buyruq oilani ajratish siyosatiga qarshi va barcha bolalarni 30 kun ichida ota-onalari bilan birlashtirishni buyurdi.[15][16] Ikki oydan keyin ko'plab ota-onalar va bolalar ajralishdi.[17] 2020 yil noyabrgacha 666 nafar bolaning ota-onalari hali ham topilmadi.[18] Ma'muriyat oilalarni birlashtirish xarajatlarini qoplash uchun mablag 'ajratishdan bosh tortdi va ko'ngillilar tashkilotlari ham ko'ngillilar, ham mablag' ajratishda davom etmoqda.[19][20][21]
2018 yil iyun oyidan beri, ajratish siyosati rasmiy tugaganiga qaramay, yuzlab qo'shimcha bolalar ota-onalaridan ajralib qolishdi. 2019 yil mart oyida hukumat shu vaqtdan buyon ota-onalari bilan birlashish uchun ularni kuzatib borish uchun aniq hujjatlar olinmagan holda, 245 bola oilasidan chiqarildi, deb xabar berdi.[22][23] The Uyning nazorat va islohotlar qo'mitasi 2019 yil iyul oyida ushbu siyosat rasmiy tugaganidan keyin 700 dan ortiq bola ota-onasidan ajralib qolgani haqida xabar berdi.[24] Iyul oyida kuniga beshta bolani ajratish haqida xabar berilgan edi,[25] yil oxiriga kelib esa jami 1100 dan oshdi.[8]
2019 yil yanvar oyida ma'muriyat minglab bolalar oilalaridan ajralib chiqqan bo'lishi mumkinligini ilgari xabar qilingan 2773 raqamidan ko'ra ko'proq bo'lganligini tan oldi, rasmiylar ularning aniq sonini aniq bilmaydilar. Tergov shuni ko'rsatdiki, bolalarni ajratish siyosati haqiqatan ham 2017 yil yozida, 2018 yil aprelida e'lon qilingan nol tolerantlik siyosatidan oldin boshlangan. Federal rasmiylar ushbu bolalarni birlashtirishga urinish rejalari yo'qligini aytdi, chunki "bu ularning mavjudligini doimiyligini buzadi uy sharoitida va bolalarga shikast etkazishi mumkin. "[26][27][28] 2019 yil may oyida ma'muriyat kamida 1712 nafar muhojir bola "nol bag'rikenglik" siyosati amalga oshirilgunga qadar ham ota-onalaridan ajralib qolgan bo'lishi mumkinligini tan oldi.[29]
2019 yil iyun oyida bilan bog'liq bo'lgan bir guruh advokatlar Flores aholi punkti shahridagi Chegara xizmati markaziga tashrif buyurdi Klint, Texas. Bolalar advokatlarga taomlar tez tayyorlanadigan jo'xori uni, nonushta uchun pishiriq va shirin ichimliklar, tushlikda tez tayyorlanadigan makaron va kechki ovqat uchun qizdirilgan muzlatilgan burrito va pechenedan iboratligini aytishdi. Ularning aytishicha, bir necha hafta davomida toza kiyim yoki hammom yo'q edi. Voyaga etganlarning qo'riqchilari yo'q edi; o'n yoshga to'lgan qizlar kenjalariga g'amxo'rlik qilar edi.[30][31][32]
2019 yil iyul oyida ACLU AQSh-Meksika chegarasida 900 dan ortiq oila, shu jumladan bolalar va go'daklar ajratilganligi to'g'risida da'vo qo'zg'adi.[33] 2019 yil dekabr oyida 2018 yil federal farmoyishidan so'ng oilaviy ko'chirishni tugatish to'g'risida buyruq berilganligi sababli, 1100 bola chegaradan o'tganidan keyin ota-onalaridan olinganligi to'g'risida da'vo qo'zg'atildi.[34] Holatlaridan keyin COVID-19 voyaga etmaganlar orasida ORR davomida qamoqqa olish tasdiqlandi Covid-19 pandemiyasi, ikkita federal sud ushbu inshootlarning pandemiyaga tayyorgarligini nazorat qilishni majbur qiluvchi qarorlar chiqardi.[35]
Tarix
Bush ma'muriyati
Prezident Jorj V.Bush "nol bag'rikenglik" yondashuvi tendentsiyasini 2005 yilda boshlagan Streamline operatsiyasi, ammo uning ma'muriyati davrida, odatda, voyaga etmaganlar bilan sayohat qilgan kattalar uchun istisnolar qilingan.[36][37][32]
Obama ma'muriyati
AQSh prezidenti Barak Obama immigratsiya siyosatiga o'zgartirishlar kiritdi, ota-onalarni ozod qildi va AQShda jinoyat sodir etgan muhojirlarni deportatsiya qilishga e'tibor qaratdi.[38] Bilan engish uchun harakat 2014 yil Amerika immigratsion inqirozi, qarovsiz qolgan bolalar va ayollarning zo'ravonlikdan qochib ketishi Markaziy Amerika, 1997 yilga rioya qilgan holda Flores va Renoga qarshi kelishuv Obamaga binoan oilalarni birlashtirib rozilik berish to'g'risidagi farmon Milliy xavfsizlik bo'limi qurilgan oilaviy qamoq Pensilvaniya, Nyu-Meksiko va Texasdagi markazlar.[39][40][41] Qarovsiz bolalar qamoqxonalarda saqlangan, yoshi va jinsi bo'yicha ajratilgan, tegishli joylar topilgan.[42][43]
2015 yilda Obama Oilaviy ishlarni boshqarish dasturini taqdim etdi, unda dastur to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar varag'iga binoan, "zaifliklarga ega oilalar, shu jumladan homilador yoki emizikli oila a'zolari; juda yosh bolalari borlar; tibbiy / ruhiy salomatligi bilan bog'liq oila a'zolari; faqat mahalliy tillarda so'zlashadigan oilalar; va boshqa maxsus ehtiyojlar uchun "sudni boshpana berish to'g'risidagi da'volarini ko'rib chiqishni kutish paytida hibsxonalarda ushlab turilishining alternativasini taklif qilish. Bu ko'p yillar davom etadi.[44]
2016 yilda To'qqizinchi tuman apellyatsiya sudi ichida hukmronlik qildi Flores va Linch[45][46] hibsga olingan muhojir bolalarni iloji boricha tezroq ozod qilish kerak, ammo ota-onalardan ozod bo'lish talab qilinmagan. Obama ma'muriyati ayollar va bolalarni birgalikda 21 kun hibsda ushlab turgandan keyin ularni qo'yib yuborishga rioya qilgan.[47][46]
Tramp ma'muriyati
Prezidentlikka nomzod Donald Tramp dedi tugatish "ushlang va qo'yib yuboring"uning immigratsiya islohotlari bo'yicha ikkita ustuvor yo'nalishidan ikkinchisi edi.[48][49]
Ma'muriyat oilalarni ajratishni boshlaganda, Trampni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi mutaxassislar ma'muriyat Obama ma'muriyati bilan bir xil siyosatni amalga oshirayotganini ta'kidladilar. Ga binoan PolitiFact, Tramp Obameyangidek siyosatni amalga oshirayotgani haqidagi da'vo "yolg'on" bo'lib, "Obamaning immigratsiya siyosati, ayniqsa, oilalarni buzmaslik uchun harakat qilgan. Ba'zi bolalar Obama davrida ota-onalaridan ajralgan bo'lsalar-da, bu nisbatan kam uchragan va oilalar tezda birlashdilar. hatto bu ota-onani qamoqdan ozod qilishni anglatsa ham. "[40] Obama ma'muriyati oilalarni ajratish masalasini ko'rib chiqdi, ammo bunga qarshi qaror qildi.[50]
Trampning katta maslahatchisi Stiven Miller Trump ma'muriyatining oilani ajratish siyosatining harakatlantiruvchi kuchi sifatida tavsiflangan.[51][52][53][54][55]
Chegaradan o'tish joylarida boshpana izlovchilarni qabul qilishdan bosh tortish
2017 yil yanvar oyida Amerika immigratsiya kengashi va yana beshta advokatlik tashkiloti Milliy xavfsizlik departamentining Fuqarolik huquqlari va fuqarolik erkinliklari bo'yicha idorasiga "boshpana izlovchilarga kirishni tizimli ravishda rad etish" ga qarshi shikoyat bilan murojaat qildi. AQShning birovning boshpana izlash huquqidan mahrum qilishi qonuniy emas. Shunga qaramay, advokatlarning so'zlariga ko'ra, tashrif buyurgan boshpana izlovchilar chegara punktlari har xil sabablarga ko'ra rad etildi, shu jumladan "kunlik kvotaga erishildi", chunki ular taqdim etishlari kerak edi vizayoki ular Meksika hukumati orqali uchrashuvni rejalashtirishlari kerak edi, ularning hech biri aniq emas. Notijorat tashkilot vakillaridan biri: "Biz asosan boshpana so'rab murojaat qilish ko'p odamlar uchun mavjud bo'lmagan joyga etib keldik", deb izoh berdi.[56][57]
Ichki xavfsizlik vazirligining Bosh inspektori bo'limi xulosasiga ko'ra, "o'lchov" qonuniy kirish "deb nomlangan ushbu amaliyot AQShga qonuniy kirishni istagan ba'zi musofirlarni chegarani noqonuniy kesib o'tishiga olib keladi".[58]
Ma'muriyat shuningdek bekor qildi Markaziy Amerika voyaga etmaganlar dasturi (CAM) ota-onalarga o'z farzandlarini qonuniy ravishda AQShga olib kelishlariga umid bergan - bu dasturning 2017 yil avgustida shartli ravishda ozod qilinadigan qismini tugatgan va endi dasturning qochqinlar qismi uchun yangi arizalarni qabul qilmagan. 9, 2017 yil.[59] CAM dasturi ba'zi ota-onalarga 2015 yildan beri o'z farzandlarini AQShga qonuniy ravishda olib kelishlariga imkon berdi, agar bolalar ularga maxsus qochqin maqomi berilsa, fuqarolik olish huquqini qo'lga kiritishdi. Qayta ishlashning kechikishi sababli dastur bevosita xavf tahdidiga duch kelganlarga yordam berishni taklif qilmagan edi, ammo alohida oilalar darajasida bolalarni noqonuniy olib kelishni kamroq jalb qildi, chunki qonuniy kirish imkoniyati mavjud edi.[60]
2019 yil 15 iyulda Ichki xavfsizlik vazirligi va Adliya vazirligi 16 iyulda kuchga kiradigan vaqtinchalik yakuniy qoidani e'lon qildi, agar AQSh-Meksika chegarasini kesib o'tgan chet elliklar, agar ular ilgari boshpana so'ramagan bo'lsa, boshpana olish huquqiga ega emaslar. Markaziy Amerika va Kuba fuqarolaridan chegarada boshpana olish huquqini samarali ravishda taqiqlab, ular sayohat qilgan mamlakatlar.[61][62] The Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi (ACLU) sudda ushbu qoidaga zudlik bilan e'tiroz bildirishga va'da berdi.[61][62] 2019 yil 24 iyulda sudya Timoti Kelli ning DC tuman sudi yangi qoidani qo'llab-quvvatladi, ammo o'sha kuni sudya Jon Tigar ning Shimoliy Kaliforniya okrug sudi qonuniy masalalar hal bo'lguncha uning bajarilishini to'xtatib, qoidaga qarshi dastlabki buyruq chiqardi.[63] Bu butun mamlakat bo'ylab amal qiladimi-yo'qligi to'g'risida bir necha bor oldinga surilgan qarorlardan so'ng, Oliy sud 11 sentyabr kuni ushlab turishni to'xtatdi, shu bilan birga sudning siyosatga qarshi e'tirozi davom etmoqda.[64]
DHS "uchuvchi dastur" 2017 yilda
2017 yilning iyulidan oktyabrigacha Tramp ma'muriyati DHS El Pasoda nolga chidamlilik bo'yicha "uchuvchi dastur" deb nomlagan. Oilalar, shu jumladan boshpana so'ragan oilalar ajratildi va keyinchalik bolalar "qarovsiz" deb tasniflandi va ularni ota-onalari bilan birlashtirish uchun yaratilgan tizimsiz boshpanalar tarmog'iga yuborildi.[65] Ushbu dastlabki "uchuvchi dastur" ning mavjudligi birinchi marta 2018 yil iyun oyida hisobot berish bilan keng ma'lum bo'ldi NBC News DHS tomonidan taqdim etilgan ma'lumotlardan.[10]
2018 yil may oyida, Milliy radio bolalarning manfaatlarini himoya qiluvchi "Immigrant bolalar huquqlari bo'yicha yosh markaz" direktori bilan suhbatlashdi. Xodimlar bolalarning ota-onalari bilan kirib, keyin chegaradan chiqib ketishgan bolalar ko'payganini payqadingizmi, degan savolga direktor NPRga: "Biz 2017 yilning bahorining oxirida, qishda va shu yilning bahorida, Biz chegarada ota-onalaridan olingan bolalar uchun advokat tayinlash uchun bizga murojaat qilgan bolalarning ko'p sonini ko'rdik. "[66]
Tomonidan olingan 2018 yil aprel oyidagi eslatma bo'yicha Washington Post, hukumat El-Paso tajribasini muvaffaqiyatli deb topdi, chunki u qo'rquvning 64 foizga pasayganligini ko'rsatdi, oktabrda esa to'xtatilish to'xtab qolgandan keyin ko'tarila boshladi. Ushbu tashabbus bo'yicha Chegara xizmati hisobotiga ko'ra, El-Paso sektori oilalarda taxminan 1800 kishini qayta ishlagan va ushbu tashabbus asosida oilalardagi 281 kishi ajralib chiqqan.[67] Ushbu "tajriba" ni oxir-oqibat ICE, CBP va MDH aprel oyida butun janubi-g'arbiy chegarada nolga bardoshlik dasturini ishga tushirish.[65]
Immigratsiyani to'xtatish vositasi sifatida oilani ajratish bo'yicha takliflar
Tramp 2017 yilning 20 yanvarida prezidentlik lavozimiga kirishganidan ikki hafta o'tgach, ma'muriyat boshpana izlovchilarni oldini olish usuli sifatida muhojir bolalarni onalaridan ajratish g'oyasini ko'rib chiqdi.[47][68] 2017 yil mart oyida birinchi bo'lib Milliy xavfsizlik vazirligi (DHS) ota-onalarni AQSh chegarasidan o'tishga uringanda qo'lga olinsa, ularni farzandlaridan ajratish taklifini ko'rib chiqayotgani haqida xabar berilgan edi.[47][46] Jon Kelli, keyin Milliy xavfsizlik kotibi, siyosat ko'rib chiqilayotganligini tasdiqladi,[66][69] ammo keyinroq buni rad etdi.[70][71] Gapirish Endi demokratiya! direktori Milliy immigratsiya huquq markazi agar ushbu siyosat amalga oshirilsa, "davlat tomonidan sanksiya qilingan bolalarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik, Qo'shma Shtatlarga xavfsizlik izlash uchun kelgan oilalarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik" miqdorini tashkil etishini va ma'muriyat bu bilan harakat qilmaganligini aytdi. oshkoralik nima taklif qilinayotganini tushuntirishda.[72]
The Amerika Pediatriya Akademiyasi ushbu rejadagi ommaviy axborot vositalarida tarqatilgan xabarlarga murojaat qilish uchun "Biz siyosatchilarni har doim bu zaif, qo'rqqan bolalar ekanliklarini yodda tutishga chaqiramiz" degan bayonot chiqardi va ular "bolalarni himoya qiladigan immigratsion protseduralarni tayyorlashda" Milliy Xavfsizlikka yordam berishni taklif qildilar.[73] Mart oyida, rasmiy "nol bag'rikenglik" qaroridan bir oy oldin, ACLU a sud jarayoni Tramp ma'muriyatining ma'muriyati yuzlab bolalarni ota-onalaridan noqonuniy ravishda ajratib qo'yganlikda ayblab, ota-onalar boshpana berish jarayonini kutishmoqda.[74]
5 aprel kuni DHS, AQShga farzandlari bilan sayohat qilishga urinayotgan onalarning keskin pasayishi sababli qisman siyosatni ko'rib chiqmayotganliklarini aytdi;[75] ammo, keyin Bosh prokuror Jeff Seshns federal prokuratura kuchaytirishga buyruq berdi. Ota-onalar huquqbuzarliklarda ayblanmoqdalar va qamoqqa tashlandilar, bolalari esa qarovsiz deb tasniflanib, DHS qaramog'iga olindi. Besh oy ichida yuzlab bolalar ota-onalaridan ajralib qolishgani haqida xabar berildi.[76] 2018 yil aprel oyi oxirida ommaviy axborot vositalarida hukumat ma'lumotlarini o'rganish natijasida 700 ga yaqin muhojir bolalar, ularning 100 dan ko'prog'i 4 yoshgacha bo'lganlar, 2017 yil oktyabridan buyon ularning ota-onalaridan olinganligi haqida xabar berilgan edi. O'sha paytda Milliy xavfsizlik departamenti xodimlari Ular immigratsiyani to'xtatish uchun emas, balki "chegaralarimizdan o'tib ketayotgan voyaga etmagan bolalarning manfaatlarini himoya qilish uchun" oilalarni ajratishmaganini aytdi.[77] Yiliga 12 million dollar tejashni aytib, iyun oyida Tramp ma'muriyati boshpana so'ragan onalar va ularning farzandlarini hibsxonadan chetlashtirgan Oilaviy ishlarni boshqarish dasturini tugatdi.[44]
Dekabrga kelib, janubiy chegarani kesib o'tgan oilalarning yangi ko'tarilishidan so'ng, DHS yana bolalarni ota-onalardan ajratish siyosatini ko'rib chiqmoqda.[78] 2018 yil yanvar oyida Milliy xavfsizlik departamenti kotibi Kirstjen Nilsenning ota-onalarni farzandlaridan ajratish siyosatini amalga oshirishni rad etishdan bosh tortgan ko'rsatmalaridan so'ng, 200 dan ortiq bolalarni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi tashkilotlar Tramp ma'muriyatidan voz kechishga chaqirgan maktub chiqdilar AQSh chegarasida bolalarni majburan ota-onalaridan ajratishni rejalashtirmoqda. Maktubda, jumladan, shunday deyilgan: "Biz bilamizki, ushbu siyosat bolalar xavfsizligi, salomatligi, rivojlanishi va farovonligi uchun muhim va uzoq muddatli oqibatlarga olib keladi. Bolalar xavfsiz va sog'lom bo'lishlari uchun ularning ota-onalari g'amxo'rlik qilishlari kerak , o'sishi va rivojlanishi uchun. Majburiy ajratish ota-ona va bola o'rtasidagi munosabatlarni buzadi va bolalarni jismoniy va ruhiy kasalliklarga chalinish xavfini oshiradi. Ma'muriyatning rejasi oilaviy birlik printsipini olib tashlaydi va bolalarni zarariga olib keladi. "[79]
Ma'muriyat "hech qanday bardoshlik" siyosatini chiqaradi
2018 yil 6 aprelda, Bosh prokuror Jeff Sessions federal prokurorlarga Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlariga noqonuniy kirish qoidalarini buzish bilan bog'liq bo'lgan "barcha huquqbuzarliklarga nisbatan zudlik bilan toqat qilmaslik siyosatini qabul qilishga" va ushbu "nolga chidamlilik siyosati mavjud siyosatni bekor qilishga" yo'naltirildi. Bu birinchi marta jinoyat sodir etganlarni tarixiy ravishda fuqarolik va ma'muriy olib tashlashga duch kelganda jinoiy javobgarlikka tortishni maqsad qilgan bo'lsa, jinoiy hukmlar olib tashlanganidan keyin noqonuniy ravishda qayta kirish jinoyatini sodir etganlar uchun saqlanib qolgan.[80][81] 2018 yil 7-may kuni Bosh prokuror Jeff Sessions quyidagilarni e'lon qildi:
Agar siz chegarani noqonuniy kesib o'tgan bo'lsangiz ... keyin biz sizni sudga tortamiz. Agar siz noqonuniy sayyoralikni chegara orqali olib o'tayotgan bo'lsangiz, biz sizni sudga tortamiz. ... Agar siz bolani yashirincha olib kirayotgan bo'lsangiz, unda biz sizni sudga tortamiz va u bola, ehtimol, qonun talablariga binoan sizdan ajralib chiqadi.[4][82]
Bir nechta ommaviy axborot vositalarida, shuningdek hibsga olingan muhojirlarning Kongress a'zolariga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ko'rsatuvlarida, boshpana so'rab kirish joylarida o'zlarini qonuniy ravishda ko'rsatgan muhojir oilalar ham ajratilayotganligi haqida xabar berilgan.[83][84][6] Gapirish Xalq bilan yuzlash 17 iyun kuni senator Syuzan Kollinz ichki xavfsizlik kotibi dedi Kirstjen Nilsen Senat oldida oilaviy boshpana izlovchilar, agar ular o'zlarini qonuniy kirish portida ko'rsatgan bo'lsalar, ajralib chiqmasliklari to'g'risida guvohlik berishgan: "Shunga qaramay, ommaviy axborot vositalarida aynan shu voqea sodir bo'layotganini ko'rsatuvchi ishonchli akkauntlar mavjud va ma'muriyat ularga chek qo'yishi kerak shu zahoti. "[5] Kunning ikkinchi yarmida Nilsen tvitterda: "Bizda oilalarni ajratish siyosati yo'q. Davr."[85]
Sog'liqni saqlash va odamlarga xizmat ko'rsatish (HHS) va Milliy xavfsizlik bo'limlari 2018 yil aprel oyida oilani ajratishni yoki HHSga yuboriladigan bolalar sonining ko'payishini rejalashtirish bo'yicha choralar ko'rmadilar. Qochqinlarni ko'chirish boshqarmasi (ORR), chunki ular e'lon haqida oldindan ogohlantirmaganlar, deya xabar beradi Hukumatning hisobdorlik idorasi tomonidan suhbat qilingan agentlik rasmiylari. Ular 2018 yil aprel oyidagi e'lon to'g'risida oldindan ogohlanmagan bo'lsalar-da, ORR rasmiylari aprel oyida e'lon qilinishidan oldin ota-onalar va bolalar o'rtasida ajralishlar ko'payib borayotganidan xabardor ekanliklarini aytishdi, agentlikka murojaat qilingan bolalarning ajratilganligi ma'lum bo'lgan foizlar. ularning ota-onalaridan 2016 yil noyabridan 2017 yil avgustigacha o'n baravar oshdi.[86]
Yaqinda esga olingan boshqa har qanday yirik qonun loyihasi yoki ijro etuvchi harakatlaridan ko'ra, siyosat juda mashhur emas.[87] So'rovnomalar shuni ko'rsatadiki, amerikaliklarning taxminan 25 foizi ushbu siyosatni qo'llab-quvvatlagan, ammo respublikachilarning aksariyati uni qo'llab-quvvatlagan.[87][88]May oyidagi e'londan so'ng minglab odamlarni jalb qilgan o'nlab norozilik namoyishlari bo'lib o'tdi. Vashingtonda, Demokratik Kongress a'zolari norozilik namoyishida yurishdi.[89] The Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Inson huquqlari bo'yicha Oliy komissari boshqarmasi Tramp ma'muriyatini bolalarni ota-onalaridan ajratish siyosatini "darhol to'xtatishga" chaqirdi,[90][91] va huquq himoyachilari siyosat, boshpana izlovchilarga nisbatan qo'llanilishi sharti bilan, ushbu moddaning 31-moddasiga xilof ekanligini tanqid qildi. Qochqinlar to'g'risidagi konventsiya.[92]
Ichki xavfsizlik vazirligining fuqarolik huquqlari bo'yicha idorasiga 2018 yil yanvaridan 2018 yil iyunigacha oilalarning ajralishi bilan bog'liq 850 ta shikoyat kelib tushdi, ularning aksariyati o'rtoq federal hukumat agentligi ORRdan kelib tushdi. 100 dan ortiq shikoyatlar "nol toqat" siyosatidan oldin paydo bo'lgan.[93]
Nolga bardoshlik siyosati bekor qilindi
Ilgari "Siz ijro buyrug'i bilan [siyosatni o'zgartira olmaysiz)" deb ta'kidlaganiga qaramay,[94] 2018 yil 20-iyun kuni Tramp kuchli siyosiy tazyiqlarga bosh egdi va siyosatni bekor qilish to'g'risida ijro buyrug'ini imzoladi[95] butun oilalarni hibsga olish orqali hali ham "nol bag'rikenglik" chegara nazorati saqlanib qolmoqda.[96][97][98] Jurnalistning nima uchun buyruqni imzolashga shuncha vaqt sarflaganingiz haqidagi savoliga Tramp "Bu 60 yildan beri davom etmoqda. Oltmish yil. Hech kim bu haqda g'amxo'rlik qilmagan. Hech kim bu haqda g'amxo'rlik qilish uchun siyosiy jasoratga ega emas edi. Ammo biz buni hal qilamiz ".[99][100] Tramp ma'muriyati, ajralgan minglab oilalarni qayta ulash uchun hukumatlardan "markaziy ma'lumotlar bazasi" dan foydalanishlarini aytdi. Biroq, tomonidan olingan elektron pochta xabarlari chiqarilishi bilan NBC News 2019 yilda markaziy ma'lumotlar bazasi yo'qligi va hukumat 60 nafar bolani ota-onalari bilan qayta bog'lash uchun etarli ma'lumotga ega ekanligi aniqlandi.[101]
Sud qarorlari doirasida oilalarni birlashtirganda "nol bag'rikenglik" ni saqlab qolish mumkin emasligi aniq bo'lganida, Bojxona va chegaralarni muhofaza qilish Komissar Kevin Makalenan 25 iyunda agentlik chegarani noqonuniy kesib o'tishda qo'lga olingan har bir shaxsni ta'qib qilish uchun yo'naltirishni to'xtatishini va shu tariqa "nol bag'rikenglik" siyosatiga chek qo'yishini e'lon qildi.[102] "Nolga bardoshlik" ni tatbiq etish "bizning agentlarimiz uchun operativ jihatdan juda katta muammo" bo'lgan McAlee aytdi: Chegara xizmati stantsiyalari, ularning ota-onalari sudda muomala qilinganida va immigratsiya hibsxonasida saqlanayotgan paytda odamlarning gavjum sharoitida saqlanayotgan bolalar soni juda ko'p edi. va agentlar chegarani qo'riqlashdan ko'ra hibsga olingan muhojirlarni qayta ishlashga ko'proq vaqt sarflashar edi.[102]
26 iyun kuni Federal sud hukumatdan ajratilgan besh yoshga to'lmagan bolalari bo'lgan oilalarni buyruqdan keyin 14 kun ichida, va besh yoshdan katta bolalari bo'lgan oilalarni buyruqdan keyin 30 kun ichida birlashtirishni buyurdi.[98] 2018 yil 20 sentyabrda hukumat sudga ota-onasidan ajralib qolgan va hukumat tomonidan birlashishga loyiq deb topilgan besh yoshdan oshgan 2551 boladan 2167 nafarini birlashtirganligi yoki boshqa yo'l bilan ozod qilganligi haqida xabar berdi.[103] Biroq, 2019 yil yanvar oyida e'lon qilingan hisobotda ma'lum bo'lishicha, HHS ilgari ota-onasidan ajralgan bolalarning umumiy soni 3000 dan kam bo'lganligini aytgan bo'lsa, yangi tekshiruv natijasida aniq ajratilgan bolalar soni bir necha mingga ko'p bo'lganligi aniqlandi yozuvlar yomon yuritilganligi sababli noma'lum. HHS mutasaddilari 2017 yil yozidan ajratilgan bolalarda "keskin o'sish" kuzatilgan.[27][26][28]
Davomiy ajratishlar va bahsli ob'ekt sharoitlari
Kongress tinglovlari
2019 yil yanvar oyida Kongressning Nazorat va tergov quyi qo'mitasi "Sog'liqni saqlash va odamlarga xizmat ko'rsatish vazirligining (HHS) oilani ajratish siyosatiga tayyorgarligi va javobini, bolalarni o'z oilalari bilan birlashtirishga qaratilgan tartibsiz harakatlarini baholash uchun tinglovlar o'tkazamiz" deb e'lon qildi. ajralishning ushbu bolalarning sog'lig'i va farovonligiga uzoq muddatli ta'siri ".[105]
2019 yil fevral oyida uy Trampning nolga chidamliligi siyosati bilan bog'liq voqealar va ta'sirlarni qayta ko'rib chiqish uchun rejalashtirilgan uchta tinglovdan birinchisini o'tkazdi.[106] Kotib Aleks Azar guvohlik berish to'g'risidagi talabni rad etdi va kotib Kirstjen Nilsen u mart oyida bo'lib o'tgan ikkinchi sud majlisiga kelishini aytdi. Voyaga etmaganlarning HHSga g'amxo'rlik qilishini nazorat qilgan Jonatan Uayt, uning o'zi ham, bo'limning Qochqinlarni Qochish Boshqarmasidagi (ORR) boshqa mansabdor shaxslari ham Trumpning yangi siyosati to'g'risida xabardor qilinmaganligini va agar ular buni qo'llab-quvvatlamaganlarida edi. U "bolalarni ota-onalaridan ajratish bolaga shikast etkazadigan psixologik shikast etkazish xavfini tug'diradi. Ko'p bolalar uchun ajralishning oqibatlari umrbod davom etadi" deb ogohlantirdi.[3]
Ikkinchi yig'ilish 6 mart kuni bo'lib o'tdi. Qo'mita Kirsten Nilsenni chegaradagi muhojirlarga nisbatan muomalasi va uning Tramp ma'muriyatida hech qachon oilani ajratish siyosati bo'lmaganligi haqidagi da'volarini so'roq qildi. Nilsen ma'muriyat oilalarni ajratishni niyat qilganini, ammo shunchaki AQSh qonunlarini bajarayotganini rad etdi: "Gap shundaki, qonunni buzganlarga nisbatan jinoiy javobgarlikni kuchaytirish edi". Chegaralarni nazorat qilish muassasasida yopiq joy sifatida ishlatilgan "qafaslar" haqida so'roq qilinganida, Nilsen shunday javob berdi: "Janob, ular qafas emas".[107]
Davomli oilaviy ajralishlar haqida xabar berildi
Ommaviy axborot vositalarida Tramp ma'muriyati oilani ajratish siyosatini sud 2018 yil iyun oyida muntazam oilaviy ajralishlarga chek qo'yishga buyruq berganidan keyin ham davom ettirgani haqida turli xil xabarlar tarqalgan. Hisobotlarning ba'zilari kiritilgan USA Today 2019 yil fevral oyida,[108] Boston Globe 2019 yil mart oyida,[23] Los Anjeles Tayms 2019 yil aprel oyida,[109] CBS News 2019 yil may oyida,[110] va Xyuston xronikasi 2019 yil iyun oyida.[111] 2019 yil mart oyida hukumat sudya Sabrawga 245 nafar bolani oilalaridan olib tashlanganligi, ayrim hollarda ularni ota-onalari bilan birlashtirish uchun ularni kuzatib borish uchun aniq hujjatlar olinmaganligi haqida xabar berdi.[23][112]
2019 yil aprel oyida Tramp ma'muriyatining rasmiylari 2018 yil oxiridan buyon Tramp bir necha bor Milliy xavfsizlik departamenti kotibini ishontirishga urinib ko'rgan deb da'vo qilishdi. Kirstjen Nilsen qonuniyligidan qat'i nazar va jamoatchilik tashvishlariga qaramay oilaviy ajrimlarni tiklash va kengaytirish. Nilsen 2019 yil 7 aprelda bo'lim boshlig'i lavozimidan ketishini e'lon qildi.[113] Ikki kundan so'ng, Tramp oilasini ajratish siyosatini yangilash va kengaytirishni rejalashtirayotgani haqidagi xabarlarni rad etdi va "Prezident Obamaning bolalarni ajratishi bor edi. Bir ko'z tashlang - matbuot buni biladi, siz buni bilasiz, biz hammamiz bilamiz. Men - men uni to'xtatdi. " Trampning oilalarni ajratish bo'yicha siyosatidan farqli o'laroq, muhojirlarni AQShga kirishiga to'sqinlik qilish, Obamani ajratish siyosati faqat bolaning xavfsizligi haqida savol tug'ilganda yoki kattalar ilgari jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilgan hollarda qo'llanilgan.[114][115]
Xo'jalik muassasalarida qabul qilinishi mumkin bo'lmagan holatlar haqida xabar berilgan
2019 yil iyun oyida bilan bog'liq bo'lgan bir guruh advokatlar Flores aholi punkti Texas shtatining Klint shahridagi chegara xizmati markaziga tashrif buyurdi. Ushbu muassasada 250 yoshdagi bolalar, shu jumladan 1 yoshli, ikkita 2 yoshli, 3 yoshli va "12 yoshgacha bo'lgan o'nlab bolalar" yashaydi. Advokatlar "bolalar bolalarga g'amxo'rlik qilyapti, oziq-ovqat, suv va sanitariya talablari etarli emas" deb xabar berishdi. Bolalar advokatlarga taomlar tez tayyorlanadigan jo'xori uni, nonushta uchun pishiriq va shirin ichimliklar, tushlikda tez tayyorlanadigan makaron va kechki ovqat uchun qizdirilgan muzlatilgan burrito va pechenedan iboratligini aytishdi. Ularning aytishicha, bir necha hafta davomida toza kiyim yoki hammom yo'q edi. Voyaga etganlarning qo'riqchilari yo'q edi, o'n va o'n to'rt yoshli qizlar kenjalarini boqishardi. Ikki kichkina qizchani bag'riga bosgan Gvatemaladan kelgan 14 yoshli qiz ularga: "Menga ham tasalli kerak, men ulardan kattaroqman, lekin men ham bolaman", dedi.[116]
2019 yil 1 iyulda bir nechta Demokratik kongressmenlar Texas shtatidagi muhojirlarni saqlash markazlariga tashrif buyurishdi, 48 soat oldin ogohlantirish bilan Chegara xizmati xodimlari tomonidan uyushtirildi; kongressmenlar tashriflardan so'ng izoh berishdi. Vakil Mark Vizi Chegara xizmati "bizga asosan bo'sh bo'lgan binolarni ko'rsatishga odatlanib qoldi", deb aytdi, ammo ichkaridagi hibsga olingan muhojirlar "kundalik dush va boshqa ba'zi huquqlardan mahrum etilganligini tasvirlashdi".[117] Vakil Madlen dekani vaziyatni "inson huquqlari inqirozi" deb baholadi: 15 "50-60 yoshdagi ayollar kichik beton kamerada uxlaydilar, suv yo'q. Haftalar dushsiz. Ularning barchasi o'z oilalaridan ajralgan". Vakil Lori Traxan u ayollarni "bolalaridan ajratilgani uchun olomon kamerada yig'layotganini" ko'rganini aytdi. Vakillar Iskandariya Okasio-Kortez, Judi Chu va Xoakin Kastro Chegara xizmati tomonidan hibsga olingan muhojir ayollarga hojatxonadan suv ichish kerakligini aytgani aytilgan.[118][119][120] Kastro, shuningdek, 50 kundan ko'proq vaqt davomida hibsda ushlab turilgan, ba'zilari bolalaridan ajratilgan 15 dan 20 gacha bo'lgan onalar bilan uchrashganini aytdi.[121] Vakil Djo Kennedi III Chegara xizmati qo'mitasi hamkorlik qilmaganligini, kongressmenlarning telefonlarini tortib olishga harakat qilganini va rasm va videofilmlarni olishga to'sqinlik qilganini aytdi.[122] Ob'ektga yig'ilgan faollar, prezident Donald Trampni qo'llab-quvvatladilar va irqchi izohlarni Vakilga qaratdilar Rashida Tlaib, musulmon.[123]
Bosh inspektorning 2019 DHHS idorasi hisoboti
2019 yilda Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish departamenti (DHHS), Bosh inspektor idorasi (OIG) ikkita hisobot chiqardi[124][125] Bu ajratish va hibsga olishning migrant bolalarning ruhiy salomatligiga ta'sirini va ular bolalar xujjatlaridagi nuqsonlarni, shu jumladan ruhiy sog'liqni saqlash xodimlarining to'liq bo'lmaganligi masalalarini ko'rib chiqdilar. Tekshiruvlar 2018 yil avgust va sentyabr oylarida o'tkazilgan. Muassasa ruhiy salomatligi bo'yicha klinisyenlar va dastur direktorlari bilan suhbatlashganda, ular ajratilgan bolalar "qo'rquv, tashlab ketish tuyg'usi va travmadan keyingi stress" ni namoyish qilishgan, ba'zi bolalar yig'lash kabi qayg'u alomatlarini namoyon etishgan. noaniq. Sog'liqni saqlash sohasi mutaxassislari bir necha bor muhojir bolalarga etkazilayotgan travma to'g'risida gapirishgan bo'lsa-da, bu Tramp ma'muriyati rasmiylari etkazilayotgan zararni birinchi marta tan olishidir.[126]
Hisobotni ko'rib chiqqandan so'ng, tashkilot Shifokorlar inson huquqlari uchun hukumat oilaviy ajralishlarga barham berishi, ajratilganlarni birlashtirishi va ajralishga olib kelgan zararni qoplashi kerakligi haqida fikr bildirdi. Ular maslahat berishdi:
Hech bir bola immigratsion qamoqqa olinmaydi, hatto ular ota-onalari bilan birga hibsga olingan bo'lsa ham. Ushbu ma'muriyat zudlik bilan hibsga olishning insonparvar va samarali bo'lgan va bolalar va oilalar boshidan kechirgan shikastlanishlarni kamaytiradigan muqobil alternativalarni qabul qilishi kerak.[127]
Hisobotda ta'kidlanishicha, yosh bolalarning katta oqimi va ular hibsxonada o'tkazgan vaqtlari odamlarning haddan tashqari ko'pligi va xodimlarning etishmasligiga olib kelgan. Tekshiruv shuni ko'rsatdiki, ular tashrif buyurgan muassasalarning yarmidan ko'pi minimal ta'lim standartlariga javob bermaydigan ish boshqaruvchilarini yollagan va yangi ishga qabul qilingan xodimlarga ularning jinoiy va bolalar farovonligini tekshirish ishlari tugamaguncha ishlashga ruxsat berilgan. Olti muassasa bolalarning ijtimoiy ta'minotini cheklarini umuman o'tkazib yuborish huquqidan voz kechdi.[126]
Demokratik vakil Roza DeLauroUyning HHS ajratmalarini nazorat qiluvchi subkomitasini boshqaradigan ushbu bayonotda Trampning oilani ajratish siyosati "davlat tomonidan tasdiqlangan bolalarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik bo'lganligi" isbotidir. U izoh berdi:
OIG, bolalarni oilasidan ajratish ularga aytib bo'lmas darajada shikast etkazishini aniqladi. Shuningdek, ular Trump ma'muriyatining qo'shimcha siyosati, masalan, homiyning uyidagilarning hammasiga barmoq izlarini olish kabi omborga o'xshash binolarda bolalar oylar davomida charchaganliklari sababli, bu travma uzaytirilganini ta'kidladilar. Shu bilan birga, ba'zi muassasalarda ushbu bolalarni parvarish qilish vazifasi bo'lgan ishchilar uchun fon tekshiruvlari va barmoq izlarini olish talablaridan voz kechishga ruxsat berildi. Bu qabul qilinishi mumkin emas.[126]
Homila homiylari hibsga olinishidan qo'rqishgani sababli, bolalar barmoq izlarini olish talabi mart oyida 93 kun davomida bolalar ushlab turilganda bekor qilindi. Barmoq izlariga bo'lgan talab bekor qilingandan so'ng, qolish muddati ancha kam bo'ldi.[128]
Bolalarga psixotrop dorilar beriladimi degan savol ham hal qilindi. Hisobotda shuni ko'rsatdiki, 2018 yil may-iyul oylarida 300 ga yaqin bolaga antidepressantlar buyurilgan. Xabarda ta'kidlanishicha, xodimlar «dorilarning dozalari yoki turlari to'g'ri bo'lmasligi mumkinligi haqida ba'zi tashvishlarni bayon qilishgan».[128]
Hukumat hujjatlari yomon sharoitlarni ochib beradi
2019 yil dekabr oyida sud jarayoni davomida olingan hujjatlar Qochqinlarni Qochish Boshqarmasi, AQSh Milliy Xavfsizlik Vazirligi va AQSh Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish vazirligi ko'plab ajratilgan muhojir oilalarni joylashtirgan ko'chirish lagerlari yomon ahvolda ekanligini va yaratilganligini bilishini aniqladi. ba'zilar uchun ham sog'liq muammolari.[129] Bosh inspektor, shuningdek, AQSh bojxona va chegara himoyasi xodimlari 2017 yil oktyabridan 2019 yil fevral oyining o'rtalariga qadar hibsga olingan kattalar va 1 ming 233 bolalar o'rtasidagi mumkin bo'lgan oilaviy munosabatlarni aniq qayd etmagan degan xulosaga kelishdi.[129]
Motivatsiya
2017 yil fevral oyida, Immigratsiya va bojxona qonunchiligi (ICE) boshpana boshlig'i Jon Laffertining DHS xodimlariga aytishicha, Tramp ma'muriyati AQShga boshpana izlovchilar sonini kamaytirishga qaratilgan bir necha siyosatni "ko'rib chiqish jarayonida", bu muhojir onalar va bolalarni ajratish g'oyasini o'z ichiga olgan.[68]
Gapirish Milliy radio 2018 yil may oyida, Oq uy apparati rahbari Jon F. Kelli siyosatni "a qattiq to'xtatuvchi [and] a much faster turnaround on asylum seekers". When questioned if it might be considered "cruel and heartless" to remove children from their mothers, Kelly replied, "I wouldn't put it quite that way. The children will be taken care of—put into foster care or whatever."[130]
In June 2018, Attorney General Sessions said, "If people don't want to be separated from their children, they should not bring them with them. We've got to get this message out. You're not given immunity."[131] White House senior policy adviser Stiven Miller said: "It was a simple decision by the administration to have a zero tolerance policy for illegal entry, period. The message is that no one is exempt from immigration law."[36]
Washington Post quoted a White House official as saying that Trump's decision was intended to "force people to the table" to negotiate on laws in Congress.[132] Meanwhile, Trump tweeted: "Any Immigration Bill MUST HAVE full funding for the Wall, end Catch & Release, Visa Lottery and Chain, and go to Merit Based Immigration." [sic][133]
Jarayon
The Milliy xavfsizlik bo'limi (DHS) detains families suspected of illegally crossing the border.[134] Prior to 2018, most suspected illegal border-crossers were dealt with through civil proceedings in immigration courts, where deportation proceedings and asylum hearings take place; most who were criminally prosecuted in federal court "either had been apprehended at least twice before, or had committed a serious crime".[135] Under the Trump administration's "zero-tolerance" policy, the Department of Justice began to criminally prosecute all suspected illegal border-crossers for noqonuniy kirish, even those who crossed for the first time.[136][135] Families undergo separations when parents or adult relatives were charged with unlawful entry.[4]
Parents are held in Federal jails prior to trial. The government conducts expedited, mass trials of alleged border crossers under Streamline operatsiyasi. Ga binoan The New York Times, "Lawyers receive the roster of clients assigned to them on the morning of the hearing and meet with each one for about 20 minutes to explain the charges and the process in Spanish."[135] People who plead guilty are typically sentenced to time served in jail, while repeat offenders may be sentenced to 30 to 75 days in jail.[135] Once convicted, they are eligible for deportation. Due to the Trump executive order, DHS no longer prioritized deporting those convicted of more dangerous crimes. They are then transferred to Immigration and Customs Enforcement custody.[134]
According to several defense lawyers working with the immigrants, in many cases the Chegara xizmati agents lie to the parents in order to get them to let go of their kids, telling them that the children are being taken for questioning or "to be given a bath". In other cases the children may be removed to another location while the parent is in jail being processed, which generally takes a few hours.[137] Children are held temporarily by the DHS before being transferred to the Department of Health and Human Services' Qochqinlarni ko'chirish boshqarmasi (ORR). ORR contracts the operation of around 100 facilities for child migrants to companies and nonprofit organizations. The Flores turar-joy requires that ORR hold children no longer than 20 days before releasing them.
Children are being transferred into foster care placements across the country. The fifty children placed in western Michigan include infants of 8 and 11 months, and have an average age of 8. Children are flown to Michigan during the overnight hours, and foster care officials report they have not been told where they are going. Officials also report that children have been waiting as long as 30 days to speak to their parents, due to difficulties locating them.[138]According to the legal support organization KIND, in at least six cases including that of a two-year-old girl, parents being deported have not been reunited with their children, who remain in the United States.[139]
According to a June 2018 analysis by USA Today, in most cases migrants are bused from the immigration holding facility to federal court where they plead guilty to having entered the country illegally, a jinoyat, and are sentenced to whatever time they have already spent in the government's custody and a $10 fine. They are then bused back to the holding facility to be processed for deportation. If they have children, upon their return they may find that their children are gone.[140][141]
According to a report of June 27 by Texas Tribuna, immigrant children as young as three years old have been ordered into court for their own deportation proceedings. Children in immigration court are not entitled to free, court-appointed attorneys to represent them. Instead, they are given a list of legal services organizations that might help them.[142][143]
Ta'sir
In the past, most migrants illegally crossing the border came almost entirely from Mexico; however, the current influx now includes greater numbers of women and children fleeing violence, gang recruitment, and sexual trafficking in the Markaziy Amerikaning shimoliy uchburchagi mamlakatlari Salvador, Gvatemalava Gonduras. Rather than illegally crossing into the US, they are presenting themselves at the border hoping to claim boshpana, which they were legally entitled to do under certain circumstances.[144][77] The Trump administration claims the family separation policy is directed at those migrants who illegally cross the U.S. border but they have decided to charge everyone crossing the border with illegal entry. They also charge asylum seekers in criminal court rather than waiting to see if they qualify for asylum.[145]
In June 2018, US Representative Pramila Jayapal spoke with recently arrived detainees at the Federal hibsga olish markazi, SeaTac facility located near Seattle. The facility housed 206 immigrants, 174 of them were women. Many of the women spoke of "fleeing threats of rape, gang violence and political persecution".[146] She said more than half of the women were mothers who had forcibly been separated from their children, some as young as 12 months old, and said that many did not know where their children were being detained. Commenting on her visit of the facility, Jayapal called the women's stories "heartbreaking", saying, "I've been doing immigration-rights work for almost two decades. I am not new to these stories. I will tell you there was not a dry eye in the house. ... Some of them heard their children screaming for them in the next room. Not a single one of them had been allowed to say goodbye or explain to them what was happening."[146]
Bolalar soni
The Department of Homeland Security confirmed on June 15, 2018, that 1,995 immigrant children were separated from their parents (mostly due to not crossing at a legal port of entry)[147] during the six weeks from April 19 and May 31.[148] This figure did not include children of families that asked for asylum at an official border crossing and were then separated.[145][149] Gapirish Xalq bilan yuzlash 17 iyun kuni Senator Susan Collins suggested that the number may well be higher.[5]
Steven Wagner, the Acting Assistant Secretary for the Bolalar va oilalar uchun ma'muriyat under HHS, was unable to say in June 2018 how many separated children had been placed with sponsors or reunited with their parents, but that the department is "under a legal obligation" to place children quickly with a sponsor, however, "we actually don't have a time limit in terms of days" that the children are allowed to stay in HHS care.[150]
Zero tolerance and the separation of children was suspended for an indefinite period of time on June 20, 2018, through an executive order. On June 26, US District Court Judge Dana Sabraw issued a nationwide preliminary injunction against the family-separation policy and required the government to reunite separated families within 30 days and to reunite children under five with their parents within 14 days. On that date DHS stated that 522 migrant children, all of them in the custody of Customs and Border Protection, had been reunited with their families.[151] After a site visit to DHS facilities, Senator Elizabeth Uorren reported that, "Mothers and children may be considered 'together' if they're held in the same gigantic facility, even if they're locked in separate cages with no access to one another."[152] The Secretary of Health and Human Services Aleks Azar testified that 2,047 children—out of a total of around 2,300 ever in HHS custody—continued to be held in HHS-contracted facilities.[153]
On July 5, Azar declared that the total number of children that had been separated was under 3,000 and that, of these, the number of children under five years was fewer than 100.[154] On July 6, government lawyers informed Judge Sabraw that HHS would be able to meet the deadline of July 19 for only about half the concerned children.[155] The government had connected 46 of the toddlers with parents still in custody.[156] Concerning the other half, the lawyers stated that the parents of 19 of the children had been released and now had unknown whereabouts, and the parents of further 19 children had been deported. Two children had been connected to parents criminally ineligible to re-take custody of their children.[156] Judge Sabraw said the time limit for reunifying the youngest children could be extended under the condition that the government would provide a master list of all children and the status of their parents. A list of 101 children was to be shared with the ACLU within the following day.[155] A status conference was scheduled for the morning of July 9 concerning which cases would merit a delay.[157][155] On July 6, a government lawyer provided the status of 102 children under five in custody to Federal Judge Dana Sabraw, and stated that numbers are approximate and "in flux".[156]
In September 2018 it was reported that 12,800 children were being held in federal custody, and that federal shelters housing migrant children were filled to around 90 percent since May 2018.[158]
A report by Amnesty International, published in 2018, found that the statistics on the separated children did not include children who had been separated from non-parental relationships, for example from grandparents, or those who were separated due to their documentation being insufficient.[159][160] In January 2019, auditors from the Office of the Inspector General at the Department of Health and Human Services stated that the practice of separating migrant children from their families started earlier and involved thousands more children than previously known, and that in the summer of 2017 a "steep increase in the number of children who had been separated from a parent or guardian" occurred.[161][162]
A followup government report released in January 2019, revealed that while HHS had previously said that the total number of children separated from their parents was 2,737, a new investigation revealed that the actual number of separated children was several thousand higher, with the exact number unknown due to poor record keeping.[27][26] HHS is not able to identify or count children who were released from the government's custody before officials started identifying separated families.[163] Following a court ruling in 2019, government officials stated that identifying all children would require a joint effort of 12 to 24 months duration led by a team of officials representing HSS, ICE and CBP.[164]
In October 2019 the Trump administration again revised its estimate of the number of children separated from parents, adding 1,556 to the previous number and bringing the total to almost 5,500. Approximately 1,090 of those separations occurred following the court order to end family separations. The ACLU continues to look for more children who were separated prior to the "zero tolerance" announcement. In a statement, ACLU lawyer Lee Gelernt said: "It is shocking that 1,556 more families—including babies and toddlers—join the thousands of others already torn apart by this inhumane and illegal policy. Families have suffered tremendously, and some may never recover. The gravity of this situation cannot be overstated."[165]
2020 yil oktyabr oyida, The New York Times reported that more than 5,500 children in total had been separated from their parents at the U.S. border under the Trump administration.[21]
Impacts of separation on children
Children's mental health has had a strong correlation with forced parent–child separation and parental loss which has led to potential traumatic events (PTEs). Research has found that "forced parent–child separation and parental loss are PTEs with adverse effects on child mental health and academic functioning".[166] Reports show that children who have experienced PTEs from parent deportation have been more prone to being diagnosed with TSSB. Research also found that "emerging research has indicated that parental detention and deportation increase risk for mental health problems such as severe psychological distress, anxiety, and depression".[166] Due to these mental stressors, many of these children have reported symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder from traumatic parent separations. A case study of 91 U.S. born citizens ages 6 to 12, using the UCLA Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index and found that "29% of all child participants met criteria for full (19%) or partial (10%) PTSD diagnoses".[166]
A 2018 study looked at the impact of parent-child separation and child detention on the mental health and development of children. The author interviewed parents and children who had experienced separation and reported that the separation of the children from their parents together with a background of chronic and acute adversity has created a "perfect storm for attachment damage, toxic stress and trauma". The author noted that a child under prolonged stress "may develop complex patterns of protective responses that can include hyperarousal—hypervigilance, agitation, flashbacks and emotional reactivity, or hypoarousal—dissociative responses, emotional numbing (self-harm may be used as a tool to 'feel alive'), passive compliance and poor access to cognitive functioning". The study's findings also suggested that enforcement of immigration laws poses "serious health challenges and risks for lifelong mental illness in children".[167]
Fiscal costs and diversion of resources
The costs of separating migrant children from their parents and keeping them in "tent cities" are higher than keeping them with their parents in detention centers.[168] It costs $775 per person per night to house the children when they are separated but $256 per person per night when they are held in permanent HHS facilities and $298 per person per night to keep the children with their parents in ICE detention centers.[168]
To handle the large amount of immigration charges brought by the Trump administration, federal prosecutors had to divert resources from other crime cases.[169] The head of the Justice Department's major crimes unit in San-Diego diverted staff from drug smuggling cases.[169] Drug smuggling cases were also increasingly pursued in state courts rather than federal courts, as federal prosecutor were increasingly preoccupied with pursuing charges against illegal border crossings.[169] 2018 yil oktyabr oyida, USA Today reported that federal drug-trafficking prosecutions on the Southern border plummeted, as prosecutorial resources were diverted to the family separation policy.[170]
It was reported in June 2018, that the Trump administration plans to pay Texas non-profit Southwest Key Programs Inc. more than $458 million in the fiscal year of 2018 to care for immigrant children detained crossing the US border illegally.[171]
In July 2018, it was reported that HHS had diverted at least $40 million from its health programs to care for and reunify migrant children, and that the HHS was preparing to shift more than $200 million from other HHS accounts.[172] In September 2018, it was reported that the Trump administration planned to shift more than $260 million from HHS programs, including those on cancer research and HIV/AIDS research, to cover the costs associated with detaining children and delaying releasing them to adults.[173]
ProPublica audio tape
On June 18, 2018, as reporters waited for a briefing by the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nilsen, ProPublica posted a recording of crying children begging for their parents just after being separated from them, which the reporters listened to as they waited for her to speak. Nielsen arrived and spoke, blaming Congress for the administration's policy of separating parents from their children and saying that there would be no change in policy until Congress rewrote the nation's immigration laws. At one point during the briefing, Nyu York jurnal reporter Olivia Nuzzi played the tape. Nielsen refused to answer any questions about the material in the tape, such as "How is this not child abuse?"[174]
The tape was made on June 17 when human rights advocates and journalists toured an old warehouse where hundreds of children were being kept in wire cages. The Associated Press reported that the children had no books or toys, overhead lighting was kept on around the clock, and the children were sleeping under foil sheets. There was no adult supervision and the older children were changing the diapers of the toddlers. Michelle Brané, director of migrant rights at the Ayollarning qochqinlar komissiyasi commented, "If a parent left a child in a cage with no supervision with other 5-year-olds, they’d be held accountable".[175] Most of the tape consists of children crying and wailing for their parents, but a six-year-old girl is heard to repeatedly beg that her aunt be called, who she is certain will come and pick her up. She had memorized her aunt's phone number and ProPublica was able to contact the aunt, but the aunt was unable to assist for fear that her own petition of asylum would be put in jeopardy due to the recent Trump Administration decision to discontinue asylum protections for victims of gang and domestic violence. The aunt said that she was able to keep in touch with her niece by phone and that she had talked to her sister; however, her sister had not yet been allowed to speak with her child. The aunt said that the authorities had told the child that her mother may be deported without her.[176]
Commenting on Trump's executive order and how it was related to the tape of the children crying, Republican commentator Lesli Sanches izoh berdi Xalq bilan yuzlash, "And a lot of Republicans I talked to, even bundlers, people that put big amounts of money together, said, when they heard the cries of the children, without visual, being separated, that was the moment where America knew this was too far. And that's when the president retreated."[177]
ProPublica followed the child, Alison Jimena Valencia Madrid, and her mother and reported that in August they were reunited. A short video was posted in December 2018 which reports that Alison and her mother are learning English and Alison is going to school. Alison's mother said that gang members in El Salvadore had attempted to kidnap her daughter and she had fled to the U.S. to protect her. Their future remains uncertain.[178]
Allegations of forced medication and mistreatment
There are concerns that the facilities that children were held in may have in the past been associated with the forcible drugging of children. The Texas Tribuna reported that detained children who had previously been held at the Shiloh Treatment Center said they had been forcibly treated with antipsikotik dorilar by the facility personnel, based on legal filings from a class action lawsuit. According to the filings, the drugs made the children listless, dizzy and incapacitated, and in some cases unable to walk. According to a mother, after receiving the drug, her child repeatedly fell, hitting her head and eventually ending up in a wheel chair. Another child said she tried to open a window, at which point one of the supervisors hurled her against a door, choked her until she fainted and had a doctor forcibly administer an injection while she was being held down by two guards. A sud-psixiatr consulted by the Tribuna compared the practice to what "the old Soviet Union used to do".[179][180][181][182][183]
The treatment center is one of the companies that have been investigated on charges of mistreating children, although the federal government continues to employ the private agency which runs it as a federal contractor.[179][180][181][182][183]
On July 30, 2018, a federal judge ruled that government officials have been in violation of state child welfare laws when giving psychotropic drugs to migrant children without first seeking the consent of their parents or guardians. According to the ruling given by Judge Dolli Gee, staff members have admitted to signing off on medications in lieu of a parent, relative, or guardian. The judge also ordered that the government must move all children from the facility except for those deemed by a licensed professional to pose a "risk of harm" to themselves or others.[184]
2014 yildan 2018 yilgacha Qochqinlarni ko'chirish boshqarmasi received 4,556 allegations of jinsiy zo'ravonlik or sexual harassment of immigrant children, 1,303 of which were referred to AQSh Adliya vazirligi.[185]
Tutish
Government data from 2018 suggests that the family separation policy did little to deter migrants from crossing the US border illegally.[186]
Sud jarayoni
ACLU challenge and nationwide injunction
2018 yil iyun oyida Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi filed a class-action lawsuit against the federal government on behalf of two mothers (one from Brazil, one from Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi) who had been separated from their children, seeking a halt to the policy. On June 25, the ACLU requested an injunction halting the policy.[187][188] On June 26, US District Judge Dana Sabraw ning US District Court for the Southern District of California issued a nationwide dastlabki buyruq against the family-separation policy.[15][16]
In his opinion, Sabraw wrote: "The facts set forth before the court portray reactive governance—responses to address a chaotic circumstance of the government's own making. They belie measured and ordered governance, which is central to the concept of due process enshrined in our Konstitutsiya. This is particularly so in the treatment of migrants, many of whom are asylum seekers and small children."[15][16] Sabraw wrote that the federal government "readily keeps track of personal property of detainees in criminal and immigration proceedings", yet "has no system in place to keep track of, provide effective communication with, and promptly produce alien children".[189] The injunction barred the US government from separating parents and children at the border unless the adults presented a danger to children, and required the government to reunite separated families within 30 days, to reunite children under five with their parents within 14 days, and to permit all separated minors to speak with their parents within ten days.[15][16]
In March 2019, Judge Sabraw issued a preliminary ruling which would potentially expand the number of migrants included in the American Civil Liberties lawsuit after newly released government documents identified thousands more families that had been separated as early as July 1, 2017. In his ruling Sabraw called the documents "undisputed" and commented, "The hallmark of a civilized society is measured by how it treats its people and those within its borders."[190]
Judge Sabraw set a status hearing for July 6, 2018.[191] On July 6, the Trump administration asked for more time to reunite migrant families separated, highlighting the challenge of confirming familial relationship between parents and children, with parents of 19 of 101 detained children under the age of five already deported according to a Adliya vazirligi yurist.[192] The Judge set another deadline of Tuesday (July 10) for reunification, and gave the government until Saturday evening to create a list of all 101 youngest children along with an explanation of proposed difficulties. With the list the Judge believed that the two sides would be able to have "an intelligent conversation Monday (July 9) morning about which child can be reunited July 10, which can not—and then the court can determine whether it makes sense to relax the deadline".[192]
Second ACLU lawsuit
Charging the Trump Administration with initiating new government screening policies designed to bar immigrants from entering the country by preventing them from getting a fair hearing, on August 7, 2018, the ACLU filed a lawsuit which focuses on migrants who have been placed in fast-track deportation proceedings known as "expedited removal". The lawsuit was filed on behalf of 12 migrants who failed their "credible fear" interviews, one of the first steps for asylum seekers in the fast-track removal process.[193]
Challenge by 17 states
On June 26, 2018, a separate legal challenge to the family separation was brought by 17 states (California, Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington) against the Trump administration.[15] Da'vo arizasida berilgan US District Court in Seattle. The plaintiff states, all of whom have Democratic davlat bosh prokurorlari, challenge the forcible separation of families as a "cruel and unlawful" violation of the constitution's Tegishli jarayon va Teng himoya qilish moddasi.[194][15] Vashington Bosh prokurori Bob Fergyuson is leading the suit. Kaliforniya Bosh prokurori Xaver Bekerra, who represents California, called Trump's executive order putting a halt to the policy as an "empty and meaningless order that claims to take back policies that he [Trump] put in place himself as a political stunt".[195]
In a new motion filed on July 2, the group asked for immediate information and access to those who are being detained. The motion included more than 900 pages of declarations from family members as well as others who have been involved in the separation of the families. 5-iyul kuni PBS Newshour reported on 12 of the 99 declarations that they believe "offer a window into what's has been happening under the family separation policy". PBS included information from the declaration of one mother who wrote that her 1-year-old son was taken from her at a legal point of entry in November. She said that when they were reunited after three months, he cried continually, and when she removed his clothing, she found him to be dirty and infected with lice. Others spoke of multiple detainees, including young children, held in very small rooms or cages, sometimes "freezing" cold, and without adequate bathroom facilities. Several others wrote of a lack of food, including food for children. One woman wrote that she was kept in a cell with nearly 50 other mothers, and they were told "that they could not eat because they were asking about their children".[196]
Other court challenges
On August 23, 2018, the Amerika immigratsiya bo'yicha advokatlar assotsiatsiyasi va Amerika immigratsiya kengashi filed a complaint with DHS alleging the "pervasive, and illegal, practice of coercing separated mothers and fathers into signing documents they may not have understood". According to the complaint, "the trauma of separation and detention creates an environment that is by its very nature coercive and makes it extremely difficult for parents to participate in legal proceedings affecting their rights". It also describes the use of "physical and verbal threats, the denial of food and water, the use of solitary confinement, the use of starvation, restrictions on feminine-hygiene products, and the use of pre-filled forms".[197]
Separately, a Guatemalan woman filed a federal lawsuit in the AQSh Kolumbiya okrug sudi in Washington challenging the Trump administration's practice on June 19, before the executive order. It is one of a small number of similar court challenges, with demands such as the immediate release of the child, an order prohibiting US authorities from separating the family, and money for damages of pain and suffering.[198][199]
Another lawsuit is that of a 9-year-old boy from Gonduras who, according to the family, had fled with his father after his grandfather was murdered, was detained at the border and was separated from his father while sleeping. Another case is that of a 14-year-old girl who, so the lawsuit, had fled persecution in Salvador and was lured away from her mother at a detention facility in Texas under the pretext of taking her to bathe. In both cases, the child was brought thousands of miles away.[200]
On September 5, 2018, a federal lawsuit was filed to seek monetary damages on the basis of the inflicted psychological harm and the creation of a fund to support the mental health treatment of the children.[201]
Flores hujjatlar
1997 yilda Flores settlement qonun bilan imzolandi. It says migrant children must be detained in the least-restrictive setting possible and only for about 20 days. On June 21, 2018, the Department of Justice (DoJ) asked US District Court Judge Dolli Gee to alter her 2015 ruling in Reno v. Flores on the conditions of family detention by the Department of Homeland Security. The government seeks to end a 20-day limit on family detention and to end the requirement that children be held in day care centers that are state-licensed.[189] The DoJ filing claims that limits on detention must be ended due to "a destabilizing migratory crisis".[189] Attorney Peter Schey, who represents the child plaintiffs in Flores, vowed to oppose the filing.[202] He filed an opposition on the grounds of there having been no significant change in circumstances warranting such a revision of the ruling.[203] On June 29, the DoJ filed a statement that in future the Government will ″detain families together during the pendency of immigration proceedings when they are apprehended at or between ports of entry″ in place of separating them.[204]
On July 9, Judge Gee denied the government's request to hold families together indefinitely in ICE facilities, and its request to exempt detention facilities from state licensing requirements for that purpose.[205][206] Gee wrote: "Absolutely nothing prevents Defendants from reconsidering their current blanket policy of family detention and reinstating prosecutorial discretion."[206][207]
On August 21, 2019, the Trump administration announced it was ending the Flores Agreement and replacing it with a new policy scheduled to take place in 60 days. The new policy will allow families with children to be detained indefinitely, until their cases are decided. Nineteen states and the District of Columbia have sued the Trump administration to block the administration plan to end the Flores Agreement. They claim that the new policy will result in the expansion of unlicensed detention centers allowing the administration to "set its own standards for care—in effect, licensing itself".[208]
Facilities involved
During separation
- The Ursula detention facilitytomonidan boshqariladi Bojxona va chegaralarni muhofaza qilish, yilda Makallen, Texas, in the Rio Grande Valley—On June 17, 2018, the facility housed 1,129 people, including 528 families and nearly 200 unaccompanied minor children. The facility has been called "the dog kennel" because chain link fencing is being used to create areas for those waiting to be processed, including children who have been separated from their parents. The caged areas are bare without toys or books for the children. Oregon Senator Jeff Merkli toured the facility in June and said that the parents were being told they would be separated from their children for "just a very short period—they go to a judge and then they're reunified [but] the reality is it's very hard for the parents to know where their kids are and to be able to connect with them".[209]
Detention of parents
- Port Izabel qamoqxonasitomonidan boshqariladi Immigratsiya va bojxona qonunchiligi, yilda Los-Fresnos, Texas—This facility is surrounded by swampland and houses detained parents. Several members of Congress toured the facility in June and met with 10 women who had been separated from their children. Some of them did not know where their children had been transferred to and none had been able to speak with a lawyer. One women said that she was told that her child would be put up for adoption. Rhode Island Representative Devid Sitsillin said the women were uncontrollably sobbing.[209]
- Janubiy Texas qamoqxonasi, operated by the GEO Group, in Pearsall, Texas[210]
- Eloy qamoqxonasitomonidan egalik qiladi va boshqariladi CoreCivic, yilda Eloy, Arizona—This privately run immigration jail is ringed by barbed wire and an electrified fence. In late May 2018, detained parents had counted at least 40 people who had been separated from their children among the 1,500 people detained in the facility; Immigration and Customs Enforcement did not release its own figures.[211][212]
- Shimoli-g'arbiy qamoqxona yilda Takoma, Vashington—Adults separated from their child relatives were transferred to this facility, which suffered a chicken pox outbreak in late June, preventing a visit by Congressman Derek Kilmer.[213]
Detention of children
- Casa Padre, a private facility owned and operated by Janubi-g'arbiy asosiy dasturlar, yilda Braunsvill, Texas—A housing facility for children built in a former Walmart and operated under contract for the Department of Health and Human Services. On June 13, it housed 1,469 children, a plurality of whom arrived as unaccompanied minors crossing the border. Southwest Key estimated that five percent of children held there had been separated from their parents.[214]
- Homestead Temporary Shelter for Unaccompanied Children in Homestead, Florida—A housing facility for around 1,100 children. Approximately 70 children separated from their families are housed at the facility.[215] The facility had been opened and closed during the Obama administration and was recently reopened.[215]
- Estrella del Norte, a private facility owned and operated by Southwest Key Programs, in Tusson, Arizona—A 300-bed housing facility for children, that housed 287 children in mid-June 2018. A former staff member described conditions in the facility as increasingly "prison-like", and recounts being told to forbid siblings without their parent from hugging one another.[216]
- Tornillo chodirli shahar, operated by the Federal government in Tornillo, Texas—Erected in the desert at the Marcelino Serna kirish porti Texasning g'arbiy qismida. The site was chosen for a tent camp slated to house thousands of migrant children, including both unaccompanied minors and children separated from their parents.[217] Vakil Beto O'Rourke, who led a protest on Father's Day, June 17, 2018, was told that 200 children were being detained in the camp, 20 percent of whom were separated from their parents.[218]
- Three facilities in Taroqlar, Raymondvil va Braunsvill (Casa El President, operated by Janubi-g'arbiy kalit), in southern Texas, have been set up to hold children under five and have been referred to as "tender age shelters". Medical professionals and lawyers who visited the facilities described "play rooms" filled with preschool children crying and in crisis.[219] Colleen Kraft, the president of Amerika Pediatriya Akademiyasi, visited the Coombs facility and said she was "shaken" by what she saw, calling it "a heartbreaking scene" and unlike anything she'd seen in her decades as a pediatrician. She termed the practice of removing the children from their parents "government-sanctioned child abuse".[220]
- Upbring New Hope Children's Shelter in Makallen, Texas. As of June 21, about 60 children were housed in this facility, including six who had been separated from their parents while the remaining children had arrived alone. Ga binoan Amerika Pediatriya Akademiyasi President Colleen Draft, this center, like other centers, confiscates any possessions the child may arrive with and care givers are not allowed to comfort or touch the children. Following Trump's June 20 executive order to stop separating undocumented immigrant parents and their children, on June 21 First Lady Melania Trump visited this facility saying, "I'm here to learn about your facility, in which I know you house children on a long-term basis and I'd also like to ask you how I can help these children to reunite with their families as quickly as possible." Critics have argued that this visit did not give the First Lady an accurate look at what many have called an unfolding crisis. She was also widely criticized for wearing a jacket that on the back stated "I Really Don't Care, Do U" when she boarded the plane for her trip to the facility.[221][222]
- An Sharqiy Harlem, Nyu-York shelter run by Cayuga Centers, Children's Village in Dobbs Ferri, Nyu-Yorkva qo'shimcha boshpanalar Long Island, yilda Vestchester va Bronks Nyu-York shtatidagi ajratilgan bolalarni uy-joy bilan ta'minlaydigan to'qqizta ob'ekt orasida.[223] Nyu-York gubernatori 22 iyundagi intervyusida Endryu Kuomo u HHS o'z davlatiga 700 ga yaqin bolani yuborganiga ishonishini aytdi, ammo u aniq emas, chunki HHS bolalar haqida hech qanday ma'lumot berishdan bosh tortdi. Hokim shuningdek, u bilan bog'langanligini aytdi homiylik uning shtatidagi agentliklar bolalar sonini baholash va ularning ehtiyojlari qondirilganligiga ishonch hosil qilish maqsadida, ammo HHS gag tartibi agentliklarda va ular ham biron bir ma'lumotni oshkor qila olmadilar. Unga bitta muassasaga tashrif buyurishga ruxsat berildi va u yerdagi xodimlar uning qaramog'idagi bolalar "yuqori darajadagi psixologik travma [va] bezovtalik buzilishlariga ega" deb aytishdi.[224]
Taklif etilayotgan imkoniyatlar
- Xyustondagi kichik bolalar, homilador qizlar va o'spirin onalar uchun mo'ljallangan muassasa—Janubi-g'arbiy kalit ilgari "Umid Yulduzi" notijorat tashkiloti tomonidan egallangan 53900 kvadrat metrlik binoni - 419 ozodlik prospektini ijaraga oldi. Xyuston, Texasva "200 yoshgacha bo'lgan muhojir yoshlar uchun qamoqxona sifatida foydalanish to'g'risida" murojaat qildi 17 gacha ".[225] Advokatlarning ta'kidlashicha, ushbu muassasada "12 yoshdan kichik bolalar, shuningdek homilador va emizikli o'spirinlar" joylashadi; Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish boshqarmasi ushbu yosh guruhni "yumshoq yoshdagi bolalar" deb ataydi[226] Xyuston meri Silvestr Tyorner inshootga qarshi chiqmoqda va Texas shtati hukumatini litsenziyalanmaslikka chaqirdi. Matbuot anjumanida Tyorner "Men bu jarayonda yordamchi bo'lishni xohlamayman. Men shaharning bu jarayonda ishtirok etishini xohlamayman. Sog'liqni saqlash boshqarmasi hali ovqat yoki boshpana uchun ruxsatnoma bermagan. ... Agar biz gapirmasak, yo'q deb aytmasak, unda bunday siyosatlar davom etadi. "[226]
- Migrant oilalari uchun harbiy qamoqxona Baxt Fort
- Migrant bolalar uchun harbiy qamoqxona Goodfellow aviatsiya bazasi
Birlashish
2018 yil iyun oyida siyosat to'xtatilganidan so'ng, Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish kotibi Aleks Azar guvohlik berishicha, Departament bolalarni hibsga olingan ota-onalari bilan birlashtirishi mumkin, agar Kongress ushbu qarorga binoan oilani hibsga olishga 20 kunlik cheklovni bekor qiladigan qonunni qabul qilsa. Flores aholi punkti.[153]
9-iyul kuni hukumatning ta'kidlashicha, yolg'iz deportatsiya qilingan ota-onalar soni va Qo'shma Shtatlarga ozod qilingan ota-onalar soni 19 emas, balki har to'qqiz kishi edi. Shu kundan boshlab besh yoshga to'lmagan bolalarning ikkita ota-onasi birlashtirildi. Hukumat 10-iyulda ellikdan ziyod ota-ona kichik bolalari bilan uchrashishini va ular birlashgandan so'ng ICE hibsxonasidan AQShga ozod qilinishini aytdi.[227] DoJ advokati Sara Fabianning so'zlariga ko'ra, 102 boladan 75 nafari ozod etilishi mumkin va 27 kishi turli sabablarga ko'ra darhol birlashishi mumkin emas.[228]
HHS xodimi xabar berishicha, 102 boladan 38 nafari seshanba kuni kechqurun oilalariga qaytarilgan va yana uchrashuvlar "tun bo'yi" davom etishi kerak.[229] Qolgan 64 bola belgilangan muddat ichida birlashtirilmaganligi sabablarini ma'muriyat keltirdi. Ma'muriyatga ko'ra, bitta holatda, ota-ona va bola ikkalasi ham AQSh fuqarosi bo'lishi mumkin.[230]
23-iyul kuni ma'muriyat 879 ota-onalar farzandlari bilan birlashtirilganligini, yana 538 kishi birlashish uchun rasmiylashtirilganligini, bundan tashqari 463 ota-onada hali ham ko'rib chiqilayotgan ishlar borligini va yana 454 kishi tegishli emas deb topilganligini yoki hali ma'lum bo'lmaganligini aytdi. o'z farzandlari bilan birlashishga haqli. 450 dan ortiq ota-onalar allaqachon farzandsiz deportatsiya qilingan bo'lishi mumkin.[231] 26-iyul kuni 1 637 bola birlashishga loyiq deb topilgan va 711 ta ishtirok etish huquqiga ega emas deb topilgan. Hozirga qadar 1442 kishi birlashtirilgan edi. Muvofiq emas deb hisoblanganlar orasida ota-onalari deportatsiya qilingan bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan 431 kishi va birlashishdan voz kechgan ota-onalar bilan birga 120 kishi bor.[232]
2018 yil 26-iyun kuni ACLU sud jarayoni, federal sudya ajratilgan barcha bolalarni, kerak bo'lmagan holatlar bundan mustasno, 30 kun ichida ota-onasi bilan birlashtirishni buyurdi.[15][16]
Oilalarni birlashtirish uchun protseduralar
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Hokimiyat oilalarni birlashtirish rejasi bo'lmagan holda oilalarni ajratib qo'ydi, natijada ota-onalar va bolalar majburan ajratilganidan beri aloqasi yo'q.[10] To'g'ri tizim mavjud emasligi sababli, ajratilgan ota-onalar farzandlarini topa olmaganliklari yoki ular bilan bog'lana olmaganliklari to'g'risida ko'plab xabarlar mavjud edi.
A Boston Globe tergov oilani ajratish siyosatini qo'llashni "xira" deb atadi va Chegara xizmati, sudyalar, davlat idoralari xodimlari, jamoat himoyachilari va federal prokurorlarning birlashish jarayoni yoki ajralgan ota-onalar o'z farzandlari bilan qanday aloqada bo'lishi mumkinligi to'g'risida aniq javoblari yo'qligini xabar qildi. Xabar qilinishicha, bolalarni ota-onalari bilan bog'lash qiyin bo'lgan, chunki bolalar va ota-onalar ikkita alohida tizimga kirishgan: ota-onalar qo'yilgan ICE hibsga olingan va keyin AQSh Milliy xavfsizlik vazirligiga jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish uchun kirgan, shu bilan birga bolalar "qarovsiz begona bola" deb tasniflangan va AQSh Sog'liqni saqlash va inson xizmatlari vazirligiga topshirilgan. Shuning uchun hokimiyat ularni oilaviy birlik sifatida kuzatib bormadi va ularni birlashtirish uchun tizim mavjud emas edi.[9] Ga ko'ra Boston Globe hisobot, 2018 yil may oyida, ota-onalar Makallen Xabar qilinishicha, ushbu muassasada foydalanish uchun mavjud bo'lmagan telefonlar mavjud emas va talab qilinganda, bolalarini topish uchun HHSga qo'ng'iroq qilish uchun soxta telefon raqami berilgan, keyin ICEga raqam berilgan. Ushbu muassasada ishlaydigan federal jamoat himoyachisi ota-onalarning farzandisiz deportatsiya qilinishini "fojia" deb atadi.[9] ICE-ning sobiq rahbari Jon Sandveg: "Siz ota-onani deportatsiya qilish bilan bolani deportatsiya qilish o'rtasidagi farqni bir necha yilga teng bo'lgan vaziyatga tushib qolishingiz mumkin" va ko'p bolalar ota-onalarini boshqa ko'rmasliklari mumkin degan fikrga qo'shildi.[233]
Vakil Pramila Jayapal o'z farzandlaridan ajratilgan o'nlab onalar bilan uchrashdi va ba'zi holatlarda ba'zi Chegara xizmati xodimlari onalarga "oilalari endi yo'q" deb aytganliklari haqida xabar berishdi.[137] 2018 yil may oyida Gonduras fuqarosi, 39 yoshli Marko Antonio Münoz, 3 yoshli o'g'lini chegara qo'riqchilari tomonidan majburan olib ketilib, undan ajralib ketganidan keyin o'z joniga qasd qildi. Erkak kishi kesib o'tgan Rio Grande o'g'li va rafiqasi bilan boshpana so'rash uchun o'zini va oilasini rasmiylarga topshirdi.[234]
Uchun ishlaydigan jurnalist Nyu-Yorker qamoqxonasida bo'lgan bir necha ayol bilan suhbatlashdi Otero okrugi qamoqxonasi, xususiy boshqariladigan ob'ekt Nyu-Meksikova ularning vakili bo'lgan advokat. Bitta onaning aytishicha, u bolasi qayerda ekanligi haqida hech qanday tasavvurga ega emas va uning sog'lig'i tekshirilmasligidan xavotirda. Boshqa bir onaning aytishicha, Oterodagi qanotidagi ellik onadan ozlari farzandlarining qaerdaligini bilishgan. Jamiyat himoyachisi oilani ajratish siyosati "advokat va mijoz o'rtasidagi munosabatlarni o'zgartirayotgani" ni aytib, "mijozlar o'zlariga etkazilgan aybni kaltaklash haqida o'ylamaydilar. Bu ularning vakili bo'lishini qiyinlashtiradi, chunki ular istagan narsasi faqat bolalari bilan. "[235]
Ota-onalarga farzandlari haqida ma'lumot berilmagan ajralishlar to'g'risida ko'plab xabarlarga qaramay,[236] Senator Jeyms Lankford, gapirish Matbuot bilan tanishing ota-onalar yoki bolalarni topish qiyinligi haqidagi xabarlarda "bunga javobgar bo'lmagan ommaviy axborot vositalari" aybdor. Ajratish bilan shug'ullangan turli idoralarda ishlaydigan hukumat xodimlarini "professionallar" deb atab, "ular har bir bolani qayerda ota-onasi yoki kelgan qarindoshi bilan bog'lash imkoniyatini bilishini bilishadi" dedi.[237]
Tuman sudyasining sud qaroriga binoan Dana Sabraw 2018 yil 26 iyulgacha barcha ota-onalarni farzandlari bilan birlashtirish uchun 500 ga yaqin ota-onalar allaqachon chiqarib yuborilganligi aniqlandi. Sudya Sabraw "bu jarayonda yo'qotilgan narsa oila edi. Ota-onalar bolalarning qaerdaligini, bolalar esa ota-onalarning qaerdaligini bilishmadi. Hukumat ham bilmas edi", deb izoh berdi.[238] 2 avgust kuni Adliya vazirligi sudga murojaat qildi Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi (ACLU) federal hukumatni emas, balki oilalarni birlashtirish uchun javobgarlikni o'z zimmasiga olishi kerak.[239] ACLU bunga javoban, ular yordam berishga tayyor bo'lishlari bilan birga, chegarada ajratilgan voyaga etmaganlarning ota-onalarini topish mas'uliyati hukumat zimmasiga yuklangan.[240]
2019 yil fevral oyida ma'muriyat rasmiylari bolalarni ota-onalariga qo'shilish uchun "homiylik" uylaridan olib tashlash "bolalarning farovonligi to'g'risida jiddiy tashvish tug'dirishini" aytdi va ular ota-onalarni homiylik uylariga yuborilgan bolalar bilan birlashtirishga hech qanday kuch sarflamaydilar.[27]
Reaksiyalar
Qarama-qarshilik va qoralash
Ushbu siyosat tibbiyot, ilmiy, diniy va inson huquqlarini himoya qilish guruhlari, shu jumladan ko'plab manbalarning jiddiy qoralashiga sabab bo'ldi. 2018 yil iyun oyida o'tkazilgan so'rov natijalariga ko'ra, bu jamoatchilikka juda yoqmagan bo'lib, amerikaliklarning taxminan 25 foizi ushbu siyosatni qo'llab-quvvatlamoqda.[87] Ba'zi siyosatchilar va kuzatuvchilar AQSh hukumati tomonidan bolalarning hibsga olinishini solishtirmoqdalar kontslagerlar.[241][242]
Tibbiy va ilmiy jamiyat
Ushbu siyosat tomonidan qoralangan Amerika Pediatriya Akademiyasi, Amerika shifokorlar kolleji, Amerika psixologik assotsiatsiyasi va Amerika psixiatriya assotsiatsiyasi, Amerika Pediatriya Akademiyasi bu siyosat bolalarga "tuzatib bo'lmaydigan zarar" keltirganini aytdi.[220][243][244] Ular birgalikda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlaridagi 250 mingdan ortiq shifokorlarning vakili.[220] Pediatr Nadin Burk Xarris oilani ajratish siyosatini "retsepti" deb ta'rifladi toksik stress".[245] Asos solgan doktor Irvin Redlener Bolalar salomatligi jamg'armasi, siyosatni "insonparvarlikdan chiqaruvchi" deb atadi va uni shakli sifatida tavsifladi bolalarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik.[246] Bir qator xavotirga tushgan tadqiqotchilar va klinisyenlar Milliy xavfsizlik kotibi Nilsenga ochiq xat bilan imzo chekib, uni muhojir bolalarni ajratishlariga barham berishga chaqirib, "O'n yillik psixologik va miya tadqiqotlari shuni ko'rsatdiki, ota-onani majburan ajratish va qamoqqa o'xshash muassasalarga joylashtirish go'dak va bola rivojlanishiga chuqur, uzoq muddatli va tuzatib bo'lmaydigan darajada katta zarar. "[247]
Diniy guruhlar
Ko'pgina diniy guruhlar siyosatga qarshi, shu qatorda ko'plab nasroniy tashkilotlari, jumladan:
- The AQSh katolik yepiskoplari konferentsiyasi[248]
- The Evangelistlar milliy assotsiatsiyasi[249]
- The Amerika yunon pravoslav arxiyepiskopiyasi[250]
- Yepiskop cherkovi[251]
- Birlashgan metodistlar cherkovi[252]
- Afrika metodistlari episkopal cherkovi[253]
- Presviterian cherkovi[254]
- Evangelist-lyuteran cherkovi[255]
- Masihning birlashgan cherkovi[256]
- Oxirgi kun avliyolari Iso Masihning cherkovi[257]
Rim-katolik cherkovi kardinalining siyosatni tanqid qilishiga javoban, Bosh prokuror Jeff Sessions Injilga asoslanib, siyosatni himoya qildi.[258][259] 18-iyun kuni 600 dan ortiq guruh Birlashgan metodistlar cherkovi ruhoniylar va dindorlar olib kelayotganlarini e'lon qilishdi cherkov qonunlari bo'yicha ayblovlar Bosh prokurorga qarshi Jeff Sessions. Guruh a'zolari Sessionsni "bolalarni suiiste'mol qilish, axloqsizlik, irqiy kamsitish va Birlashgan metodist cherkovi doktrinasi me'yorlariga zid bo'lgan ta'limotlarni tarqatishda" ayblashdi.[260] Oxirgi ayblov Sessions tomonidan "noto'g'ri ishlatilishi" ga tegishli Rimliklarga 13, u dunyoviy qonunga doimo rioya qilish kerakligini ta'kidlagan.[261]
Amerika yahudiyligining to'rtta asosiy mazhablari ham siyosatga qarshi:
Islomiy tashkilotlar ham bu siyosatga qarshi.[263]
Papa Frensis siyosatni "katolik qadriyatlarimizga zid" va "axloqsiz" deb atagan AQSh katolik yepiskoplarining bayonotlarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi va "Bu oson emas, lekin populizm yechim emas. "[264]
Xushxabarchi Franklin Grem, xushxabarchi o'g'li Billi Grem, bu amaliyotni "sharmandali" deb atadi va "oilalarni buzib tashlashni ko'rish dahshatli va men buni bir oz qo'llab-quvvatlamayman" dedi. Ammo Grem aybni Trampga yoki uning ma'muriyatiga yuklamadi, aksincha "so'nggi 20, 30 yil ichida siyosatchilarning bugungi holatga ko'tarilishiga yo'l qo'ydi", deb aybladi.[265]
Akademiya
Kollejlar va universitetlarning ko'plab professor-o'qituvchilari ushbu siyosatni siyosat bilan taqqosladilar yapon amerikaliklarning internati Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida.[266] Turli olimlar tomonidan imzolangan ochiq xatlar siyosatni qoraladi va uni to'xtatishga chaqirdi.[266][267]
Fuqarolik huquqlari va gumanitar guruhlar
Ko'p sonli fuqarolik huquqlari guruhlari, gumanitar tashkilotlar va boshqa guruhlar oilani ajratish siyosatini, shu jumladan Tuhmatga qarshi liga, Fuqarolik huquqlari bo'yicha advokatlar qo'mitasi qonunga muvofiq, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari saylovchilari ligasi, Xalqaro qutqaruv qo'mitasi, NAACP, va Milliy immigratsiya huquq markazi.[268]
The Tohirix Adliya Markazi boshpana izlovchilarni jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish va keyinchalik oilalarni ajratish siyosatiga zid ekanligini tanqid qildi Qochoqlar to'g'risidagi konvensiyaning 31-moddasi. Ushbu modda Konvensiyaning biron bir ishtirokchisiga boshpana izlovchilarga ularning noqonuniy kirishi yoki borligi sababli jazo tayinlashini taqiqlaydi, agar boshpana izlovchilar o'zlarini vakolatli organlarga kechiktirmasdan taqdim etsalar va ularning noqonuniy kirishlari yoki mavjudligi uchun yaxshi sabablarni ko'rsatsalar.[92] Shunday qilib, xalqaro qonunchilikka ko'ra, boshpana izlovchilar noqonuniy kirish uchun jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilmaydi. Qo'shma Shtatlar 1967 yilda Qochqinlar to'g'risidagi Konvensiyaning 1968 yilgi protokolini ratifikatsiya qildi va shu bilan o'zlarini Maqolalarga rioya qilishga majbur qildi Konvensiyaning 2 dan 34 gacha.[269]
Xalqaro Kotibiyatida Amerika uchun direktor Xalqaro Amnistiya, Erika Gevara Rosas, "mansabdor shaxslar ushbu oilalarga majburlash maqsadida qasddan etkazgan og'ir ruhiy azob-uqubatlar, bu harakatlar ta'riflariga javob berishini anglatadi" qiynoq AQSh va xalqaro qonunlarga muvofiq ".[270]
Kongress
Qo'shma Shtatlardan Demokratik partiyalarning qirq nafar senatori Trampga "ushbu axloqsiz, samarasiz va g'ayriinsoniy siyosatni bekor qilib, aksincha bizning insonparvarlik va Amerika qadriyatlarimizga mos keladigan yondashuvlarni birinchi o'ringa qo'yishga" chaqirgan maktub yubordi.[271][272] Siyosatga javoban, senator Dianne Faynshteyn qonun loyihasini taqdim etdi, "Oilalarni birga saqlang" (S. 3036), unga ko'ra bolani ota-onasidan ajratishga faqat juda o'ziga xos sharoitlarda yo'l qo'yiladi.[273][274][275] 18 iyunga qadar 49 senatordan iborat Demokratik kokus (shu qatorda demokratlar bilan kokus bo'lgan ikkita mustaqil shaxsni ham o'z ichiga olgan) homiy sifatida imzoladi.[276]
Kongressdagi respublikachilar bolalarni ajratish siyosati bo'yicha to'rt guruhga bo'lingan:
- Kongressdagi respublikachilarning aksariyati Tramp bilan qarama-qarshiliklardan qochishga intilib, siyosat haqida sukut saqlashdi.[277]
- Vakil kabi boshqa kongress respublikachilari Stiv King ning Ayova, ajratuvchi oilalarni qo'llab-quvvatladi.[277]
- Senator kabi ba'zi kongress respublikachilari Dekan Xeller ning Nevada va vakil Kevin Kramer ning Shimoliy Dakota, siyosat bilan rozi emasligini bildirdi, ammo Trampni qattiq tanqid qilishdan saqlaning.[277]
- Kongress respublikachilarining yana bir guruhi siyosatni qattiq tanqid qildilar, shu jumladan Trampni tez-tez tanqid qiladigan a'zolar (masalan, senatorlar) Jeff Fleyk, Jon Makkeyn, Ben Sassiva Syuzan Kollinz), shuningdek, odatda Tramp bilan bir qatorda bo'lganlar (masalan, senator) Orrin Xetch).[277]
Respublikachi senator Ted Kruz dastlab 11 iyundagi intervyusida siyosatni himoya qildi.[278] 18 iyun kuni, avvalgi siyosatni qo'llab-quvvatlaganiga qaramay, Kruz demokratlar qonun loyihasini "muvaffaqiyatsiz siyosatiga qaytish" deb tanqid qilib, o'z qonunchiligini joriy etishini e'lon qildi.ushlang va qo'yib yuboring'".[279] Kruzning ta'kidlashicha, uning qonun loyihasi ajratish siyosatiga oilalarni yashaydigan boshpana qurishga, boshpana berish ishlarini tezlashtirishga va federal immigratsiya sudyalari sonini ko'paytirishga ruxsat berish orqali barham beradi.[279][280] Senat ozchiliklar etakchisi Chak Shumer respublikachilar "qabul qilinmaydigan qo'shimchalar" kiritilishini ta'kidlab, Kruzning taklifini tanqid qildi va buning o'rniga Trampni ijro buyrug'i yordamida siyosatni tugatishga chaqirdi.[281]
2019 yil fevral oyida Illinoys shtatidagi Demokratik vakil Yan Shakovskiy oilani ajratish siyosatini "davlat homiyligida bolalarni suiiste'mol qilish [va] bolalarni o'g'irlash" deb ta'riflagan.[282]
Hokimlar
2018 yil boshida Tramp buni talab qildi davlat gubernatorlari yuborish Milliy gvardiya qo'shinlari AQSh-Meksika chegarasiga. Oilani ajratish siyosatiga javoban, kamida sakkizta hokim eslatdi Milliy gvardiya AQSh-Meksika chegarasidagi qo'shinlar yoki ularni chegaraga jo'natishdan bosh tortishgan. Qo'shinlarni olib chiqib ketgan, qo'shin yuborish rejalarini bekor qilgan yoki qo'shin yuborishdan bosh tortgan davlatlar Nyu York, Shimoliy Karolina, Virjiniya, Kolorado, Delaverva Rod-Aylend (Demokratik hokimlarga ega) va Merilend va Massachusets shtati (respublika hokimlari bor).[283] Demokratik gubernator Jon Karni Masalan, Delaver shtatining vakili "Oddiy sharoitlarda biz qo'ng'iroqqa javob berishdan tortinmaymiz. Ammo chegarada amaldagi siyosat to'g'risida bilganlarimizni inobatga olgan holda, men vijdonan Delawareanlarni yordam berish uchun yuborolmayman. missiya. "[283] (Ba'zi qo'shimcha shtatlar - Vermont va Oregon - oilani ajratish siyosati amalga oshirilgunga qadar Trampning talabini rad etishgan).[283]
Respublikachi gubernatorlar orasida ba'zilar Trampning oilalarni ajratish siyosatini qo'llab-quvvatladilar (Missisipi vakili Fil Brayant, Janubiy Karolinadan Genri Makmaster), boshqalari esa siyosatga qarshi chiqishdi (Pit Rikketlar Nebraska shtati, Bryus Rauner Illinoys shtati, Jon Kasich ning Ogayo shtati).[283][284]
BMT va xalqaro tashkilotlar
Siyosat shuningdek tomonidan qoralangan Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Inson huquqlari bo'yicha Oliy komissari boshqarmasi.[90][91] Oliy komissar Zeid Raad Al Hussein buni davlat tomonidan ota-onalarni bolalarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik bilan to'xtatishga qaratilgan "vijdonsiz" harakat deb atadi.[285]
Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining maxsus ma'ruzachilari dan Inson huquqlari bo'yicha kengash siyosatni qoraladi va bolalarni hibsga olish "jazolanadi, ularning rivojlanishiga jiddiy to'sqinlik qiladi va ba'zi hollarda qiynoqlarga olib kelishi mumkin". Ma'ruzachilar uni bekor qilishni etarli emas deb atashdi.[286][287]
The Inson huquqlari bo'yicha Amerikaaro komissiya rasmiy ravishda AQSh hukumatidan ta'sirlangan bolalarning joylashuvi va rejalari to'g'risida qo'shimcha ma'lumotlarni so'radi.[288]
Boshqalar
To'rttasi ham yashaydi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining birinchi xonimlari—Rosalynn Karter, Hillari Klinton, Laura Bushva Mishel Obama- bolalarni ota-onalaridan ajratish siyosatini qoraladi.[289] Birinchi xonim Melaniya Trampidorasi "[Tramp xonim] biz barcha qonunlarga rioya qiladigan, shuningdek, yurak bilan boshqaradigan mamlakat bo'lishimiz kerak deb hisoblaydi" deb bayonot berdi.[290] Laura Bush maqolani yozgan Boston Globe "Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida AQSh fuqarolari va yapon kelib chiqishi bo'lmagan fuqarolar uchun ichki lagerlarni eslatuvchi, endi AQSh tarixidagi eng sharmandali epizodlardan biri deb hisoblangan" amaliyotlardan foydalanishni qoraladi.[291]
75 kishidan iborat ikki partiyali guruh AQSh advokatlari nashr etilgan ochiq xat Bosh prokuror Jeff Sessionsga siyosatni to'xtatishga chaqirib, siyosat "begunoh bolalarning keraksiz travması va azob-uqubatlari" ni keltirib chiqarmoqda va "avvalgi Adliya vazirligining siyosatidan tubdan chiqib ketish" xavfli, qimmat va mos kelmasligini aytdi. biz xizmat qilgan muassasa qadriyatlari ".[292][293] AQShning sobiq advokatlari, shuningdek, siyosat qonun bilan talab qilinmasligini ta'kidladilar.[292][293] Bandlik bo'yicha yuridik firma siyosatni amalga oshirishni rad etgan federal va shtat ishchilariga bepul yuridik maslahat berdi.[294][295]
Fox News sharhlovchi Endryu Napolitano siyosatni tanqid qilib, "agar inson hayotini saqlab qolish zarurati bo'lmasa, bolalarni ota-onalaridan ajratish bolalarga zo'ravonlik deb hisoblaydi" ... ularni 72 soatdan ko'proq ajrata olmaysiz degan federal nizom mavjud. "[296] Yangiliklar Xorxe Ramos siyosat ikkala Maqolani buzganligini e'lon qildi Ning 1 Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Qiynoqlarga qarshi konvensiyasi (UNCAT) qiynoqqa solishni taqiqlaydi va maqola 9 ning Bola huquqlari to'g'risidagi konventsiya (CRC) bola o'z irodasiga qarshi ota-onasidan ajralib turilmasligini ta'kidlaydi. AQSh UNCAT-ni imzoladi va ratifikatsiya qildi va CRC-ni imzoladi, ammo hali tasdiqlamadi.[297]
Oilaviy ajralishlar ishbilarmon doiralarda, jumladan, shunga o'xshash konservativ guruhlar tomonidan keng qoralandi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Savdo palatasi va Biznes davra suhbati.[298][299]
2018 yil 20-iyun kuni uchta aviakompaniya -American Airlines, United Airlines va Frontier Airlines- har biri federal hukumatdan o'z samolyotlaridan ota-onalaridan olingan muhojir bolalarni tashishda foydalanmaslikni talab qilgan bayonot chiqardi.[300] Oldingi kun yirik aviakompaniyaning faxriy styuardessa an. Epizodini aytib berdi ICE agent dastlab boshqa styuardessaga uchib ketayotgan migrant bolalar futbol jamoasining a'zolari ekanligini aytgan, ammo "bosilganda agent ularni nihoyat, belgilangan lagerlarga ko'chirilgan bolalar ekanliklarini tan oldi".[301]
2019 yil fevral oyida Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish boshqarmasi qo'mondoni Jonatan Uaytning ta'kidlashicha, u ham, uning Qochqinlarni Qochish Boshqarmasidagi uzoq muddatli hamkasblari ham bolalar va ota-onalarning ajralishiga olib keladigan siyosatni qo'llab-quvvatlamagan bo'lar edi. Shuningdek, u 2017 yil fevral oyida, siyosatni amalga oshirishdan oldin, oilani ajratish ehtimoli to'g'risida tashvish bildirganida, unga bunday siyosat kutilmaganligini doimiy ravishda aytgan.[282]
Namoyishlar
2018 yil iyun oyidan boshlab butun mamlakat bo'ylab ko'plab shaharlarda norozilik namoyishlari bo'lib o'tdi, chunki keng miqyosli norozilik namoyishlari rejalari ishlab chiqilmoqda. 30 iyun kuni yangi tashkil etilgan "Oilalarni birlashtiring" guruhi tomonidan uyushtirilgan milliy norozilik namoyishi bo'lib, unda barcha 50 shtatdan yuz minglab namoyishchilar 600 dan ortiq shahar va shaharlarda namoyish o'tkazdilar. Taxminan 30000 marsh qatnashchilari kesib o'tmoqdalar Bruklin ko'prigi Nyu-York shahrida "Bu ko'prikni muhojirlar qurishdi" deb xitob qilishdi. Ba'zi namoyish ma'ruzachilari shoshilinch ravishda siyosiy faollik zarurligini ta'kidladilar. Atlanta vakili Jon Lyuis "Biz ilgari hech qachon ovoz bermagandek chiqib, ovoz berishimiz kerak" dedi. Lin-Manuel Miranda namoyishchilar uchun o'zining musiqiy asaridan qo'shiq kuylab ijro etdi Xemiltonva izoh berdi: "Biz bolalarni oilalaridan ajratib turadigan mamlakatni qo'llab-quvvatlamaymiz. Agar siz bu masalada sukut saqlasangiz yoki qandaydir tarzda siz bu masalada qayta saylanmasangiz."[302]
Mablag 'yig'ishga javob
Ilhomlangan a yig'layotgan ikki yashar qizning onasiga qarab turgan virusli fotosurati, 2018 yil 16-iyun kuni Kaliforniyalik juftlik mablag 'yig'ish kampaniyasini boshladi Facebook 1500 AQSh dollari yig'ish maqsadida "immigratsion ota-onani bolasi bilan birlashtirish" deb nomlangan.[303] Dastlabki bir necha kun ichida kampaniya daqiqasiga 4000 dollardan ko'proq pul yig'di va bir haftadan sal ko'proq vaqt ichida 20 million dollardan ko'proq mablag 'yig'ilib, Facebook-da xayr-ehsonlar bo'yicha rekord o'rnatdi.[304] Pul mablag'larga o'tadi Qochqinlar va immigrantlar uchun ta'lim va yuridik xizmat ko'rsatish markazi, yoki RAICES-da bo'lib, chegarada hibsga olingan muhojir ota-onalarga huquqiy yordam ko'rsatadilar.[305]
Fotosuratni professional fotosuratchi Jon Mur onadan chegara qo'riqlash mikroavtobusiga o'tirmasdan oldin bolasini tanasini qidirib topishni so'ragan va qizaloq yig'lay boshlaganidan so'ng olgan. Onasi Gonduras va bir oy davomida sayohat qilgan.[306] Bolaning otasi o'z intervyusida onasi va qizi endi Texas shtatining Makallen shahrida birgalikda hibsga olinayotganini aytgandan so'ng, fotosurat qarama-qarshiliklarni keltirib chiqardi. Bu Tramp ma'muriyatining ko'pchiligini "soxta yangiliklar" ga qarshi mitingga sabab bo'ldi Oq uy matbuot kotibi Sara Sanders Twitter-da yozishicha, demokratlar va ommaviy axborot vositalari "kichkina qizchaning ushbu fotosuratidan o'zlarining kun tartibini o'tkazish uchun foydalanganlar".[307]
Jamoatchilik fikri
To'rtta so'rovnomada ko'rsatilgandek, oilani ajratish siyosati amerikaliklar orasida mashhur emas; o'rtacha hisobda amerikaliklarning uchdan ikki qismi siyosatga qarshi.[308][309][310] Kuchli partizan bo'linishi mavjud; o'rtacha so'rovnomalar shuni ko'rsatdiki, demokratlar siyosatga mutlaqo qarshi (8% qo'llab-quvvatlaydi, 87% qarshi, 5% boshqalar), respublikachilarning ko'pligi esa uni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi (49% qo'llab-quvvatlaydi, 35% qarshi, 16% boshqalar).[308] Trampning ma'qullash darajasi 41 foizga tushdi, Gallup so'roviga ko'ra 55 foiz norozi reytingi bilan jamoatchilikning ushbu siyosat to'g'risida xabardorligi oshdi.[311][312]
oq uy
Tomonidan berilgan xabarga ko'ra Gabriel Sherman, siyosat Oq uy xodimlari va maslahatchilari o'rtasida "tartibsizlik" va nizolarni keltirib chiqardi. Sara Xakabi Sanders do'stlaridan birining so'zlariga ko'ra "hafsalasi pir bo'lgan". Boshqa tomondan, Oq uyning bir maslahatchisining so'zlariga ko'ra, Stiven Miller ota-onalaridan ajralib qolgan bolalarning fotosuratlariga ishora qilib, "aslida bu rasmlarni chegarada ko'rishdan mamnun".[313]
Qo'llab-quvvatlash
Oq uy matbuot kotibi Sara Xakabi Sanders, Senator Chak Grassli va Vakillar palatasi spikeri Pol Rayan Trump ma'muriyati 1997 yilga kelib muhojir oilalarni ajratishi kerak, deb ta'kidladilar Flores turar-joy,[314][315] bu qarovsiz voyaga etmaganlarni ota-onalariga yoki qarindoshlariga qo'yib yuborishni talab qiladi va agar qarindosh topilmasa, davlat idorasi bolaga tegishli vasiy tayinlashi mumkin.[315][316] Tramp ma'muriyati rasmiylari, shuningdek, odam savdosiga qarshi kurash to'g'risidagi 2008 yildagi Odam savdosi qurbonlarini himoya qilish bo'yicha qayta avtorizatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonuni (TVPRA), ushbu siyosat uchun asos sifatida ko'rsatdilar.[316] Ham Flores yashash yoki TVPRA, ammo oilani ajratishni talab qilmaydi yoki tavsiya etmaydi.[316][317]
Trampning oilaviy ajralishni tugatish to'g'risidagi buyrug'iga binoan Devid frantsuz Demokratning pozitsiyasini tanqid qilib, "biz tarixiy xotira izi bo'lganlar bilamizki, Tramp ma'muriyati shunchaki sudlardan va Kongressdan Obama ma'muriyatining huquqiy pozitsiyasini qabul qilishni so'raydi. ... Ammo bu g'alabaga qaramay, demokratlar hali ham g'azabda. Bolalarning ajralishini to'xtatish etarli emas. Endi ular oilaviy qamoqqa olishning oldini olishni istaydilar. "[318] Konservativ sharhlovchi Ann Coulter 17 iyun kuni muhojir bolalarni "yig'layotgan va yig'layotgan bolalar aktyorlari" deb rad etdi va Trampni "bunga tushmaslikka" chaqirdi.[319] Fox News telekanali boshlovchisi Laura Ingram 2018 yil 18-iyun kuni migrant bolalar joylashgan binolarni "asosan yozgi lagerlar" deb ta'rifladi.[320][321] U immigratsiya siyosatini tanqid qilishni "soxta liberal g'azab" deb ta'rifladi.[322] Shuningdek, 18 iyun kuni konservativ sharhlovchi va muallif Ben Shapiro 2016 yilga ishora qildi To'qqizinchi tuman apellyatsiya sudi hukmronlik qilish Flores va Linchuning so'zlariga ko'ra, "hukumat butun oilalarni ozod qilishi yoki hukumat ota-onalarni bolalardan ajratishi kerak".[323]
Tulki va Do'stlar uy egasi Brian Kilmeade Trampning oilasini ajratish siyosatini himoya qilib, muhojir bolalarga "bizning mamlakatimizdagi soliqlarni to'laydigan va ehtiyojlari bor odamlardan" ko'ra muhimroq deb qarashlarini ta'kidladi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, "Bular bizga yoqadimi yoki yo'qmi, bu bizning bolalarimiz emas. Ularga rahm-shafqat qiling, ammo [Tramp] buni Aydaho yoki Texas aholisiga o'xshatmaydi. Bular boshqa mamlakatdan kelgan odamlar".[324]
Tramp ma'muriyatining javobi
2018 yil 19-iyun kuni faktlarni tekshiruvchi Washington Post Tramp va uning ma'muriyati a'zolarining bir qator bayonotlarini tanqid qilib, ularni "Orwellian narsalar"va ularni To'rt Pinokkio - Postning yolg'onning eng yuqori reytingi deb belgilash.[317] Tramp ma'muriyati o'z siyosati to'g'risida kamida 14 ta qarama-qarshi bayonotlarni, shu jumladan, bu Adliya vazirligining siyosati bo'ladimi, ajralishlar to'xtatuvchi omil bo'ladimi, oilalarni ajratish uchun tayyorgarlik jarayoni bo'lganmi va ajratish qonun talab qiladimi degan qarama-qarshiliklarni taklif qildi. Tramp, shuningdek, ma'muriyatining siyosatini ijro buyrug'i bilan o'zgartira olmasligini aytdi, keyinchalik bu siyosatni o'zgartirish uchun ijro buyrug'ini yozdi.[325]
Prezident Donald Tramp
Tramp ushbu holatga javoban shunday dedi: «Men ota-onalar va bolalarning ajralishini ko'rishni yomon ko'raman ... Men bolalarni olib ketilayotganidan nafratlanaman. "Tramp" o'sha qonun "uchun demokratlarni aybladi (uni" o'zlarining qonuni "deb ham atadi)[326] va "dahshatli qonun")[327] muhojir ota-onalar va bolalarni ajratib turishni taqiqlovchi qonun yo'qligiga qaramay, bir necha bor.[328][326] Tramp ma'muriyatining o'zi "nol bardoshlik"2018 yil 6 aprelda e'lon qilingan siyosat, ajralishlarga sabab bo'ladi.[329] Tramp, shuningdek, Vakillar Palatasi rahbarlari tomonidan taklif qilingan immigratsiya to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini mo''tadil respublikachilar va Oq uyning fikri bilan "albatta mo''tadilroq imzolamasligini" aytdi.[330]
2018 yil 20-iyun kuni Tramp oilaviy ajralishlarga barham berish to'g'risidagi buyruqni imzolashini e'lon qildi va "Biz oilalarni birlashtiramiz, ammo baribir biz qattiqligimizni saqlashimiz kerak, aks holda bizning mamlakatimiz odamlar tomonidan, jinoyatlar tomonidan bosib olinishi kerak" deb aytdi. Xuddi shu kuni u buni keyinroq qildi.[331]
2018 yil 22-iyun kuni Tramp tvitterda kongress respublikachilari "immigratsiya uchun o'z vaqtlarini sarflashni to'xtatishlari kerak" va noyabr oyidagi oraliq saylovlardan keyin immigratsiya qonunchiligini qabul qilishlari kerakligi haqida tvit yubordi.[332] Tramp yaqinlari noqonuniy muhojirlar tomonidan o'ldirilgan "Farishtalar oilalari" oilalarini qabul qilish orqali qo'llab-quvvatlashga harakat qilishni davom ettirdi (23 iyun kuni Oq uyda).[333] Trampning matbuot anjumanidan so'ng o'tkazilgan tekshiruvlar shuni ta'kidladiki, noqonuniy muhojirlar qotillik qilishda tug'ilgan amerikaliklarga qaraganda 25% kamroq va 11,5% kamroq. jinsiy tajovuz amerikaliklarga qaraganda, noqonuniy muhojirlar ko'proq mahallaga ko'chib o'tganda, zo'ravonlik jinoyati kamayadi.[334]
Tramp oilani ajratish siyosatini avvalgi prezident Barak Obamadan meros qilib olganini bir necha bor va yolg'on gapirgan. 2018 yil noyabr oyida Tramp: "Prezident Obama bolalarni oilalardan ajratdi va men bitta qonunni qabul qildim, keyin qonunni yumshatdim" dedi. 2019 yil aprelda Tramp: "Prezident Obama bolalarni ajratdi. Ularning bolaligi ajralib chiqdi; men uni o'zgartirdim" dedi. 2019 yil iyun oyida Tramp: "Prezident Obamaning ajralish siyosati bor edi. Menda u yo'q edi. U shunday edi. Men oilalarni birlashtirdim. Men ularni birlashtirgan odamman. ... Men ajralishni meros qilib oldim va rejani o'zgartirdim ". Trampning da'vosi yolg'on edi, chunki Obama ma'muriyatida muhojir oilalarni muntazam ravishda ajratib turuvchi siyosat yo'q edi," nol bag'rikenglik "siyosati esa Trampning o'z ma'muriyati tomonidan faqat 2018 yil aprelida o'rnatildi. PolitiFact immigratsiya mutaxassislarining so'zlariga ko'ra, "oilaviy ajralishlar nisbatan kam bo'lgan" va undan past darajada, Tramp ma'muriyatidan oldin.[335][336][337]
Ichki xavfsizlik vaziri Kirstjen Nilsen
2018 yil 18-iyun kuni Oq uy matbuot anjumani davomida, Milliy xavfsizlik kotibi | Milliy xavfsizlik kotibi Kirstjen Nilsen 2018 yil moliyaviy besh oyi davomida "o'zlarini oilaviy birlik sifatida ko'rsatadigan kattalar soni 314 foizga o'sgan. Bular savdogarlar, kontrabandachilar, ya'ni MS-13, jinoyatchilar, bular suiiste'molchilar. " DHS ma'lumotlaridan foydalanish, tomonidan tahlil qilish Washington Post ushbu guruhlar o'sha davrda chegarada ushlangan "oilaviy birliklar" ning 0,61 foizini tashkil etganligini aniqladilar.[338]
Xuddi shu matbuot anjumanida u «Biz endi ularga g'amxo'rlik qilamiz. ... Bizda yuqori talablar mavjud. Biz ularga ovqat beramiz. Biz ularga ta'lim beramiz. Biz ularga tibbiy yordam ko'rsatamiz. Videolar bor, televizorlar bor ... "va oilaning ajralishi to'g'risida berilgan savolga" tutilgan bolalarning aksariyati "qarovsiz voyaga etmaganlar ekanligi aytilgan.[339] 2018 yil 19-iyun kuni Nilsen "Uyat! Sharmandalik!" ... Agar bolalar tinchgina ovqatlanmasa, siz tinchlik bilan ovqatlanmaysiz ", - deydi u Meksika restoranida.[340]
Bosh prokuror Jeff Sessions
Sessiyalar oilani ajratish siyosatini amalga oshirishda muhim rol o'ynadi, chunki u AQShning ikkilanuvchi advokatlariga Meksika bilan chegarada ushbu siyosatni amalga oshirishni buyurdi.[341]
Xristianlar siyosatiga qarshi chiqqandan so'ng, Sessions munozarali ravishda buni eslatib himoya qildi Rimliklarga maktubning o'n uchinchi bobi ichida Yangi Ahd,[259][342] "Men sizni aytaman Havoriy Pavlus va uning Rimliklarga 13-dagi aniq va dono buyrug'i, hukumat qonunlariga bo'ysunish kerak, chunki Xudo ularni tartib uchun belgilab qo'ygan. "[343] Bir necha sharhlovchilar bundan oldin buni ta'kidladilar Fuqarolar urushi, Rimliklarga 13 an'anaviy ravishda advokatlar tomonidan ishlatilgan qullik buni oqlash va hujum qilish bekor qiluvchilar.[344]
2018 yil 19-iyun kuni Seshns Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi sobiq direktorining da'volariga qarshi chiqdi Maykl Xeyden chegarada immigrant oilalarni ajratish shunga o'xshash edi Natsistlar konslagerlari.[345][346] Suhbat davomida u natsistlar "yahudiylarni mamlakatni tark etishiga to'sqinlik qilayotgani" sababli taqqoslash noto'g'ri ekanligini aytdi. Xuddi shu intervyusida, agar u ota-onalar deportatsiya qilinsa, bolalar ular bilan birga qaytib kelishadi, ammo agar ota-onalar boshpana so'rab, bolalar qolsa, ular HHS hibsxonasiga topshiriladi.[346]
Boshqa rasmiylar
2019 yil aprel oyida Ichki xavfsizlik vaziri vazifasini bajaruvchi Kevin Makalenan Tramp ma'muriyati "har doim ajratilgan familtiyachilarni birlashtirishni" niyat qilganligini aytdi.[347]
2019 yil iyul oyida Bojxona va chegara muhofazasi (CBP) huquqni muhofaza qilish boshqarmasi boshlig'i Brayan Xastings Kongress oldida CBP deportatsiya qilinishidan oldin bolaning ota-onasi bilan birlashtirilganligi to'g'risida hech qanday ma'lumotga ega bo'lmagan holda ota-onalarini deportatsiya qilganligini ko'rsatdi. Xastingsning aytishicha, birlashish bo'yicha savollar HHSga yo'naltirilishi kerak. Xastings qo'shimcha ravishda migrant ota-onalarga oilaviy ajralish yuz berishi va oilaning haqiqiy ajralishi to'g'risida gapirish o'rtasida "minimal vaqt" yo'qligini ko'rsatdi.[348]
Yangi ajralishlarni to'xtatish va oilalarni hibsga olish to'g'risida buyruq
2018 yil 20-iyun kuni Tramp 13841-sonli buyruqni imzoladi,[349] "Kongressga oilani ajratish masalasini hal qilish imkoniyatini berish" deb nomlangan,[350] bu oilaning ajralishini cheklaydi, ammo Ma'muriyatning immigratsiya siyosatining ko'plab tarkibiy qismlarini saqlaydi. Buyurtma Ichki xavfsizlik vazirligiga ota-onalar va bolalarning qaramog'ida bo'lishini "qonun bilan ruxsat etilgan darajada va ajratmalar mavjudligini hisobga olgan holda" birgalikda saqlashni buyuradi.[351] Shuningdek, u Adliya vazirligiga bolalar va bolali oilalarni ushlab turish muddatini 20 kungacha cheklab qo'ygan va bolalarga ruxsat berishga imkon beradigan Flores shartnomasini bekor qilishga urinishni buyuradi. muddatsiz hibsga olingan.[351] Buyruq boshqa idoralarni, shu jumladan Pentagonni oilaviy birliklarni joylashtirish uchun joylar yaratish yoki sotib olishga yo'naltiradi, ammo agar bola farovonligidan qo'rqish bo'lsa, oilaviy birlik saqlanib qolmaydi.[352]
Imzolash marosimida Tramp "Biz kuchli, juda mustahkam chegaralarga ega bo'lamiz, lekin biz oilalarni birlashtiramiz. Menga oilalarning ajralib turishi yoki tuyg'usi yoqmadi" dedi.[353] Tramp oilalar saqlanib qolishini, ammo baribir nol bag'rikenglik saqlanib qolishini ta'kidladi.[354]
Kamida ikkita katta yordamchining aytishicha, Respublikachilar partiyasi rahbariyati Oq uy tomonidan rejalashtirilgan ijro etiladigan harakatlar to'g'risida rasmiy ogohlantirmagan.[355] Texasning janubiy qismidagi bosh federal jamoat himoyachisi Marjori Meyersning so'zlariga ko'ra, uning rasmiy vakili dastlab buyurtma qanday bajarilishi haqida ma'lumot olmagan.[356]
Ajratilgan bolalarni hibsda saqlashni davom ettirish
Following the issue of the executive order, HHS stated that the status of children already detained would not be affected by the executive order, and that they would not be immediately reunited with their families.[22] However, it was later reported that the statement by Kenneth Wolfe, a spokesman for the Bolalar va oilalar uchun ma'muriyat, that "there will be no grandfathering of existing cases" was based on incorrect information and no decision had been made.[356]
A fact sheet on "Zero-Tolerance Prosecution and Family Reunification" that was released by the Department of Health and Human Services stated that a parent may request that their child be deported with them. However, the agency said that in the past many parents had elected to be deported without their children.[357]
On June 26, 2018, HHS Secretary Aleks Azar testified that 2,047 children continued to be held in HHS-contracted facilities.[153] He said that only parents who are deported or who are granted entry to the United States could be reunited with their children.[153] He further testified that HHS would reunite children with their detained parents only if Congress passed legislation lifting the 20-day limit on family detention required under the Flores settlement.[153] Azar also implied that around 250 children formerly in HHS custody had been reunited with family members in the United States, rather with those they had accompanied across the border.[153]
On June 28, 2018, a bill was passed at the initiative of Senator Tom Udal that requires HHS to make information about migrant children in its care publicly available. This obligation includes weekly public updates on its website of the number of children who have been reunited with separated family members, as well as monthly publication of the information on migrant children that the HHS makes available to the AQSh Senatining mablag 'ajratish bo'yicha qo'mitasi under the Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education (Labor-HHS) Appropriations Bill.[358]
O'tish va ajralishni davom ettirish
After the executive order halting the policy was issued, the Trump administration sent out mixed messages amid confusion over "how to begin detaining families together and whether the government would make any effort to reunite parents still in the U.S. with children currently held in separate shelters or foster facilities."[359] On June 22, 2018, the office of Jon Bash, the U.S. Attorney for Western Texas, said that the family separation policy was still in effect. He spoke of "a necessary transition" during which those who were charged would no longer be transferred to the custody of US Marshals but would stay in the custody of the DHS together with their children. The office confirmed that several cases that had been pending when the executive order had been issued were dismissed as part of that transition.[359]
Parents and children crossing the border illegally were intended to have the same A-file number given to them by immigration officials. Family reunification was complicated by the fact that in many cases families were separated before an A-file number was given, resulting in parents and children receiving different numbers which makes it more difficult to reunite them afterwards.[360] Days after the formal end of the policy, authorities still were not able to tell the separated children how their parents were doing, or where their parents were.[361]
DHS and HHS stated that they "have a process established to ensure that family members know the location of their children and have regular communication after separation to ensure that those adults who are subject to removal are reunited with their children for the purposes of removal", and that ICE had "implemented an identification mechanism to ensure on-going tracking of linked family members throughout the detention and removal process".[362] The Port Izabel xizmatlarini qayta ishlash markazi was intended to become the primary family reunification and removal center for adults who were in the custody of the ICE.[362] The document did not set out any timeline for reuniting the remaining children that had been separated from their families due to the policy.
The DHS and HHS documents stated that adults who had been processed for removal would have the choice of whether or not their child would accompany them.[151] CNN reported that adult detainees were being offered the opportunity to see their children if they agreed to sign voluntary departure orders, waiving their right to go before a judge. Immigration advocates criticized the policy; Attorney Efrén Olivares of the Texas Civil Rights Project said, "We have no reason to believe that [voluntary deportation] is the fastest way for parents to be reunited with their children. Putting them in that position is not a voluntary [deportation]; it's being obtained under chidamlilik."[363]
HHS also stated that ICE officials had posted notices in all of its facilities advising detained parents who were trying to find or communicate with their children to call a hotline, staffed from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Monday through Friday. Further according to ICE, the parents can also contact the Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) National Call Center, to determine if the child is in custody of HHS.[357]
Yangi hibsxonalarga tayyorgarlik
The June 20, 2018, executive order instructs that "The Secretary of Defense shall take all legally available measures to provide to the Secretary, upon request, any existing facilities available for the housing and care of alien families, and shall construct such facilities if necessary and consistent with law."[350] On June 21, the Department of Health and Human Services requested facilities to house migrant children. Pentagon spokesmen and a memorandum sent to Congress confirmed that the Mudofaa vazirligi was preparing facilities at four military bases in Texas and Arkansas—Fort Bliss, Dyess aviatsiya bazasi, Goodfellow aviatsiya bazasiva Little Rock aviatsiya bazasi—to house 20,000 "unaccompanied alien children".[364] On June 25, the Associated Press reported that Fort Bliss and Goodfellow Air Force Base had been chosen, and that one will house unaccompanied migrant children, while the other will house migrant families.[365]
2018 yil 22 iyunda, Vaqt Jurnal reported the contents of an internal Navy planning memorandum that proposed constructing "tent cities" to house migrants in "temporary and austere" facilities at Navy Outlying Field Wolf in Orange Beach, Alabama, Navy Outlying Field Silverhill, and two abandoned airfields near Mobile, Alabama. The memorandum also proposes that up to 47,000 people could be housed at both the former Konkord dengiz qurollari stantsiyasi in northern California and Pendlton lageri Kaliforniyaning janubida. These would be built by the Dengiz kuchlari va tomonidan boshqariladi Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish boshqarmasi.[366]
Yangi holatlar bo'yicha hibsga olishni to'xtatib turish
2018 yil 21-iyun kuni, Washington Post reported that Customs and Border Protection had suspended criminal referrals for parents arriving across the border with their children. At the time, Justice Department officials said the zero tolerance policy remained in force and they would continue to process all adults for illegal entry.[367]
On June 25, US Customs and Border Protection Commissioner Kevin McAleenan announced a temporary suspension of detaining migrant adults who traveled with children.[368][369] In this context, White House press secretary Sarah Sanders explained that the government was "out of resources" and could not hold all the undocumented families coming across the US-Mexico border.[369]
Birlashish jarayonidagi qiyinchiliklar
Three agencies were involved in processing immigrant families: Customs and Border Patrol, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and the Department of Health and Human Services' Office of Refugee Resettlement. These agencies did not have a shared database for tracking migrant families, complied inaccurate summary data on the separation program, failed to consistently connect family members with their detained loved ones, and provided inaccurate information to family members, according to the DHS Inspector General's report.[371] On June 23, 2018, DHS falsely claimed it and HHS had a "central database" for tracking migrants; the Department's Inspector General "found no evidence that such a database exists".[371]
In early July, ORR staff were still missing instructions on how to proceed in order to reunite the separated children with their parents. The deadline for reuniting children under five with their parents was July 10; for all others it was July 26. After the court order, the HHS manually reviewed all case files of the approximately 11,800 children in their custody to determine whether HHS missed any who had been separated from adults at the border. Matters were further complicated by the fact that parents may have been in different situations: released, still detained, or deported.[372][157]
The usual procedure for the release of a child to a sponsor involves a background check. Sponsors must submit documentation proof that they are legitimate relatives and financially capable. They also have to pay for travel costs, in some cases thousands of US dollars for air fares.[373] Since June 2018, the procedure also involves the barmoq izlari of every adult in a potential sponsor's household. The procedure is said to be intended to avoid the risk of releasing children to unauthorized persons or child traffickers. Representatives of plaintiffs argue that the usual procedure is too slow for the release of a child to their parent.[372]
CNN reported that DNK sinovi was performed to expedite parental verification and ensure reunification with verified parents, without details being reported as to whether consent has been asked. Human rights advocates have criticized that migrant children, some as young as two months old, cannot give their consent to DNA testing.[374] Medical experts have recommended to use DNA testing only as a last resort. Thomas H. Murray, president emeritus of Xastings markazi, emphasizes the danger to social ties in the family given that "misattributed fatherhood, and even motherhood, is more common than most people realize".[375][376]
Topshirish muddati; tugatish muddati
Azar declared on July 5, 2018, that the government would meet the July 10 deadline for uniting children under five with their parents, and confirmed that DNA testing was being used to speed up matching parents and children.[377] He also said the Department of Homeland Security was relocating parents of children under five to detention facilities close to their children.[378] In advance of the deadline of July 26 that had been set for reunification of minors five or older, the administration stated on July 16 that it had completed reunifying "all eligible children under five", and that families with older children were being reunited on a rolling basis.[379] On July 25, ACLU filed a submission setting out that some of the parents had been misled to relinquish their right to reunite with their children.[380][381]
On July 26, 2018, the Trump administration said that 1,442 children had been reunited with their parents while 711 remained in government shelters because their cases are still under review, their parents have jinoiy yozuvlar, or their parents are no longer in the United States. Officials stated that 431 parents of those children had already been deported without their children. Officials said they will work with the court to return the remaining children, including the children whose parents have been deported.[382] As of August 20, 2018, 528 of the children—about a fifth—reportedly still had not been reunited with their parents.[17]
Ikkinchi imkoniyat
In September 2018, the Department of Justice changed their handling of asylum claims of asylum seekers who had undergone family separation. The change, which was said to give about 1,000 persons a second chance to claim asylum, was the result of a negotiation covering three lawsuits that had been filed against the government over the family-separation policy.[383]
On November 30, 2018, CNN reported that 140 children who had been separated from their parents still remained in custody. Of these, eight were in the pipeline for reunification in the US or abroad, whereas 132 would not be reunified with their parents, either because the parents had declined reunification or officials had deemed that no reunification could take place because the parents were unfit or posed a danger.[384]
2019 yilgi hisobot
A followup government report released in January 2019, revealed that while HHS had previously said that the total number of children separated from their parents was 2,737, a new investigation suggested the true number of children to be thousands more, with the exact number unknown.[27][26] In February, the Trump administration responded to requests made by the ACLU that the thousands of children that were revealed in the January report be reunited with their parents as well. HHS responded to the requests saying it would be extremely difficult to locate the children and even if it were possible they planned to continue to focus only on the children currently in custody, claiming that removing children from "sponsor" homes "would present grave child welfare concerns". The leading ACLU attorney responded saying "The Trump administration's response is a shocking concession that it can't easily find thousands of children it ripped from parents, and doesn't even think it's worth the time to locate each of them."[385]
2020 ACLU yangilanishi
In October 2020, ACLU lawyers submitted a court filing with an update saying they had not yet been able to reach the parents of 545 separated children, with about two-thirds of the parents believed to be somewhere in Central America. The lawyers reported that it has been very difficult to locate the parents of about 1,500 children who had been taken from their parents in 2017, when zero-tolerance was being carried out during the secretive pilot program because many of those parents were deported without their children and records were not kept. The Trump administration has refused funding or assistance to help find the missing parents; NGOs and the ACLU have provided both volunteer workers and have covered all expenses related to the search. Gapirish PBS, ACLU head attorney Lee Gelernt said, "When there are families in the U.S. who have finally been reunited, and they have gone through this horrific situation, you would think the Trump administration would say, OK, we will let them stay. But, in fact, what most people don't know is, the Trump administration is trying to deport all of these previously separated families." The ACLU says that the COVID-19 pandemic has added to the difficulty of finding parents, but they are committed to reuniting all of the remaining children.[386][387]
Shuningdek qarang
 | Vikimedia Commons-ga tegishli ommaviy axborot vositalari mavjud Tramp ma'muriyatining oilani ajratish siyosati. |
- Bolalarni ko'chirilishi
- Qo'shma Shtatlarda oilaviy immigratsion hibsga olish
- Flores Agreement
- Qamoqxona - sanoat kompleksi
- Trump ma'muriyati muhojirlarni hibsga olish
- Qarovsiz chet ellik bolalar in US immigration detention
Protests:
- ICEni bekor qilish
- ICE-ni egallab oling
- Tramp ma'muriyatining oilani ajratish siyosatiga qarshi norozilik namoyishlari
Qo'shimcha o'qish
- Wallace, S., & Zepeda-Millán, C. (2020). Walls, Cages, and Family Separation: Race and Immigration Policy in the Trump Era. Kembrij universiteti matbuoti.
Adabiyotlar
- ^
- Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Shear, Maykl D. (June 16, 2018). "How Trump Came to Enforce a Practice of Separating Migrant Families". The New York Times. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2018 yil 18 iyunda. Olingan 19 iyun, 2018.
exceptions were generally made for adults who were traveling with minor children
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- ^
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... 'a number of media outlets have reported instances where parents and children seeking asylum at a port of entry have been separated,' the two senators wrote. 'These accounts and others like them concern us.' Flake and Collins cited a Vashington Post story about a Honduran woman seeking asylum being separated from her child in Texas and a case in California in which a Congolese woman was separated from her daughter for months.
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In this June 18, 2014 file photo, two female detainees sleep in a holding cell, as the children are separated by age group and gender, as hundreds of mostly Central American immigrant children are being processed and held at the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Nogales Placement Center in Nogales, Ariz.
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Detainees sleep and watch television in a holding cell on June 18, 2014. They are among hundreds of mostly Central American immigrant children being processed and held at the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Nogales Placement Center.
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Freskoning ta'kidlashicha, o'zgarishga turtki Floresga qarshi Lynch sudi ishi bo'lib, unda hukumat voyaga etmaganlarni hibsxonadan ularni ota-onasi hamrohligida bo'lsa ham, ular faqat qarovsiz bo'lmagan taqdirda ham tezkor ravishda ozod qilishi shart, deb aytdi.
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DHS vakili The Washington Post-ga Nilsenning statistikasi bo'yicha juda ko'p raqamlarni keltirdi. 2016 yil oktyabridan 2017 yil sentyabrigacha bo'lgan davrda 46 firibgarlik holati - "shaxslar voyaga etmaganlarni o'zlarini soxta oilaviy birlik sifatida ko'rsatish uchun ishlatganlar" - 2016 yil oktyabridan 2017 yil sentyabrigacha bo'lgan davrda. 2018 yilning dastlabki besh oyida 191 ta holat kuzatilgan. Bu 315 foizga o'sgan. Ushbu moliya yilida noqonuniy kontrabandachilar soni ko'payganligi va oilaviy birliklar soni kamayganligini hisobga olsak ham, ushbu kontrabandachilar, odam savdosi bilan shug'ullanadiganlar, MS-13 a'zolari ushbu oilaviy birliklarning atigi 0,61 foizini tashkil qiladi.
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- ^ 2018 yil 25-iyuldagi ACLU hujjati.
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Tashqi havolalar
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- [1] Janubiy qashshoqlik huquqi markazi Tramp ma'muriyati ostidagi oilaviy ajralish - vaqt jadvalidir
