WikiDer > Plautdietsch tili - Vikipediya

Ushbu maqolada bir nechta muammolar mavjud. Iltimos yordam bering uni yaxshilang yoki ushbu masalalarni muhokama qiling munozara sahifasi. (Ushbu shablon xabarlarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) Bu maqola uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Resurs manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. Manbalarni toping: "Plautdietsch tili" – Yangiliklar · gazetalar · kitoblar · olim · JSTOR (2007 yil dekabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) Ushbu maqola yoki bo'lim kerak ingliz tilidagi bo'lmagan tarkibidagi tilni belgilang, {{lang}}, tegishli bilan ISO 639 kodi ayniqsa Plautdietsch uchun pdt. Buning sababini ko'ring. (2019 yil may) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Plautdietsch (IPA:[/plaʊt.ditʃ/]), Plauttdietsch yoki Mennonit past nemis, a Prussiya lahjasi past ning Sharqiy past nemis bilan Golland da 16-17 asrlarda rivojlangan ta'sir Vistula delta maydoni Qirollik Prussiyasi.^[3][4] So'z Plautdietsch dan "tekis (yoki past) nemis" ga tarjima qilinadi qarag'ay (yoki plautt) "yassi" ma'nosini anglatadi (shimoliy Germaniya tekisliklari yoki tilning soddaligini nazarda tutadi) va dietch nemis tilini anglatadi.^[5] Boshqa past nemis lahjalarida, past nemis tilidagi so'z odatda shunday amalga oshiriladi Plattdütsch / Plattdüütsch [ˈPlatdyːtʃ] yoki Plattdyutsk [Latplatdyːtsk], lekin imlo Plautdietsch (yoki Plauttdietsch) tilning Vistula variantiga maxsus murojaat qilish uchun ishlatiladi.

Plautdietsch, Sharqiy past nemis lahjasi, a Nemis shevasi janubi-g'arbiy qismida mennonit ko'chmanchilari tomonidan olib ketilgunga qadar boshqalar kabi Rossiya imperiyasi 1789 yildan boshlab.^[4] U erdan u rivojlanib, keyingi migratsiya to'lqinlari uni 1873 yildan boshlab Shimoliy Amerikaga va asosan 1922 yildan boshlab Lotin Amerikasiga olib keldi.

Plautdietschda 400 mingga yaqin kishi gaplashadi Rossiya mennonitlari, xususan Lotin Amerikasi davlatlarida Meksika, Boliviya, Paragvay, Beliz, Braziliya,^[6] Argentina va Urugvay, shuningdek AQSh va Kanadada (xususan) Manitoba, Saskaçevanva Ontario).

Bugungi kunda Plautdietsch ikki yirik lahjada gaplashmoqda, bu ularning bo'linishini hozirgi Ukraina hududiga to'g'ri keladi. Ushbu ikki lahjalar ikkiga bo'lingan Chortitza koloniyasi va Molotschna. Bugungi kunda Kanadada va AQShda ko'plab yosh rus mennonitlari faqat ingliz tilida gaplashadilar. Masalan, Gomer Groening - otasi Mett Groening (yaratuvchisi Simpsonlar) - Plautdietschni mennonitlar jamoasida bolaligida gapirdi Saskaçevan 1920-yillarda, lekin Mett hech qachon tilni o'rganmagan.

2007 yilda meksikalik kinorejissyor Karlos Reygadas filmni boshqargan Stellet Licht (Jim nur), mennonitlar jamoasida joylashgan Chixuaxua, Meksika. Filmning aksariyat dialoglari Plautdietschda bo'lib, ba'zi aktyorlar uni fonetik jihatdan o'rganishlari kerak edi. Boshqa qismlarni mahalliy jamoat vakillari ijro etishdi.

Migratsiya tarixi

Plautdietsch ma'ruzachilari bugungi kunda asosan avlodlari Mennonitlar kim hozirgi narsadan qochib ketgan bo'lsa Gollandiya va Belgiya XVI asrda ta'qiblardan qutulish va Vistula deltasiga joylashtirilgan. Ular o'zlari bilan birga olib ketishdi Golland, G'arbiy friz va Gollandiyalik past sakson vaqt o'tishi bilan ular aralashgan lahjalar Sharqiy past nemis deb nomlangan lahjalar Vayxselplatt, mintaqaning. Mennonitlar sifatida ular o'zlarining (birinchi navbatda golland va past nemis) shaxsiyatini saqlab qolishdi Gollandiyalik standart XVIII asrga qadar. Rossiya imperiyasiga ko'chib kelgan paytda, ularning nutqiy tili mintaqadagi shevalarga o'xshash edi, faqat ozgina golland elementlari bo'lgan.^[7] Ularning Sharqiy past nemis lahjasi hali ham past prusscha yoki oddiygina prusscha deb tasniflanadi. Rossiya mennonitlari ularning nasabiy ildizlarini asosan Kam mamlakatlar va Shveytsariya.

18-asrning oxiridan boshlab, kengayib boradi Rossiya imperiyasi nemislar va ko'plab Prussiya qirolligishimoldan yangi koloniyalar yaratish uchun ko'plab mennonitlar, shu jumladan Qora dengiz Rossiya yaqinda ulardan birida sotib olgan hududda Rus-turk urushlari. Bu endi boshqa davlatlar singari Ukrainaning ham bir qismidir. 1873 yildan boshlab ko'plab Plautdietsch tilida so'zlashadigan mennonitlar Rossiya imperiyasidan AQSh va Kanadaga ko'chib ketishdi.

1922 yilda Kanadadan Plautdietschda so'zlashadigan mennonitlar Meksikada, 1927 yilda Paragvayda joylashishni boshladilar. 1930-yillarda mennonitlar asosan Sovet Ukrainasidan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Braziliyaga ko'chib ketishdi. Boliviyadagi birinchi mennonit aholi punkti 1957 yilda Paragvaydan kelgan Plautdietsch tilida so'zlashadigan mennonitlar tomonidan tashkil etilgan. Ko'p o'tmay, Kanada, Meksika va Belizdan kelgan konservativ Plautdietschda so'zlashadigan mennonitlar ham Boliviyaga ko'chib, birgalikda joylashdilar. 1986/7 yillarda Argentinada Lotin Amerikasining boshqa mamlakatlaridan kelgan Plautdietsch tilida so'zlashadigan mennonitlar tomonidan aholi punkti tashkil etildi.

Spikerlar soni va tilni saqlash

Lotin Amerikasidagi Plautdietsch tilida so'zlashadigan jamoalar asosan o'z tillarini saqlab qolishdi, shu bilan birga standart nemis va mahalliy tillarni o'rganishdi. Shimoliy Amerikada ko'plab mennonitlar ingliz tilini o'zlarining umumiy tili sifatida qabul qilishgan. Germaniyada ko'plab mennonitlar standart nemis tiliga o'tdilar, faqat eng konservativ fraktsiya Plautdietsch lahjasidan foydalanishni davom ettirmoqdalar.

Holat

Plautdietsch birinchi navbatda og'zaki til bo'lib, rasmiy imloga ega emas. Biroq, tilning yozma shaklini yaratishga urinishlar bo'lgan. Rasmiy orfografiyani rivojlantirishning asosiy muammolaridan biri bu turli xil nutq jamoalari o'rtasida talaffuzning xilma-xilligi. Tilning birlashishiga yana bir to'siq bu Plautdietsch tilida so'zlashadigan odamlarning ko'pchiligining Kanada, AQSh, Meksika, Markaziy Amerika va Janubiy Amerika bo'ylab tarqaladigan bir geografik mintaqada topilmasligi. Orfografiyani diqqatga sazovor joylariga Fast, Reimer, Epp, Loewen va Heinrichs tomonidan qilingan urinishlar kiradi.^[10] Rasmiy imlo yo'qligiga qaramay, Plautdietsch tilida yozma matnlar juda oz.^[11][10] Buning muhim misoli - Yangi Ahd 1987 yilda nashr etilgan va keyinchalik 2005 yilda nashr etilgan to'liq versiyasi. Bu past nemis tilining boshqa navlari bilan grammatik va leksik o'xshashliklarni baham ko'radi va umuman olganda, u ba'zi bir tanishdan keyin boshqa past nemis tilida so'zlashuvchilar uchun tushunarli. . Boshqa tomondan, unda boshqa biron bir past darajadagi nemis lahjasida bo'lmagan bir nechta o'zgarishlar va ovoz o'zgarishlari mavjud.

Turlar

Ushbu bo'lim emas keltirish har qanday manbalar. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu bo'limni takomillashtiring tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Manbaga ega bo'lmagan materialga qarshi chiqish mumkin va olib tashlandi. (2014 yil sentyabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Tilning mintaqaviy farqlari rivojlandi. Bu tarixiy ravishda izchil yozuv tizimiga ega bo'lmagan va boshqa tillar hukmron bo'lgan hududlarga etkazilgan nutqiy tillarda keng tarqalgan. Katta farqlar 19-asrning boshlarida Ekaterinoslavdagi ikkita yirik mennonit turar-joylarida paydo bo'lgan, ular shuningdek Novorossiyayoki Yangi Rossiya, (hozirgi Ukraina.) mustamlakalari Chortitza (Eski mustamlaka) va Molotschna (Yangi koloniya),^[12][11] yuqorida ta'kidlab o'tilganidek. Ushbu ikki navning asosiy farqlaridan ba'zilari:

Ba'zan ushbu masala bilan bog'liq bo'lgan yana bir nechta farqlar IPA c tovushining aniq talaffuzi va so'zlarning jenau / jeneiw sifatida. Ba'zi tadqiqotlarga ko'ra, bu ma'ruzachining bilim darajasi, shuningdek rus va standart nemis tilining ta'siri bilan bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin.

Ba'zi Plautdietsch ma'ruzachilari ikkala lahjani aralashtirib gapirishlari mumkin. Masalan, o'z kelib chiqishini Bergthal koloniyasi Yangi Rossiyada - Eski Koloniyaning qizi koloniyasi - Eski Koloniya versiyasining barcha fonetik farqlanishlarini namoyish etadi, ammo Molotschna ma'ruzachilari kabi finalni qoldiring.

Qarindosh tillar bilan taqqoslash

Plautdietsch past nemis (past sakson) bazasiga ega va shu sababli u ta'sirini ko'rsatmaydi Yuqori nemis undoshlari smenasi. Bu yuqori nemis lahjalarini past nemis lahjalari va boshqa barcha german tillaridan ajratib turardi.^[13] Oliy nemis va past nemis o'rtasidagi asosiy farqlar:

Oliy nemis undoshlari siljishining ta'siri

Golland, friz va past nemis singari, Plautdietsch faqat mutatsiyasini ko'rsatadi th ichiga d.

Har xil german tillarida unli tovushlar almashinuvi

Ko'rsatilganidek, golland, ingliz va nemis tillari shu kabi unli siljishlarni boshdan kechirgan bo'lsa, Plautdietsch faqat eski german tilini birlashtirgan / yː / bilan tovush / iː /, uzoq vaqt davomida / uː / Molotschna shevasida saqlanib qolgan. Old Colony xilma-xilligi hozirda bo'sh turgan joyni egallab oldi / yː /.

Noyob o'zgarishlar

Plautdietsch nafaqat unli tovushlarni almashtirgan, balki Plautdietschning turli xil dialektlari ham o'zlarining o'zgarishlariga ega.^[14]

Tovushlarni tushirish

1. Ushbu o'zgarish hali ham faoldir, chunki ba'zi ma'ruzachilar (jumladan, Gaagadan kelganlar) eski talaffuzini saqlab qolishmoqda.^{[iqtibos kerak]}

Ovozni o'rab olish

G, k, ch [IPA x] va r dan oldin diftongizatsiya, mumkin bo'lgan r yo'qotish bilan

R ni o'chirish ko'pgina so'nggi pozitsiyalarda, oldingi unlilardan keyin va alveolyar undoshlardan oldin tugatilgan, ammo Huarn, Hieena misolida ko'rinib turganidek, fe'llarning infinitivida, qisqa unlilaridan keyin va ba'zan orqa unlilaridan keyin saqlanib qoladi.

Har xil boshqa unli ekvivalentlari

1. / æ / ga o'tdi / au / oldin ovozsiz undoshlar.

Palatalizatsiya

Barcha so'zlar a / ɡ / yoki / k / oldingi unlidan oldin yoki keyin (/ e / yoki / men /, hisobga olinmaydi schwa) ga o'tkazildi / j / va / c / (ikkinchisi kj yoki tj deb yozilgan), hatto unli va undosh o'rtasida boshqa undosh bo'lsa ham. Intervalli / ɡ / kabi palatalizatsiya qilinadi shov-shuvli to'xtash / ɟ /, yozilgan gj yoki dj. (Xuddi shunday hodisa ham ingliz tilida sodir bo'lgan, ammo umumlashtirilmagan). Qaerda / e / yoki / men / cho'kib ketgan / a /, palatalizatsiya qilingan tovush saqlanib qoladi. Shuningdek, nemis palatalizatsiyasiga ega bo'lgan joyda (of siljigan / ç / undosh), Plautdietsch palatalizatsiyasini saqlab qoladi (ning / k /) oldingi unlini tushirgandan keyin ham.

Ta'sir va qarz olish

Nemis

Ko'pchilik Anabaptistlar Vistula deltasiga kelib, kelib chiqishi Gollandiyalik yoki shimoliy germaniyalik bo'lib, ularga Germaniya va Shveytsariyaning turli qismlaridan kelgan qochqinlar qo'shilib, ularning rivojlanayotgan tillariga ta'sir ko'rsatdilar. G'arbiy Prussiyada deyarli ikki asrdan keyin nemis cherkovi, maktab va yozma til sifatida golland tilini almashtirdi va so'zlar, ayniqsa diniy atamalar uchun juda ko'p qarz oladigan manbaga aylandi. Ushbu so'zlarning aksariyati, agar ular boshqacha tarzda Plautdietsch fonetikasiga moslashgan bo'lsa ham, yuqori nemis undoshlarining siljishi ta'sirini ko'rsatadi. Taqqoslang:

Bu, ayniqsa, fe'ldan yasalgan ismlarda uchraydi. Odatda fe'l o'zgaruvchan undoshni ko'rsatadi, ism esa siljigan german tilidagi undoshga ega: schluten, Schluss; bräakjen, Bruch (yopish, yopish; sindirish, tanaffus)

Golland

XVI asrning birinchi yarmi terrorizm hukmronligining boshlanishi edi Alba gersogi ispan tilida Kam mamlakatlar davomida Gollandiyalik qo'zg'olon (a.k.a.) Sakson yillik urush), bu diniy erkinlikka asoslangan edi Protestantlar. Natijada ko'plab mennonitlar va Isloh qilindi mamlakatni tark etdi. Bu 17-asrda davom etdi, qachonki Gollandiyalik islohot cherkovi Protestantizmning boshqa turlariga nisbatan yumshoqroq munosabatda bo'lib, radikal (zo'ravonliksiz, qurol ko'tarmaslik va dunyoviy hokimiyatni tan olmaslik) deb qabul qilingan turlarni hisobga olmaganda rasmiy dinga aylandi. Yilda Past nemis maydonda, ular til izlarini, ayniqsa pastki qismida qoldirdilar Vistula, atrofida Dantsig va Elblągva daryo bo'yiga qarab Yugurmoq.

Mennonitlar uzoq vaqt o'zlarining eski tillarini saqlab qolishgan. Danzigda cherkov tili sifatida gollandiyaliklar taxminan 1800 yilda yo'q bo'lib ketdi. Mennonitlar nutq tili sifatida Vistula Past nemis, ular o'zlari allaqachon ta'sir qilgan so'z boyligi. Yozma til sifatida ular yuqori nemis tilini egallashgan. Bu Vistula past nemis yoki edi Vayxselplatt mennonitlar o'zlari bilan olib ketdilar va Rossiyaga, Kanadaga va boshqa joylarga ko'chib yurishdi.^[15]

Eski Prussiya va Boltiq tillari

Rus yoki ukrain

Mennonitlar qaerga joylashmasinlar, ular bilan tanish bo'lmagan yangi ovqatlar va boshqa narsalarni topdilar. Bu sodir bo'lganda, ular mahalliy odamlar ushbu buyumlar uchun ishlatgan nomni oldilar. Quyidagi so'zlar kelib chiqishi rus yoki ukrain:

Ingliz tili

Mennonitlar yangi texnologiyalar bilan aloqada bo'lganligi sababli, ko'pincha ushbu texnologiyalar uchun nomlarni qabul qildilar va moslashtirdilar. 1870-yillarda Shimoliy Amerikada joylashib olgan mennonitlar uchun barcha yangi so'zlar ingliz tilidan olingan. O'sha ko'chmanchilarning aksariyati Janubiy Amerikaga kelganlaridan atigi 50 yil o'tib ketgan bo'lishsa ham, ular ushbu so'zlarni mennonit past nemis fonetikasida saqlab qolishgan va ba'zan moslashtirishgan:

Xususan, avto ehtiyot qismlar uchun so'zlar ingliz tilidan olingan: qalpoqcha, panjara, tormoz tizimlari (pastroq nemis shakli bilan birga Bramlar), shamlar (ko'plik bilan) Ploggen), shuningdek, shunga o'xshash so'zlar yerfıstığı, kamar, soliq.

Ispaniya

Ispan tilida so'zlashadigan mamlakatlarda yashovchi Plautdietsch ma'ruzachilari kundalik nutqda, ayniqsa biznes va aloqada (masalan, telefon) so'z birikmalarida ko'plab ispancha so'zlardan foydalanadilar. Mennonit past nemis tiliga to'liq moslangan so'zlarning ikkita misoli Burra (Meksika ispan burro, eshak) va Wratsch (Meksika ispan huarache, sandal). Ikkalasida ham past nemischa ko'plik mavjud: Burrasch, Wratschen. Sof nemischa so'zlar Äsel va Shlorr Meksikada kamdan kam qo'llaniladi.^[16]

Imlo

Plautdietsch imlosi ham munozarali bo'lib kelgan. Imlo tizimining asosiy mezonlari quyidagilar:

1. Imlo imkon qadar fonetik bo'lishi kerak.
2. Nemis imlo qoidalari iloji boricha qo'llanilishi kerak.

Muammolardan biri, palatal kabi nemis tilida mavjud bo'lmagan tovushlar uchun qanday harflardan foydalanish kerakligi / c / va / ʝ / Plautdietschning turli lahjalarida ham talaffuz qilinadigan va ham turlicha yoziladigan tovushlar. Eski koloniya karnaylari bu tovushlarni tilning o'rtasini tanglayga urib talaffuz qilishadi. Boshqalar, ayniqsa molotschna lahjasi ma'ruzachilari, buning o'rniga tilni urishadi alveolyar tizma va ularni ⟨tj⟩ va ⟨dj⟩ deb yozing. Plautdietsch ma'ruzachilarining ko'pchilik quloqlari bu nozik, ahamiyatsiz bo'lsa ham farqlarni anglashga odatlanmagan va ko'pincha boshqasini aralashtirib yuboradi.^{[iqtibos kerak]}

Boshqa muammoli joylar: ba'zi so'zlar uchun ⟨v⟩ ni ishlatish yoki ishlatmaslik / f / ning ovozi, ishlatilishi yoki ishlatilmasligi Dehnungs-h, undoshlarni qachon ikki baravar ko'paytirish kerak va qachon bo'lmasin.

Turli yozuvchilarni taqqoslaganda, o'sha yozuvchining shevasini hisobga olish kerak. Eng taniqli Plautdietsch yozuvchisi, Arnold Deyk, Molotschna shevasida yozgan, garchi uning kelib chiqishi Eski mustamlakadan bo'lgan. Uning hayoti davomida u imlo tizimida ko'plab o'zgarishlarni amalga oshirdi. Uning ishlanmalari bugungi kunda ishlatiladigan turli xil imlolar uchun asosdir. Keyingi jadvalda, uning mashhur Koop enn Bua seriyasida, Herman Rempel bilan birgalikda ishlatilganidek, faqat uning yakuniy tizimi hisobga olingan (Kjennn Jie noch Plautdietsch?), Ruben Epp (Plautdietsche Schreftsteckja), Jek Tissen (Mennonit past nemis lug'ati), J. J. Neufeld (Daut niehe Tastament) va Ed Zakarias (De Bibel). So'nggi ikkitasi fe'l qo'shimchalarida ko'rinib turganidek, eski koloniya shevasida yozishni da'vo qilmoqdalar, qolgan uchtasi esa Bergtal koloniyasining avlodlari aytganidek Plautdietschdan foydalanmoqdalar, ya'ni. e. -n oxirlarini yo'qotish bilan eski koloniya shevasi.

Fonetika

Mennonit past nemis tilida ko'plab tovushlar mavjud, shu jumladan past nemisning boshqa navlarida mavjud emas.

Undoshlar

Undoshlar uchun belgilar juft bo'lib uchraydigan joyda, chap tomoni ovozsiz undosh o'ng esa esa ovozli undosh. Kuzatishlar: De Bibel imlo tizimiga ko'ra bu tovushlar quyidagicha yozilgan:

1. / ɲ / - ⟨nj⟩ kabi Kjinja ("bolalar")
2. / ŋ / - ⟨ng⟩ kabi Xunga ("ochlik")
3. / c ɟ / - ⟨kj⟩ va ⟨gj⟩ kabi Kjoakj ("cherkov") va Brigj ("ko'prik")
4. / ʔ / - harf yo'q, lekin unli bilan boshlanadigan so'zga unli yoki prefiks bilan boshlangan so'z qo'shilsa, uni ishlatish kerak: ve'achten (xo'rlash)
5. / f v / – / f / ⟨f⟩ yoki ⟨v⟩ shaklida yozilishi mumkin: Fada ("erkak amakivachcha"), Voda ("ota"). Bitta mezon bu so'zlarning nemis tilida yozilishi. / v / nemis tilidagi kabi ⟨w⟩ deb yozilgan: Vota ("suv")
6. / s z / - so'z boshida va unlilar orasida / z / ⟩s⟩ yoziladi: sajen ("aytish"), läsen ("o'qish"). The / s / tovush so'zning boshida ⟨z⟩ deb yoziladi (bu erda ba'zi karnaylar uni talaffuz qiladilar) [ts]), Unlilar orasidagi "qisqa" va qisqa unlidan keyin oxirgi: Zoka ("shakar"), Vussen ("o'sish"), Oss ("ho'kiz"). So'z oxirida cho'ziq unli yoki undoshdan keyin ikkalasi ⟨s⟩ yoziladi, o'quvchi to'g'ri tovushni talaffuz qilish uchun so'zni bilishi kerak: Hos / hoz / ("quyon"), Os / os / ("karrion").
7. / ʃ ʒ / - ⟩sch⟩ va ⟨zh⟩ kabi Maktab ("maktab") va ruzhen ("shoshilish"). ⟨Sp⟩ va ⟨st⟩ ifodalaydi / ʃp / va / ʃt / so'zning boshida va prefiks ⟨sp⟩ yoki ⟨st⟩ bilan boshlangan so'zga biriktirilgan bo'lsa: spelen ("o'ynash") bestalen ("Buyurtma qilish").
8. / ç j / - ⟨j⟩ kabi Joa ("yil"). The / ç / tovush undoshlardan keyin ⟨ch⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩ va ⟨äa⟩ kabi yoziladi: Erfolx ("muvaffaqiyat"), Xesht ("yuz"), Yahudiy ("vazn"), läach ("past"). ⟨A⟩ dan keyin uni farqlash uchun ⟨jch⟩ yoziladi / x /: rajcht ("o'ng")
9. / x ɣ / – / x / ⟨ch⟩ deb yoziladi, faqat orqa unlilardan keyin bo'ladi: Dach ("kun"), Loch ("teshik"). [ɣ] (allofon / ɡ /) unli harflar bilan yakunlovchi o'rtasida ⟨g⟩ bo'lib ko'rsatiladi: froagen ("so'rash"), vondoag ("Bugun"). So'zning boshida va undoshlardan oldin g ga ega [ɡ] tovush.
10. / ɾ ɹ / - ⟩r⟩ - bu unli tovushlardan oldin qopqoq (masalan, ispancha r), yoki odamga qarab, hatto tril (ispancha rrr⟩ kabi): ildiz ("qizil"), qarag'ay ("katta"), Liera ("o'qituvchi"); / ɹ / Qadimgi koloniya ma'ruzachilarining undoshdan oldin, oxirida va -ren oxirlarida yaqinlashadigan (inglizcha r) sifatida talaffuz qilinadi: kort ("qisqa"), ar ("u"), hieren ("eshitmoq").^{[iqtibos kerak]} The uvular German r [ʀ] Plautdietschda eshitilmaydi.
11. / l ɫ / – [ɫ] allofonidir [l] kabi so'zlarda unlilardan keyin paydo bo'ladi Baul va yaxshi.

Unlilar

Kanadaning eski koloniya shevasi unlilari, dan Cox, Driedger & Tucker (2013 yil):224)

The unli Plautdietschning inventarizatsiyasi juda katta bo'lib, unda 13 ta oddiy unli, 10 ta diftong va bitta trifton mavjud.

• / y / yaxlitlangan va faqat Eski koloniya va Bergtal guruhlarida eshitiladi.
• Ushbu jadval Plautdietsch unli tovushlari haqida juda umumiy fikr beradi, chunki ularning aniq fonetik tushunchalari shevada shevada farq qiladi, ammo bu farqlar juda kam hujjatlangan. Masalan, Kanadadagi eski koloniya shevasida, / ɪ, ɛ / ga qattiq tushirilgan [ɛ, æ], / ʊ / o'rtasida markazlashgan [ɵ̞], shu bilan bir-birining orasidagi farq deyarli yo'q / a / va / ɔ / (bu yerda yo'q / ɑ / ikkalasi ham talaffuz qilinishi bilan) [ɐ] yoki [ɑ], garchi ular hali ham uzunlik va F3 qiymatlari bilan ajralib tursa ham. An'anaga ko'ra, Plautdietsch fonematik unli uzunlikka ega emasligi aytilgan.^[17]

The / u / ovoz o'zgartirildi / y / Eski koloniya shevasida, ovozni faqat ua diftong. Biroq, ma'lum hududlarda va yosh guruhlarida siljish og'ir tendentsiya mavjud / u / ga qadar ovoz [u].

Ayrim unli va diftonglarni talaffuz qilish ba'zi karnaylardan boshqasiga farq qiladi; bilan ifodalanadigan diftong ee misollar uchun talaffuz qilinadi [oi] yoki hatto [ei] kimdir tomonidan. Xuddi shu bilan ifodalangan uzun unlilar au va ei diftong sirg'alishi mumkin [ʊ] va [ɪ]navbati bilan.

• Inglizcha tovush ekvivalentlari taxminiy hisoblanadi. Uzoq unli tovushlar ä va o diftong sirpanishiga ega emas.

Grammatika

Past nemis grammatikasi yuqori nemis tiliga o'xshaydi, chunki sintaksis va morfologiya deyarli yuqori nemis tiliga o'xshashdir. Ko'p yillar davomida Plautdietsch bir oz burilishini yo'qotdi. Biroq, bu hali ham o'rtacha darajada egiluvchan, ikkita raqam, uchta jins, ikkita holat, ikkita zamon, uchta shaxs, ikkita kayfiyat, ikkita ovoz va ikki darajali taqqoslash.

Maqolalar

Garchi Plautdietsch uchta jinsga ega bo'lsa ham nominativ ish unda faqat ikkitasi bor aniq maqolalar (golland va past nemis kabi); erkaklar va ayollarga oid maqolalar gomofondir. Biroq, erkaklar va ayollarga tegishli noaniq maqolalar hanuzgacha farq qiladi (nemis singari) va shuning uchun uchta jins hali ham mukammal tarzda o'rnatilishi mumkin. In oblik ishi, erkakning o'ziga xos aniq artikli mavjud bo'lib, uni ayollikdan yana bir bor farq qiladi, bu neytral singari o'zgarmaydi. Ko'plik sonida barcha jins identifikatsiyalari yo'qoladi (nemis, golland va past nemis tillarida bo'lgani kabi); barcha ko'plik aniqlovchilari va sifat sonlari ayol singular bilan homofondir.

• Og'zaki nutqda noaniq artikl amalda "n" ga, yoki agar ayol bo'lsa "ne" ga tushiriladi. Agar shunday ishlatilsa, hech qanday farq yo'q. Shu bilan birga, raqam sifatida ishlatilganda, ya'ni "bitta" ma'nosi, "ee" diftongi og'ir stressga uchraydi va erkaklar jinsining egri shakli ishlatiladi. Noaniq ko'plik artikli yo'q; een ko'plik soniga ega emas.

Ba'zi Plautdietsch mualliflari aniq kelishiklarsiz uchta ish tizimidan foydalanishga harakat qilmoqdalar. Tizim biroz shunday ko'rinadi, ba'zilari neytral maqolalardan foydalanishi mumkin, boshqalari esa quyidagilarni bajarmasligi mumkin:

Determinatorlar

Barcha egalar (qarang: olmoshlar ostida) xuddi shu tarzda rad etilgan. Shakl bilan äa qo'shimchalar qo'shilishidan oldin (r / r) qayta kiritilishi kerak (äaren, are).

Otlar

Mennonit past nemischa ismlar ikkita raqamga kiradi: yakka va ko'plik, uchta jins: erkaklar, ayol va neytral, ammo faqat ikkita holat, nominativ va qiyshiq. Tarixiy tarixiy va ayblov birlashtirildi, garchi ba'zi yozuvchilar, ehtimol ko'p asrlar oldin, ko'pchilik ma'ruzachilar uchun yo'qolgan uchta holatni ajratib ko'rsatishga harakat qilishdi. Oblique case nominativdan faqat 1) shaxs olmoshlarida farq qiladi: ekj qurbaqa am, xi xola mie (Men undan so'rayman, u menga javob beradi) 2) erkak erkaklar jinsidagi maqolalar va namoyish qiluvchi va egalik sifatlari: de Voda to'xtadi dn Sän (otasi o'g'liga yordam beradi) (e'tibor bering: otlar o'zlari bilan qo'shilmaydi) va 3) ismlar, ya'ni. e. an'anaviy mennonit ismlari: Peeta frajcht Mari- az, Mari xolasi Peetren (Butrus Maryamdan so'raydi, Maryam Butrusga javob beradi)

Ko'plik

Ko'plik shakllanishi murakkablashadi. Uchta asosiy protsedura o'rnatilishi mumkin: 1) tugatish yo'li bilan, -a, -en, -s, -sch yoki umuman yo'q; 2) so'nggi ajratilgan undoshni va 3) orqa undoshni old tomonga (va ehtimol tushirgandan), bu esa undosh undoshni palatizatsiya qilishni talab qilishi mumkin. Berilgan so'z bitta yoki ikkita xususiyatga ega bo'lishi mumkin, barchasi yoki umuman yo'q.

Misollar

Tugash yo'q, ovozsiz, unli tovushsiz: de Fesch de Fesch, daut Schop, de Schop, daut Been, de Been (baliqlar, baliqlar; qo'ylar, qo'ylar; oyoq, oyoqlar)

Ovoz berish, oxiri yo'q, unli old tomoni yo'q: Frint, Do'st; Boajch, Boaj (do'st / lar, tog '/ lar)

Tugash yo'q, ovoz berilmaydi, unli tovush: Front, Foot (oyoq, oyoq)

Tovushlash va unli tovushlar, oxiri yo'q: Hoot, Heed (shapka / lar)

- oxiri:

faqat: Lixta, Lixta (yorug'lik / lar)

ovoz chiqarib: Bilt, Bilda (rasmlar)

old tomoni unli bilan: Maun, Mana (erkak, erkaklar)

ovoz chiqarib, tovushlarni oldinga va palatalizatsiya bilan: Kaulf, Kjalva (buzoq, buzoqlar)

- tugaydi (-en, -s va -sch uchlari unli old tomonga ega emas)

faqat: Näs Näsen, (burun / lar)

ovoz berish bilan: de Tiet, de Tieden, de Erfoarunk, de Erfoarungen (vaqt / s, tajriba / s)

Tarixiy r tushirib qo'yilgan so'zlar uni qayta kiritishni talab qiladi: Däa, Däaren ​​(eshik / lar) V ovozli r bilan ko'p hezali so'zlar oxirgi a ni tashlaydi: Sesta, Sestren (opa-singillar)

Stresssiz schwa shuningdek tushirilgan: Gaufel, Gauflen (vilkalar / s)

tugaydi

Ushbu sinf asosan 1) qisqa erkaklar va neytral ismlardan iborat: Baul -s, Oarm -s (to'p / s, qo'l / s)

2) oila a'zolari bilan bog'liq so'zlar: Sän -s, Fru -es, (o'g'il / qizlar, ayol, ayollar)

va 3) -el va -en bilan tugaydigan erkak va neytral ismlar (ikkinchisi n tushishi mumkin): Läpel, Läpels; Goaden, Goades (qoshiq / s; bog '/ lar)

-sch tugashi

Bu sinf -a bilan tugaydigan erkaklar va neytral ko'p heceli ismlardan iborat: de Voda, de Vodasch; Massa, de Massasch (otasi, pichoq, pichoq)

(Yuqori) nemis tilini biladigan kishi uchun ko'plik juda istisnolardan tashqari taxmin qilinadigan jarayondir - az tugatish ikkala tilda deyarli bir xil so'zlarni qamrab oladi; The -a tugatish nemis uchun tengdir -er ko'plik, bu erda nemischa mavjud Umlaut, Plautdietsch aksariyat hollarda old tomonida unli bo'ladi. The -s va -sch guruhlar deyarli to'liq ko'pburchak ismlardan yasalgan bo'lib, ular nemis tilida ko'plik oxiri yo'q.

Eng muammoli so'zlar -e nemischa ko'plik bilan tugaydi. Tugatilishi yo'q butun sinf ulardan tuzilgan bo'lsa-da, boshqa ko'plab so'zlarga boshqacha munosabatda bo'lishadi. Misol uchun Najas va Aksiya (stul va tayoq) Steela va Stakja (nemischa Stuhl, Styul; Stok, Stöke bilan taqqoslang). Ularda unlilar old tomonda bo'lganligi sababli, bunga hech qanday sabab yo'q -a tugatish. Ko'plab odamlar ko'chib o'tdilar - az sinf: Jeboot, Jebooten (buyruq / lar, nemischa: Gebot, Gebote). Ba'zi odatiy bo'lmagan so'zlar bilan, to'g'ri ko'plik haqida aniqlik yo'q, turli xil ma'ruzachilar ularni turli yo'llar bilan yaratadilar: ko'plik Jezaz (qonun) bo'lishi mumkin Jezaza yoki Jezazen (Nemischa: Gesetz, Gesetze).

Egalik

Klassik genetik endi bir nechta qoldiq iboralardan tashqari ishlatilmaydi.^{[iqtibos kerak]} Buning o'rniga, egalik ko'plab nemis lahjalarida bo'lgani kabi uning genetik, ya'ni egasini oblik ishi ega sifat va egalik predmeti bilan: Dän Maun sien Hus (erkakning uyi). Xususiy ismlar bilan va egalik egasi sifatdosh bilan aniqlanganda, egasi nominativ ish o'rniga: Peeta sien Hus (Butrusning uyi); mien Voda sien Hus (otamning uyi). Juda uzoq egalik shartlarini yaratish mumkin: Mien Voda seine Mutta äare Mutta es miene Uagrootmutta (otamning onasi - mening buyuk buvim).

Jonsiz yoki umumlashtirilgan qurilishlar uchun predlog fon yoki uning o'rniga kompozitsiyadan foydalaniladi: De Lichta von de Staut / de Stautslichta (shahar chiroqlari).

Kichik

Kichraytiruvchi qo'shimchani hosil qiladi -kje ismga: de Jung, daut Jungkje; de Mejal, daut Mejalkje (o'g'il, kichkina bola; qiz, qizaloq). Barcha kichraytiruvchi ismlar neytral jinsni o'z ichiga oladi, ikkita istisno bundan mustasno: de Oomkje, de Mumkje, mister / erkak / er va metress / ayol / xotin uchun juda ko'p ishlatiladigan ikkita shakl. Ular dastlab Oom va Mumm (amaki va xola; qarama-qarshi nemischa: Oheim / Ohm, Ohmchen / Ohmlein va Muhme, Muhmchen / Mühmlein) ning kichraytiruvchi shakllari sifatida yaratilgan. Bugungi kunda ular endi kichraytiruvchi narsa sifatida qaralmaydilar va shuning uchun o'zlariga tegishli erkak va ayol jinslarini saqlab qolishadi.

Tugaydigan ismlar bilan t yoki k, faqat -je qo'shiladi; bilan tugaydigan bir nechta ismlar kj, qo'shimcha s kiritilgan: de Staut, daut Stautje, daut Buak, daut Buakje; daut Stekj, daut Stekjsje ((kichik) shahar, (kichik) kitob, (kichik) parcha).

Ko'plik bilan qisqartirilgan ismlar -s tugaydi: Jungkjes, Mejalkjes; ammo, agar asl ko'plik orqa unli harfning old tomonini talab qilsa yoki ega bo'lsa -a tugatgandan so'ng, bu xususiyatlar kichraytiruvchi qo'shimchani qo'shishdan oldin saqlanib qoladi: de Stool, de Steela -> daut Stoolkje, de Steelakjes (stul / s, kichkina stul / lar)

Sifatlar

Mennonit Past nemis sifatlarida boy fleksion sistemani ham korsatadi. Bir vaqtlar boyroq bo'lishiga qaramay, soddalashtirish bu erda ham o'z ishini olib bordi va Mennonitni tark etdi Past nemis uchtasi bilan jinslar: ayol, erkak va neytral va ikkita taqqoslash darajasi: Qiyosiy va Ajoyib.

Barcha jinslarning ko'pligi ayolning singulariga o'xshashdir.

Kuchli va zaif neytral pasayish: aniq artikldan keyin dut yoki namoyishchilar dut va xit (buning neytral shakli, bu) the t tushiriladi va ayol va ko'plik bilan bir xil shakl ishlatiladi. Boshqa holatlarda, noaniq artikllarda bo'lgani kabi, egalik sifatlari yoki artiklsiz ham, kuchli shakl ishlatiladi.

Oblik faqat erkaklar singularida ishlatiladi. Ammo, agar predlog-artikl birikmasi neytral ism bilan ishlatilsa, oblik ishlatilgan bo'lar edi. Misol: em Husot, ammo: en daut groote Hus, en een grootet Hus.

Yuqori darajadagi predikat shakli mavjud emas, oblik yoki zaif neytral predlogli maqoladan iborat: aum woamsten, yoki: oppet woamsteyoki yangi boshlang'ichsiz neytral shakl: daut woamste: Zemorjes es et woam, opp Meddach woat et woama, no Meddach es et aum woamsten / oppet woamste / daut woamste (ertalab u iliq, peshin vaqtida u isiydi, peshindan keyin u eng iliq).

Predikat shakli barcha jinslar uchun predikativ gaplarda ishlatiladi: De Maun es oolt, de Fru es oolt, daut Hus es oolt (erkak qari, ayol qari, uy eski).

Raqamlar

Observation: the numeral eent (one) is declined like the indefinite article (masculine een [oblique eenen], feminine eene, neytral een) or a demonstrative or possessive pronoun (eena [oblique eenen], eene, eent for the respective genders); when counting, the neuter form eent ishlatilgan.

The ordinal for 11th and 12th are: alfta, twalfta; from 13-19 use the ordinal + da: drettieenda (13th) ; from 20-99 use the ordinal + sta: fiew un twintichsta (25th). All ordinal numbers are declined like an adjective, the forms given here are masculine nominative.

The partitive numbers for 1/10, 1/11, 1/12 are een Tieedel, een Alftel, een Twalftel, for 13–19 add -del to the ordinal number, for 20–99 add -stel.

Olmoshlar

Shaxsiy olmoshlar

Some pronouns have two forms, different persons may use one or other form, or even alternate between them. Daut is used at the beginning of a sentence, but may be replaced by va boshqalar in other positions.

Possessive adjectives are of the masculine (nominative case) or neuter gender. Otherwise, they are declined like the indefinite article and determiners (see under article section).

Namoyish olmoshlari

Demonstrative pronouns are frequently used instead of the personal pronouns. When used so, some people use special oblique forms for feminine and plural. When used strictly demonstrative, only the singular masculine has a special oblique form.

Fe'llar

Mennonite Low German verbs have six tenses. The present and first past tenses are inflected, while the second and third past and both future tenses are different words marked by auxiliary verbs. Verbs can have two moods: Declarative and Imperative, two voices: active and passive, and three persons:1st pers. sing., 2nd pers. sing., 3rd pers. sing., and plural.

Zaif fe'llar

The basic conjugation pattern is as follows:

To determine the stem, take the infinitive and drop the -en ending. There are a few modifications to this basic pattern: 1) If the stem ends with a yumshoq yoki fricative ovozli undosh (d, g, j, soft s, w, zh), that consonant is bag'ishlangan in the 2nd and 3d persons of the present, since voiceless t and st automatically force the preceding consonant (compare the sound of the letter d in English lived and liked). 2) If the stem ends with a ovozsiz undosh (ch, f, jch, k, kj, p, hard s, sch, t) that consonant devoices the d, sd, d, den endings of the past tense (into t, st, t, ten) for the same reason. 3) If the stem ends with two consonants, the second one being a burun yoki lateral, a schwa e is inserted to ease pronunciation. 4) Verbs with a diftong and r have a special treatment; the r is dropped before endings are attached, and the st/sd of the second person is replaced by scht/zhd.

Examples of a regular verbs: spälen (to play), lachen (to laugh), läwen (to live), odmen (to breathe) and roaren (to cry). The first one follows strictly the basic pattern, the others show the various adjustments needed as described above.

If the inverted word order is used, the - az ending of the plural wie, jie (lekin emas qarang) form is dropped, and a root-only form, identical to the 1st person singular, is used.

Kuchli fe'llar

As in English and Dutch, some verbs have a vowel change in past tense and past participle. As in German, some verbs might have a vowel change in second and third person of the singular in present tense as well. A few verbs that are strong in German are weak in Plautdietsch, but many German weak verbs are strong in Plautdietsch. However, when compared with Dutch and English, those are strong, too.

GENERALITIES: Vowel changes in present tense are somewhat predictable: long ya'ni va siz change into short men; uzoq ä/o change into e yoki a; diftonglar äa va oa are simplified to a.

The first and third person of the past tense are identical (as in weak verbs).

With only a few exceptions (like the verb sajen), all voiced consonants are devoiced in the three persons of the singular past, the nasal ng va nj are retained in second person, but devoiced in first and third person.

The past tense has the same vowel through all persons.

If there is a vowel change from ä ga e yoki a in the present tense, that feature is retained in the singular imperative.

The plural form for wie/jie in the inverted word order keep the final consonant voiced.

Auxiliary, modal and anomalous verbs

A small groups of verbs are more irregular: the auxiliaries sennen va Xaben, the modal verbs, and a few verbs that originally were monosyllabic and with time have evolved a -nen tugatish:

Ishtirok etish

The present participle, formed of the infinitive plus a -t ending, is not often used. It appears in idiomatic expressions like aunhoolent bliewen (to persist), and in a few adjective forms, which have to be inflected for number, gender and case, the -t is voiced into -d: koaken, koakendet Wota (to boil, boiling water).

The past participle of weak verbs is formed with je- plus the stem of the verb plus -t. A voiced consonant is devoiced to go along with t, the inserted e between double consonant is retained, the r after a long vowel is dropped. For the weak verbs given above the past participles are: jespält, jelacht, jejäft, jeodemt, jeroat.

The past participle for strong and anomalous verbs is hard to predict, they could be formed in five or six different ways:

1. some are like the weak verbs: jejäft, jesajcht (given, said);
2. others are formed of je- plus infinitive: jestonen (stood);
3. some, including modal verbs, of je- plus first person past tense: jehaut; jesocht, jekunt (had, sought, been able);
4. others of je- plus plural past: jefungen (found);
5. Bilan bo'lganlar ee yoki oo in past tense are simplified to ä/o: jeschräwen, jedonen (written, done)
6. the past participle of sennen bu jewast (been)

Adjectives are frequently made from the past participle by attaching an adjective inflection ending and voicing the final t; if the preceding consonant is voiced, with - az participles the e is dropped:

molen, jemolt, een jemoldet Bilt (to draw, drawn, a drawn picture)

koaken, jekoakt, eene jekoakte Ieedschock (to boil, boiled, a boiled potato)

stälen, jestolen, een jestolna Hunt (to steal, stolen, a stolen dog)

Murakkab zamonlar

Except for the present and simple past, all other tenses are constructed with the aid of the auxiliary verbs sennen, haben, woaren:

Some intransitive verbs take sennen o'rniga Xaben as auxiliary verbs if they: 1) indicate a motion from one place to another, or 2) indicate a change of condition, or 3) the verbs sennen (to be) and bliewen (to keep being, to remain). Misol: ekj sie jekomen, ekj sie oolt jeworden, ekj sie jewast (I have come, I have become old, I was).

Expressions relating to future plans

In some communities of Plautdietsch speakers, the religious prohibition of James 4:13-14^[18] is interpreted to proscribe the simple use of the first person in talking about future plans or efforts. In such communities it is considered proper to use a softening introductory phrase such as "Ekj proove," (I try, or will try, or alternately I will want to) to avoid giving offense.

Prepozitsiyalar

Plautdietsch preposition inventory is rich. Eng keng tarqalgan ba'zi:

• aun, on, in: de Klock henjt aun de Waunt (the clock is hanging on the wall)
• äwa, over, about
• besied, beside, next to
• bie, by, at
• bowa, over
• buta, except, besides
• derch, through
• en, in
• fa, for
• hinja, behind
• hinjaraun, following something else
• jäajen, against
• mank, among
• met, with
• no, to, after
• onen, without
• opp, on
• to, to
• tweschen, between (twixt)
• unja, under
• ver, in front of
• von, of (relative to)

Sintaksis

Mennonite Low German shows similarity with High German in the word order. The basic word order is mavzu-fe'l-ob'ekt ingliz tilidagi kabi. Indirect objects precede direct objects as in English John gives Mary a present, but that is where similarities end. A dependent verb, ya'ni an infinitive or past participle, comes at the end of the sentence where in English it would be placed immediately after the main verb, as shown in the following examples:

Mennonite Low German word order: Jehaun haft dän Desch jemoakt (John has the table made).English word order: John has made the table.

Mennonite Low German, like High German, has been referred to as verb-second (V2) word order. In embedded clauses, words relating to time or space can be placed at the beginning of the sentence, but then the subject has to move after the main verb to keep that verb in second position. This pattern is demonstrated here:

Mennonite Low German word order: Nu sie ekj schaftich. More Examples: Dan jeef de Kjennich seine Deena eenen Befäl. (Then the king gave his servants an order)

Also, effects tend to be placed last in the sentence. Misol: En daut Kuffel wia soo väl Wota, daut et äwarand (In the cup, there was so much water, that it toshib ketdi).

Mennonite Low German has syntactic patterns not found in High German, or at least not as often, such as the repetition of a subject, by a pronoun.Misol: Mien Hoot dee haft dree Akjen. My hat it has three corners.

Questions, orders and exclamations have a verb first word order: Hast du daut oole Hus aun de fefte Gauss jeseenen? (Have you seen the old house on fifth street?). All questions are arranged like this. There is no auxiliary verb to form questions. If there is a question word, that word precedes the verb: Wua es dien Voda jebuaren (Where is your father born?). As in English, when using verbs in the imperative mood, it is not necessary to specify the person addressed, but it can be added for emphasis: Brinj (du) mie emol dän Homa (Please, (you,) bring the hammer to me). The word emol is frequently asked to soften the order as a word for Iltimos. Example of an exclamation: Es daut vondoag oba kolt! (Is it cold today!).

Dependent clauses

As in High German, in dependent clauses, the verb goes at the end:

Ekj well morjen miene Mutta besieekjen, wan ekj Tiet hab. (I want to visit my mother tomorrow if I have time). Observe the construction of: if I have time.

However, when a dependent clause has an infinitive or past participle, this rule is no longer strictly applied; there is a strong tendency to move the finite (main) verb before the infinitive or participle, the direct object (or even a long circumstantial complement):

Example: German word order requires a sentence structure like: Hee fruach mie, auf ekj miene Mutta jistren daut Jelt jejäft haud. (Translation: He asked me if I had given the money yesterday to my mother.) Even though this sounds right and perfectly understandable, most speakers would rearrange these same words as follows: Hee fruach mie, auf ekj miene Mutta jistren haud daut Jelt jejäft. Another example: Hee sajcht, daut sien Brooda jrod no de Staut jefoaren es/ Hee sajcht, daut sien Brooda jrod es no de Staut jefoaren (He says that his brother has just gone to the city). Observe: the verb precedes a prepositional phrase, but an adverb is still placed before it.

Text sample

Ushbu bo'lim emas keltirish har qanday manbalar. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu bo'limni takomillashtiring tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Manbaga ega bo'lmagan materialga qarshi chiqish mumkin va olib tashlandi. (2012 yil fevral) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

The Rabbimizning ibodati in Plautdietsch, another form of Low German and Dutch.

Shuningdek qarang

• Rossiya mennoniti (speakers of Plautdietsch all around the globe)
• Sharqiy past nemis
• Gronings shevasi
• Prussiya lahjasi past
• Plautdietsch-Freunde (Germany-based NGO, worldwide documentation and promotion of Plautdietsch)
• Living in a Perfect World (National Geographic documentary)
• Jim nur, film by Carlos Reygadas
• Alexanderwohl Mennonit cherkovi, a Low German Mennonite Church, in Gessel, Kanzas, AQSh
• Pensilvaniya Gollandiyalik
• Xutterit nemis (not closely related linguistically, but also used primarily by an Anabaptist group)

Izohlar

Adabiyot

Lug'atlar

• Neufeld, Eldo: Plautdietsch-English, English-Plaudietsch, Munich 2005.
• Rempel, Herman: Kjenn Jie Noch Plautdietsch? A Mennonite Low German Dictionary, PrairieView Press, 1995. ISBN 1-896199-13-5.
• Thiessen, Jack: Mennonite Low German Dictionary / Mennonitisch-Plattdeutsches Wörterbuch, University of Wisconsin, 2003. ISBN 0-924119-09-8.
• Zacharias, Ed Ons Ieeschtet Wieedabuak, 2009. ISBN 978-1-55383-223-2.

Grammatika

• Neufeld, Eldo: Plautdietsch Grammar, 72 pages, Munich 2010.
• Siemens, Heinrich: Plautdietsch — Grammatik, Geschichte, Perspektiven, Bonn 2012.

Adabiyotlar

• Cox, Cristopher; Driedger, Jacob M.; Tucker, Benjamin V. (2013), "Mennonite Plautdietsch (Canadian Old Colony)", Xalqaro fonetik uyushma jurnali, 43 (2): 221–229, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000121
• De Bibel, Kindred Productions, 2003. ISBN 0-921788-97-5.
• De Smet, Gilbert: "Niederländische Einflüsse im Niederdeutschen" in: Gerhard Cordes and Dieter Möhn (eds.), Handbuch zur niederdeutschen Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft, Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag, 1983. ISBN 3-503-01645-7, pp. 730–761.
• Epp, Reuben: The Story of Low German & Plautdietsch, Reader's Press, 1996. ISBN 0-9638494-0-9.
• Epp, Reuben: The Spelling of Low German and Plautdietsch, Reader's Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0-9638494-1-0.
• McCaffery, Isaias. Wi Leahre Plautdietsch: A Beginner's Guide to Mennonite Low German, Mennonite Heritage Museum, 2008. ISBN 978-0-615-24765-6.
• Welschen, Ad (2000–2005): Course Gollandiyalik jamiyat va madaniyat, International School for Humanities and Social Studies ISHSS, University of Amsterdam.

Tashqi havolalar

Plautdietsch language test ning Vikipediya da Vikimedia inkubatori

• Was ist Plautdietsch (in Low German)
• Plautdietsch-Freunde e.V. (Germany based NGO, worldwide documentation and promotion of Plautdietsch)
• Opplautdietsch.de - Plautdietsch Radio e.V. Detmold, Germany
• Plautdietsch.ca - written and audio resources
• Dialect Literature and Speech, Low German from the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia
• Pennsylvania German vs Plautdietsch among Mennonites
• Plautdietsch online Dictionary and grammar guide
• Plautdietsch lexicon with English-Plautdietsch index and category tree (thesaurus)
• German to Plautdietsch, Plautdietsch to German and Russian to Plautdietsch online Dictionary (Author Waldemar Penner)
• Peter Wiens - a German Plautdietsch blogger
• Plautdietsch course (project)
• Plautdietsch-copre.ca - Free Plautdietsch books in PDF form
• Plautdietsch verb conjugations