WikiDer > Serra-Leone

Sierra Leone Respublikasi
Bayroq Gerb
Shiori:"Biz sizni yuksaltiramiz, ozodlik mulki"
Madhiya:"Birlik, erkinlik, adolat"
Syerra-Leone joylashgan joy (quyuq ko'k) - ichida Afrika (och ko'k va to'q kulrang) - ichida Afrika ittifoqi (och ko'k) - [Afsona]
Poytaxt va eng katta shahar	Fritaun 8 ° 29.067′N 13 ° 14.067′W / 8.484450 ° N 13.234450 ° Vt / 8.484450; -13.234450Koordinatalar: 8 ° 29.067′N 13 ° 14.067′W / 8.484450 ° N 13.234450 ° Vt / 8.484450; -13.234450
Rasmiy tillar	Ingliz tili • Krio
Taniqli milliy tillar	Mende • Temne • Krio • Limba
Din	Islom (78%) Nasroniylik (21%)[1]
Demonim (lar)	Serra-Leone
Hukumat	Unitar prezidentlik konstitutsiyaviy respublika
• Prezident	Julius Maada Bio
• Vitse prezident	Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh
• Bosh vazir	Devid J. Frensis
• Parlament spikeri	Abass Chernor Bundu
• Bosh sudya	Desmond Babatunde Edvards[2]
Qonunchilik palatasi	Parlament
Mustaqillik
• dan Birlashgan Qirollik	1961 yil 27 aprel
• Respublika e'lon qilindi	1971 yil 19-aprel
Maydon
• Jami	71,740 km2 (27,700 kvadrat milya) (117-chi)
• Suv (%)	1.1
Aholisi
• 2015 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish	7,092,113[3] (102-chi)
• zichlik	97 / km2 (251,2 / kvadrat milya) (114-chia)
YaIM (PPP)	2018 yilgi taxmin
• Jami	$ 12,177 mlrd[4]
• Aholi jon boshiga	$1,608[4]
YaIM (nominal)	2018 yilgi taxmin
• Jami	3.824 milliard dollar[4]
• Aholi jon boshiga	$505[4]
Jini (2018)	35.7[5] o'rta
HDI (2018)	0.438[6] past · 181-chi
Valyuta	Leone (SLL)
Vaqt zonasi	UTC (GMT)
Haydash tomoni	to'g'rib
Qo'ng'iroq kodi	+232
Internet TLD	.sl
2007 yilgi ko'rsatkichlarga asoslanib 1971 yil 1 martdan

Serra-Leone (/smenˌ.rəlmenˈoʊn(men)/ (tinglang), shuningdek Buyuk Britaniya: /smenˌ.erə-/, BIZ: /ˌs.erə-/),^[7][8] rasmiy ravishda Sierra Leone Respublikasi, norasmiy ravishda Salone,^[9] janubi-g'arbiy sohilidagi mamlakatdir G'arbiy Afrika. U chegaradosh Liberiya janubi-sharqda va Gvineya shimoli-sharqda. Syerra-Leoneda a tropik iqlim dan tortib turli xil muhitga ega savanna ga yomg'ir o'rmonlari, umumiy maydoni 71,740 km² (27,699 kv. Mil)^[10] va 2015 yilgi aholi ro'yxatiga ko'ra 7,092,113 kishi.^[3] Poytaxt va eng katta shahar Fritaun. Mamlakat bo'linadigan beshta ma'muriy hududga bo'lingan o'n oltita tuman.^[11][12]. Serra-Leone - a konstitutsiyaviy respublika bilan bir palatali parlamentva a to'g'ridan-to'g'ri saylangan Prezident besh yillik muddatga va yana besh yillik eng yuqori muddat uchun qayta saylanish uchun nomzod bo'lishi mumkin.

Sierra Leone 1961 yil 27 aprelda Buyuk Britaniyadan mustaqillikka erishdi Milton Margai. Asosiy muxolifat partiyasi Butun xalq kongressi (APC), tomonidan boshqariladi Siaka Stivens boshchiligidagi hukmron SLPPni mag'lubiyatga uchratib, 1967 yilgi parlament saylovlarida ozgina g'alaba qozondi Albert Margai. Biroq, Sierra Leone harbiylari 1967 yilda bosh vazir lavozimiga kirishganidan ko'p o'tmay Stivensni ishdan bo'shatdi va uchta qarshi harbiy to'ntarish Harbiylar 1968 yilda Stivensga hokimiyatni qaytarib berishdi va u mamlakatni 1968 yildan 1985 yilgacha boshqargan va hokimiyat davrida uning siyosiy muxoliflari va hukumatining tanqidchilari bostirilgan va bosing uning hukumatini tanqid qilganlar yopildi. 1970-yillarda Syerra-Leone armiyasining ko'plab yuqori lavozimli ofitserlari bo'lgan ijro etildi ular bo'lganidan keyin sudlangan bir necha marta urinish uchun o'lim to'ntarishlar Stivensga qarshi. 1971 yil 19 aprelda Stivens hukumati Syerra-Leone parlament tizimini bekor qildi va Serra-Leoni prezidentlik respublikasi deb e'lon qildi. 1978 yildan 1985 yilgacha prezident Stivensning APC partiyasi Syerra-Leonedagi yagona qonuniy siyosiy partiya edi.

Ko'p partiyali demokratik Sierra Leone konstitutsiyasi yana 1991 yilda nafaqaxo'r tomonidan qabul qilingan General-mayor Prezident Jozef Saidu Momoh, Stivenning 1985 yilda qo'lidan kelgan vorisi. 1991 yilda Sierra Leone-ning sobiq askarlari guruhi sobiq prezident Stivensni va prezident Momohni o'tirganini tanqid qilib, sobiq armiya tomonidan boshqarilgan. Ongli Foday Sankoh, 1991 yil 23 martda mamlakatda o'zlarining rasmiy nomi bilan shafqatsiz fuqarolar urushini boshladilar Inqilobiy birlashgan front (RUF). 1992 yil 29 aprelda Sierra Leone armiyasida bir guruh o'smirlar, 25 yoshli kapitan boshchiligida Valentin Strasser Prezident Momohni ag'darib tashladi va APCning 24 yillik Sierra Leone boshqaruvini tugatdi. Serra-Leone ostida edi harbiy xunta hukumat 1992 yildan 1996 yilgacha Strasser davrida va qisqacha uning o'rnini egallagan General-mayor Julius Maada Bio. Mamlakat demokratik yo'l bilan saylangan hukumatga qaytib keldi harbiy Xunta Bio ostida prezidentlikni topshirdi Ahmad Tejan Kabbah 1996 yilgi saylovlarda g'alaba qozonganidan keyin SLPP. Biroq, Syerra-Leone harbiylari 1997 yil 25-mayda davlat to'ntarishi bilan prezident Kabbani va general-mayorni ag'darishdi Jonni Pol Koroma harbiy hukmdorga aylandi. G'arbiy Afrikaning koalitsiyasi Ekovalar boshchiligidagi qurolli kuchlar Nigeriya 1998 yil fevral oyida prezident Kabbahni harbiy kuch bilan qayta tikladi. Prezident Kabni ag'dargan to'ntarish rahbarlari ular bo'lganidan keyin qatl etildi o'limga mahkum etilgan Syerra-Leone harbiy sudi tomonidan. 2002 yil yanvar oyida Prezident Kabbah fuqarolik urushi tugaganligini birinchi navbatda yordami bilan e'lon qildi Ekovalar, Britaniya hukumati va Afrika ittifoqi. Syerra-Leone juda tinch edi va 1998 yildan hozirgi kungacha uzluksiz demokratik hukumatga ega.

Sierra Leone-da o'n olti etnik guruh yashaydi, ikkitasi eng katta va eng nufuzli Temne va Mende odamlar. Temne asosan shimoli-g'arbiy qismida va Mende janubi-sharqida joylashgan. Mamlakat aholisining taxminan ikki foizini Krio xalqiozod qilinganlarning avlodlari bo'lganlar Afroamerikalik va G'arbiy Hindiston qullar. Ingliz tili maktablarda va davlat boshqaruvida ishlatiladigan rasmiy tildir; ammo Krio bu Syerra-Leone bo'ylab eng keng tarqalgan til bo'lib, u mamlakat aholisining 98 foizida so'zlashadi. Krio tili mamlakatdagi barcha etnik guruhlarni birlashtiradi, ayniqsa ularning savdo va ijtimoiy o'zaro aloqalarida.

Syerra-Leone 77% musulmon, ta'sirli xristian ozchilik 22%.^[13] Mamlakat dunyodagi diniy bag'rikenglik ko'rsatadigan mamlakatlardan biri sifatida qaralmoqda. Musulmonlar va nasroniylar bir-birlari bilan juda tinch yo'l bilan hamkorlik qilishadi va o'zaro munosabatda bo'lishadi va diniy zo'ravonlik juda kam uchraydi. Xristian va musulmonlarning asosiy bayramlari rasmiydir davlat ta'tillari, shu jumladan Rojdestvo, Pasxa, Ramazon hayitiva Qurbon hayiti.^[14][15]

Syerra-Leone - yirik ishlab chiqaruvchi olmos, titanium, boksit va oltin, va u dunyodagi eng yirik konlardan biriga ega rutil. Ushbu tabiiy boylikka qaramay, uning 70 foiz aholisi yashaydi qashshoqlik.^[16] Sierra Leone ko'plab xalqaro tashkilotlarning a'zosi, shu jumladan Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti, Afrika Ittifoqi, G'arbiy Afrika davlatlarining iqtisodiy hamjamiyati (ECOWAS), Mano daryosi ittifoqi, Millatlar Hamdo'stligi, Afrika taraqqiyot banki, va Islom hamkorlik tashkiloti.

Etimologiya

Mamlakat o'z nomini Arslon tog'lari Fritaun yaqinida. Dastlab nomlangan Serra Leoa (Portugal portugaliyalik kashfiyotchi tomonidan "Arslon tog'lari" uchun) Pedro de Sintra 1462 yilda zamonaviy nom Italyancha tomonidan kiritilgan imlo Venetsiyalik tadqiqotchi Alvise Cadamosto va keyinchalik boshqa evropaliklar tomonidan nusxa ko'chirilgan xaritachilar.^[17]

Tarix

Dastlabki tarix

Ning qismlari tarixdan oldingi sopol idishlar dan Kamabay Rok boshpanasi

Bunce oroli, 1805 yil, qul fabrikasi boshqargan davrda Jon va Aleksandr Anderson

Syerra-Leonega kelgan ozod qilingan afrikaliklarning 1835 yilgi tasviri

Fritaun mustamlakasi 1856 yilda

Syerra-Leondagi uylar (1853 yil may, X, s.55)^[18]

Arxeologik topilmalar shuni ko'rsatadiki, Sierra Leone kamida 2500 yil davomida doimiy ravishda yashab kelgan,^[19] Afrikaning boshqa qismlaridan ko'chib kelgan jamiyatlar tomonidan ketma-ket joylashtirilgan.^[20] 9-asrga kelib temirdan foydalanilgan va milodning 1000 yillari qirg'oq bo'ylab qishloq xo'jaligi bilan shug'ullangan.^[21] Vaqt o'tishi bilan iqlim sezilarli darajada o'zgarib, turli xil ekologik zonalar orasidagi chegaralarni o'zgartirib, migratsiya va bosib olishga ta'sir ko'rsatdi.^[22]

Sierra Leone-ning zich tropik tropik o'rmonlari va botqoqli muhiti o'tib bo'lmas deb hisoblangan; u shuningdek mezbon edi tsetse fly, bu otlarga va o'limga olib keladigan kasallikni keltirib chiqardi zebu tomonidan ishlatiladigan mollar Mande odamlar. Ushbu muhit o'z xalqini Mand va boshqa Afrika imperiyalari tomonidan bosib olinishidan himoya qildi,^[22][23] ta'sirini cheklab qo'ydi Mali imperiyasi. Islom tomonidan kiritilgan Susu shimol va sharqdan kelgan savdogarlar, savdogarlar va muhojirlar, 18-asrda keng qabul qilingan.^[24]

Evropa savdosi

Syerra-Leondagi Evropa aloqalari birinchilardan edi G'arbiy Afrika XV asrda. 1462 yilda, Portugaliyalik kashfiyotchi Pedro de Sintra shakllangan shaklga nom berib, hozirgi Fritaun Makoni atrofidagi tepaliklarni xaritaga tushirdi Serra da Leoa yoki "Serra Leoa" (Portugal uchun Arslon tog'lari).^[25] Ushbu geografik shakllanishning ispancha ko'rsatuvi Serra-Leonakeyinchalik moslashtirilib, noto'g'ri yozilgan, mamlakatning hozirgi nomiga aylandi. Garchi professor C. Magbayli Fayl bu tarixchilarning noto'g'ri talqini bo'lishi mumkin edi: uning so'zlariga ko'ra, sayohatchilar mintaqani chaqirganliklari haqida dalillar mavjud Serra Lyoa Sintra birinchi kelgan 1462 yildan ancha oldin. Bu Syerra-Leone ismini bergan shaxsning kimligi noma'lumligini anglatadi.^[26]

Sintraning ekspeditsiyasidan ko'p o'tmay portugal savdogarlari portga etib kelishdi. 1495 yilga kelib ular istehkom qurdilar savdo posti qirg'oqda.^[27] The Golland va Frantsuzcha Shuningdek, bu erda savdo-sotiqni yo'lga qo'ydi va har bir xalq Syerra-Leoneni savdo nuqtasi sifatida ishlatdi qullar Afrikalik savdogarlar tomonidan urushlar va mojarolar yuz beradigan ichki hududlardan olib kelingan.^[28] 1562 yilda Ingliz tili tashabbusi bilan Uchburchak savdo qachon admiral Ser Jon Xokins ning Qirollik floti qul bo'lgan 300 afrikalikni - "qilich va qisman boshqa yo'llar bilan" sotib olingan - Ispaniyaning mustamlakasiga olib borgan. Santo-Domingo kuni Hispaniola ichida Karib dengizi maydoni G'arbiy Hindiston orollar, u erda ularni sotgan.^[29]

Dastlabki koloniyalar

18-asrning oxirida ko'plab afro-amerikaliklar Britaniya toji. Bular minglab edi Qora sodiqlardavomida Britaniya harbiy kuchlariga qo'shilgan afrikalik kelib chiqishi bor odamlar Amerika inqilobiy urushi.^[30] Ularning ko'plari Sodiqlar ozodlik va'dalariga aldanib, inglizlarga qo'shilish uchun qochib ketgan qullar edi (ozodlik). Deb nomlanuvchi rasmiy hujjatlar Negrlar kitobi inglizlar yangi paydo bo'lgan Qo'shma Shtatlardan evakuatsiya qilingan va boshqa mamlakatlarning koloniyalariga joylashtirilgan minglab ozod qilingan qullarning ro'yxatini ko'rsatadi. Britaniya Shimoliy Amerika (shimoldan Kanadaga yoki janubdan G'arbiy Hindistonga).

1787 yilda Britaniya toji Serra-Leone shahrida "" deb nomlangan aholi punktiga asos solgan.Ozodlik viloyati". Ba'zi bir joylarni ko'chirishni maqsad qilgan".Qora bechora Londondan ", ularning ba'zilari urush paytida inglizlar tomonidan ozod qilingan afro-amerikaliklar edi. 1787 yil 15-mayda 400 ga yaqin qora tanli va oq tanlilar Syerra-Leonega etib kelishdi. G'arbiy hindular Londondan afrikalik kelib chiqishi. Ular o'rnatgandan keyin Granville shahri, kolonistlarning birinchi guruhining aksariyati, mahalliy Afrika xalqlari bilan olib borilgan kasalliklar va urushlar tufayli vafot etdi (Temne), ularning tajovuziga qarshilik ko'rsatgan. Qolgan 64 mustamlakachi ikkinchi Granvil shaharchasini tashkil qildi.^[31][32]

Keyingi Amerika inqilobi, shuningdek, 3000 dan ortiq qora sodiqlar joylashtirilgan edi Yangi Shotlandiya, nihoyat ularga er berildi. Ular asos solgan Birchtaun, Yangi Shotlandiya, ammo qattiq qish va irqiy kamsitishlarga duch keldi Shelburne, Yangi Shotlandiya. Tomas Piters ingliz hukumatini yordam va ko'proq yordam uchun bosim o'tkazdi; ingliz abolitionist bilan birgalikda Jon Klarkson, Syerra-Leone kompaniyasi G'arbiy Afrikada o'z imkoniyatlaridan foydalanmoqchi bo'lgan qora tanli sodiqlarni ko'chirish uchun tashkil etilgan. 1792 yilda Yangi Shotlandiyadan 1200 ga yaqin kishi Atlantika okeanidan o'tib, ikkinchi (va doimiy) Sierra Leone mustamlakasini qurish va Fritaun 1792 yil 11 martda. Sierra-Leoneda ular Yangi Shotlandiyalik yashash joylari, Yangi Shotlandiyaliklaryoki Ko'chib yuruvchilar.

O'rnatilganlar Fritaunni o'zlarining hayotlaridan bilgan uslublarida qurishdi Amerika janubi; ular shuningdek, Amerika modasi va Amerika odob-axloqini davom ettirdilar. Bundan tashqari, ko'pchilik amaliyotni davom ettirdi Metodizm Fritaunda. Syerra-Leonedagi qora tanli ko'chmanchilar siyosiy jihatdan ko'proq avtonomiyalarga ega edilar. Qora immigrantlar har o'nlab ko'chmanchilarning vakili bo'lgan "o'ninchi odamlar" va ko'proq miqdordagi "yuzliklar" ning turli darajadagi siyosiy vakillarini sayladilar. Bunday vakillik Yangi Shotlandiyada mavjud emas edi.^[33] Fritaundagi jamiyat qurilishining dastlabki jarayoni qattiq kurash edi. Crown etarli darajada asosiy ta'minot va ta'minotni etkazib bermadi va ko'chmanchilarga doimiy ravishda noqonuniy qul savdosi va qayta qullik xavfi tahdid solmoqda.^[34] 1790-yillarda Settlers, shu jumladan kattalar ayollari saylovlarda birinchi marta ovoz berishdi.^[35] London sarmoyadorlari tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan Syerra-Leone kompaniyasi ko'chmanchilarni olishga ruxsat bermadi ozodlik erning. 1799 yilda ba'zi ko'chmanchilar isyon ko'tarishdi. Toj 500 dan ortiq kuchlarni jalb qilib, qo'zg'olonni bostirdiYamayka marunlari, kimdan olib ketishgan Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) 1800 yilda Yangi Shotlandiya orqali. Polkovnik boshchiligida Montague Jeyms, marunlar qo'zg'olonni bostirishda mustamlakachi kuchlarga yordam berishdi va bu jarayonda Syerra-Leonedagi Yamayka marunalari eng yaxshi uylar va fermer xo'jaliklarini ta'minladi.^[36]

1808 yil 1-yanvarda, Tomas Lyudlam, Sierra Leone kompaniyasi gubernatori va etakchi abolitsionist kompaniya nizomini taslim qildi. Bu koloniyani boshqargan 16 yillik faoliyatini yakunladi. Britaniya toji Sierra Leone kompaniyasini qayta tashkil etdi Afrika instituti; u mahalliy iqtisodiyotni yaxshilashga yo'naltirilgan edi. Uning a'zolari mahalliy tadbirkorlarni ilhomlantirishga umid qilgan britaniyaliklar va Syerra-Leone savdosida (inglizlar) monopoliyani qo'lga kiritgan "Macauley & Babington" kompaniyasiga qiziqish bildirganlar vakillari edi.^[37]

Taxminan bir vaqtning o'zida (quyidagilarga rioya qilish 1807 yilda qul savdosining bekor qilinishi), Ingliz ekipajlari minglab ilgari qullik qilgan afrikaliklarni noqonuniy qul kemalaridan ozod qilgandan so'ng, Fritaunga etkazib berishdi. Bu ozod qilingan afrikaliklar yoki tutqunlar oq ko'chmanchilar, Yangi Shotlandiya Settlers va Yamayka Marunlariga shogird sifatida boshi 20 dollarga sotildi.^{[iqtibos kerak]} Shogird sifatida sotilmay qolgan ba'zi bir tutqunlar dengiz flotiga qo'shilishga majbur bo'ldilar. Ko'plab asirlarga yomon munosabatda bo'lishdi va hatto suiiste'mol qilishdi, chunki ba'zi dastlabki ko'chmanchilar ularni o'zlarining mulki deb hisoblashgan. Ozod qilingan afrikaliklar o'zlarining turli xil vatanlari va urf-odatlaridan uzilib, G'arbiy Settlers va Maroons uslublariga singib ketishga majbur bo'ldilar. Masalan, asirga olinganlarning ba'zilari o'z nomlarini g'arbiyroq ovoz bilan o'zgartirishga majbur bo'lishdi. Garchi ba'zi odamlar ushbu o'zgarishlarni jamiyatning bir qismi deb hisoblagani uchun quvonch bilan qabul qilishgan bo'lsa-da, ba'zilari bu o'zgarishlardan mamnun emas va o'z shaxsiyatini saqlab qolishni xohlashdi. Ko'plab tutqunlar shu qadar baxtsiz edilarki, ular Sierra Leone-dan chiqib, asl qishloqlariga qaytib, qullikka qayta sotilish xavfini tug'dirdilar.^[38] G'arbiy Afrika qirg'og'ida gullar va boncuklar bilan gullab-yashnayotgan savdo-sotiqni qurdilar.

Bu qaytib kelgan afrikaliklar Afrikaning ko'plab hududlaridan edi, lekin asosan g'arbiy sohil. 19-asr davomida ozod etilgan qora tanli amerikaliklar, ba'zilari Amerika Liberiya "qochoqlar", xususan G'arbiy hindular ham ko'chib kelib, Fritaunga joylashdilar. Ushbu xalqlar birgalikda yangi deb nomlangan yangi kreol etnikligini yaratdilar Krio xalqi (dastlab Creoles deb nomlangan) va savdo tili, Kriomamlakatda ko'plab etnik guruhlar orasida keng qo'llanila boshlandi.

Mustamlaka davri (1800–1961)

1800-yillarda Syerra-Leone aholi punkti o'zgacha edi, chunki aholisi inglizlar 1807 yilda qul savdosini bekor qilgandan keyin mustamlakaga olib kelingan afrikalik ko'chiruvchilardan iborat edi. Syerra-Leonega kelganidan keyin har bir "qaytarib olingan" ga ro'yxatdan o'tish berildi. soni va ularning jismoniy sifatlari to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar ozod qilingan afrikaliklar reestriga kiritilishi kerak edi. Biroq, ko'pincha hujjatlar juda sub'ektiv bo'lishi va noto'g'ri yozuvlarga olib kelishi, ularni kuzatishni qiyinlashtirishi mumkin. Bundan tashqari, 1808 yildagi ozod qilingan afrikaliklar reestri va 1812 yildagi qo'lga olingan negrlar ro'yxati (1808 yildagi hujjatni taqlid qilgan) o'rtasidagi farqlar, tutqunlarning yozuvlarida, xususan ismlarda ba'zi tafovutlarni aniqladi; ko'p tutqunlar o'zlarining ismlarini ko'proq o'zgartirishga qaror qilishdi anglicised ular Syerra-Leonega kelganlaridan keyin ularni kuzatishda qiyinchilik tug'diradigan versiyalar.

1807 yilda Qullar savdosini bekor qilish to'g'risidagi Buyuk Britaniyaning qonuniga binoan, asirga olinganlarga Sierra-Leondagi ingliz mustamlakachilari va armiya yoki dengiz flotiga jalb qilingan erkaklar boshchiligidagi shogirdlar jalb qilinishi mumkin edi. Ko'pgina hollarda, shogirdlikka tayinlangan qaytarib olinganlar 20 dollarga sotilib, shogirdlik tizimiga qullik kabi fazilatlarni berishgan.^[39] Qayta tiklangan shogirdlar ish haqi to'lanmaganligi va ular tayinlangan ko'chmanchilarda ularni tarbiyalash uchun ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan asboblar, ya'ni tayoqchalar bo'lganligi hujjatlashtirilgan. Mustamlaka Syerra-Leonedagi tarixchi Suzanne Shvartsning so'zlariga ko'ra, 1808 yil iyun oyida 21 erkak va ayollardan iborat guruh yaqin atrofdagi Robiss aholi punktiga qochib ketgan va qaytarib olingach, Serra-Leondagi ko'chmanchilar tomonidan qamoqqa tashlangan va shu tariqa qullikka o'xshash hissa qo'shgan. shogirdlik tizimining fazilatlari.^[39]

Bai Bureh, Temne rahbari 1898 yildagi Hut soliq urushi Britaniya hukmronligiga qarshi

19-asrning boshlarida Fritaun Britaniyaning mintaqadagi mustamlakachisi gubernatorining qarorgohi bo'lib xizmat qilgan va u ham ma'mur bo'lgan Oltin sohil (hozir Gana) va Gambiya aholi punktlari. Syerra-Leone Britaniyaning G'arbiy Afrikaning ta'lim markazi sifatida rivojlandi. Inglizlar tashkil etdi Fourah Bay kolleji bu erda 1827 yilda G'arbiy sohilda ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan afrikaliklar uchun tezlik bilan magnitga aylandi. Bir asrdan ko'proq vaqt davomida bu g'arbdagi yagona Evropa uslubidagi universitet edi Afrikaning Sahroi osti qismi.

Temne etakchisi Bay Burax 1898 yilda taslim bo'lganidan keyin an'anaviy kiyimida qo'lida ro'molcha bilan o'tirgan holda, Syerra-leonelik G'arbiy Afrika chegarasi askar uning yonida qorovul turadi

Inglizlar asosan Fritaundagi Krios bilan o'zaro aloqada bo'lishdi, ular savdo-sotiqning aksariyatini ichki makonning tub aholisi bilan amalga oshirdilar. Bundan tashqari, o'qimishli Krios mustamlaka hukumatida ko'plab lavozimlarda ishlagan, ularga maqom va yaxshi maoshli lavozimlarni bergan. Keyingi Berlin konferentsiyasi 1884–1885 yillarda Buyuk Britaniya Evropa davlatlari tomonidan hududlarni "samarali bosib olish" deb ta'riflagan narsalarini qondirish uchun ichki hududlar ustidan ko'proq hukmronlik o'rnatishga qaror qildi. 1896 yilda u Sierra Leone Protectorate deb e'lon qilib, ushbu hududlarni qo'shib qo'ydi.^[40] Ushbu o'zgarish bilan inglizlar mintaqadagi ma'muriyatini kengaytira boshladilar, Britaniya fuqarolarini lavozimlarga jalb qildilar va Kriosni hukumatdagi lavozimlardan va hatto Fritaundagi kerakli turar-joylardan siqib chiqara boshladilar.^[40]

Britaniyaning Sierra Leone-ga qo'shilishi paytida mamlakatning shimoliy va janubiy qismida bir nechta boshliqlar bo'lgan, ular kulbadagi soliq urushiga ham qarshilik ko'rsatgan, ammo ular maqsadlarini arxivlash uchun diplomatiyadan foydalanishgan. Shimol tomonda, 1820-1906 yillarda Almamy Suluku ismli Limba boshlig'i bo'lgan, u o'z hududini uzoq yillar boshqargan, o'z hududini himoya qilish uchun turli qabilalarga qarshi kurashgan, shu bilan birga protektoratni aldash uchun diplomatiyadan foydalangan va Baiga yordam berish uchun jangchilar yuborgan. Bureh. http://www.sierra-leone.org/Heroes/heroes5.html.Sierra Leone tarixidagi yana bir taniqli shaxs - Bay Sherbro (taxminan 1830-1912). Bai Sherbro mamlakatning janubi-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Bonte orolida boshliq va jangchi bo'lgan. U, Bai Bure kabi, inglizlarga qarshilik ko'rsatdi. Bai Sherbro, shuningdek, inglizlarga qarshi kurashda yordam berish uchun Bay Burening lageriga jangchilar yubordi. Bai Sherbro shunchalik ta'sirli va qudratli ediki, inglizlar undan juda qo'rqishgan. Bai Sherbro keyinchalik qo'lga olindi va Bai Bureh bilan birga hozirgi zamonaviy Gana bo'lgan Oltin sohilga surgun qilindi. http://www.sierra-leone.org/Heroes/heroes5.html. Nyagua, (taxminan 1842-1906), shuningdek, kuzatuvchi qirol sifatida tanilgan, shafqatsiz qirol edi, u ko'plab tumanlarni egallab oldi va ko'pchilik himoya qilish uchun unga qo'shilish uchun keldi. Nyagua ham inglizlar ishiga chidamli edi. Nyagua inglizlarga qarshi turishga kuchi yetmasligini tushundi, shuning uchun diplomatiyani qo'llamoqchi bo'ldi va shu bilan birga Bay Burega inglizlarga qarshi kurashda yordam berish uchun jangchilarini yubordi. Keyinchalik inglizlar Nyaguani qo'lga kiritdilar va u ham Oltin sohilga surgun qilindi. http://www.sierra-leone.org/Heroes/heroes5.html. Madam Yoko, (taxminan 1849-1906) madaniyatli va ehtirosli ayol edi. U Kpaa Mendening hokimiyatini boshqarish uchun inglizlar bilan muloqot qilish uchun do'stlikdan foydalangan ajoyib ayol sifatida tanilgan. U diplomatiyadan foydalanib, o'zining ko'pgina mahalliy boshliqlari bilan muloqot qildi, chunki ular inglizlar bilan do'stligiga ishonishmadi. Yoko xonim inglizlarni qo'llab-quvvatlaganligi sababli, sub-boshliqlar isyon ko'tarib, Yokoning politsiya kazarmasida boshpana topishiga sabab bo'ldi. Sadoqati uchun u qirolicha Viktoriya tomonidan kumush medal bilan taqdirlandi. 1906 yilgacha Yoko xonim yangi Britaniya Protektoratida Paramount boshlig'i sifatida boshqargan. Afsuski, u ellik besh yoshida, ehtimol o'z xalqining yordamini yo'qotganligi sababli o'z joniga qasd qilganga o'xshaydi. http://www.sierra-leone.org/Heroes/heroes5.html.

Bundan tashqari, Protektoratni Angliyaga qo'shib olish mahalliy boshliqlarning suverenitetiga xalaqit berdi. Ular boshliqlarni avvalgi amaliyotda bo'lgani kabi alohida-alohida muomala qilmasdan, mahalliy hokimiyat bo'linmalari sifatida tayinladilar. Kabi uzoq yillik ittifoqchilar bilan ham munosabatlarni saqlab qolishmagan Bai Bureh, Kichik Skarklar daryosi bo'yidagi jamoa Kasseh boshlig'i. Keyinchalik u 1898 yilda Xut soliqlari urushining bosh qo'zg'atuvchisi sifatida nohaqlik bilan tasvirlangan.^[41]

Protektoratning harbiy gubernatori, polkovnik Frederik Kardev 1898 yilda turar joylarga yangi soliq o'rnatdi va boshliqlardan yo'llarni saqlash uchun o'z xalqlaridan foydalanishni talab qildi. Soliqlar ko'pincha uylarning qiymatidan yuqori bo'lgan va 24 boshliqlar Kardyuga bu qanaqa halokatli ekanligini ko'rsatib, imzo chekishgan; ularning aholisi yordamchi qishloq xo'jaligidan bo'shashishga qodir emas edi. Ular soliqlarni to'lashga qarshilik ko'rsatdilar. Mustamlakachilikning yangi talablari bo'yicha ziddiyatlar va ma'muriyatning boshliqlarga nisbatan gumonlari sabab bo'ldi 1898 yildagi Hut soliq urushi, shuningdek, Temne-Mende urushi deb nomlangan. Avvaliga inglizlar o'q uzishdi. Aksariyat Temne aholisining Shimoliy jabhasi rahbarlik qildi Bai Bureh. Janubiy front, asosan iborat Mende odamlar, birozdan keyin va turli sabablarga ko'ra mojaroga kirishdi.

Bir necha oy davomida Bure jangchilari nihoyatda qudratli ingliz kuchlariga nisbatan ustunlikka ega edilar, ammo ingliz qo'shinlari va Bure jangchilari yuzlab halok bo'lishdi.^[42] Bai Bure 1898 yil 11-noyabrda o'z xalqining hududi va uylarining yo'q qilinishini to'xtatish uchun taslim bo'ldi. Angliya hukumati yumshoqlikni tavsiya qilgan bo'lsa-da, Kardyu boshliq va ikkita ittifoqdoshni yuborishni talab qildi surgun Oltin sohilda;^[41] uning hukumati boshliqning 96 jangchisini osib qo'ydi. Bai Burehga 1905 yilda Kassening boshlig'i lavozimini qayta tiklaganida qaytib kelishga ruxsat berildi.^[41]

Moa daryosi ko'prigi, Serra-Leone. Birodarlar Lisk-Carew, Fritaun, Syerra-Leone

Inglizlar G'arbiy Afrika kampaniyasi Fraytondagi qo'shinlar, 1914–1916. Nashr qilingan sarlavha: "Britaniyaning ekspeditsiya kuchlari hujumga hujum qilish uchun Fritaunga borishga tayyorlanmoqda Nemis kamerunlari, hujumning asosiy ob'ekti port Duala. Afrika urushlarida yordamchi mahalliy qo'shinlardan bemalol foydalanilgan. "

Afrika dengiz kuchlarining reytinglari Syerra-Leone gubernatori Xubert Stivenson yonidan o'tmoqda.

Xut soliqlaridagi urushda Temne va Mendening mag'lubiyati Protektorat va mustamlakachilik hukumatiga qarshi ommaviy qarshilikni tugatdi, ammo vaqti-vaqti bilan tartibsizliklar va mehnat g'alayonlari mustamlakachilik davrida davom etdi. 1955 va 1956 yillardagi tartibsizliklar proteratat tarkibiga "ko'p o'n minglab" serra-leyoniyaliklarni jalb qildi.^[43]

Ichki qullik, mahalliy afrikalik elita tomonidan qo'llanilishi davom etgan, 1928 yilda bekor qilingan.^[44] 1935 yildagi muhim voqea mineral qazib olish bo'yicha monopoliyani berish edi Sierra Leone Selection Trust, tomonidan boshqariladi De Beers. Monopoliya 98 yil davom etishi kerak edi. Sharqda olmos va boshqa foydali qazilmalarni qazib olish ishlari kengayib, u erda mamlakatning boshqa qismlaridan mehnatkashlarni jalb qildi.

1924 yilda Buyuk Britaniya hukumati Syerra-Leoneni mustamlaka va protektoratga ajratdi, ularning har biri uchun har xil siyosiy tizimlar konstitutsiyaviy ravishda belgilandi. Koloniya Fritaun va uning qirg'oq hududi edi; Protektorat - bu mahalliy boshliqlar hukmronlik qilgan ichki hududlar. Ikki tashkilot o'rtasidagi qarama-qarshilik 1947 yilda, ham Koloniya, ham Protektorat uchun yagona siyosiy tizimni ta'minlash bo'yicha takliflar kiritilganida, qizg'in munozaralarga aylandi. Takliflarning aksariyati aholisi koloniyadagi aholidan ancha ustun bo'lgan Protektorat rahbarlaridan kelib tushdi. Boshchiligidagi Krioslar Isaak Uolles-Jonson, takliflarga qarshi chiqdi, chunki ular koloniyadagi Kriyoning siyosiy kuchini pasayishiga olib keladi.

1951 yilda turli guruhlarning o'qimishli protektorat rahbarlari, shu jumladan Janob Milton Margai, Lamina Sankoh, Siaka Stivens, Mohamed Sanusi Mustafha, Jon Karefa-Smart, Kande Bureh, ser Albert Margai, Amadu Vuri va janob Banja Tejan-Sie kuchlilar bilan birlashdilar birinchi darajali boshliqlar protektoratda Syerra-Leone Xalq partiyasi yoki protektoratning partiyasi sifatida SLPP. Ser Milton Margai boshchiligidagi SLPP rahbariyati mustaqillikka erishish uchun inglizlar va Fritaunda joylashgan o'qimishli kriolar ustun bo'lgan koloniya bilan muzokaralar olib bordi.^[45]

Milton Marg'ayning zukko siyosati tufayli Mende, Bilimli Protektorat elitasi kuchlarni birlashtirish uchun g'olib bo'ldi birinchi darajali boshliqlar Krio murosasizligi oldida. Keyinchalik, Margai Buyuk Britaniyadan mustaqillikka erishish uchun oppozitsiya rahbarlari va mo''tadil Krio elementlarini yutib olish uchun xuddi shu ko'nikmalardan foydalangan.^[46] 1951 yil noyabrda Marg'ay yangi konstitutsiyani ishlab chiqishni nazorat qildi, bu alohida mustamlaka va protektorat qonun chiqaruvchilarini birlashtirdi va buning uchun asos yaratdi. dekolonizatsiya.^[47] 1953 yilda Syerra-Leonega mahalliy vazirlarning vakolatlari berildi va Marg'ay saylandi Bosh vazir Syerra-Leone.^[47] Yangi konstitutsiya Sierra-Leoneni parlament tizimida bo'lishini ta'minladi Millatlar Hamdo'stligi.^[47] 1957 yil may oyida Sierra Leone birinchi parlament saylovlarini o'tkazdi. O'sha paytda Syerra-Leone koloniyasida eng mashhur siyosiy partiya bo'lgan va shuningdek, provintsiyalardagi eng qudratli boshliqlar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan SLPP parlamentda eng ko'p o'rinlarni qo'lga kiritdi va Marg'ay katta ovoz bilan Bosh vazir etib qayta saylandi.

Ushbu maqolaning bo'limlari 1961-1991 yillar orasidagi tarixva Iqtisodiyot o'z ichiga oladi foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro'yxati, tegishli o'qish yoki tashqi havolalar, ammo uning manbalari noma'lum bo'lib qolmoqda, chunki u etishmayapti satrda keltirilgan. Iltimos yordam bering takomillashtirish ushbu maqolaning bo'limlari 1961-1991 yillar orasidagi tarixva Iqtisodiyot tomonidan tanishtirish aniqroq iqtiboslar. (2018 yil iyul) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

1960 yilgi mustaqillik konferentsiyasi

1960 yil 20 aprelda Milton Margai 24 kishilik Syerra-Leone delegatsiyasiga rahbarlik qildi konstitutsiyaviy konferentsiyalarda. Qirolicha Yelizaveta II va Britaniya mustamlakachisi kotibi Iain Macleod Londonda bo'lib o'tgan mustaqillik muzokaralarida.^[48][49]

1960 yil 4 mayda Londonda bo'lib o'tgan muzokaralar yakunida Buyuk Britaniya 1961 yil 27 aprelda Syerra-Leonega mustaqillik berishga rozi bo'ldi.^[48][49]

Mustaqillik (1961) va Marg'ay ma'muriyati (1961–1964)

1961 yil 27 aprelda ser Milton Margai Syerra-Leoneni Buyuk Britaniyadan mustaqillikka olib bordi va mamlakatning birinchi Bosh vaziri bo'ldi. Sierra-Leone shahrining minglab aholisi bayramni nishonlash uchun ko'chalarga chiqishdi. Sierra Leone Dominioni parlament boshqaruv tizimini saqlab qoldi va Millatlar Hamdo'stligining a'zosi edi. Asosiy oppozitsiyaning etakchisi Butun xalq kongressi (APC), Siaka Stivens va Isaak Uolles-Jonson, SLPP hukumatining yana bir ashaddiy tanqidchisi hibsga olingan va hibsga olingan uy qamog'i Fritaunda va yana o'n olti kishi mustaqillik bayramini buzishda ayblangan.^[50]

1962 yil may oyida Syerra-Leone o'z uyini o'tkazdi birinchi umumiy saylov mustaqil millat sifatida. The Syerra-Leone Xalq partiyasi (SLPP) g'olib bo'ldi a ko'plik parlamentdagi o'rindiqlar va Milton Margai bosh vazir etib qayta saylandi.

Margai hokimiyat tepasida bo'lgan davrda Syerra-leoneliklar orasida juda mashhur bo'lib, o'zini o'zi boshqarishi bilan mashhur edi. U na buzuq edi, na kuchini yoki mavqeini dabdabali namoyish qildi.^[51] U hukumatni qonun ustuvorligi ko'p partiyali siyosiy institutlar va etarlicha hayotiy vakillik tuzilmalari bilan hokimiyatning bo'linishi. Marg'ay o'zining konservativ mafkurasidan foydalanib, Serra-Leoneni juda ko'p janjallarsiz boshqargan. U davlat amaldorlarini turli etnik guruhlarning vakili sifatida tayinlagan. Marg'ay siyosiy partiyalar va manfaatdor guruhlar o'rtasida siyosiy hokimiyatni bo'lishish orqali vositachilik siyosatidan foydalangan; va viloyatlarda qudratli birinchi darajali boshliqlar bilan, ularning aksariyati uning hukumatining asosiy ittifoqchilari edi.^{[iqtibos kerak]}

Demokratiyaning so'nggi yillari (1964-1967)

1964 yilda Milton Marg'ay kutilmagan o'limidan so'ng, uning birodar, Janob Albert Margai, parlament tomonidan Bosh vazir lavozimiga tayinlangan. Tashqi ishlar vaziri tomonidan ser Albert rahbariyatiga qisqacha e'tiroz bildirildi Jon Karefa-Smart, Ser Albertning SLPP etakchilik lavozimiga kelishini shubha ostiga qo'ygan. Karefa-Smart Albert Marg'ayga Bosh vazir sifatida qarshilik ko'rsatgan SLPP partiyasidagi taniqli kichik ozchiliklar fraksiyasini boshqargan. Biroq, Karefa-Smart SLPP tomonidan kuchli qo'llab-quvvatlanmadi va SLPP Albert Marg'ayni SLPP etakchisi va mamlakat bosh vaziri lavozimidan mahrum qilishga urinishda parlament a'zolarini ustun qildi. SLPP a'zolarining aksariyati Albert Margayni Karefa-Smart orqali qo'llab-quvvatladilar. Albert Marg'ay Bosh vazir sifatida qasamyod qabul qilganidan ko'p o'tmay, u akasi Milton hukumati davrida xizmat qilgan bir necha yuqori lavozimli amaldorlarni o'z ma'muriyatiga, shu jumladan Karefa-Smartga tahdid sifatida ko'rib, ishdan bo'shatdi.

Ser Albert tobora ko'proq murojaat qildi avtoritar noroziliklarga javoban harakatlar va muxolifatga qarshi bir nechta qonunlarni qabul qildi Butun xalq kongressi (APC) ni o'rnatishga urinayotganda bir partiyali davlat.^{[iqtibos kerak]} Ser Albert ijro etuvchi hokimiyatni Paramount boshliqlariga berish mustamlakachilik merosiga qarshi edi, ularning aksariyati uning marhum ukasi Ser Miltonning asosiy ittifoqchilari bo'lgan. Shunga ko'ra, ular ser Albertni butun mamlakat bo'ylab hukmron uylar uchun tahdid deb hisoblashdi. Marg'ay mamlakatga ko'plab kreol bo'lmaganlarni tayinladi davlat xizmati yilda Fritaun, poytaxtda kreol etnik guruhi vakillari hukmronlik qilgan davlat xizmatining umumiy diversifikatsiyasida. Natijada, Albert Margai kreol jamoatida mashhur bo'lmagan, ularning ko'plari Ser Miltonni qo'llab-quvvatlagan. Margay o'zining Mende etnik guruhi a'zolarini taniqli lavozimlarga ustun qo'yganlikda ayblangan.

1967 yilda Fritaunda Marg'ay siyosatiga qarshi tartibsizliklar boshlandi; bunga javoban u favqulodda holat mamlakat bo'ylab. Ser Albert korrupsiyada va siyosatida ayblangan tasdiqlovchi harakat o'z foydasiga Mende etnik guruh.^[52] Mamlakat xavfsizlik kuchlarining to'liq qo'llab-quvvatlashiga ega bo'lsa-da, u erkin va adolatli saylovlarni o'tkazishga chaqirdi.

Harbiy to'ntarishlar (1967–1968)

APC, uning rahbari bilan Siaka Stivens, yaqindan bahslashib, SLPP ustidan parlamentda ozgina ko'p o'ringa ega bo'ldi 1967 yilgi umumiy saylov. Stivens 1967 yil 21 martda Bosh vazir sifatida qasamyod qildi.

Ishga kirishganidan bir necha soat o'tgach, Stivens qonsiz haydaldi harbiy to'ntarish boshchiligidagi Brigada generali Devid Lansana, komandiri Syerra-Leone qurolli kuchlari. U Albert Margayning yaqin ittifoqchisi edi, uni 1964 yilda ushbu lavozimga tayinlagan edi. Lansana Stivensni qo'l ostiga qo'ydi uy qamog'i Fritaun shahrida va Bosh vazirning qaroriga binoan qabilalar vakillarining palataga saylanishini kutishi kerakligini ta'kidladi. Ozodlikka chiqqandan so'ng, Stivens surgun qilindi Gvineya.

1967 yil 23 martda Sierra Leone armiyasida brigada generali boshchiligidagi bir guruh harbiy ofitserlar Endryu Jyukson-Smit, davlat to'ntarishi bilan bu harakatni bekor qildi; ular Lansanani hibsga olish va konstitutsiyani to'xtatib turish orqali hukumat boshqaruvini qo'lga oldilar. Guruh Milliy islohotlar kengashi (NRC), Endryu Jyukson-Smit uning raisi va mamlakat rahbari sifatida.^[53]

1968 yil 18 aprelda Syerra-Leone armiyasida bir qator quyi martabali askarlar o'zlarini shunday deb atashdi Korrupsiyaga qarshi inqilobiy harakat Brigada generali boshchiligidagi (ACRM) Jon Amadu Bangura, ag'darib tashladi NRC xunta. ACRM xunta ko'plab NRC a'zolarini hibsga oldi. Ular konstitutsiyani tikladilar va oxir-oqibat Bosh vazir lavozimiga kirishgan Stivensga hokimiyatni qaytarishdi.^[54]

Bir partiyali davlat (1968–1991)

An APC shimoliy shaharchasidagi siyosiy miting Kabala raqib tarafdorlarining uyidan tashqarida SLPP 1968 yilda

1968 yilda Stivens yana katta umid va ambitsiyalar bilan hokimiyatni o'z zimmasiga oldi.^{[iqtibos kerak]} Ko'p partiyali siyosatni qo'llab-quvvatlaganda, unga katta ishonch bildirildi. Stivens qabilalarni birlashtiradigan platformada kampaniya o'tkazgan edi sotsialistik tamoyillar. Hokimiyatdagi birinchi o'n yillikda Stivens avvalgilar SLPPdan Albert Margai va NRC Juxon-Smith tomonidan tuzilgan "foydasiz oldindan moliyalashtirilgan sxemalar" deb nomlagan ba'zi narsalarni qayta ko'rib chiqdilar. SLPP va NRC tomonidan olib borilgan ushbu siyosatlarning ba'zilari mamlakatni iqtisodiy jihatdan qashshoq holatda qoldirgani aytilgan.^{[iqtibos kerak]}

Stivens mamlakatdagi neftni qayta ishlash zavodi, hukumatga qarashli Cape Sierra mehmonxonasi va tsement zavodini qayta tashkil etdi.^[55] U Juxon-Smit tomonidan Viktoriya parki hududida cherkov va masjid qurilishini bekor qildi (2017 yil o'rtalaridan beri) Fritaun o'yin parki). Stivens keyinchalik viloyat va shahar o'rtasidagi masofani ko'paytirishga qaratilgan harakatlarni boshladi. Viloyatlarda yo'llar va kasalxonalar qurildi va Paramount boshliqlari va viloyat xalqlari Fritaunda taniqli kuchga aylanishdi.

Haqiqiy yoki sezilgan bir necha to'ntarish urinishlari bosimi ostida Stivensning hukmronligi tobora kuchayib bordi avtoritarva uning ba'zi ashaddiy tarafdorlari bilan munosabatlari yomonlashdi. U SLPP partiyasini zo'ravonlik va qo'rqitish yo'li bilan umumiy saylovlarda raqobatbardosh siyosatdan chetlashtirdi. Harbiylarning qo'llab-quvvatlashini ta'minlash uchun Stivens mashhur Jon Amadu Bangurani Syerra-Leone qurolli kuchlarining rahbari sifatida saqlab qoldi.

Fuqarolik boshqaruviga qaytganidan keyin qo'shimcha saylovlar bo'lib o'tdi (1968 yilning kuzida boshlandi) va butun APC kabineti tayinlandi. Sokinlik to'liq tiklanmadi. 1968 yil noyabrda viloyatlarda yuz bergan tartibsizliklar tufayli Stivens butun mamlakat bo'ylab favqulodda holat e'lon qildi. Syerra-Leone armiyasining ko'plab yuqori martabali zobitlari Stivensning siyosatidan va uning Syerra-Leone harbiy kuchlari bilan ishlashidan juda hafsalasi pir bo'lgan, ammo hech kim Stivensga qarshi tura olmagan. Stivensni bosh vazir lavozimiga qaytargan brigada generali Bangura, Stivensni boshqarishi mumkin bo'lgan yagona odam deb hisoblangan. Armiya Banguraga bag'ishlangan edi va bu uni Stivens uchun xavfli qilishi mumkin edi. 1970 yil yanvar oyida Bangura hibsga olingan va unga ayblov qo'yilgan fitna va Stivens hukumatiga qarshi to'ntarish qilishni rejalashtirish. Bir necha oy davom etgan sud jarayonidan so'ng Bangura bo'ldi sudlangan va o'limga mahkum etilgan. 1970 yil 29 martda Brigada Bangura Fritaunda osib o'ldirildi.

Bangura qatl etilgandan so'ng, qatl etilgan brigadir Banguraga sodiq bir guruh askarlar a isyon poytaxt Fritaun va mamlakatning boshqa ba'zi joylarida Stivens hukumatiga qarshi. O'nlab askarlar hibsga olingan va sudlangan tomonidan a harbiy sud prezident Stivensga qarshi qo'zg'olonda qatnashgani uchun Fritaunda. Hibsga olingan askarlar orasida ozgina ma'lum bo'lgan armiya bor edi Ongli Foday Sankoh, Banguraning kuchli tarafdori. Kapital Sankoh sud qilindi va Fritaundagi Pademba Road qamoqxonasida etti yilga ozodlikdan mahrum etildi.

1971 yil aprelda Stivens prezident bo'lgan yangi respublika konstitutsiyasi qabul qilindi. 1972 yilgi qo'shimcha saylovlarda muxolifat SLPP APC va militsiya tomonidan qo'rqitish va protsessual to'siqlardan shikoyat qildi. Ushbu muammolar shunchalik og'irlashdiki, SLPP ularni boykot qildi 1973 yilgi umumiy saylov; as a result the APC won 84 of the 85 elected seats.^[56]

An alleged plot to overthrow president Stevens failed in 1974 and its leaders were executed. In mid 1974, Guinean soldiers, requested by Stevens, were in the country to help maintain his hold on power as Stevens was a close ally of then Guinean president Ahmed Seku Ture. In March 1976, Stevens was elected without opposition for a second five-year term as president. On 19 July 1975, 14 senior army and government officials including David Lansana, former cabinet minister Mohamed Sorie Forna (father of writer Aminatta Forna), Brigadier General Ibrahim Bash Taqi and Lieutenant Habib Lansana Kamara were executed after being convicted of allegedly attempting a coup to topple president Stevens' government.

In 1977, a nationwide student demonstration against the government disrupted Sierra Leone politics. The demonstration was quickly put down by the army and Stevens' own personal Special Security Division (SSD) force, a heavily armed paramilitary force he had created to protect him and to maintain his hold on power.^[57] The SSD officers were very loyal to Stevens and were deployed across Sierra Leone to put down any rebellion or protest against Stevens' government. Umumiy saylov was called later that year in which corruption was again endemic; the APC won 74 seats and the SLPP 15. In 1978, the APC-dominant parliament approved a new constitution making the country a bir partiyali davlat. The 1978 constitution made the APC the only legal political party in Sierra Leone.^[58] This move led to another major demonstration against the government in many parts of the country, but again it was put down by the army and Stevens' SSD forces.

Stevens is generally criticised for dictatorial methods and government corruption, but on a positive note, he kept the country stable and from collapsing into civil war. He built several government institutions that are still in use today.^{[iqtibos kerak]} Stevens also reduced ethnic polarisation in government by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into his all-dominant APC government.

Siaka Stevens retired from politics in November 1985 after being in power for eighteen years. The APC named a new presidential candidate to succeed Stevens at their last delegate conference held in Freetown in November 1985. He was General-mayor Jozef Saidu Momoh, the head of the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces and Stevens' own choice to succeed him. As head of the Sierra Leone Armed Forces, Major General Momoh was very loyal to Stevens, who had appointed him to the position. Like Stevens, Momoh was also a member of the minority Limba etnik guruh.

Momoh was elected president as the only contesting candidate, without any opposition, and was sworn in as Sierra Leone's second president on 28 November 1985 in Freetown. A one-party parliamentary election between APC members was held in May 1986. President Momoh appointed his former military colleague and key ally, Major General Mohamed Tarawalie to succeed him as the head of the Sierra Leone Military. Major General Tarawalie was also a strong loyalist and key supporter of president Momoh. President Momoh named James Bambay Kamara as the head of the Syerra-Leone politsiyasi. Bambay Kamara was a key loyalist and strong supporter of President Momoh. Momoh broke away from former president Siaka Stevens, by integrating the powerful SSD into the Sierra Leone Police as a special harbiylashtirilgan kuch of the Sierra Leone Police. Under President Stevens, the SSD had been a powerful personal force used to maintain his hold on power, independent from the Sierra Leone Military and Sierra Leone Police Force. The Sierra Leone Police under Bambay Kamara's leadership, was accused of physical violence, arrest and intimidation against critics of President Momoh's government.

President Momoh's strong links with the army and his verbal attacks on corruption earned him much-needed initial support among Sierra Leoneans. With the lack of new faces in the new APC cabinet under president Momoh and the return of many of the old faces from Stevens' government, criticisms soon arose that Momoh was simply perpetuating the rule of Stevens.

The next couple of years under the Momoh administration were characterised by corruption, which Momoh defused by sacking several senior cabinet ministers. To formalise his war against corruption, President Momoh announced a "Odob-axloq qoidalari for Political Leaders and Public Servants". After an alleged attempt to overthrow President Momoh in March 1987, more than 60 senior government officials were arrested, including Vice-President Francis Minah, who was removed from office, convicted of plotting the coup, and executed by osilgan in 1989 along with 5 others.

Syerra-Leondagi fuqarolar urushi (1991–2002)

Maktab Koindu davomida yo'q qilingan Fuqarolar urushi; in total 1,270 primary schools were destroyed in the War.^[59]

In October 1990, owing to mounting pressure from both within and outside the country for political and economic reform, president Momoh set up a constitutional review commission to assess the 1978 one-party constitution. Based on the commission's recommendations a constitution re-establishing a multi-party system was approved by the exclusive APC Parliament by a 60% majority vote, becoming effective on 1 October 1991. There was great suspicion that president Momoh was not serious about his promise of political reform, as APC rule continued to be increasingly marked by abuses of power.

The brutal civil war that was going on in neighbouring Liberiya played a significant role in the outbreak of fighting in Sierra Leone. Charlz Teylor – then leader of the Liberiya milliy vatanparvarlik fronti – reportedly helped form the Inqilobiy birlashgan front (RUF) under the command of former Sierra Leonean army tanani Foday Saybana Sankoh, an ethnic Temne from Tonkolili tumani Shimoliy Syerra-Leonda. Sankoh was a British trained former army corporal who had also undergone guerrilla training in Libya. Taylor's aim was for the RUF to attack the bases of Nigerian dominated peacekeeping troops in Sierra Leone who were opposed to his rebel movement in Liberia.

On 29 April 1992, a group of young soldiers in the Sierra Leone Army, led by seven army officers — Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, Captain Valentine Strasser, Serjant Sulaymon Muso, Kapitan Komba Mondeh, Leytenant Tom Nyuma, Kapitan Julius Maada Bio and Captain Komba Kambo—^[60] ishga tushirildi harbiy to'ntarish that sent president Momoh into surgun in Guinea, and the young soldiers established the National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC), with 25-year-old Captain Valentine Strasser as its chairman and Head of State of the country.^[61]

Sergeant Solomon Musa, a childhood friend of Strasser, became the deputy chairman and deputy leader of the NPRC xunta hukumat. Strasser became the world's youngest Head of State when he seized power just three days after his 25th birthday. The NPRC junta established the National Supreme Council of State as the military highest command and final authority in all matters, and was exclusively made up of the highest ranking NPRC soldiers, included Strasser himself and the original soldiers who toppled president Momoh.^[61]

One of the highest ranking soldiers of the NPRC Junta, Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, a trusted ally of Strasser, was assassinated, allegedly by Major S.I.M. Turay, a key loyalist of ousted president Momoh. A heavily armed military manhunt took place across the country to find Lieutenant Sandy's killer. However, the main suspect, Major S.I.M Turay, went into hiding and fled the country to Guinea, fearing for his life. Dozens of soldiers loyal to the ousted president Momoh were arrested, including Colonel Kahota M. Dumbuya and Major Yayah Turay. Lieutenant Sandy was given a davlat dafn marosimi and his funeral prayers service at the ibodathona church in Freetown was attended by many high-ranking soldiers of the NPRC junta, including Strasser himself and NPRC deputy leader Sergeant Solomon Musa.

The NPRC Junta immediately suspended the constitution, banned all political parties, limited so'z erkinligi va matbuot erkinligi and enacted a rule-by-decree policy, in which soldiers were granted unlimited powers of administrative detention without charge or trial, and challenges against such detentions in court were precluded.

The NPRC Junta maintained relations with the G'arbiy Afrika davlatlarining iqtisodiy hamjamiyati (ECOWAS) and strengthened support for Sierra Leone-based ECOMOG troops fighting in Liberia. On 28 December 1992, an alleged coup attempt against the NPRC government of Strasser, aimed at freeing the detained Colonel Yahya Kanu, Colonel Kahota M.S. Dumbuya and former inspector general of police Bambay Kamara, was foiled. Several Junior army officers led by Sergeant Mohamed Lamin Bangura were identified as being behind the coup plot. The coup plot led to the otishma otryadi execution of seventeen soldiers in the Sierra Leone Army including Colonel Kahota M Dumbuya, Major Yayah Kanu and Sergeant Mohamed Lamin Bangura. Several prominent members of the Momoh government who had been in detention at the Pa Demba Road prison, including former inspector general of police Bambay Kamara, were also executed.^[62]

On 5 July 1994 the deputy NPRC leader Sergeant Solomon Musa, who was very popular with the general population, particularly in Freetown, was arrested and sent into exile after he was accused of planning a coup to topple Strasser, an accusation Sergeant Musa denied. Strasser replaced Musa as deputy NPRC chairman with Captain Julius Maada Bio, who was instantly promoted by Strasser to Brigadir.

The NPRC proved to be nearly as ineffectual as the Momoh-led APC government in repelling the RUF. More and more of the country fell to RUF fighters, and by 1994 they held much of the diamond-rich Eastern Province and were at the edge of Freetown. In response, the NPRC hired several hundred mercenaries from the private firm Ijro natijalari. Within a month they had driven RUF fighters back to enclaves along Sierra Leone's borders, and cleared the RUF from the Kono diamond-producing areas of Sierra Leone.

With Strasser's two most senior NPRC allies and commanders Lieutenant Sahr Sandy and Lieutenant Sulaymon Muso no longer around to defend him, Strasser's leadership within the NPRC Supreme Council of State was not considered much stronger. On 16 January 1996, after about four years in power, Strasser was arrested in a palace coup at the Defence Headquarters in Freetown by his fellow NPRC soldiers.^[63] Strasser was immediately flown into exile in a harbiy vertolyot ga Konakri, Gvineya.

In his first public broadcast to the nation following the 1996 coup, Brigadier Bio stated that his support for returning Sierra Leone to a democratically elected civilian government and his commitment to ending the civil war were his motivations for the coup.^[64] Promises of a return to civilian rule were fulfilled by Bio, who handed power over to Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, of the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP), after the conclusion of elections in early 1996. President Kabbah took power with a great promise of ending the civil war. President Kabbah opened dialog with the RUF and invited RUF leader Foday Sankoh for peace negotiations.

On 25 May 1997, seventeen soldiers in the Sierra Leone army led by Corporal Tamba Gborie, loyal to the detained General-mayor Jonni Pol Koroma, launched a military coup which sent President Kabbah into exile in Guinea and they established the Qurolli kuchlar inqilobiy kengashi (AFRC). Corporal Gborie quickly went to the Sierra Leone Broadcasting Services headquarters in New England, Freetown to announce the coup to a shocked nation and to alert all soldiers across the country to report for guard duty. The soldiers immediately released Koroma from prison and installed him as their chairman and Head of State.

Koroma suspended the constitution, banned demonstrations, shut down all private radio stations in the country and invited the RUF to join the new junta government, with its leader Foday Sankoh as the Vice-Chairman of the new AFRC-RUF coalition junta government. Within days, Freetown was overwhelmed by the presence of the RUF combatants who came to the city in thousands. The Kamajors, a group of traditional fighters mostly from the Mende ethnic group under the command of deputy Mudofaa vaziri Samuel Xinga Norman, remained loyal to President Kabbah and defended the Southern part of Sierra Leone from the soldiers.

Kabbah's government and the end of civil war (2002–2014)

Ushbu bo'lim bo'lishi kerak yangilangan. Iltimos, ushbu maqolani so'nggi voqealarni yoki yangi mavjud ma'lumotlarni aks ettirish uchun yangilang. (2013 yil fevral)

After nine months in office, the junta was overthrown by the Nigerian-led ECOMOG forces, and the democratically elected government of president Kabbah was reinstated in February 1998. On 19 October 1998 24 soldiers in the Sierra Leone army were executed by firing squad after they were convicted in a harbiy sud in Freetown, some for orchestrating the 1997 coup that overthrew President Kabbah and others for failure to reverse the mutiny.^[65]

1999 yil oktyabr oyida Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti yuborishga rozi bo'ldi tinchlikparvar kuchlar tartibni tiklashga va isyonchilarni qurolsizlantirishga yordam berish. 6000 kishilik kuchlardan birinchisi dekabrda kela boshladi va BMT Xavfsizlik Kengashi kuchlarini 11000 ga, keyin esa 13000 ga oshirish uchun 2000 yil fevralida ovoz bergan. But in May, when nearly all Nigeriyalik forces had left and UN forces were trying to disarm the RUF in eastern Sierra Leone, Sankoh's forces clashed with the UN troops, and some 500 peacekeepers were taken garovga olingan as the peace accord effectively collapsed. The hostage crisis resulted in more fighting between the RUF and the government as UN troops launched "Xukri" operatsiyasi to end the siege. The Operation was successful with Indian and British Maxsus kuchlar being the main contingents.

The situation in the country deteriorated to such an extent that British troops were deployed in Palliser operatsiyasi, originally simply to evacuate foreign nationals. However, the British exceeded their original mandate, and took full military action to finally defeat the rebels and restore order. The British were the catalyst for the ceasefire that ended the civil war. Elementlari Britaniya armiyasi, together with administrators and politicians, remain in Sierra Leone to this day,^[qachon?] helping train the armed forces, improve the infrastructure of the country and administer financial and material aid. Toni Bler, the Prime Minister of Britain at the time of the British intervention, is regarded as a hero by the people of Sierra Leone, many of whom are keen for more British involvement.^{[iqtibos kerak]} Sierra Leoneans have been described^{[kim tomonidan?]} as "The World's Most Resilient People".^[66]

Between 1991 and 2001, about 50,000 people were killed in Sierra Leone's civil war. Hundreds of thousands of people were forced from their homes and many became refugees in Gvineya va Liberiya. In 2001, UN forces moved into rebel-held areas and began to disarm rebel soldiers. By January 2002, the war was declared over. 2002 yil may oyida, Kabba was re-elected president by a landslide. By 2004, the disarmament process was complete. Also in 2004, a UN-backed harbiy jinoyatlar court began holding trials of senior leaders from both sides of the war. In December 2005, UN peacekeeping forces pulled out of Sierra Leone.

In August 2007, Sierra Leone held presidential and parliamentary elections. However, no presidential candidate won the 50% plus one vote majority stipulated in the constitution on the first round of voting. A runoff election was held in September 2007, and Ernest Bai Koroma, the candidate of the main opposition APC, was elected president. Koroma was re-elected president for a second (and final) term in November 2012.

Struggle with the Ebola epidemic (2014–2016)

In 2014 an Syerra-Leoneda Ebola virusi epidemiyasi began, which had widespread impact on the country,^[67] including forcing Sierra Leone to declare a state of emergency.^[68] By the end of 2014 there were nearly 3000 deaths and about 10 thousand cases of the disease in Sierra Leone.^[67] The epidemic also led to the Ouse to Ouse Tock in September 2014, a nationwide three-day quarantine.^[69] The epidemic occurred as part of the wider G'arbiy Afrikada Ebola virusi epidemiyasi. In early August 2014 Sierra Leone cancelled league football (soccer) matches because of the Ebola epidemic.^[70] On 16 March 2016, the Jahon sog'liqni saqlash tashkiloti declared Sierra Leone to be free from Ebola.^[71]

14 August 2017 mudslides

Several mudslides occurred around 6:30 AM on the fourteenth of August 2017 in and near the country's capital Fritaun.

2018 yilgi umumiy saylovlar

In 2018, Sierra Leone held a umumiy saylov. The presidential election, in which neither candidate reached the required threshold of 55%, went to a second round of voting, in which Julius Maada Bio was elected with 51% of the vote.

Geografiya va iqlim

A map of Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone map of Köppen climate classification

Sierra Leone is located on the southwest coast of G'arbiy Afrika, lying mostly between latitudes 7° va 10 ° N (a small area is south of 7°), and longitudes 10° va 14 ° V. Mamlakat chegaradosh Gvineya shimol va sharqda, Liberiya janubi-sharqda va Atlantika okeani g'arbiy va janubi-g'arbiy qismida.^[72]

Syerra-Leone umumiy maydoni 71,740 km² (27,699 sqm), 71,620 km quruqlik maydoniga bo'lingan² (27,653 sqm mil) va 120 km suv² (46 kvadrat milya)^[73] The country has four distinct geographical regions. In eastern Sierra Leone the plato is interspersed with high mountains, where Bintumani tog'i reaches 1,948 m (6,391 ft), the highest point in the country. Ning yuqori qismi drenaj havzasi ning Moa daryosi is located in the south of this region.

The centre of the country is a region of pasttekislik tekisliklar, containing forests, buta va qishloq xo'jaligi erlari,^[72] that occupies about 43% of Sierra Leone's land area. The northern section of this has been categorised by the Butunjahon yovvoyi tabiat fondi qismi sifatida Gvineya o'rmon-savanna mozaikasi ekoregion, while the south is rain-forested plains and farmland.

In the west, Sierra Leone has some 400 km (249 mi) of Atlantic coastline, giving it both bountiful marine resources and attractive tourist potential. The coast has areas of low-lying Gvineya mangrovlari botqoq. Milliy poytaxt Fritaun sits on a coastal yarim orol, situated next to the Sierra Leone Harbour.

The climate is tropical, with two seasons determining the agricultural cycle: the yomg'irli mavsum from May to November, and a quruq mavsum from December to May, which includes Harmattan, when cool, dry winds blow in off the Sahara cho'llari and the night-time temperature can be as low as 16 °C (60.8 °F). The average temperature is 26 °C (78.8 °F) and varies from around 26 to 36 °C (78.8 to 96.8 °F) during the year.^[74][75]

Atrof muhit

Human activities claimed to be responsible or contributing to erlarning degradatsiyasi in Sierra Leone include unsustainable agricultural land use, poor soil and water management practices, deforestation, removal of natural vegetation, fuelwood consumption and to a lesser extent overgrazing and urbanisation.^[76]

O'rmonlarni yo'q qilish, both for commercial timber and to make room for agriculture, is the major concern and represents an enormous loss of natural economic wealth to the nation.^[76] Konchilik va qirqish va yoqish for land conversion – such as cattle grazing – dramatically diminished forested land in Sierra Leone since the 1980s. It is listed among countries of concern for emissions, as having Low Forest Cover with High Rates of Deforestation (LFHD).^[77]

There are concerns that heavy logging continues in the Tama-Tonkoli Forest Reserve in the north. Loggers have extended their operations to Nimini, Kono District, Eastern Province; Jui, Western Rural District, Western Area; Loma Mountains National Park, Koinadougu, Northern Province; and with plans to start operations in the Kambui Forest reserve in the Kenema District, Eastern Province.^[77]

Haddan tashqari baliq ovlash is also an issue in Sierra Leone.

Habitat degradation for the Afrikalik yovvoyi it, Lycaon pictus, has been increased, such that this kanid is deemed to have been extirpated in Sierra Leone.^[78]

Until 2002, Sierra Leone lacked a forest management system because of the civil war that caused tens of thousands of deaths. Deforestation rates have increased 7.3% since the end of the civil war.^[79] On paper, 55 protected areas covered 4.5% of Sierra Leone as of 2003. The country has 2,090 known turlari of higher plants, 147 sutemizuvchilar, 626 birds, 67 sudralib yuruvchilar, 35 amfibiyalar, and 99 fish species.^[79]

The Atrof-muhit bo'yicha adolat fondi has documented how the number of noqonuniy baliq ovlash vessels in Sierra Leone's waters has multiplied in recent years. The amount of illegal fishing has significantly depleted fish stocks, depriving local fishing communities of an important resource for survival. The situation is particularly serious as fishing provides the only source of income for many communities in a country still recovering from over a decade of civil war.^[80]

In June 2005, the Qushlarni himoya qilish uchun qirollik jamiyati (RSPB) and BirdLife International agreed to support a conservation-barqaror rivojlanish loyihasi Gola o'rmoni in south eastern Sierra Leone,^[81] an important surviving fragment of yomg'ir o'rmoni Syerra-Leoneda.

Hukumat va siyosat

Ernest Bai Koroma, former president of Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a to'g'ridan-to'g'ri saylangan president and a bir palatali qonun chiqaruvchi organ. The current system of the Sierra Leone hukumati is based on the 1991 Sierra Leone Constitution. Sierra Leone has a dominant unitar markaziy hukumat va zaif mahalliy hukumat. The ijro etuvchi hokimiyat of the Government of Sierra Leone, headed by the Syerra-Leone prezidenti has extensive powers and influences. The president is the most powerful government official in Sierra Leone.^[82]

Within the confines of the 1991 Constitution, supreme legislative powers are vested in Parlament, which is the law making body of the nation. Supreme executive authority rests in the president and members of his cabinet and judicial power with the judiciary of which the Sierra Leone bosh sudyasi is the head.

Prezident bu davlat rahbari, hukumat rahbari va bosh qo'mondon ning Syerra-Leone qurolli kuchlari. The president appoints and heads a cabinet of ministers, which must be approved by the Parliament. Prezident tomonidan saylanadi xalq ovozi to a maximum of two five-year terms. The president is the highest and most influential position within the government of Sierra Leone.

To be elected president of Sierra Leone, a candidate must gain at least 55% of the vote. If no candidate gets 55%, there is a second-round runoff between the top two candidates.

The current president of Sierra Leone is former harbiy xunta rahbar Julius Maada Bio.^[83] Bio defeated Samura Kamara qarorning Butun xalq kongressi in the country's tightly contested 2018 presidential election. Bio replaced outgoing President Ernest Bai Koroma after Bio was sworn into office on 4 April 2018 by Chief Justice Abdulai Cham. Bio is the leader of the Syerra-Leone Xalq partiyasi, the current ruling party in Sierra Leone.

Next to the president is the Vitse prezident, who is the second-highest ranking government official in the executive branch of the Sierra Leone Government. As designated by the Sierra Leone Constitution, the vice-president is to become the new president of Sierra Leone upon the death, resignation, or removal of the President.

Parlament

The Sierra Leone Oliy sud poytaxtda Fritaun, the highest and most powerful court in the country

The Sierra Leone parlamenti bu bir palatali, 124 o'rinli. Mamlakatning o'n to'rt okrugining har biri parlamentda namoyish etiladi. 112 a'zo Prezident saylovi bilan bir vaqtda saylanadi; qolgan 12 o'ringa to'ldirilgan birinchi darajali boshliqlar mamlakatning har biridan 12 ma'muriy tumanlar. The Sierra Leone parliament is led by the Speaker of Parliament, who is the overall leader of Parliament and is directly elected by sitting members of parliament. The current speaker of the Sierra Leone parliament is Sheku Badara Bashiru Dumbuya, who was elected by members of parliament on 21 January 2014.

The current members of Parliament of Sierra Leone were elected in the 2012 Sierra Leone parliamentary election. The Butun xalq kongressi (APC) currently has 70 of the 112 elected parliamentary seats and the Syerra-Leone Xalq partiyasi (SLPP) has 42 of the elected 132 parliamentary seats. Sierra Leone's two most dominant partiyalar, the APC and the SLPP, collectively won every elected seats in Parliament in the 2012 Sierra Leone parliamentary election. To be qualified as Member of Parliament, the person must be a citizen of Sierra Leone, must be at least 21 years old, must be able to speak, read and write the English language with a degree of proficiency to enable him to actively take part in proceedings in Parliament; and must not have any criminal conviction.^[82]

Since independence in 1961, Sierra Leone's politics has been dominated by two major political parties: the SLPP and the APC. Other minor political parties have also existed but with no significant support.^[84]

Sud hokimiyati

The judicial power of Sierra Leone is vested in the sud tizimiboshchiligidagi Sierra Leone bosh sudyasi and comprising the Supreme Court of Sierra Leone, which is the highest court in the country, meaning that its rulings therefore cannot be appealed against. Other courts include the High Court of Justice, the Court of Appeal, the magistrate courts, and traditional courts in rural villages. The president appoints and parliament approves Justices for the three courts. The Judiciary have jurisdiction in all civil and criminal matters throughout the country. The current acting Bosh sudya of Sierra Leone is Valicious Thomas.^[85]

Tashqi aloqalar

Syerra-Leonening Vashingtondagi elchixonasi

The Sierra Leonean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation is responsible for foreign policy of Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone has diplomatic relations that include China, Rossiya,^[86] Liviya, Eronva Kuba.

Sierra Leone has good relations with the West, including the United States, and has maintained historical ties with the United Kingdom and other former Britaniya mustamlakalari through its membership of the Millatlar Hamdo'stligi.^[87] The United Kingdom has played a major role in providing aid to the former colony, together with administrative help and military training since intervening to end the Civil War in 2000.

Sobiq prezident Siaka Stivens' government had sought closer relations with other G'arbiy Afrika ostida joylashgan mamlakatlar G'arbiy Afrika davlatlarining iqtisodiy hamjamiyati (ECOWAS) a policy continued by the current government. Sierra Leone, along with Liberiya va Gvineya, shaklini Mano daryosi ittifoqi (MRU). It is primarily designed to implement development projects and promote regional iqtisodiy integratsiya between the three countries.^[88]

Sierra Leone is also a member of the United Nations and its specialised agencies, the Afrika ittifoqi, Afrika taraqqiyot banki (AFDB), the Islom hamkorlik tashkiloti (OIC), and the Qo'shilmaslik harakati (NAM).^[89] Syerra-Leone Xalqaro jinoiy sud bilan Immunitet to'g'risida ikki tomonlama bitim uchun himoya AQSh harbiylari (as covered under Article 98).

Ma'muriy bo'linmalar

The 12 districts and 2 areas of Sierra Leone

The Republic of Sierra Leone is composed of four regions: the Shimoliy viloyat, Janubiy viloyat, Sharqiy viloyat, va G'arbiy hudud. Three provinces are further divided into 12 districts; and the Western Area is divided into two districts.

The provincial districts are divided into 149 chiefdoms, which have traditionally been led by birinchi darajali boshliqlar, recognised by the British administration in 1896 at the time of organising the Protectorate of Sierra Leone. The Paramount Chiefs are very influential, particularly in qishloqlar and small rural towns.^[90] Each chiefdom has ruling families that were recognised at that time; the Tribal Authority, made up of local notables, elects the paramount chief from the ruling families.^[90] Typically, chiefs have the power to "raise taxes, control the judicial system, and allocate land, the most important resource in rural areas."^[91]

Within the context of local governance, the districts are governed as joylar. Each has a directly elected local district council to exercise authority and carry out functions at a local level.^[92][93] In total, there are 19 local councils: 13 district councils, one for each of the 12 districts and one for the Western Area Rural, and six municipalities also have elected local councils. The six municipalities include Fritaun, which functions as the local government for the Western Area Urban District, and Bo, Bonthe, Kenema, Koiduva Makeni.^[92][94][95]

While the district councils are under the oversight of their respective provincial administrations, the municipalities are directly overseen by the Ministry of Local Government & Community Development and thus administratively independent of district and provincial administrations.

Harbiy

The Military of Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF), are the unified armed forces of Sierra Leone responsible for the territorial security of Sierra Leone's border and defending the national interests of Sierra Leone within the framework of its international obligations. Qurolli kuchlar 1961 yilda mustaqillikka erishgandan so'ng, sobiq inglizlarning elementlari asosida tuzilgan G'arbiy Afrika qirollik chegara kuchlari mamlakatda mavjud. The Sierra Leone Armed Forces consists of around 15,500 personnel, comprising the largest Sierra Leone Army,^[106] the Sierra Leone Navy and the Sierra Leone Air Wing.^[107]

The Serra-Leone prezidenti bo'ladi Bosh qo'mondon of the military, with the Minister of Defence responsible for defence policy and the formulation of the armed forces. The current Sierra Leonean Defence Minister is retired Major Alfred Paolo Konte. The Military of Sierra Leone also has a Mudofaa shtabining boshlig'i who is a uniformed harbiy amaldor responsible for the administration and the operational control of the Sierra Leone military.^[108] Brigada generali Alfred Nelson-Uilyams who was appointed by president Koroma succeeded the retired General-mayor Edvard Sem Mboma on 12 September 2008 as the Chief of Defence Staff of the Military.^[109]

When Sierra Leone gained independence in 1961, the Royal Sierra Leone Military Force was created from the Sierra Leone Battalion of the West African Frontier Force.^[110] Harbiylar 1968 yilda boshqaruvni egallab olishdi Milliy islohotlar kengashi hokimiyatga. On 19 April 1971, when Sierra Leone became a republic, the Royal Sierra Leone Military Forces were renamed the Republic of Sierra Leone Military Force (RSLMF).^[110][111] The RSLMF remained a single-service organisation until 1979, when the Sierra Leone Navy was established. In 1995 Defence Headquarters was established, and the Sierra Leone Air Wing formed. The RSLMF was renamed as the Armed Forces of the Republic of Sierra Leone (AFRSL).

Huquqni muhofaza qilish

Law enforcement in Sierra Leone is primarily the responsibility of the Syerra-Leone politsiyasi (SLP), which is accountable to the Minister of Internal Affairs (appointed by the president). Sierra Leone Police was established by the Britaniya mustamlakasi 1894 yilda; it is one of the oldest police forces in West Africa. It works to prevent crime, protect life and property, detect and prosecute offenders, maintain jamoat tartibi, ensure safety and security, and enhance access to justice. The Sierra Leone Police is headed by the Politsiya bosh inspektori, the professional head of the Sierra Leone Police force, who is appointed by the Serra-Leone prezidenti.

Ularning har biri Sierra Leone's 14 districts is headed by a district police commissioner who is the professional head of their respective district. These Police Commissioners report directly to the Inspector General of Police at the Sierra Leone Police headquarters in Fritaun. The current Inspector General of Police is Brima Acha Kamara, who was appointed to the position by former president Ahmad Tejan Kabbah.

Inson huquqlari

Erkak same-sex sexual activity is illegal under Section 61 of the Shaxs to'g'risidagi qonunga qarshi jinoyatlar 1861va umrbod qamoq jazosi mumkin.^[112][113]

Iqtisodiyot

A proportional representation of Sierra Leone's exports

By the 1990s economic activity was declining and economic infrastructure had become seriously degraded. Over the next decade much of the formal economy was destroyed in the country's civil war. Since the end of hostilities in January 2002, massive infusions of outside assistance have helped Sierra Leone begin to recover.^[114]

Much of the recovery will depend on the success of the government's efforts to limit corruption by officials, which many feel was the chief cause for the civil war. A key indicator of success will be the effectiveness of government management of its diamond sector.

There is high unemployment, particularly among the youth and ex-combatants. Authorities have been slow to implement reforms in the civil service, and the pace of the privatisation programme is also slackening and donors have urged its advancement.

Valyuta leone. The markaziy bank bo'ladi Sierra Leone banki. Sierra Leone operates a floating valyuta kursi system, and foreign currencies can be exchanged at any of the commercial banks, recognised foreign exchange byurolar va aksariyat mehmonxonalar. Sierra Leone-da kredit kartalaridan foydalanish cheklangan, biroq ular ba'zi mehmonxonalar va restoranlarda ishlatilishi mumkin. Xalqaro aloqada bir nechta mavjud avtomatlashtirilgan kassalar qabul qiladi Visa kartalari ProCredit Bank tomonidan boshqariladigan Fritaunda.

Qishloq xo'jaligi

Syerra-Leoneda guruch yig'im-terimi bilan dehqon. Two-thirds of Sierra Leone's population are directly involved in yordamchi qishloq xo'jaligi.^[115]

Syerra-Leone aholisining uchdan ikki qismi bevosita ishtirok etadi yordamchi qishloq xo'jaligi.^[115] Agriculture accounted for 58 per cent of yalpi ichki mahsulot (YaIM) 2007 y.^[116]

Agriculture is the largest employer with 80 per cent of the population working in the sector.^[117] Guruch is the most important staple crop in Sierra Leone with 85 per cent of farmers cultivating rice during the rainy season^[118] va har bir kishi uchun yiliga 76 kg iste'mol qilish.^[119]

Konchilik

Rich in minerals, Sierra Leone has relied on mining, especially diamonds, for its economic base. The country is among the top ten diamond producing nations. Mineral eksport asosiy bo'lib qolmoqda valyuta daromad oluvchi. Syerra-Leone qimmatbaho olmoslarning yirik ishlab chiqaruvchisi. Olmoslarga boy bo'lishiga qaramay, tarixiy ravishda ularni ekspluatatsiya qilish va eksport qilishni boshqarish uchun kurashgan.

Syerra-Leone o'ziga xosligi bilan mashhur qon olmoslari davomida qazib olingan va olmos konglomeratlarga sotilgan Fuqarolar urushi, uning vahshiyligini kuchaytirgan qurollarni sotib olish.^[120] 1970-yillarda va 80-yillarning boshlarida tog'-kon sanoati pasayishi va hukumat amaldorlari orasida korruptsiya kuchaygani sababli iqtisodiy o'sish sur'atlari pasaygan.

Sierra Leone olmosining yillik ishlab chiqarish hajmi 250 million AQSh dollaridan 300 million dollargacha. Ulardan ba'zilari kontrabanda, ehtimol u qaerda ishlatilishi mumkin pul yuvish yoki noqonuniy faoliyatni moliyalashtirish. Rasmiy eksport, fuqarolar urushidan keyin sezilarli darajada yaxshilandi va ularni boshqarishni takomillashtirishga qaratilgan harakatlar muvaffaqiyatli bo'ldi. 2000 yil oktyabr oyida mamlakatdan olmoslarni eksport qilish bo'yicha BMT tomonidan tasdiqlangan sertifikatlash tizimi joriy etildi va qonuniy eksportning keskin o'sishiga olib keldi. 2001 yilda hukumat konchilik jamiyatini rivojlantirish jamg'armasini yaratdi (DACDF), bu olmos qazib oladigan jamoalarga olmos eksporti soliqlarining bir qismini qaytaradi. Jamg'arma qonuniy olmos savdosida mahalliy jamoalarning ulushini oshirish uchun yaratilgan.

Syerra-Leone dunyodagi eng yirik konlardan biriga ega rutil, a titanium sifatida ishlatilgan ruda bo'yamoq pigment va payvandlash novda qoplamalari.

Transport infratuzilmasi

Dan yo'l Kenema ga Kaylahun tumani

Yo'l, havo va suv infratuzilmasiga ega bo'lgan Syerra-Leoneda bir qator transport tizimlari mavjud, shu jumladan avtomobil yo'llari tarmog'i va bir nechta aeroportlar. Syerra-Leoneda 11,300 kilometr (7000 milya) avtomobil yo'llari mavjud, shundan 904 km (562 milya)^[73] asfaltlangan (yo'llarning taxminan 8%). Syerra-Leone avtomobil yo'llari bilan bog'langan Konakri, Gvineya va Monroviya, Liberiya.

Serra-Leone eng kattasiga ega tabiiy port orqali Afrika yuklarini etkazib berishga imkon beruvchi Afrika qit'asida Qirolicha Yelizaveta II Quay ichida Cline Town sharqiy Fritaun hududi yoki markaziy Fritaun shahridagi Hukumat Wharf orqali. Syerra-Leoneda 800 km (497 milya) suv yo'llari mavjud, shundan 600 km (373 milya) yil davomida suzib yurish mumkin. Asosiy port shaharlari Bonthe, Fritaun, Sherbro oroli va Pepel.

O'ntasi bor mintaqaviy aeroportlar Syerra-Leoneda va bitta xalqaro aeroport. The Lungi xalqaro aeroporti sohil bo'yidagi shaharchada joylashgan Qo'ziqorinlar Shimoliy Syerra-Leone - bu Syerra-Leonega yoki undan qaytish uchun ichki va xalqaro sayohat uchun asosiy aeroport. Yo'lovchilar daryodan o'tib, Aberdinga borishadi Vertolyotlar tomonidan Fritaunda hovercraft, parom yoki a vertolyot. Shuningdek, vertolyotlar aeroportdan mamlakatning boshqa yirik shaharlarigacha mavjud. Aeroport mavjud asfaltlangan 3,047 metrdan (9,997 fut) uzunroq uchish-qo'nish yo'lagi. Boshqa aeroportlarda asfaltlanmagan uchish-qo'nish yo'lagi mavjud, ettitasida 914 metrdan 1523 metrgacha (2999 dan 4997 futgacha) uchish-qo'nish yo'lagi mavjud; qolgan ikkitasida uchish-qo'nish yo'lagi qisqaroq.

Syerra-Leone Evropa Ittifoqining aviakompaniyalarni sertifikatlashtirish bo'yicha taqiqlangan mamlakatlar ro'yxatiga kiritilgan. Bu shuni anglatadiki, Syerra-Leoneda ro'yxatdan o'tgan biron bir aviakompaniya Evropa Ittifoqi doirasida har qanday turdagi xizmatlarni amalga oshirishi mumkin emas. Bu sifatsiz xavfsizlik standartlari bilan bog'liq.^[121]

2014 yil may oyidan boshlab mamlakatdagi yagona xalqaro aeroport muntazam ravishda London, Parij, Bryussel va G'arbiy Afrikaning eng yirik shaharlariga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri reyslarni amalga oshirgan.

2014 yil sentyabr oyida Kailaxun, Kenema, Bombali, Tonkolili va Port Loko kabi sayohat cheklovlari bo'lgan ko'plab tumanlar mavjud edi. Ebola.^[122]

Syerra-Leonedagi energiya

Umumiy nuqtai

2016 yilga kelib, Syerra-Leone aholisining taxminan 12% elektr energiyasidan foydalanish imkoniyatiga ega edi. 12% dan 10% poytaxt Fritaunda bo'lgan va qolgan 90% mamlakat elektr energiyasining 2% ishlatgan.^[123] Aholining aksariyati kunlik tirikchilik uchun biomassa yoqilg'ilariga ishonishadi, eng ko'p ishlatiladigan o'tin va ko'mir.^[124] Ushbu manbalarning yonishi ayollar va bolalarning sog'lig'iga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatishi haqida xabar berilgan.^[124] Uyda biomassa yoqilg'isini yoqish va O'tkir nafas yo'li infektsiyasi (ARI) o'rtasidagi o'zaro bog'liqlik bo'yicha 2012 yilda tadqiqot o'tkazildi. Natijada bolalarning 64 foizida ARI tashxisi qo'yilgan, u erda o'tin pechlari ishlatilgan, 44 foizida esa ko'mir pechlari ishlatilgan.^[124] Ko'mir va o'tinlardan foydalanish ekologik muammolarni ham keltirib chiqardi, chunki ularning ikkalasi ham barqaror energiya manbalariga intilish bilan ziddiyatlidir.^[125] Natijada, o'tin va ko'mirni tijoratlashtirish yordam donorlari va Energetika va suv resurslari vazirligi va O'rmon xo'jaligi bo'limi kabi davlat idoralari bilan bahslashishga sabab bo'ldi.^[125] Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti tufayli Syerra-Leoneda ham quyosh, ham gidroenergetikaning asosiy energiya manbaiga aylanishiga turtki berildi. Barqaror rivojlanish maqsadlari, ayniqsa, ettinchi maqsad (arzon va toza energiya). Syerra-Leone tropik iqlimi, yillik yog'ingarchilik miqdori va daryolarning ko'pligi unga ko'proq quyosh va gidroenergetika alternativalarini real ravishda tanlash imkoniyatini beradi.^[126]

Quyosh energiyasi

Buyuk Britaniya bilan birgalikda Xalqaro rivojlanish bo'limi (DFID), Syerra-Leone 2025 yilgacha barcha fuqarolarini quyosh energiyasi bilan ta'minlashni maqsad qilib qo'ygan.^[127] Ushbu asosiy maqsad kichikroq maqsadlarga ham bo'lingan. Ushbu maqsadlardan birinchisi - 2016 yilda kamida 50 000 ta uyni quyosh energiyasi bilan ta'minlash, ikkinchisi - 2017 yilgacha 250 000 ta uy va nihoyat 2020 yilgacha 1 000 000 kishini elektr energiyasi bilan ta'minlash.^[127] Ushbu tashabbus ostida Energiya Afrika 2030 yilgacha 14 ta Afrikaning turli mamlakatlariga elektr energiyasini etkazib berishni maqsad qilgan kirish kampaniyasi.^[123] Ushbu ixcham kelishuvdan oldin Syerra-Leone quyosh energiyasi bo'yicha xususiy sektor zaif edi, chunki u maqsadli aholining 5 foizidan kamrog'ini energiya bilan ta'minladi.^[123] Buning bir qismi import bojlari va soliqlar va sifat nazorati yo'qligi bilan bog'liq edi.^[123] Energiya Afrikasi maqsadiga erishilishini ta'minlash uchun Sierra Leone sertifikatlangan quyosh mahsulotlariga import bojlari va qo'shilgan qiymat solig'ini (QQS) olib tashlashga rozi bo'ldi.^[127] Ushbu o'zgarish chet el investitsiyalarini rag'batlantirishga va o'z fuqarolarini arzon, sifatli quyosh mahsulotlari bilan ta'minlashga harakat qiladi. Taxminiy hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra, bojxona to'lovlari va soliqlarning etishmasligi bilan quyosh energiyasidagi mahsulotlarning narxini 30% dan 40% gacha kamaytirish mumkin.^[123]

Gidroelektr energiyasi

2012 yilga kelib, Syerra-Leonda 3 ta asosiy gidroelektr stantsiyalari mavjud. Birinchisi, 1982 yilda ishdan chiqarilgan Guma zavodi, ikkinchisi Sharqiy provintsiyada joylashgan Dodo zavodi va nihoyat Bumbuna zavodi.^[126] Shuningdek, Seva daryosi, Pampana daryosi, Seli daryosi, Moa daryosi va Kichik qoraqarag'ada bir nechta yangi gidroelektrostantsiyalarni ochish imkoniyati mavjud.^[126] Bumbuna to'g'oni hali ham yakunlangan va ham salohiyatli bo'lgan ushbu loyihalar orasida hali ham Syerra-Leonedagi gidroelektrostantsiyalarning eng kattasi bo'lib qolmoqda.^[126] U Seli daryosi va Fritaun yaqinida joylashgan va taxminan 50 megavatt elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarishi taxmin qilingan.^[128] 2017 yilga kelib uning quvvati 400 megavattni oshirish rejalashtirilgandi, uning qiymati 750 million dollarni tashkil etadi.^[129] Bumbuna to'g'oni potentsial ravishda chet el yoqilg'isiga sarflanadigan mablag'ni kamaytirishi va mamlakatni oyiga kamida 2 million dollar tejashi mumkinligi taxmin qilinmoqda.^[130] O'tmishda ushbu loyiha 200 million dollardan ortiq mablag'ni uning kombinatsiyasidan olgan Jahon banki, Afrika taraqqiyot bankiva Italiya kompaniyasi Salini Impregilo.^[128]

Jamiyat

Demografiya

Syerra-Leone aholisining umumiy soni, 1961 yildan 2003 yilgacha

2013 yilda Syerra-Leone aholisi rasman 6 million 190 ming 280 kishini tashkil qildi^[131] va o'sish sur'ati yiliga 2,216% ni tashkil etdi.^[73] Mamlakat aholisi asosan yoshlarni tashkil etadi, ularning taxmin qilinishicha 41,7% 15 yoshgacha, qishloq aholisi esa shaharlardan tashqarida yashovchilarning 62%.^[73] Shaharlarga ko'chish natijasida aholi shaharlashgan bo'lib, yiliga 2,9 foizga urbanizatsiya o'sish sur'atlariga ega.^[73][132]

Aholi zichligi Syerra-Leonda juda katta farq qiladi. The G'arbiy hudud shahar okrugipoytaxt va eng yirik shahar - Fritaunni ham o'z ichiga olgan holda, har kvadrat kilometrga 1224 kishi to'g'ri keladi. Geografik jihatdan eng katta tuman, Koinadugu, kvadrat kilometrga nisbatan 21,4 kishi zichligi ancha past.^[132]

Ingliz tili rasmiy til,^[133] maktablarda, hukumat ma'muriyatida va ommaviy axborot vositalarida nutq so'zlagan. Krio (ingliz tilidan va bir nechta tub afrikalik tillardan olingan va Syerra-Leone Krio xalqi) Syerra-Leonening deyarli barcha qismlarida eng keng tarqalgan til hisoblanadi. Mamlakat aholisining 90% kriyo tilida gaplashadiganligi sababli,^[73][134] u har xil narsalarni birlashtiradi etnik guruhlar, ayniqsa, ularning savdosi va bir-biri bilan o'zaro aloqalarida.^[135]

Tomonidan qilingan hissadan keyin Bangladesh BMT tinchlikparvar kuchlari ichida Syerra-Leondagi fuqarolar urushi ostida Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Sierra-Leondagi vakolatxonasi, hukumati Ahmad Tejan Kabbah e'lon qilingan Bengal tili 2002 yil dekabrda faxriy rasmiy til.^{[136][137][138][139]}

Ga ko'ra Jahon qochqinlari bo'yicha tadqiqot 2008, AQShning Qochqinlar va Immigrantlar Qo'mitasi tomonidan nashr etilgan Syerra-Leoneda 8700 kishi istiqomat qilgan qochqinlar va 2007 yil oxirida boshpana izlovchilar. 20 mingga yaqin Liberiya qochqinlari ixtiyoriy ravishda qaytib kelishdi Liberiya Syerra-Leoneda qolgan qochqinlarning deyarli barchasi Liberiya edi.^[140]

v t e Serra-Leonedagi eng yirik shaharlar yoki shaharchalar Sierra Leone hukumati 2004 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish[141]
	Rank	Ism	Tuman	Pop.
Fritaun Bo	1	Fritaun	G'arbiy hudud shahar okrugi	853,651	Kenema Makeni
	2	Bo	Bo tumani	149,957
	3	Kenema	Kenema tumani	128,402
	4	Makeni	Bombali tumani	82,940
	5	Koidu shahri	Kono tumani	80,025
	6	Lunsar	Port Loko tumani	24,450
	7	Port Loko	Port Loko tumani	23,195
	8	Pandebu-Tokpombu	Kenema tumani	20,219
	9	Kabala	Koinadugu tumani	19,074
	10	Vaterloo	G'arbiy hudud shahar okrugi	18,579

Yuqorida keltirilgan beshta yirik shahar uchun keltirilgan aholi 2004 yildagi aholi ro'yxatiga olingan. Fritaun uchun raqam G'arbiy shahar hududi (Buyuk Fritaun) uchun. Boshqa raqamlar keltirilgan manbadan olingan taxminlar. Turli manbalar har xil taxminlarni keltiradi. Ba'zilar buni ta'kidlaydilar Magburaka yuqoridagi ro'yxatga kiritilishi kerak, ammo manbalar orasida katta farq bor. Bir manbada aholining soni 14 915 kishini tashkil qiladi,^[142] boshqasi uni 85,313 darajaga ko'taradi.^[143] "Pandebu-Tokpombu" - bu 2004 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olishda 10,716 nafar aholi istiqomat qilgan, kengaytirilgan Torgbonbu shahri. "Gbendembu" aholisi 12139 kishini tashkil etgan. 2004 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olishda Vaterlooda 34 079 aholi istiqomat qilgan.

Din

Syerra-Leonedagi masjid va cherkov

Syerra-Leone rasmiy ravishda a dunyoviy davlat. Islom va Nasroniylik mamlakatdagi ikkita asosiy din. Syerra-Leone konstitutsiyasida nazarda tutilgan din erkinligi va Syerra-Leone hukumati odatda uni himoya qiladi. Syerra-Leone hukumati a tashkil etishiga konstitutsiyaviy ravishda taqiqlangan davlat dinigarchi musulmon va nasroniy ibodatlari mamlakatda odatda katta siyosiy voqealar boshlanganda, shu jumladan prezident inauguratsiyasi va parlamentning yangi sessiyasining rasmiy ochilishida o'qiladi.

Syerra-Leone diniy tarkibiga oid so'rovlar juda xilma-xil Musulmonlar aholining aksariyat qismini tashkil qiladi. Syerra-Leone aholisining 2015 yilgi hisob-kitoblariga asoslanib, aholining 77 foizini tashkil etadi Musulmonlar, 22% Nasroniylarva 1% amaliyot Afrikaning an'anaviy dini.

2010 yilgi taxminlarga ko'ra Pyu tadqiqot markazi^[144] Syerra-Leone aholisining 78 foizini tashkil qiladi Musulmonlar (asosan Sunniy), 20.9 Nasroniylar (asosan Protestantlar) va 1% an'anaviy Afrika diniga yoki boshqa e'tiqodlarga tegishli. Syerra-Leone Dinlararo Kengashi Syerra-Leone aholisining 77 foizini musulmonlar, 21 foizini nasroniylar va 2 foizini an'anaviy Afrika diniga ergashuvchilar deb taxmin qilishdi.^[145] Sierra-Leone etnik guruhlarining aksariyati musulmonlarning ko'pchiligini tashkil etadi, shu jumladan mamlakatdagi eng yirik ikki etnik guruh: Mende va Temne.

Syerra-Leone dunyodagi eng diniy bag'rikeng mamlakatlardan biri sifatida qaraladi.^{[146][iqtibos kerak][147]} Musulmonlar va nasroniylar tinchlik yo'lida hamkorlik qilib, o'zaro aloqada bo'lishadi. Diniy zo'ravonlik mamlakatda juda kam uchraydi. Hatto davomida Syerra-Leone fuqarolar urushi odamlar hech qachon dinlari sababli nishonga olinmagan.

Mamlakatda Sierra Leone dinlararo kengashi joylashgan bo'lib, u butun mamlakat bo'ylab tinchlik va bag'rikenglikni targ'ib qilish uchun ham xristian, ham musulmon diniy rahbarlaridan tashkil topgan.^{[148][149][150]} Islomiy bayramlari Ramazon hayiti, Qurbon hayiti va Maulid-un-Nabi (Tug'ilgan kuni Islom payg'ambari Muhammad) kabi kuzatiladi Syerra-Leonedagi milliy bayramlar. Nasroniylarning bayramlari Rojdestvo, Boks kuni, Xayrli juma va Pasxa shuningdek Syerra-Leonedagi milliy bayramlar. Siyosatda Syerra-leoneliklarning aksariyati nomzodni musulmon yoki nasroniy bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar ovoz berishadi. Syerra-Leone davlatlarining barcha rahbarlari xristianlar bo'lgan, bundan mustasno Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, kim musulmon edi.

Sierra-Leone musulmonlarining aksariyati, ularga rioya qiladilar Sunniy amalda islom an'analari. Sierra Leone bo'ylab joylashgan masjidlar va islom maktablarining aksariyati joylashgan Sunniy islom. Ahmadiya musulmonlari mamlakatning musulmon aholisining taxminan 10 foizini tashkil qiladi. Sierra-Leone jonli Ahmaddiya musulmon aholisiga ega, ayniqsa janubiy shahar Bo, bu erda Ahmadiya musulmonlari ko'p sonli aholi istiqomat qiladi. Sierra Leone bo'ylab besh yuzta Ahmadiyya masjidi mavjud.^[151] Shia Islom Syerra-Leoneda kuchli sovg'aga ega emas va deyarli yo'q Shia musulmonlari mamlakatda. Sierra-Leonean sunniylar va Ahmadiya mazhabining aksariyat musulmonlari odatda bir masjidda birga namoz o'qiydilar.^[152][153] Syerra-Leone musulmonlarining aksariyati bu dinni qabul qiladilar Maliki maktabi sunniy islom. Maliki maktabi Sierra Leone bo'ylab eng yirik va hukmron Islom fiqh maktabidir. Sierra-Leonedagi ko'plab Ahmadiya musulmonlari ham Molikiy huquqshunosligiga ergashmoqdalar.

Syerra-Leone Islomiy Oliy Kengashi - bu Syerra-Leonedagi eng yuqori islomiy diniy tashkilot bo'lib, mamlakatdagi imomlar, islom ulamolari va boshqa mamlakatdagi islom ulamolaridan iborat. Shayx Muhammad Taha Jalloh - Syerra-Leone Oliy Islomiy Kengashining prezidenti.^[154] Birlashgan imomlar kengashi - bu Syerra-Leonedagi juda ta'sirli islom diniy tashkiloti bo'lib, u hammadan iborat imomlar ning masjidlar Syerra-Leone bo'ylab. Birlashgan imomlar kengashining prezidenti shayxdir Alhaji Muhammad Habib Sherif.^[155] Ikkisi eng katta masjidlar Syerra-Leonda Fritaun markaziy masjidi va Gadafiy markaziy masjidi (avvalgi tomonidan qurilgan Liviya diktator Muammar Qaddafiy), ikkalasi ham poytaxtda joylashgan Fritaun.

Syerra-Leone nasroniylarining aksariyati Protestant, ulardan eng katta guruhlari Ueslian _ Metodistlar.^{[156][157][158][159][160]} Boshqa nasroniy protestant nominallar mamlakatda muhim ishtiroki bilan Presviterianlar,^[161] Baptistlar,^[162] Ettinchi kun adventistlari^[163] Anglikanlar,^[164] Lyuteranlar,^[165][166] va Elliginchi kunlar.^[167] Cherkovlar Kengashi - bu tashkil topgan xristian diniy tashkiloti Protestant Sierra Leone bo'ylab cherkovlar. So'nggi paytlarda o'sish kuzatilmoqda Elliginchi kun cherkovlar, ayniqsa Fritaunda.

2017 yil sentyabr oyida Sierra Leone-da joylashgan nigeriyalik Elliginchi kun Xristian ruhoniysi Viktor Ajisafe tomonidan hibsga olingan Syerra-Leone politsiyasi va ushlab turilgan qamoq u qarshi bahsli so'zlarni aytgandan keyin Islom va uning cherkovida Sierra-Leonean musulmonlari va'z poytaxtda Fritaun. Ajisafe aftidan aftidan g'azablandi Zimbabve Musulmon ruhoniy Muftiy Menk Syerra-Leonega tashrif buyurgan va ko'plab olomonga va'z qilgan.^[168] Syerra-Leondagi ko'plab nasroniy tashkilotlari, shu jumladan Cherkovlar Kengashi Ajisafening Islom va musulmonlarga qarshi va'zini qoraladi. Sierra Leone hukumati tomonidan Ajisafe cherkovi vaqtincha yopilgan va uning cherkov litsenziyasi ham vaqtincha to'xtatilgan. Ushbu hodisa juda yuqori diniy bag'rikenglik darajasi bilan mashhur bo'lgan mamlakatda Syerra-Leoneda diniy ziddiyatlarni keltirib chiqardi, chunki Sierra-Leonedagi ko'plab musulmonlar mamlakat ichkarisida va chet elda juda g'azablandilar, ko'pchilik Ajisafe-ni bo'lishga chaqirdi deportatsiya qilingan vataniga qaytib Nigeriya. Syerra-Leoneda bo'lgan ruhoniy politsiya hibsxonasi Syerra-Leone musulmonlaridan va Syerra-Leone hukumatidan uzr so'radi. Bir necha kun qamoqda o'tirgandan so'ng, Ajisafe ozod qilindi, cherkov litsenziyasi unga qaytarib berildi va keyinchalik cherkov bir necha oy davomida qattiq hukumat sharti bilan qayta ochildi. sinov muddati.

Diniy konfessiyasiz protestantlar Syerra-Leone nasroniy aholisining muhim ozchilik qismini tashkil qiladi.^[169] Katoliklar Syerra-Leonda protestant bo'lmagan nasroniylarning eng katta guruhi bo'lib, ular Serra-Leone aholisining taxminan 8 foizini va Syerra-Leondagi nasroniy aholining 26 foizini tashkil qiladi.^[170] The Yahovaning Shohidlari^[171] va Oxirgi kun avliyolari Iso Masihning cherkovi^[172][173] eng taniqli ikkitasi Trinitar bo'lmagan Syerra-Leonedagi nasroniylar va ular Syerra-Leondagi nasroniy aholining oz sonli, ammo ozchilik qismini tashkil qiladi. Ning kichik hamjamiyati Pravoslav nasroniylar poytaxt Fritaunda istiqomat qiladi.^[174]

Etnik guruhlar

Ning taqsimlanishi Sierra Leone tarkibidagi asosiy etnik guruhlar

Syerra-Leoneda o'n oltita kishi istiqomat qiladi etnik guruhlar, har biri o'z tiliga ega. Eng katta va eng nufuzli Temne taxminan 32,2% va Mende taxminan 31,6%. Temne ustunlik qiladi Shimoliy Syerra-Leone va Syerra-Leone poytaxti atrofidagi ba'zi joylar. Mende ustunlik qiladi Janubiy-Sierra Leone-ning sharqiy qismi (bundan mustasno Kono tumani).

Temnening aksariyat qismi 85 foizdan ko'prog'ini tashkil qiluvchi musulmonlardir. va xristianlarning ozchilik qismi bilan taxminan 10%. Mendelar musulmonlarning ko'pchiligini 70% tashkil qiladi, ammo katta xristian ozchiliklari taxminan 30% ni tashkil qiladi. Syerra-Leone milliy siyosati shimoliy-g'arbiy, asosan Temne va janubi-sharqda Mende hukmronligi o'rtasidagi raqobatga asoslangan. Mendening aksariyat qismi Syerra-Leone Xalq partiyasi (SLPP); Temne aksariyati qo'llab-quvvatlaydi Butun xalq kongressi (APC).^[175]

Avlodlari deb ishonilgan Mende Mane, dastlab Liberiya ichki mintaqasini egallagan. Ular XVIII asrda Sierra-Leonega asta-sekin va tinch yo'l bilan ko'chib o'tishni boshladilar. Temne ko'chib kelgan deyishadi Futa-Jallon, bu hozirgi kunda Gvineya.

Uchinchi yirik etnik guruh Limba aholining taxminan 8,4%. Limba tug'ma Syerra-Leone aholisi. Ularning kelib chiqish an'analari yo'q va ular Evropa uchrashuvidan oldin Syerra-Leoneda yashagan deb ishonishadi. Limba birinchi navbatda Shimoliy Syerra-Leonda, xususan Bombali, Kambiya va Koinadugu tumani. Limba taxminan 60% xristian va 40% musulmonlardan iborat. Limba - qo'shni Temnening yaqin siyosiy ittifoqchilari.

Mustaqillikdan beri Limba an'anaviy ravishda Sierra Leone siyosatida Mende bilan bir qatorda juda ta'sirli bo'lib kelgan. Limbaning katta qismi Butun Xalq Kongressi (APK) siyosiy partiyasini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. Serra-Leone birinchi va ikkinchi prezidentlari, Siaka Stivens va Jozef Saidu Momohnavbati bilan ikkalasi ham etnik limba edi. Serra-Leone hozirgi Mudofaa vaziri Alfred Paolo Konte etnik limba.

Eng oz sonli etnik guruhlardan biri bu Fula aholining 3,8% atrofida. XVII-XVIII asrlarda yashagan Fula ko'chmanchilarining avlodlari Fouta Djalon Gvineya mintaqasi, ular asosan shimoli-sharqda va Syerra-Leonening g'arbiy qismida yashaydilar. Fulalar deyarli barcha musulmonlardir, ular 99% dan yuqori. Fula birinchi navbatda savdogarlarva ko'pchilik o'rta sinf uylarida yashaydi. Savdolari tufayli Fulalar mamlakatning deyarli barcha joylarida joylashgan.

Boshqa etnik guruhlar Mandingo (shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan Mandinka). Ular avlodlari savdogarlar XIX asrning oxiri - yigirmanchi asr o'rtalarida Serra-Leonega ko'chib o'tgan Gvineyadan. Mandika asosan mamlakat sharqida va shimoliy qismida joylashgan. Ular asosan yirik shaharlarda ustunlik qiladi, eng muhimi Karina, shimoldagi Bombali tumanida; Kabala va Falaba shimolda Koinadugu tumanida; va Yengema, Kono tumani mamlakat sharqida. Fula singari Mandinka ham 99 Muslims dan yuqori bo'lgan musulmonlardir. Syerra-Leonening uchinchi prezidenti Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, va Syerra-Leonening birinchi vitse-prezidenti Sorie Ibrohim Koroma ikkalasi ham etnik mandingo edi.

Keyingi mutanosib ravishda Kono, asosan, kim yashaydi Kono tumani Sharqiy Syerra-Leoneda. Kono - Gvineyadan kelgan muhojirlarning avlodlari; bugungi kunda ularning ishchilari birinchi navbatda olmos qazib chiqaruvchilar sifatida tanilgan. Kono etnik guruhining aksariyati nufuzli musulmon ozchilikni tashkil qilgan bo'lsa-da, xristianlardir. Syerra-Leonening sobiq vitse-prezidenti Alhaji Samuel Sam-Sumana etnik Kono.

Kichkina, ammo ahamiyatli Krio xalqi (ozod qilingan afroamerikaliklarning avlodlari, G'arbiy Hindiston va 1787 yildan 1885 yilgacha Fritaunga joylashtirilgan ozod qilingan afrikalik qullar) aholining taxminan 3 foizini tashkil qiladi. Ular birinchi navbatda poytaxtni egallaydilar Fritaun va uning atrofida G'arbiy hudud. Krio madaniyati ko'plab ajdodlari paydo bo'lgan G'arb madaniyati va ideallarini aks ettiradi - ular rivojlanish yillarida ingliz rasmiylari va mustamlakachilik ma'muriyati bilan ham yaqin aloqada bo'lishgan.

Kriolar an'anaviy ravishda Syerra-Leone sud hokimiyati va Fritaun tomonidan saylangan shahar kengashida ustunlik qilib kelgan. G'arb an'analari bo'yicha o'qimishli bo'lgan birinchi etnik guruhlardan biri ular mustamlakachilik yillaridan boshlab an'anaviy ravishda davlat xizmatidagi lavozimlarga tayinlangan. Ular davlat xizmatida ta'sirchan bo'lib qolmoqdalar. Kriolarning aksariyati 90% atrofida xristianlardir, ammo oz sonli, ammo oz sonli musulmon ozchiliklari mahalliy sifatida Oku nomi bilan tanilgan.

Boshqa ozchilik etnik guruhlar KurankoMandingo bilan qarindosh bo'lgan va asosan musulmonlar. Kuranko taxminan 1600 yilda Gvineyadan Syerra-Leonega kelishni boshlagan va shimolda, xususan, Koinadugu tumani. Kuranko asosan fermerlar; ular orasida etakchilar an'anaviy ravishda harbiy qismda bir necha yuqori lavozimlarda ishlagan. Hozirgi gubernator Sierra Leone banki Kayfala Marah etnik Kuranko. Kurankoliklar asosan musulmonlarning ko'pchiligini tashkil qiladi.

The Loko shimolda Syerra-Leone-ning mahalliy aholisi bor, ular Evropa uchrashgan paytdan beri Syerra-Leoneda yashagan deb hisoblashadi. Qo'shni Temne singari, Loko ham musulmonlarni tashkil qiladi. The Susu va ular bilan bog'liq Yalunka Susu va ularga tegishli Yalunka savdogarlar; ikkala guruh ham asosan Gambiya bilan chegaraga yaqin bo'lgan Kambiya va Koinadugu okrugida joylashgan. Susu va Yalunka qirolligi VII asrning boshlarida Mali imperiyasidan oldin tashkil topgan bo'lib, u Mali, Senegal, Gvineya-Bisau, Gvineya Konakridan Syerra-Leone shimoliy qismigacha cho'zilgan. Ular Susu va Yalunka aholisi Mande xalqining avlodlari bo'lgan va Vars er maydoni bilan qoplangan Futa Djallon mintaqasining asl egalari. Ularning deyarli barchasi musulmonlardir. Yalunka, shuningdek, Jallonke, Yalonga, Djallonke, Djallonka yoki Dialonke deb yozilgan, 520 yil oldin Syerra-Leone, Mali, Senegal, Gvineya-Bisau va G'arbiy Afrikaning Gvineya-Konakri mintaqasidagi Djallonda yashovchi Mande xalqi. Yalunka nomi tom ma'noda "Jallon (tog'lar) aholisi" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Manga Sewa Britaniyaning Syerra-Leone shimoliy provintsiyasida joylashgan Solima shtatining Falaba shahrida tug'ilgan, ota-onasi Yalunka. Uning otasi - Yalunkaning eng yaxshi boshlig'i, Solima, farovon boshliq. Uning poytaxti Falaba qirg'oqqa olib boradigan boy savdo yo'llarida edi. Manga Sewaning otasi bir qator xotinlari va o'nlab bolalari bo'lgan. Savdogarlar; ikkala guruh ham birinchi navbatda uzoq shimolda joylashgan Kambiya va Gvineya bilan chegaraga yaqin Koinadugu tumani. Susu va Yalunka - Gvineyadan kelgan muhojirlarning avlodlari; Va ularning ikkalasi ham deyarli 99% musulmonlardir.

The Kissi Janubi-Sharqiy Syerra-Leone ichkarisida yashaydi. Ular yirik shaharchada ustunlik qiladi Koindu va Kailaxun tumanidagi uning atrofidagi hududlar. Kissilarning aksariyati nasroniylardir. Juda kichikroq Vai va Kru xalqlar birinchi navbatda topilgan Kailaxun va Liberiya bilan chegaraga yaqin Pujehun tumanlari. Kru poytaxt Fritaunning Kroubay mahallasida ustunlik qiladi. Vaylar asosan musulmonlarning ko'pchiligini tashkil etadi, taxminan 90%, Krular esa deyarli barcha nasroniylar 99% dan yuqori.

Sohil bo'yida Bonthe tumani janubda Sherbro. Sierra-Leone uchun mahalliy, ular ishg'ol qilishdi Sherbro oroli u tashkil etilganligi sababli. Sherbro birinchi navbatda baliqchi va fermerlar, va ular asosan Bonthe tumanida joylashgan. Sherbrolar deyarli barcha nasroniylardir va ularning eng buyuk boshliqlari ingliz mustamlakachilari va savdogarlari bilan o'zaro nikoh tarixiga ega edilar.

Sierra Leoneanlarning oz sonli qismi qisman yoki to'liqdir Livan ajdodlari, 19-asrda xalqqa birinchi bo'lib kelgan savdogarlarning avlodlari. Ular mahalliy sifatida Syerra-Leonean-Livan nomi bilan mashhur. Syerra-Leonean-Livan jamoatchiligi asosan savdogarlar bo'lib, ular asosan shahar joylarida o'rta sinf uy xo'jaliklarida, asosan Fritaun, Bo, Kenema, Koidu shahri va Makeni.

Jinsiy tenglik

Uy xo'jaligi

Syerra-Leone aholisining taxminan 50 foizini ayollar tashkil etsa-da, atigi 28 foizi uy xo'jayinlari.^[176] Qolgan mamlakatlarda bo'lgani kabi, ta'lim yaxshi maoshli ish va uy ehtiyojlarini qoplash kabi jihatlarda muvaffaqiyat qozonishning asosiy omili hisoblanadi. Ta'lim olish imkoniyati bo'lmagan qishloqlar eng keng tarqalgan bo'lib, faqat erkaklar boshchiligidagi ayollar asosiy ta'limga ega to'rt foizga, aspiranturada esa 1,2 foizga ko'proq.^[176]

Sierra-Leoneda, odatda, erkaklar avtomatik ravishda uy xo'jayini lavozimiga joylashadilar; va agar ularning oilaviy holati vaqt o'tishi bilan o'zgarib tursa, ularning holati o'zgarmaydi.^[176] Biroq, ayollarning oilasi ularning oilaviy holatiga qarab o'zgaradi. Ayol butun umri davomida yolg'iz qolgan taqdirdagina uyning boshlig'i bo'lishi mumkin. Ammo agar ayol turmushga chiqsa, u endi uy rahbari sifatida huquqiga ega bo'lmaydi.^[176] Ayollar beva bo'lib qolsa yoki ajrashgan bo'lsa, uy xo'jayinini o'z zimmasiga olishi mumkin.^[176]

Mehnat sohasida uy xo'jaligi oilaning ehtiyojlarini moliyaviy jihatdan ta'minlashi kutilmoqda. Biroq, ayollar jinsi kamsitishlariga duch kelmoqdalar, bu esa ularni kam daromad va moliyaviy kurashning maqsadiga aylantiradi.^[176] Raqamlarda, ayollarga ish haqi to'lanadigan ish haqi to'g'risida gap ketganda, erkaklar (15.2) nisbatan pastroq foizni (6.3) tashkil etadi.^[176]

Urush

Urushning bir qismi bo'lishga majbur bo'lgan bolalar Syerra-Leoneda jiddiy ruhiy va ruhiy zarar ko'rgan. Biroq, urushning zarari va unga qarshi kurashish usuli bolalar jinsiga bog'liq. Ikkala jins ham zo'ravonlik darajasida bo'lgan va ular ishtirok etgan. Zo'rlashning yuqori darajasini boshdan kechirgan ayollar, depressiya va xavotirning katta belgilarini ko'rsatdilar.^[177] Boshqa tomondan, erkaklar xavotir va dushmanlikning yuqori darajasini namoyish etdilar.^[177] Erkaklar ham parvarish qiluvchini yo'qotgandan keyin depressiyaga ko'proq moyil bo'lishlarini ko'rsatdilar.^[177]

Epidemiya (Ebola)

Sierra Leone aholisining yarmidan ko'pi bo'lgan ayollar, ular mamlakat iqtisodiyoti va jamiyatiga katta hissa qo'shmoqdalar.^[178] Sierra-Leone ayollari parvarish qiluvchi lavozimlarda, ayniqsa, yuqtirgan shaxslar bilan yaqin aloqada bo'lishlari sababli kasallikka moyil edilar. Agar yuqtirgan odam vafot etgan bo'lsa, dafn marosimini tayyorlash ayollar zimmasida bo'lgan, bu yuqtirilgan tanaga tegishni o'z ichiga oladi, bu esa o'z navbatida ayollarga yuqtirish xavfini tug'diradi.^[178] Ebola bilan kasallangan ayollarda zaiflik, sog'liqni saqlash muassasalari yuqori sifatli xizmatni taqdim eta olmaganligi sababli kuchayadi yoki ular bemorlarni davolash uchun mos jihozlarga ega emaslar.^[178]

Gender asosida zo'ravonlik

Syerra-Leone kabi ayrim jamiyatlarda ayollarni ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy qo'llab-quvvatlashning etishmasligi ularni zaifroq qilib, ularni maqsadiga aylantiradi. jinsiy zo'ravonlik. Ayollarni qatag'on qilishni boshqarish orqali erkaklar katta kuchga ega bo'ladilar va qaror qabul qilish qobiliyatiga ega bo'ladilar.^[179] Jinsiy zo'ravonlikni amalga oshirish usuli har xil bo'lishi mumkin; u jinsiy, jismoniy, og'zaki, iqtisodiy yoki hissiy bo'lishi mumkin.^[179] Zo'ravonlik yoshi, ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy mavqei yoki ma'lumoti kabi omillarni hurmat qilmaydi.^[179] Aksariyat ayollar uchun zo'ravonlikni qoralash, ularning familiyasi sharafi va obro'si tufayli qiyin kechadi.^[179] Zo'ravonlikdan aziyat chekadigan jabrlanuvchi tajovuzkor haqida xabar berish yoki oilaviy muammolarni oshkor qilishdan qo'rqib, o'ziga bo'lgan ishonchni yo'qotishni boshlaydi.^[179] Shuning uchun jismoniy zo'ravonlikdan aziyat chekadigan ayol jarohatini davolash uchun mutaxassis bilan qatnashmaslikni afzal ko'radi.^[179] Boshqa ba'zi hollarda, ayollar jinoyatni qoralashga jur'at etganda, tizim juda buzilgan, chunki hukumat jabrlanuvchidan pora oladi.^[179]

Ayollar iqtisodiyoti

Ayollar tomonidan boshqariladigan kichik biznes nafaqat Syerra-Leone iqtisodiyotiga hissa qo'shishi, balki ayollarning mustaqil bo'lishiga bir necha jihatdan yordam berishi mumkin. Biroq, ayollar biznesni boshlash uchun moliyaviy, ijtimoiy va madaniy yordam olish haqida gap ketganda kamsitishlarga duch kelishmoqda.^[180] Mamlakat aholisining yarmidan ko'pi ayollar ekanligini hisobga olib, Syerra-Leonedagi iqtisodiy falajdan qochish qiyin.^[180] Asosiy ta'lim olish imkoniyati yo'qligi sababli, ayollar biznes litsenziyalarini qayta ishlash, ismlarni ro'yxatdan o'tkazish yoki shartnoma tuzish masalalarida eng kam tayyorlanadilar.^[180] Yangi biznes boshlash uchun kapitalga ega bo'lmaslik ayollar uchun eng katta to'siqdir.^[180] Texnologiyalar etishmasligi bilan, asosan, butun Syerra-Leone-da, biznesning ishlashiga yordam berish qiyin.^[180]

Ta'lim

O'rta maktab sinfi Pendembu, Kaylahun tumani

Olti yil davomida Syerra-Leoneda ta'lim olish barcha bolalar uchun qonuniy talab qilinadi boshlang'ich daraja (P1-P6 klassi) va o'rta maktabda uch yil,^[181] ammo maktablar va o'qituvchilarning etishmasligi amalga oshirishni imkonsiz qildi.^[59] Mamlakatning kattalar aholisining uchdan ikki qismi savodsiz.^[182]

The Syerra-Leondagi fuqarolar urushi natijada 1270 ta boshlang'ich maktab yo'q qilindi va 2001 yilda barcha maktab yoshidagi bolalarning 67% maktabdan tashqarida edi.^[59] 2001 yildan 2005 yilgacha bo'lgan davrda boshlang'ich maktabga qatnashuvchilar soni ikki baravarga ko'payganligi va urush tugaganidan beri ko'plab maktablar rekonstruksiya qilinganligi sababli, o'sha paytdan boshlab vaziyat ancha yaxshilandi.^[183] Boshlang'ich maktab o'quvchilari odatda 6 yoshdan 12 yoshgacha, o'rta maktablarda esa 13 dan 18 gacha. Boshlang'ich ta'lim bepul va majburiy hukumat homiyligida davlat maktablari.

Mamlakatda uchta universitet mavjud: Fourah Bay kolleji, 1827 yilda tashkil etilgan (G'arbiy Afrikadagi eng qadimgi universitet),^[184] Makeni universiteti (dastlab 2005 yil sentyabr oyida Fotima instituti sifatida tashkil etilgan, kollejga 2009 yil avgustda universitet maqomi berilgan va Makeni universiteti yoki UNIMAK nomini olgan) va Njala universiteti, birinchi navbatda joylashgan Bo tumani. Njala universiteti 1910 yilda Njala qishloq xo'jaligi tajriba stantsiyasi sifatida tashkil etilgan va 2005 yilda universitetga aylangan.^[185] O'qituvchilar malakasini oshirish kollejlari va diniy seminariyalar mamlakatning ko'p joylarida joylashgan.Isroil xalqaro rivojlanish dasturi doirasida Sierra Leone talabalariga stipendiyalar ajratadi.^[186]

Sog'liqni saqlash

The Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi Syerra-Leonedagi o'rtacha umr ko'rish 57,39 yoshni tashkil etgan.^[187]

Ning tarqalishi OIV / OITS Aholida 1,6%, dunyo bo'yicha o'rtacha 1% dan yuqori, ammo o'rtacha 6,1% dan past Afrikaning Sahroi osti qismi.^[188]

Shifokorlar va shifoxonalar ko'plab qishloq aholisi uchun imkonsiz bo'lganligi sababli, tibbiy yordamga osonlikcha erishish mumkin emas. Ba'zi qishloqlarda bepul sog'liqni saqlash xizmati ko'rsatilishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, tibbiyot xodimlari maoshlari kam, ba'zida esa qishloq aholisi bepul tibbiy yordam olish huquqidan xabardor emasligidan foydalanib, xizmatlari uchun haq oladilar.^[189]

Mamlakatda birinchi bo'lgan dializ apparati sovg'a qildi Isroil.^[186]

An Chet elda rivojlanish instituti Hisobotga ko'ra, sog'liqni saqlashga sarflangan umumiy xarajatlarning 85,7% xususiy sog'liqni saqlash xarajatlari.^[190]

Shoshilinch tibbiy yordam

Rasmiy bo'lmagan shoshilinch tibbiy xizmat ilgari Sierra Leone birinchi javob beruvchi koalitsiyasi (FRCSL) 2019 yil iyun oyida tashkil etilgan Makeni rivojlanishiga ko'maklashish uchun shoshilinch birinchi yordamchi umummilliy dasturlar.^[191] Koalitsiya ta'sischilariga quyidagilar kiradi Syerra-Leone Qizil Xoch Jamiyati (birinchi raislik qiluvchi tashkilot), LFR International (shakllanishni taklif qildi), Makeni universiteti, Qishloq hamjamiyatini o'zgartirish agentligi, va Muqaddas Ruh kasalxonasi.^[191] Koalitsiyaning tashkil etilishi 72-Butunjahon sog'liqni saqlash assambleyasining shoshilinch tibbiy yordam tizimlari sog'liqni saqlashning umumiy qamrovi uchun juda zarurligi to'g'risidagi deklaratsiyasiga to'g'ri keldi.^[192] 2019 yil iyun va iyul oylari oralig'ida FRCSL Makeni shahridan bo'lgan 1000 nafar jamoat a'zolarini birinchi yordamchi sifatida o'qitdi va har bir tinglovchini birinchi yordam vositasi bilan jihozladi.^[193]

Endemik va yuqumli kasalliklar

Serra-Leone aziyat chekmoqda epidemik kasalliklarning tarqalishi, shu jumladan sariq isitma, vabo, lassa isitmasi va meningit.^[194][195] Sariq isitma va bezgak Syerra-Leone uchun endemikdir.^[195]

Ona va bola salomatligi

2010 yilgi hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra, Serra-Leone eng yuqori ko'rsatkichlar bo'yicha 1-o'rinni egallab turibdi onalar o'limi dunyodagi ko'rsatkich.^[196] 2013 yilgi YuNISEF hisobotiga ko'ra^[197] Syerra-Leone ayollarining 88% boshidan kechirgan ayollarning jinsiy a'zolarini buzish. 2014 yildan boshlab^[yangilash], Syerra-Leone eng balandligi bo'yicha 11-o'rinni egallagan deb taxmin qilingan bolalar o'limi dunyodagi ko'rsatkich.^[198]

Sierra-Leonedagi ayollarning uzoq muddatli va to'siqli mehnatdan so'ng, tug'ruq bo'limini talab qiladigan oqibatlaridan biri bu. akusherlik fistula. Bu holat ko'pincha ayollarni qashshoqlik va izolyatsiyaga olib boradi.^[199]

AWC - Aberdin ayollar markazi Fritaun, Syerra-Leonedagi eng gavjum ikkinchi kasalxonada, har yili 3000 tagacha chaqaloq tug'iladi.^[200] Markaz ushbu kasallikdan aziyat chekayotgan ayollarni bepul operatsiya qiladi.

Ushbu markaz ona va bola salomatligini muhofaza qilish bo'yicha turli xil xizmatlarni taqdim etadi va "Fistuladan ozodlik" kabi nodavlat notijorat tashkilotlari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadi.^[201] Aminata onalik jamg'armasi,^[202] va UNFPA.^[203]

Ruhiy salomatlik

Ruhiy sog'liqni saqlash Syerra-Leoneda deyarli mavjud emas. Ko'plab azob chekuvchilar o'zlarini xalq tabiblari yordamida davolashga harakat qilishadi.^[204] Davomida Fuqarolar urushi (1991–2002), ko'plab askarlar shafqatsizlikda qatnashgan va ko'plab bolalar jang qilishga majbur bo'lgan. Bu ularni travmatizmga duchor qildi, taxminlarga ko'ra 400000 kishi (2009 yilgacha) ruhiy kasal edi. Minglab sobiq bolalar askarlari o'zlarining xotiralarini buzishga urinishganida, giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilishgan.^[205]

Ichimlik suvi ta'minoti

Syerra-Leonedagi suv ta'minoti xavfsiz ichimlik suvidan foydalanishning cheklanganligi bilan ajralib turadi. Hukumat va ko'plab nodavlat tashkilotlarning sa'y-harakatlariga qaramay, oxiridan beri kirish unchalik yaxshilanmadi Syerra-Leondagi fuqarolar urushi 2002 yilda qariyb 50% turg'unlashdi va hatto qishloq joylarda pasayib ketdi.^[206] Xitoy 2009 yilda moliyalashtirishni o'z zimmasiga olgan Orugudagi yangi to'g'on yumshatilishiga umid qilamiz suv tanqisligi.^[207]

2006 yilda o'tkazilgan milliy so'rov natijalariga ko'ra shahar aholisining 84% va qishloq aholisining 32% an yaxshilangan suv manbai. Qishloq joylarga kirish huquqiga ega bo'lganlarga deyarli faqat qo'riqlanadigan quduqlar xizmat qilgan. Yaxshilangan suv manbaiga ega bo'lmagan 68% qishloq aholisi er usti suvlariga (50%), himoyalanmagan quduqlarga (9%) va himoyalanmagan buloqlarga (9%) ishongan. Shahar aholisining atigi 20 foizi va qishloq aholisining 1 foizi o'z uylarida quvurlar orqali ichimlik suvi bilan ta'minlangan. 2000 yilgi tadqiqotlar bilan taqqoslaganda shaharlarda foydalanish darajasi oshdi, ammo qishloqlarda kamaydi, chunki texnik xizmat ko'rsatilmagani sababli ob'ektlar buzilib ketgan.^[206][208]

2004 yildagi Mahalliy boshqaruv to'g'risidagi qonunda aks etgan yangi markazsizlashtirish siyosati bilan poytaxtdan tashqaridagi hududlarni suv bilan ta'minlash uchun javobgarlik markaziy hukumatdan mahalliy kengashlarga o'tdi. Fritaunda Guma vodiysidagi suv ta'minoti kompaniyasi suv ta'minoti bilan shug'ullanadi.

Vaziyat xaritasi Ebola epidemiyasi 2014 yil 8 avgust holatiga ko'ra

2014 yil Ebola epidemiyasi

Ebola ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy tengsizliklar keng tarqalgan Afrikada keng tarqalgan. Markaziy Afrika mamlakatlari EVDda eng ko'p tarqalgan; Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi, Sudan, Uganda va Gabon kabi^[209]

2014 yilda bu kasallik tarqaldi G'arbiy Afrikada Ebola virusi. 2014 yil 19 oktyabr holatiga ko'ra, Syerra-Leoneda 3706 ta Ebola kasalligi va 1259 o'lim, shu jumladan epidemiyani nazorat qilishga urinayotgan etakchi shifokorning o'limi, Shayx Umarxon.^[210][211] 2014 yil avgust oyining boshlarida Gvineya Gvineyada paydo bo'lgan virusning tarqalishini oldini olish uchun Syerra-Leone bilan chegaralarini yopdi, chunki Gvineyaga qaraganda Serra-Leoneda kasallikning yangi holatlari qayd etilardi. Aside from the human cost, the outbreak was severely eroding the economy. By September 2014, with the closure of borders, the cancellation of airline flights, the evacuation of foreign workers and a collapse of cross-border trade, the national deficit of Sierra Leone and other affected countries was widening to the point where the IMF was considering expanding its financial support.^[212]

Madaniyat

Ko'pxotinlilik

37 per cent of married women in Sierra Leone were in polygamous marriages in 2008.^[213]

Oziq-ovqat va urf-odatlar

Rice farming in Rolako

Rice is the asosiy oziq-ovqat of Sierra Leone and is consumed at virtually every meal daily. The rice is prepared in numerous ways, and topped with a variety of sauces made from some of Sierra Leone's favourite toppings, including kartoshka barglar, kassava barglar, crain crain, bamya osh, fried fish va yong'oq stew.^[214]

Along the streets of towns and cities across Sierra Leone one can find foods consisting of fruit, vegetables and snacks such as fresh manga, oranges, pineapple, fried chinorlar, zanjabil pivosi, fried potato, fried cassava with pepper sauce; small bags of popcorn or peanuts, bread, roasted corn, or skewers of grilled meat or shrimp.

Poyo is a popular Sierra Leonean drink. It is a sweet, lightly fermented palma sharobi,^[215] and is found in bars in towns and villages across the country. Poyo bars are areas of lively informal debate about politics, futbol, basketball, entertainment and other issues.

OAV

A radio listener in Kailaxun

Media in Sierra Leone began with the introduction of the first bosmaxona in Africa at the start of the 19th century. A strong free journalistic tradition developed with the creation of a number of newspapers. In the 1860s, the country became a journalist hub for Africa, with professionals travelling to the country from across the continent. At the end of the 19th century, the industry went into decline, and when radio was introduced in the 1930s, it became the primary communication media in the country.

The Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service (SLBS) mustamlakachilik hukumati tomonidan 1934 yilda G'arbiy Afrikadagi ingliz tilidagi radioeshittirish xizmatiga aylangan. The service began broadcasting television in 1963, with coverage extended to all the districts in the country in 1978. In April 2010, the SLBS merged with the Birlashgan Millatlar peacekeeping radio station in Sierra Leone to form the Sierra Leone Broadcasting korporatsiyasi,^[216][217] the government-owned current national broadcaster in Sierra Leone.

The Sierra Leone constitution guarantees so'z erkinligiva matbuot erkinligi; however, the government maintains strong control of media, and at times restricts these rights in practice.^{[218][219][220][221][222][223]} Some subjects are seen as taboo by society and members of the political elite; imprisonment and violence have been used by the political establishment against journalists.^[224][225]

Under legislation enacted in 1980, all newspapers must register with the Ministry of Information and pay sizeable registration fees. Jinoyatchi Tuhmat Law, including Seditious Libel Law of 1965, is used to control what is published in the media.^[225]

2006 yilda Prezident Ahmad Tejan Kabbah committed to reforming the laws governing the press and media to create a freer system for journalists to work in.^[225] 2013 yildan boshlab^[yangilash] Sierra Leone is ranked 61st (up two slots from 63rd in 2012) out of 179 countries on Reporters Without Borders' Matbuot erkinligi indeksi.^[226]

Matbaa vositalari is not widely read in Sierra Leone, especially outside Fritaun and other major cities, partially due to the low levels of savodxonlik mamlakatda.^[227] In 2007 there were 15 daily newspapers in the country, as well as those published weekly.^[228] Among newspaper readership, young people are likely to read newspapers weekly and older people daily. The majority of newspapers are privately run and are often critical of the government. The standard of print journalism tends to be low owing to lack of training, and people trust the information published in newspapers less than that found on the radio.^[227]

Isata Mahoi shown editing radio programmes in Talking Drum studio Fritaun; she is also an actress in the Sierra Leone radio soap opera Atunda Ayenda

Radio - Syerra-Leonedagi eng ommabop va eng ishonchli ommaviy axborot vositasi, chunki 85 foiz odam radiodan foydalanish imkoniyatiga ega va mamlakatdagi 72 foiz kishi har kuni radio tinglaydi.^[227] These levels do vary between areas of the country, with the G'arbiy hudud eng yuqori darajalarga ega va Kailaxun eng past. Stantsiyalar asosan cheklangan translyatsiya diapazoniga ega mahalliy tijorat stantsiyalaridan va milliy qamrovga ega bo'lgan bir nechta stantsiyalardan iborat - Sierra Leone poytaxt radiosi tijorat stantsiyalarining eng kattasi.

The United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNIOSIL) ran one of the most popular stations in the country, broadcasting programs in a range of languages. The UN mission were restructured in 2008 and it was decided that the UN Radio would be merged with SLBS to form the new Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation (SLBC). This merger eventually happened in 2011 after the necessary legislation was enacted. SLBC radio uzatadi FM va ikkita televizion xizmatga ega, ulardan biri xalqaro iste'mol uchun sun'iy yo'ldosh bilan bog'langan. FM relays of BBC Jahon xizmati (in Freetown, Bo, Kenema and Makeni), France Internationale radiosi (Freetown only) and Amerika Ovozi (Freetown only) are also broadcast.

Outside the capital Freetown and other major cities, television is not watched by a great many people, although Bo, Kenema and Makeni are served by their own relays of the main SLBC service. There are three free terrestrial television stations in Sierra Leone, one run by the government SLBC and the other two are private stations in Freetown, Star TV which is run by the owner of the Standard Times newspaper and AYV - Africa Young Voices. There are a number of religious funded TV stations that operate intermittently. Two other commercial TV operators (ABC and AIT) closed after they were not profitable. In 2007, a pay-per-view service was also introduced by GTV as part of a pan-African television service in addition to the nine-year-old sub-Saharan Digital satellite television service (DStv) originating from Multichoice Africa in South Africa. GTV subsequently went out of business, leaving DStv as the only provider of subscription satellite television in the country. A number of organisations planned to operate digital terrestrial subscription TV services, with Multichoice's Go TV having built infrastructure ahead of getting a licence and ultimately failing to get a licence. ITV and SATCON are currently operational.

Internet access in Sierra Leone has been sparse but is on the increase, especially since the introduction of 3G/4G cellular phone services across the country. There are several main Internet-provayderlar (ISPs) operating in the country. Fritaunda bor internet-kafelar and other businesses offering internet access. Problems experienced with access to the Internet include an intermittent electricity supply and a slow connection speed in the country outside Freetown.

San'at

The arts in Sierra Leone are a mixture of tradition and hybrid African and western styles.^{[229][230][231]}

• 

  Odelay mask by Temne odamlari. Bruklin muzeyi.

• 

  The Koindu raqs

Sport

Milliy stadion yilda Fritaun.

Futbol assotsiatsiyasi is by far the most popular sport in Sierra Leone. Children, youth and adult are frequently seen playing street football across Sierra Leone. There are organised youth and adult football tournaments across the country, and there are various primary and secondary schools with football teams across Sierra Leone.

The Sierra Leone national football team, popularly known as the Leone yulduzlari, represents the country in international competitions. It has never qualified for the FIFA Jahon chempionati but participated in the 1994 va 1996 yil Afrika millatlar kubogi. When the national football team, the Leone Stars, have a match, Sierra Leoneans across the country come together united in support of the national team and people rush to their local radio and television stations to follow the live match. The country's national television network, The Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation (SLBC) broadcasts the national football team live match, along with many local radio stations across the country.

When the Leone Stars win an important match, many youth across the county rush to the street to celebrate. Many of the Sierra Leone national team footballers play for teams based in Europe although virtually all of them started professional football in the Serra-Leone milliy premer-ligasi. Many of the national team footballers are celebrities across Sierra Leone and they are often well known by the general population. Some of Sierra Leonean international footballers include Mohamed Kallon, Mohamed Bangura, Rodni Strasser, Key Kamara, Ibrahim Teteh Bangura, Mustafa Dumbuya, Kristian Kalker, Alhasan Bangura, Sharif Suma, Mohamed Kamara, Umaru Bangura va Julius Gibrilla Woobay.

The Serra-Leone milliy premer-ligasi is the top professional football league in Sierra Leone and is controlled by the Syerra-Leone futbol assotsiatsiyasi. Fourteen clubs from across the country compete in the Sierra Leone Premier League. The two biggest and most successful football clubs are East End sherlari va Qudratli Blekpul. East End Lions and Mighty Blackpool have an intense rivalry and when they play each other the national stadium in Freetown is often sold out and supporters of both clubs often clash with each other before and after the game. There is a huge police presence inside and outside the national stadium during a match between the two great rivals to prevent a clash. Many Sierra Leonean youth follow the local football league.

Many Sierra Leonean youth, children and adults follow the major football leagues in Europe, particularly the English Premer-liga, Italyancha A seriya, Ispancha La Liga, Nemis Bundesliga va frantsuz Liga 1.

The Sierra Leone cricket team represents Sierra Leone in international cricket competitions, and is among the best in West Africa. Bu sherik a'zosi bo'ldi Xalqaro kriket kengashi in 2002. It made its international debut at the 2004 African Affiliates Championship, where it finished last of eight teams. But at the equivalent tournament in 2006, Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League, it finished as runner-up to Mozambik, and just missed a promotion to Division Two.

In 2009, the Sierra Leone Under-19 team finished second in the African Under-19 Championship in Zambia, thus qualifying for the Under-19 World Cup qualifying tournament with nine other teams.^[232] However, the team was unable to obtain Canadian visas to play in the tournament, which was held in Toronto.^[233]

Basketball is not a very popular sport in Sierra Leone. The Sierra Leone national basketball team represents Sierra Leone in international men's basketball competitions and is controlled by the Sierra Leone Basketball Federation.

The Milliy basketbol assotsiatsiyasi (NBA) is popular among a small portion of the youth population. NBA superstars Lebron Jeyms, Kobe Brayant va Kevin Durant are popular among Sierra Leone's youthful population. Former NBA stars, in particular Maykl Jordan, Shakil O'Nil, Allen Iverson va Sehrli Jonson are popular in the country. Michael Jordan, in particular, is the most famous basketball player in the country and he is very popular among the general population. Current NBA player Viktor Oladipo is of Sierra Leonean descent, as his father is a native of Sierra Leone.^[234]

Although tennis is not very popular in the country, up-and-coming American player Frensis Tiafoe is the son of two Sierra Leoneans who emigrated to the United States.

Sierra Leone is the first African country to join the Xalqaro Floorbol federatsiyasi.

Shuningdek qarang

• Sierra Leone bilan bog'liq maqolalar indeksi
• Syerra-Leonening tashqi ko'rinishi
• 2014 yil Syerra-Leoneda Ebola virusi epidemiyasi

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Acemoglu, Daron, Tristan Reed va Jeyms A. Robinson. "Sardorlar: Iqtisodiy rivojlanish va Sierra-Leonedagi fuqarolik jamiyatini elita nazorati" Siyosiy iqtisod jurnali (2014) 122 №2 319–368 betlar JSTOR-da
• Imodeyl Kalker-Burnett, Sierra Leone-ning kalkerlari: Hukmron oila va ularning davrlari haqida hikoya (Xlibris, 2010)^{[o'z-o'zini nashr etgan manba]}
• Xarris, Devid. G'arbiy Afrikada fuqarolar urushi va demokratiya: ziddiyatlarni hal qilish, Syerra-Leone va Liberiyadagi saylovlar va adolat, I.B. Tauris, 2012 yil
• Kin, Devid (2005). Syerra-Leondagi mojaro va kelishuv. Oksford: Jeyms Kurri. ISBN 978-0-85255-883-6. Olingan 17 iyun 2014.
• Kup, Aleksandr Piter (1961). Sierra Leone tarixi, 1400–1787. Kembrij: Kembrij universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 978-0-7864-1814-5.
• Sillinger, Bret (2003). Sierra Leone: dolzarb muammolar va asosiy ma'lumotlar. Nyu-York: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59033-662-5.
• Utting, Frensis A (1931). Sierra Leone haqida hikoya. Ayer kompaniyasi noshirlari. ISBN 978-0-8369-6704-3.
• Sierra Leone haqiqati va yarashtirish komissiyasi. TRC hisoboti. Olingan 14 may 2016.

Badiiy va memuar

• Massucco W. Hayot o'z qadr-qimmatini yo'qotmaydi / La Vita non perde valore, hujjatli film, Bluindaco Productions, 2012 yil. Havola: La vita non perde valore
• Bonnet, Loran. Salone, Terre Krio romanidir, Vents d'Ailleurs, 2012 yil
• Beah, Ismoil. Uzoq yo'l bosib o'tdi: askar yigitning xotiralari (2007). Sara Krixtonning kitoblari: Nyu-York. Havola: uzoq yo'l ketdi
• Tinchlik korpusi, Syerra-Leone va men

Ikkilamchi manbalar

• Levinson, Robbi (1998). Dunyo bo'ylab etnik guruhlar: tayyor ma'lumotnoma. Feniks: Oryx Press. ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1.

Tashqi havolalar

Hukumat

• Sierra Leone Respublikasi rasmiy hukumat sayti
• Davlat boshlig'i va Vazirlar Mahkamasi a'zolari
• Mineral resurslar vazirligi rasmiy davlat foydali qazilmalar sayti
• thepatrioticvanguard.com Vatanparvar avangard - rasmiy hukumat gazetasi

Umumiy ma'lumot

• Mamlakat haqida ma'lumot, BBC yangiliklari
• "Serra-Leone". Jahon Faktlar kitobi. Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi.
• Serra-Leone, UCB kutubxonalari GovPubs
• Serra-Leone da Curlie
• Sierra Leone Vikimedia Atlasi
• Ga tegishli geografik ma'lumotlar Serra-Leone da OpenStreetMap
• Sierra Leone uchun rivojlanishning asosiy bashoratlari, Xalqaro kelajak

Yangiliklar ommaviy axborot vositalari

• Awareness Times Gazeta
• Yangi odamlar, Gazeta
• Yangiliklar sarlavhasi havolalari, AllAfrica.com
• Sierra Leone News & Blog, Hozirgi Sierra Leone yangiliklari va bloglari

Savdo

• Sierra Leone 2002 yilgi savdo statistikasi

Turizm

• Syerra-Leone milliy sayyohlik kengashi, Rasmiy hukumat sayti

Telekommunikatsiya

• Serra-Leone, telekom

Boshqalar

• Syerra-Leonening do'stlari
• Salone uchun maktablar, maktablarni tiklashga bag'ishlangan notijorat tashkilot
• ENCISS fuqarolik jamiyati va boshqaruv
• Auradicals klubi, Fourah Bay kollejidagi talabalar klubi
• Sierra Leone veb-sayti
• Shirin salon, 2008 yil Syerra-Leonedagi yangi musiqiy film
• Syerra-Leondagi harbiy jinoyatlar bo'yicha sud jarayonlari
• Hurrarc - Inson huquqlarini hurmat qilish to'g'risida xabardorlikni oshirish bo'yicha tashviqotchilar, Sierra Leone NNT
• Atrof-muhit bo'yicha Adolat jamg'armasining Sierra-Leonedagi qaroqchilarni baliq ovlash to'g'risidagi hisoboti
• Lakka plyajidagi voqealar, 2011 yil mojarodan keyin plyajdagi shahar hayoti haqida hujjatli film